THE
ATHENIANAGORA RESULTS
OF EXCAVATIONS
CONDUCTED THE AMERICAN
SCHOOL
BY
OF CLASSICAL
STUDIES
AT ATHENS
VOLUME XXXI
THE
CITY
ELEUSINION BY
MARGARET M. MTILES
THE AMERICAN
SCHOOL
OF CLASSICAL
PRINCETON,
STUDIES
NEW JERSEY 1998
AT ATHENS
Published with the assistance of a grant from the ArthurVining Davis Foundations.
Data Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Miles, Margaret M. The city Eleusinion / by Margaret M. Miles cm. - (Athenian Agora ; v. 31) p. Includes bibliographicalreferencesand index. ISBN 0-87661-231-1 (alk. paper) 1. Eleusinion(Athens, Greece) 2. Agora (Athens, Greece) 3. (Athens,Greece)5. Eleusinian mysAntiquities. 4. Excavations(Archaeology)-Greece-Athens. teries 6. Eleusis (Greece)-Religion. I. Title. II. Series. DF287.A23M55 1998 914.95' 12--dc21 97-32514 CIP
) THE AMERICANSCHOOL OF CLASSICALSTUDIESAT ATHENS 1998
TYPESETTINGBY THE STAFFOF AMERICANSCHOOLOF CLASSICALSTUDIESPUBLICATIONS 6-8 CHARLTONSTREET,PRINCETON,NEWJERSEY PLATESBY THE LITHOPRINTCOMPANY,AUSTIN,TEXAS PRINTEDIN THE UNITEDSTATESOF AMERICA BY EDWARDSBROTHERS,INCORPORATED, ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN
For
Richard and Dione Miles
CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ..................................................................
ix
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................
xi
P REFACE .............................................................................. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................
xxi
1
1. THE EARLY SANCTUARY ..............................................................
11
2. THE SANCTUARYIN THEARCHAICPERIOD .............................................
25
3. THE TEMPLEOFTRIPTOLEMOS ........................................................
35
4. THE SANCTUARY IN THE 5TH AND 4TH CENTURIES B.C. ...................................
59
5. THE SANCTUARYIN THE HELLETNISTICPERIOD ...........................................
71
6. THE SANCTUARYIN THE ROMANPERIOD ................................................
87
7. THE PLEMOCHOE, AN ELEUSINIAN VESSEL ...............................................
95
CONTEXTPOTTERYDESCRIPTIONS.......................................................
105
CATALOGUEI: INSCRIPTIONS............................................................187 CATALOGUEII: ARCHITECTURAL PIECES AND ALTARS ......................................211 CATALOGUEIII: SCULPTURE............................................................217
INDEX....................................................................... GENERAL
223
EPIGRAPHICAL INDEX ..................................................................
231
INDEXOFANCIENTAUTHORS...........................................................
233
PLANS PLATES
ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
Plan, distributionof finds relevant to the Eleusinian cult ............................................. Plan of Akropolisand adjacent areas .............................................................. Section A-A ................................................................................ Plan, 6th century B.C., restored ............................................... Temple, actual-state plan ........................................................................ Temple, restored plan ........................................................................... ......................... Temple, restored elevation ........................................... Plan, mid 5th century B.C., restored ............................................................ Plan, 2nd century B.C., restored .................................................................. Detail of area around Propylon ............................................... Plan, Roman period, restored .................................................................... Perspectiveview of the Athenian Agora, ca. A.D. 150 ............................................... Marble plemochoe A 2410 ............................................... Section key ............................................... Section D-D': fill against Archaic peribolos wall, northeast ........................................113 SectionJ-J': fills near northeast corner of temple ....... ........................................ Section C-C': fill around temple, west ............................................... Section B-B': fill around temple, north ............................................... Section E-E': fill around temple, northeast ............................................... Section F-F': fill around temple, east ............................................... Section G-G': fill around temple, southeast ............................................... Section H-H': fill around temple, east ............................................... Section M-M ': across upper terrace ............................................... Section K-K': fill, in Room 2 of lower terrace ...... ......................................... Section I-I': across lower terrace ............................................... Section L-L': fill, in Room 3 of lower terrace ....... ........................................ Cover tile A 2743 ......................................... Antefix A 296 .................................... ......... Antefix A 897 . ................................................................................ Antefix A 898 . ................................................................................ End tile A 2740 . ............................................................................... PLANS
1. Key plan for sections 2. Eleusinion: actual-stateplan 3. Eleusinion: actual-state plan, Section II PLATES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5-8. 9. 10. 11. 12, 13. 14.
Agora excavations, views of southwest area Views of Eleusinion under excavation Eleusinion after excavation, 1960 Archaic sanctuary,with views of Rocky Outcrop and Archaic peribolos wall The Temple of Triptolemos Retaining wall for middle terrace Foundationsof Monument Base Lower terrace, storeroomsand bases for monuments Propylon East scarp of excavations
7 13 14-15 24 37 46 47 58 70 73 86 92 100 106 120 129 138 140 144 145 147 152 158 164 170 211 212 212 213 213
x
15. 16. 17. a. b, c. 18, 19. 20, 21. 22, 23. 24-26. 27-31. 32, 33, 35. 34. 36-40.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Stoa Section I I, Byzantine House D Section I I Hadrianic/Antonine Aqueduct Circular Building Plemochoai Skyphos by Makron, London E 140 (photo British Museum) Doric frieze above side door of Little Metropolitan Church (photos M. M. Miles) Terracotta objects from the Eleusinion Catalogue I: Inscriptions Catalogue II: ArchitecturalPieces Catalogue II: Altars Catalogue III: Sculpture
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS GENERAL WORKS
Schoolof ClassicalStudiesat Athens,Princeton Conducted bytheAmerican Agora:Resultsof Excavations Agora= TheAthenian 1953 I = Evelyn B. Harrison, PortraitSculpture, 1957 III = R. E. Wycherley,LiteraryandEpigraphical Testimonia, Their and IV = Richard H. Howland, Greek Survivals,1958 Lamps 1959 V = Henry S. Robinson, Potteryof theRomanPeriod:Chronology, the Roman = and Plastic Lampsof VI Claireve Grandjouan, Terracottas Period,1961 to Seventh VII =Judith Perlzweig,Lampsof theRomanPeriod,First Century afterChrist,1961 Mid EighthtoLateSeventhCentury andProtoattic VIII = Eva T. H. Brann, LateGeometric B.C., 1962 Pottery, 1965 XI = Evelyn B. Harrison, ArchaicandArchaistic Sculpture, XII = Brian A. Sparkesand Lucy Talcott, BlackandPlainPotteryof the6th,5th, and4th Centuries B.C.,1970 XIII = Sara A. Immerwahr, TheNeolithicandBronzeAges,1971 XIV = Homer A. Thompson and R. E. Wycherley,TheAgoraofAthens,1972 TheDecrees,1997 XVI = A. Geoffrey Woodhead, Inscriptions: XIX = G. V Lalonde, M. K. Langdon, and M. B. Walbank, Inscriptions: Horoi,PoletaiRecords,andLeasesof Public Lands,1991 XXI = Mabel Lang, GraffitiandDipinti,1976 Moldmade XXII = Susan I. Rotroff, HellenisticPottery:AthenianandImported Bowls, 1982 XXIII = Mary B. Moore and Mary Zelia Pease Philippides,AtticBlack-Figured Pottery,1986 A.D.267-700, 1988 XXIV = Alison Frantz, LateAntiquity, XXV = Mabel L. Lang, Ostraka,1990 XXVI =John H. Kroll, with Alan S. Walker,TheGreekCoins,1993 theStoaofAttalos,1995 XXVII = Rhys E Townsend, TheEast Sideof theAgora:TheRemainsbeneath andTestimonia, 1995 Athens: XXVIII = Alan L. Boegehold et al., TheLawcourts Equipment, Procedure, Sites, of Buildings, = A 4th McK. Athens 1990 to the Excavations and revised Guide The Athenian Guide Museum, ed., byJ. Camp, Agora: Agora Alderink, L.J. 1989. "The Eleusinian Mysteries in Roman Imperial Times," ANRW II. 18.2, pp. 1457-1498. Aleshire, S. 1988. "The Athenian Archon Hoplon," Hesperia57, pp. 253-255. andtheInventories, Amsterdam. ThePeople,TheirDedications, . 1989. TheAthenian Asklepieion: Athenian on the andProsopographic 1991. Asklepiosat Athens:Epigraphic HealingCults,Amsterdam. Essays in and Hero Cult An Tomb Cult C. 1995. Greece, Lanham, Md./London. Antonaccio, ofAncestors: Early Archaeology and Roman Greece: Ancient Artists K. W. 1996. Pausanias' Rulers, Arafat, Cambridge. tOv 'Arvcjv xat TJ< 'ATTlxis,V; N. Bardane and G. E. Malouchon, eds., Athens 1992. 'ApXEiovTrcvMvrEAioLV Bakalakis,G. 1991. "Les kernoi eleusiniens,"Kernos4, pp. 105-117. Bequignon, Y. 1958. "Demeter, deesse acropolitaine,"RA II, pp. 149-177. despassageschthonies Berard, C. 1974. Anodoi:Essaisurl'imagerie [Bibliotheca Helvetica Romana 13], Neuchatel. in L. LIMC 1988. 844-892. IV, pp. Beschi, "Demeter," Bianchi, U. 1976. The Greek Mysteries,Leiden. Binder,J. Forthcoming. "The Early History of the Demeter and Kore Sanctuary at Eleusis," in AncientGreekCult Evidence.Proceedings SeminaronAncientGreekCult,ed. R. Hagg Practice of theFourthInternational from theArchaeological Sueciae Stockholm 1998. Instituti Atheniensis (Acta Regni 15), Blok,J. 1990. "Patronageand the Pisistratidae,"BABesch65, pp. 17-28. Boardman,J. 1972. "Herakles,Peisistratos,and Sons," RA, pp. 57-72. . 1975. "Herakles,Peisistratos,and Eleusis,"JHS 90, pp. 1-12. 1989. "Herakles,Peisistratos,and the Unconvinced,"JHS 109, pp. 158-159. Boersma,J. S. 1970. AthenianBuildingPolicyfrom561/0 to 405/4 B.c.,Groningen. Berlin. XIII: Das Demeter-Heiligtum, vonPergamon, Bohtz, C. H. 1981. Altertiimer in Religions:Studiesin theHistoryofReligions,K. W Bolle, ed. [Numen Bolle, K. W. 1987. "Secrecy in Religion," in Secrecy Suppl. 49], Leiden, pp. 1-24.
xii
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Bookidis, N. 1990. "Ritual Dining in the Sanctuaryof Demeter and Kore at Corinth: Some Questions," in Sympotica, O. Murray,ed., Oxford, pp. 86-94. . 1993. "Ritual Dining at Corinth," in GreekSanctuaries: N. Marinatos and R. Hagg, eds., New Approaches, New York,pp. 45-61. Bousqet,J. 1993. "La tholos de Delphes et les math6matiquespreeuclidiennes,"BCH 117, pp. 285-313. Bowie, T., andJ. Thimme. 1971. TheCarreyDrawingsof theParthenon, Bloomington, Ind. Brann, E. 1961a. "Late Geometric Well Groups from the Athenian Agora," Hesperia30, pp. 93-146. . 1961b. "ProtoatticWell Groups from the Athenian Agora," Hesperia30, pp. 305-379. MoraliaandLives[Mnemosyne Brenk, E, S.J. 1977. In MistApparelled: ReligiousThemesin Plutarch's Suppl. 48], Leiden. derParthenongiebel, Mainz. Brommer,E 1963. Die Skulpturen . 1980. "Plemochoe,"AA,pp. 544-549. Broneer, 0. 1942. "The Thesmophorion in Athens," Hesperia11, pp. 250-274. andTheirRelationto theAgricultural rear,Salem, N.H. Brumfield,A. 1981. AtticFestivalsofDemeter in theFitzwilliamMuseum,Cambridge. Budde, L., and R. Nicholls. 1964. Catalogue of GreekandRomanSculpture Burkert,W. 1983. HomoNecans,Berkeley. . 1985. Greek Religion,Cambridge, Mass. . 1987. AncientMysteryCults,Cambridge, Mass. Camp,J. McK., II. 1974. "Greek Inscriptions,"Hesperia43, pp. 313-324. .1979. "ADrought in the Late 8th Century B.C.,"Hesperia48, pp. 397-411. to SterlingDow [GRBSMon. 10], Durham, pp. 37-41. . 1984. "Waterand the Pelargikon,"in StudiesPresented in Excavations Heart the Classical . 1986. TheAthenian Athens,London. of Agora: Castren, P. 1989. "The Post-HerulianRevival of Athens," in Walkerand Cameron 1989, pp. 45-49. Athens:Aspectsof Lifeand Culturein Athens,A.D. 267-529 [Papers and Monographs , ed. 1994a. Post-Herulian of the Finnish Institute at Athens 1], Helsinki. . 1994b. "General Aspects of Life in Post-HerulianAthens," in Castren 1994a, pp. 1-14. in Finance,Religion,andPoliticsin theFifth Century B.C.,Atlanta, Cavanaugh, M. B. 1996. EleusisandAthens:Documents Georgia. Childs, W. A. P. 1993. "Herodotos,Archaic Chronology,and the Temple of Apollo at Delphi,"JdI 108, pp. 399-441. 1994. "The Date of the Old Temple of Athena on the Athenian Acropolis,"in Coulson etal. 1994, pp. 1-6. Tputo68Ovxai rT XOp7)Y.xocuv,L?ieLa apXala A6vac?>,in Coulson Choremi-Spetsieri, A. 1994a.
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XV
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ABBREVIATIONS OF PERIODICALS AND REFERENCE WORKS AA = Archdologischer Anzeiger ABV= J. D. Beazley,AtticBlack-Figure Oxford 1956 Vase-Painters, = American AJA JournalofArchaeology AJP = American Journalof Philology AM = Mitteilungen desDeutschen Instituts,Athenische Archdologischen Abteilung AnalRom= AnalectaromanaInstitutiDanici derrimischenWelt,Berlin 1972ANRW= H. Temporini, ed., AufstiegundNiedergang ARV2=J. D. Beazley,AtticRed-Figure 2d ed. Oxford 1963 Vase-Painters, AeXtiov 'ApxAEXt= ApXatLOXOYLXo 'ApX'Ecp= 'ApXCaLOoyLXi'EytiepLt ASAtene= AnnuariodellaScuolaarcheologica diAtenee delleMissioniitalianein Oriente BABesch= Bulletinantiekebeschaving: AnnualPaperson ClassicalArchaeology BAntLux= Bulletindesantiquites luxembourgeoises BCH = Bulletindecorrespondance hellnique BICS = Bulletinof theInstituteof ClassicalStudiesof theUniversity ofLondon BSA = Annualof theBritishSchoolat Athens ClAnt= ClassicalAntiquity CSCA= CaliforniaStudiesin ClassicalAntiquity EPRO= Etudespreliminaires auxreligionsorientales dansl'empire romain FGrHist= E.Jacoby,Die Fragmente dergriechischen Berlin 1923-1930; Leiden 1940-1964 Historiker, andRome GaR= Greece GRBS= Greek,Roman,andByzantineStudies HSCP = HarvardStudiesin ClassicalPhilology HThR = HarvardTheological Review IG = Inscriptiones graecae 12 = Inscriptiones AtticaeEuclidisannoanteriores, editiominor,F Hiller von Gaertringen, ed., Berlin 1924 I3 = Inscriptiones AtticaeEuclidisannoanteriores, editiotertia,D. M. Lewis, ed., Berlin 1981 II2 = Inscriptiones AtticaeEuclidisannoposteriores, II-III, editiominor, J. Kirchner,ed., 1913-1940 III = Inscriptiones atticaeAetatisromanae, III, i-iii, W. Dittenberger,ed., Berlin 1878-1882 IstMitt= Istanbuler Mitteilungen Instituts JdI = JahrbuchdesDeutschen Archdologischen = Hellenic Studies JHS Journalof JRA = Journalof RomanArchaeology
xx
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS
JRS = Journalof RomanStudies andCourtauld Institutes JWarb= Journalof the Warburg LLMC= LexiconIconographicum Classicae,Zurich and Munich, 1974Mythologiae LSJ = H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, and H. StuartJones, Greek-English Lexicon,9th ed., Oxford 1940 MEFR = Melangesd'archeologie et d'histoire del'colefranfaisedeRome MonAnt= Monumenti antichi atheniensia OpAth= Opuscula PCPS= Proceedings Society of theCambridge Philological = t& fer HIpcaxtxa IIpaxLxa 'ApXacloXoylxT; 'Etcxapelax RA = Revuearcheologique RE = Pauly-Wissowa,Real-Encyclopddie derklassischen Altertumswissenschaft RhM = Rheinisches Museum fir Philologie RHR = Revuede l'histoire desreligions RPh = Revuedephilologie,de litterature et d'histoire anciennes SEG = Supplementum graecum epigraphicum TAPA= Transactions Association of theAmerican Philological TAPS= Transactions the American of Philosophical Society 4Jh = Wiener Jahreshefte r Papyrologie undEpigraphik ZPE = Zeitschriftii
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT CPD = Context Pottery Description RCS = Rock-cut Shaft SGW = Stoa Gutter Well
PREFACE THIS
VOLUME contains the results of the excavation of the City Eleusinion, a sanctuary situated outside the ancient Athenian Agora on the slope leading to the Akropolis. The sanctuary and its environs were excavated by the Agora staff in 1936-1939 and 1959-1960. The excavations are incomplete, as the sanctuary continues eastward under modern Plaka. The findingsfrom the excavatedportion are worth publishing,however,for the sanctuaryserved as the urban terminus for one of Athens' greatest festivals,the Eleusinian Mysteries. I thank Homer A. Thompson, former Director of the excavations, and T. Leslie Shear Jr., former Field Director of the excavations, for suggesting this project and giving me permission to study and publish the results of the excavations. Both have generously shared with me their time and expertise in discussions of the material. I am grateful for the privilege of using the Agora archives and the facilities of the Stoa of Attalos, with its pleasant conditions for research. I thank Helen Townsend, Margot Camp, and Jan Jordan, who were very helpful at all stages of my work, and Robert Vincent, Craig Mauzy, and Koula Moustaki for photographic work. I am also grateful to the late William B. Dinsmoor Jr. for his help with the architecturaldrawingsand much else, and to Richard C. Anderson, who graciously made many more drawings. My research during two summers was financed by a grant from the American Philosophical Society (Penrose Travel Fund) and by a Faculty Summer Research Grant from the University of California, Berkeley.I had the pleasure of spending a year as a Member and Mellon Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton; I am grateful to the Institute and to the Mellon Foundation for their support of this work, and to Christian Habicht and Glen Bowersock for making the year such a stimulatingone. I began my study in 1980 while I was serving as a staff excavator for the Agora in its northwestern area, and as I plunged into the earlier notebooks and records kept by Arthur Parsons, Margaret Crosby, and Eugene Vanderpool, their contributions became all the more vivid as I contrasted the difficultiesof excavating on a rocky slope with the much better preserved layerswe were currentlydigging. Researchin the Agora is alwaysa collaborativeeffort, and in this project the collaboration spans nearly sixty years, possible because of the superb documentation system and archivesof the excavations. Eugene Vanderpool'snotes and other recordswere crucial for this study,not only for factual detail but also for method; I have learned much from him. The context pottery in storage in the basement of the Stoa of Attalos is the main evidence for reconstructing the stratigraphyand history of the buildings in the sanctuary, and I am deeply grateful to all the pottery experts for their help in analyzing the material, especially T. Leslie Shear Jr., the exemplar for sherd studies; the late Evelyn Lord Smithson, who generously spent hours looking over the early pottery; and Alison Adams, John McK. Camp II, John Hayes, Carolyn Koehler, Mary Moore, Mark H. Munn, John Oakley, Susan I. Rotroff, and lone M. Shear. Kathy Collins and other Agora Volunteers helped me with the washing and sorting, with enthusiasm even after a day spent excavating. For help with the sculpturewith Eleusinian themes I am indebted to Evelyn B. Harrison and Carol L. Lawton, who were very generous with their time and expertise. The Eleusinian Mysteries seem to have influenced nearly every facet of Athenian life, and I have greatly benefited from conversationsabout this subject with colleagues and friends. I am grateful to Kevin Clinton for generously sharing with me his unparalleled knowledge of things Eleusinian. I owe a special debt to John McK. Camp II, Director of the Agora Excavations, for
xxii
PREFACE
his constant help, encouragement, and wit. For help of various sorts I also thank Aileen Ajootian, Carla Antonaccio, George Bauer, Linda F. Bauer,Judith Binder, Nancy Bookidis, Robert S. Carter, Linda Salter Chenoweth, Theodore H. Chenoweth, Maria A. Conelli, Linda Miles Coppens, Keith DeVries, Michael Djordjevic, Helena Fracchia, Anna Gonosova, Crawford H. Greenewalt Jr., KimJ. Hartswick, Carolyn Houser, Mary Lou Munn, Olga Palagia, Philip Rousseau, Ingrid D. Rowland, Alan Shapiro, Sally Stein, Ronald S. Stroud, Dana Sutton, and Rhys Townsend. I thank Nancy Moore for her help as editor during the initial stages of submission of my manuscript and Sarah George Figueira for her care in the production of this volume. I am especially grateful to Kerri Cox, Editor-in-Chief of Publications for the American School of Classical Studies, for taking up the manuscriptwith enthusiasm and improving it greatly. This volume is dedicated to my parents, who encouraged my work by giving me good cheer and much inspiration. MARGARETM. MILES
June 1997
THE CITY ELEUSINION
INTRODUCTION FOR CLOSE to one thousand years each September found Athenians celebrating one of antiquity'smost famous festivals,the EleusinianMysteries. The day before the festivalbegan, the priestessesofDemeter, escorted by ephebes, would carry in solemn procession Sacred Objects enclosed in baskets along the fourteen miles from Eleusis to the Eleusinion in the city (a&tu). There the Sacred Objects were kept during the firstfive days of the festivalheld in central Athens, and were returned again in procession with new initiands to Eleusis, where the ceremonies and festival concluded. At the close of the festival, under the terms of a law traditionally credited to Solon, the City Eleusinion was used for a meeting of the Boule that reviewed the conduct of the festival. These rites and solemn proceedings made of the City Eleusinion a venerated landmark for the city's other festivals and processions.1 A distinctive topographical area on the north slope of the Akropolis,the site of the Eleusinion was included within the line of the Post-HerulianWall after the sack of Athens in A.D.267 and has alwaysbeen part of the heart of historicAthens. After the sanctuarywent out of use in the late antique period, the area provided a choice site for private houses, with its central location, good water supply, and natural drainage. The area was part of a thriving neighborhood in Byzantine and Ottoman times, and two churches, the Church of Christ and the Church of the Hypapanti, were built among the houses in the 17th century. The natural slope of the bedrock in the excavated area and grading and terracing in various periods have divided it into four plateaus, descending northward and bounded on the west by the Panathenaic Way. Where the slope is steepest on the lower shoulder of the Akropolis, the area is bordered by the perimeter road of the Akropolis. The northern limit of the excavated area is some 110 meters down the slope on the north side of the lowest terrace, where an east-west crossroad, used from the Archaic period to Byzantine times, gave passage from the Panathenaic Way to the eastern part of the city and turned into the Street of the Tripods (Fig. 2; PI. 1:a). The City Eleusinion has been only partly excavated,just up to modern Dioskouroi Street, for a varying width of ca. 18-40 m. eastward from the Panathenaic Way. Some of the excavated monuments and walls continue right into the eastern scarp and under the modern street. Moreover, literary and epigraphical testimonia clearly indicate a much larger sanctuary than the present excavated area provides, and they mention numerous buildings, walls, and other constructions not yet found. The sanctuarymust have extended considerablyfurther to the east, under modern Plaka. The interpretations and suggestions about the history of the sanctuary ventured here are therefore provisional. Another constriction on the archaeologicalevidence has been the high surface of the bedrock on the slope and its long history of domestic use; construction of the post-antique periods has obliterated much of the stratigraphyfrom the ancient era. Only two periods of antiquity, the Late Archaic period and the 2nd century B.C.,are represented by substantial remains. Modern house-builders largely destroyed what must have been a dense neighborhood in Byzantine and Ottoman times. Despite these limitations, it was thought worthwhile to present the results of the American excavations of the 1930s and 1959-1960 without further delay. Whether comprehensive excavations under modern Plaka might be resumed on the east side of the 1
Many of the literary and epigraphical testimonia are conveniently gathered, translated, and evaluated in AgoraIII, nos. 191-228, pp. 74-85. The evidence for the proceedings of the festival is discussed by Mylonas (1961, pp. 243-280); for the timing, see Mikalson 1975, pp. 54-61, with earlier references.
INTRODUCTION
2
sanctuary is uncertain, but the considerable interest of the survivingmaterial from the excavated part of the Eleusinionjustifies its publication.
ANCIENT TESTIMONIA FOR THE LOCATION OF THE ELEUSINION Only after a sizable portion of the sanctuarywas excavatedcould it be identified as the Eleusinion. But even before the excavations,ancient literarytexts gave some general indications of the location of the Eleusinion. Twice it is spoken of as "belowthe Akropolis."2It must have been on the side of the Akropolis that faces the Agora, for Xenophon, in describing the ideal cavalry display,writes: tvaCLe do-tS oeo-L xeXapLCTaevOTaTacqxal roteS OeaLraLCS Tas& iev oNv TopIaqc oioyia av xCal xuxXcpnepi T v scrT Ta'ra a&paQjevot &rTiTv 'EpMuxv 6oov iepa xal ayai.aTa ev t) a&yopQ o ToZT;'EpQali VTE;TOU;0eou6;.... &yopav xal rta ep&a peXauvoev T:eLSav 8e TatXv Tnpc; T;lJU xaTa vreO0ev cpuXaSEti rT(XO;avrivatl TO yEvovTaL TCEpOlEXXa6xoTE, xaxX6vVOL6oxet eLvacl eUtou;S VXXp TOU'EXeuoviLou.
I think that the processions would be most pleasing both to the gods and to the spectators if the
cavalrywereto do honorto allthegodswhohaveshrinesandstatuesin the agoraby ridingaround the agora and the shrines, beginning from the Herms.... Then when after their ride around the
agorathey reach the Herms again, it wouldbe a fine thing, in my opinion,for the cavalryto gallopin tribalcontingents,fromthe Hermsas faras the Eleusinion.3 After the gallop they are to ride back slowly across the Agora to the shrines by the same
route. Philostratos describes the route of the Panathenaic ship in a way that suggests that the Eleusinion was on the direct processional route from the Agora to the Akropolis. He says that the
ship, "puttingout from the Kerameikos,made for the Eleusinion with a thousand oars; rounding the shrine it passed the Pelargikonand reached the Pythion to which it is now moored" (VS2.1.7). This corroborates the remarkof the scholiast on Aristophanes' Knights(566), who states that the "peplos"referred to a robe fastened to the Panathenaic ship, and was taken in procession "from the Kerameikosas far as the Eleusinion." Finally,Pausaniasdiscussesthe Eleusinion in the course of his description of the Agora and says that it is above the fountain called Enneakrounos,which he has just located near the Odeion, in the center of the south side of the Agora (1.14.1).4 The Eleusinion was evidently a large sanctuaryand was surroundedby a substantialenclosure wall, as we learn from Thucydides, who tells us that it was one of the places in the city that could be securely closed and hence was not occupied by the refugeesfrom Attica who entered the city at the time of the Peloponnesian War (2.17.1).5 According to Pausanias, the sanctuary included a temple of Demeter and Kore and a temple of Triptolemos, which had a statue of Triptolemos 2 Clementof Alexandria, 6.6 (= AgoraIII, nos. 195, 194;the phrase Nationes 3.45; Arnobius,Adversus Protrepticus
is used also in IG II2 1078, lines 14-15 and 41). Forthe discussionof literarytestimonia here I have made use of notes
by EugeneVanderpool. 3
Xenophon, Eq.Mag.3.2 (= AgoraIII, no. 203). Passagescited in AgoraIII and quoted here are translatedby R. E. Wycherley. 4 Vanderpool 1949, pp. 127-137. The location of the Enneakrounos, an Archaic fountainhouse, has been very much disputed. For testimonia and discussion, see AgoraIII, nos. 434-455, and AgoraXIV, pp. 198-199; R. Tolle-Kastenbein, "Kallirhoe und Enneakrunos,"JdI 101 (1986), pp. 53-73; Camp 1986, pp. 42-43. 5 The sanctuary must have been large enough, at least, to hold meetings of the 500-member Boule (Andokides 1.111 = AgoraIII, no. 191) and the groups of initiandsgathered for the ritualspreliminaryto the procession to Eleusis. Presumably,the numbers of people accommodated by the Telesterionat Eleusiswould also have been accommodated in the City Eleusinion.
MODERNEXPLORATIONOF THE AREA
3
inside, a bronze bull being led to sacrificein front, and a statue of Epimenides, the seer of Knossos (1.14.1, 3-4). An altar is mentioned by Andokides (1.112) and implied by [Lysias] (6.4), who also refers to a facility for washing hands in holy water (6.52). Many votive offeringswere set up in the Eleusinion;Xenophon (Eq. 1.1) mentions a bronze horse, and many others are now known from inscriptions. Subsidiarycult spots included the Tomb of Immarados (Clement, Protrep. 3.45) and perhaps the Ploutonion.6 As long as there was no monumental evidence for the location of the Eleusinion and as long as there was doubt among modern scholars about the exact position of other buildings associated with it in the texts, the literary evidence for the sanctuary could be interpreted in various ways. The Eleusinion was thus placed to the east of the Akropolis,to the northeast, to the northwest, to the west, to the southwest, and even to the south of it as more weight was assigned to one or another bit of evidence. The connection with the Enneakrounos especially confused the issue, because it drew the Eleusinion into that difficultproblem of Athenian topography.7
MODERN EXPLORATION OF THE AREA When excavationsby the Agora staffbegan inJanuary 1936, the northern third of the section was already mostly cleared of houses, having been partially excavated in the 19th century; a stretch of the Post-Herulian Wall had been exposed along the west side of the area and had remained open until the new phase of exploration by the American staff.8 Even before the Greek War of Independence, the area around the Church of the Hypapanti was noted as a rich source of ancient marbles (Plan 3; Fig. 1). Pittakysrecords a tradition current before the war that at the Church of the Hypapanti there were many marble slabs and other stones, which people carried off to other parts of the city for use as building material.9 Pittakys himself began copying and collecting inscriptions in the neighborhood in 1822 and continued doing so during the war and after.10But down to the year 1848, no real evidence had yet been found for placing the Eleusinion in the area of the Church of the Hypapanti. 6
Possibly noted by Pausanias (1.28.6); listed among buildings to be repaired or refurbished in IG II2 1672, lines 168ff.; see discussion below, pp. 101-102. 7 Earlier views on the location of the Eleusinion are summarized byJudeich (1931, pp. 287-288, esp. note 3 on p. 287). 8 For this account of the excavations of the 19th century and of the Agora staff, I have borrowed freely from an essay in Arthur W Parson'snotebook of 1936, and I have taken extracts from a brief handwritten draft on the topic made by Eugene Vanderpool sometime in the 1960s and given to me by John Camp in 1992. For a fuller discussion of the history of excavations in the Agora, see AgoraXIV, pp. 220-234. 9 'ApX'Ey, 1852, p. 677 and note 1; Kokkou 1974; for an epistyle block from the Metroon found in this area of the church, see Homer A. Thompson, "Buildings on the West Side of the Agora," Hesperia6 (1937) [pp. 1-224], p. 185, no. 3. 10 ApX'Ecp, 1853, p. 880, note 1, and 1856, p. 1335, note 1; Pittakys, Charamis, and Eustratiadis 1851, p. 3, note 3. About forty-five inscriptions can be shown to have come from the area down to the year 1848; they are AthWnes published in 'ApX'Ecpin the years 1852 through 1854, and in Pittakys' book DLancienne (1835), pp. 32-40. The extant inscriptions include casualty lists, fragments of decrees, monuments of various sorts, and gravestones. The inscriptions led Pittakys to locate the Metroon, and with it the Bouleuterion and the Tholos, near the Church of the Hypapanti instead of south of the Areopagos, where Leake and others had placed them. The idea won general acceptance and was current for some years, and streets in the area had been named Bouleuterion, Metroon, and Tholos because of it, but the excavations of 1852 showed the idea to be unfounded. See L. Ross, Das Theseionund derTempel desAresin Athen,Halle 1852, p. 43, and plan at end; 'EnTypacpal'Avex86Trat,1, p. 3, note 3.
INTRODUCTION
4
On June 22, 1848, an important discovery was made.11 At the house of Louisa Psoma, between the churches of the Hypapanti and Christ, a small pit was being dug in the courtyardfor the construction of a cistern. Some large blocks were encountered, and when the workmanasked at the Akropolis for a sledgehammer to break them up, Pittakys,who was then ephor, hurried to the spot. He succeeded in saving the blocks and found beside them some thirty-two inscriptions, which he immediately had transferredto the "Library"of Hadrian. Realizing that there must be ancient remains under the house, and thinkingthat the foundationsmight belong to the Metroon or the Bouleuterion, Pittakys tried to persuade the government or the Archaeological Society to buy the lot. When after nearly three years no action had been taken on this proposal, Pittakys succeeded in obtaining a small grant from the Archaeological Society and, with the consent of the owner, excavated for five days, beginning on April 11, 1851. The excavation covered an area of only six square meters in and behind the house, but the resultswere extraordinary.About eighty inscribed fragmentswere found, some of whichjoined those that had been discovered three years before, as well as many fragments of sculpture and architecture. These new discoveries made the purchase of the property urgent, and the Archaeological Society at once began negotiations, concluded in December 1851. Excavationsof the whole property began in the following month and lasted well into the summer, first in the area of the house and gradually extending in the direction of the Church of the Hypapanti and on up to the foot of the Akropolis.12 In addition to the main line of the fortificationwall, the excavators noted a structure built alongside it to the west, of which they exposed the south wall and part of the west wall, failing to find the north side. This structurewas under the courtyard of the Psoma house, and it was within its limits that the principal epigraphical discoverieshad been made. We can now identify this structureas the tower of the Post-HerulianWalljust north of the Eleusinion. About 15 meters east of the fortificationand 25 meters south of the Church of Christ, the excavatorsnoted a mass of poros blocks and abundant traces of burning.13 This is the massive retaining wall just north of the temple of Triptolemos in the Eleusinion. The finds from the excavations of 1852 included more than one hundred inscriptions and many pieces of sculpture and architecture. The inscriptions were again a miscellaneous lot of decrees, lists, and grave markers (Fig. 1).14 We must conclude, therefore, that even after 11
Contemporary reports: K. Pittakys et al. 1851, pp. 3-7, 12 and 1852, pp. 3-11; K. Pittakys, ApX'Ecp,1853, p. 880, note 1 and 1855, p. 1280, note 1. Later accounts:Judeich 1931, pp. 330-331, note 1 on p. 331, and p. 343, note 2, with further references;Dow 1933, pp. 427-429. An account of the early work of the Archaeological Society is given by B. Petrakos(1989, pp. 25-197 [Pittakys'work is discussed pp. 63-64], and 1987, esp. pp. 38-39). 12 The excavators soon realized that the foundations they had discovered did not belong to Classical buildings but to a late fortificationwall (the Post-HerulianWall, which they thought was of the Byzantine period). From the number of inscriptionsthey found that had originallystood in or near the Stoa of Zeus, in front of the Bouleuterion, or simply in the Agora, they felt that even though they had not found the Bouleuterion or the Metroon, these buildings could not be far off and in any case were to be sought north of the Akropolis (an analysis of the places of origin of the inscriptions is given by Dow [1933]; for a specific example probably brought down from the shrine of Apollo ofFirst Hypoakraios above the Eleusinion on the north slope of the Akropolis,see S. V Tracy,IG II2 2336: Contributors am Glan Meisenheim Klassischen sur the 1982, 14-15). 139], pp. Philologie [Beitrage Fruitsfor Pythais 13 The report in 'Entypacpal 'Avex56Tatsays "north" of the Church of Christ rather than "south," clearly an editorial error. The Church of Christ once stood near the northern edge of the section, contiguous with the back wall of a modern house (Fig. 14). Faded remains of its wall-paintings are still visible on the southern wall of the modern house (a description of its state ca. 1868 is given by Mommsen [1868, pp. 90-91, no. 107, and for the Church of the Hypapanti, pp. 21-24, no. 16]). The foundations seem to have been in ruins at the time of the first excavation (its remains are mentioned by the excavators,but they did not dig beneath them). 14 Most of them are published in 'Apx'E(p,1854, nos. 2455-2546. Two are connected with the Eleusinion, IG II2 1236 (a decree of the Kerykes and Eumolpidai) and a fragment of IG I3 6, a 5th-century law on the Mysteries, not identified as such until 1946 (B. Meritt, "Greek Inscriptions,"Hesperia15, 1946, pp. 249-250; full publication history is given in the Catalogue of Inscriptionsbelow under 41).
MODERNEXPLORATIONOF THE AREA
5
the discoveries of 1848-1852 there was still no real evidence for locating the Eleusinion in the neighborhood of the Church of the Hypapanti. This, of course, is because the finds came mostly from the Post-Herulian Wall, which was built of material drawn from the ruined buildings and broken monuments of the Agora that had been destroyedby the invaders.15 In 1910 Kourouniotes conducted a small supplementaryexcavation on behalf of the Archaeological Society.16 A few inscriptions and pieces of sculpture were found, but nothing of great interest. Kourouniotes rightly concluded that the many inscriptions that had attracted so much interest must have been brought in for the constructionof the late fortificationwall. The battered wall and heaps of blocks remained an enigma; although the old identificationwith the Metroon or Bouleuterion was universallyrejected, nothing positive could be proposed.17 In the 1930s the area of the old excavationswas included in the zone of the Agora Excavations, sponsored by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, under director T. Leslie Shear. Property was purchased in 1936 for the Agora Excavations as far south as the perimeter road around the shoulder of the Akropolis. While the northern third of the area was still clear, as a result of the excavations by the Archaeological Society, and appeared as "a deep hollow," the southern two-thirdsof this area was coveredby modern houses, refugee shacks,and the Church of the Hypapanti (Pls. 1:b and 2). ArthurW Parsons supervisedthe firstnew trench, in the cleared area of the older excavations (now called Section H H), and he found part of an Archaic temple (identifiedhere as the temple of Triptolemos) and stretches of the north and west peribolos walls. In 1937 the higher area, then covered with modern houses, was opened under the supervisionof MargaretCrosby(Section 8 8) and Arthur W. Parsons (Section I I) (P1.2). The rest of the Archaic temple was exposed, and a propylon on the west side and a stoa on the south side were discovered. Work continued for two more seasons, until 1939, and two new sections were opened to the west across the course of the Panathenaic Way: Section AA, by Rodney Young, and Section B B, by Margaret Crosby. As the excavation of the Agora progressedin the 1930s and the positions of many buildings in this part of town were established, it became clear that the Eleusinion must be located on the northern slope of the Areopagos or the northwest slope of the Akropolis. The discovery of a fountainhouse at the southwest corner of the Agora and the presence of Eleusinion coins and votive figurines at first suggested that the Eleusinion might be on the lower northern slopes of the Areopagos.18 In the report of 1938, the newly excavated area was tentatively identified as the Prytaneion, based on a passage in Pausanias.19In the next season, however, masses of material related to the Eleusinion were found in the new sections, including many fragmentsof inscriptions and sculpture. Deposits of plemochoai (then called "kernoi")were found buried in pits in soft bedrock on the steep slope to the Akro'polisin the sections excavated by Parsons and Crosby, and thus at the end of the 1938 campaign the general location of the Eleusinion was fixed.20 15 For the Post-Herulian Wall, see
AgoraXXIV, pp. 125-141; for the extent of the damage done in A.D.267, see pp. 1-5; for inscriptionsrelating to its construction, Sironen 1994, pp. 16-22, nos. 2-5. 16 Kourouniotes 1910, pp. 136-143; AgoraXIV, p. 221. 17 Judeich's suggestion that they belonged to the Ptolemaion was put forwardvery tentatively and was based only on general topographical considerations (Judeich 1931, pp. 331 and 353). 18 The Eleusinion was next provisionally identified with what was later considered the Heliaia, because of the coins and terracottas found there, and proximity to what was then thought to be the Enneakrounos (Shear 1937, p. 360, pl. 9, no. 15); see Stroud 1993, pp. 308-309, for a new identification of the enclosure as the Aiakeion, and Law of374/3 B.C.(HesperiaSuppl. 29), AgoraXXVIII, pp. 99-103; see also now R. S. Stroud, TheAthenianGrain-Tax Princeton 1998.
19 Shear
20 Shear
1938,p. 329. Forthe Prytaneion,see Miller1978,pp. 42-54.
1939, pp. 207-211. On the plan accompanying the report of the campaign of 1939, the area east of the Panathenaic Way where the main deposits of plemochoai ("kernoi")had been found the year before was marked tentatively as the site of the Eleusinion (Shear 1940, p. 268 and pl. 1, no. 25).
INTRODUCTION
6
Somewhat later it was realized that the walled precinct containing an Archaic building and lying just to the north of the steep slope was in fact the Eleusinion, but this was not actually stated in print until 1949.21 This view was substantiatedby furtherinvestigationsin the area, particularlythe excavations and 1960, and there is no longer any doubt about the identification (fora summary of the of 1959 1959 evidence, see below). Four small houses on the east side of the area were acquired in 1959-1960 by the American School for the Agora Excavations,then directed by Homer A. Thompson. The houses were demolished and excavated under the supervisionof Eugene Vanderpool, and he also dug several baulks left by the excavators of the 1930s. Nearly all remaining fill was excavated down to bedrock (PI. 3).22 For the present study, measurements and elevations were taken by William B. DinsmoorJr. and the author in 1980-1981 for a new actual-state plan, which is based in part on the plan made in 1959 byJohn Travlos,and for other new drawings,many made by Richard C. Anderson. The discussionsherein of stratigraphyand its relationshipto the monuments are based largely on the notebooks kept by Crosby, Parsons, and Vanderpool, and other excavation records of the 1930s and 1959-1960. All relevant lots of context pottery, now stored in the Stoa of Attalos, were reexamined by the author during the years 1988 through 1992. The context pottery is crucial evidence for the history of the sanctuary and for the dating of its monuments, and it is presented here in greater detail than has been customary, so as to make all the evidence now known for the Eleusinion available;this seems especially appropriatein view of the uncertainty of furthersystematicexcavationsunder Plaka. Detailed study of the architecturalremains and the analysis of the context pottery, together with associated inscriptions, sculpture, other finds, and literary testimonia, form the basis for this reconstructed history of the excavated portion of the City Eleusinion.
SUMMARY OF THE EVIDENCE FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE CITY ELEUSINION According to the ancient testimonia that refer to its location, the City Eleusinion is said to be "beneath the Akropolis" and was a landmark for cavalry display and for the Panathenaic procession along the PanathenaicWay.23Pausaniaslocates the City Eleusinion above the Roman Odeion in the Agora (1.14.1). The position of the excavated sanctuary fulfills the expectations we would have for the location of the City Eleusinion based on the literary testimonia. Even though the sanctuary has not yet been fully excavated, abundant finds of inscriptions, sculpture, and special cult vessels confirm the identity of the sanctuaryas the City Eleusinion (theirfindspots are illustrated in Fig. 1). Some 66 inscriptions (found in 204 pieces) that relate to the Eleusinion have been found in the Agora excavations, and 13 additional relevant inscriptions were found 21
Vanderpool 1949, pp. 134-136. There had been a growing conviction among the excavation staff for some years previously that this was the case, andJohn Travlos had labeled it, with a question mark, on a plan dated 1946 Studiesin Honorof Theodore LeslieShear (published in "The West Side of the Athenian Agora Restored,"in Commemorative [HesperiaSuppl. 8], Princeton 1949, p. 386, fig. 1). Earlier dissenters on the identification of the sanctuary included C. Picard, who identified the so-called Theseion (Hephaisteion)as the Eleusinion ("Nouvelles et Correspondance," RA 11, 1938, pp. 99-105; 12, 1939, pp. 93-94, 244-245), and Y Bequignon (1958), who thought that the site of the Eleusinion was not sufficientlyelevated to fit the pattern of sanctuariesof Demeter on hillsides and heights elsewhere in the Mediterranean. 22 Thompson 1960, pp. 334-338. The evidence is also discussed in Travlos, Poleodomike, pp. 33, 106 and also in Travlos, PictorialDictionary,s.v. Eleusinion, pp. 198-199; and AgoraXIV, pp. 150-155. 23 AgoraIII, nos. 193, 194, 199, 203, 214, 216.
7
[NIAN
* INSCRIPTIONS A ATTIC STELAI * SCULPTURE
A
.
A A
...........
l.......
.... .............
X
-3 -....
fap
0 *i
FIG. 1. Plan: Distribution of finds relevant to the Eleusinian cult
INTRODUCTION
8
in or near the Eleusinion by earlierinvestigators.These numbers include pieces from the ten Attic Stelai, which list the proceeds from the sale of the household property of Alkibiades and others found guilty of profaning the Mysteries;they are known to have stood in the Eleusinion.24 Of all the inscriptions, three specifically state that they were to be set up in the City Eleusinion, two state that they were to be set up bythe City Eleusinion, and five others (withprobable restorations) also may designate the City Eleusinion as their destination.25 Eight of the nineteen sculptural pieces representing Eleusinian themes were found right in area identified here as a sanctuary. Four large deposits of plemochoai, a vessel associated the with the Eleusinian Mysteries, had been set into bedrock in Section I I (adjacent on the south to the sanctuary), and other deposits found within the sanctuary yielded large numbers of them. Fragments of plemochoai are also present in substantial number in most of the layers dating from the 4th to the 2nd centuries B.C.from within the sanctuary. Although plemochoai have been found elsewhere in the Agora, so far they are only scatteredfragments, never found in such heavy concentration as in the fills around the sanctuary. Figure 1 shows the inscriptions and sculpture relevant to the Eleusinian cult plotted on a general plan of the Agora and its vicinity; the concentration of their findspots is greatest in the area of the sanctuary and supports its identification as the City Eleusinion. The concentration of finds is all the more remarkablegiven the vicissitudes of ancient marbles in later times, first in the construction of the Post-Herulian Wall and then later in the post-antique periods. Surelywhat has been found is only a tiny fraction of the numbers of stelai and sculpturethat originally stood there. SACRED LAWS ON ALTARS IN THE SANCTUARY
The earliest of the inscriptions from the area that help to identify it as the Eleusinion are two groups of fragmentsfrom blocks of Pentelic marble, inscribedin boustrophedon with sacred laws = dated by the editors of IG to ca. 510-500 B.C. (IG I3 231, 232 Catalogue I, 39, 40). The blocks were probably parts of altars. The laws inscribed on the blocks concern the Eleusinian Mysteries, the perquisites of priesthoods, and sacrificesat festivals. In her editioprinceps,L. H. Jeffery states that the laws appear to be a revision or collection of earlier texts, and that the late use of the boustrophedon system of writing was probably retained out of religious conservatism.26 If so, this of reinscribing the laws in the Eleusinion took place just when the sanctuarywas being expanded and refurbished (see below, Chapter 2), and by implication, the earliest archaeological evidence that the sanctuarywas used as the City Eleusinion is pushed back furtherinto the 6th century B.C. The "Solonian"law mentioned by Andokides(DeMys.1.111), which called for a review of the Mysteries in the Eleusinion by the Boule, suggests that the City Eleusinion did exist as a location for part of the Eleusinian festivalat the beginning of the century.27Deposits containing terracotta votive offerings provide the archaeological evidence that the excavated area on the north slope of the Akropolis was in use as a sanctuary already during the 7th century B.C. (discussed in Chapter 1). When this sanctuary became the "City Eleusinion" cannot be precisely fixed, but the earliest epigraphical evidence is provided by the inscribed altars. 24
For the bibliography on the Attic stelai, see Catalogue I, 46-57; the findspots of all pieces are also given. Catalogue I, 44 (copy from Eleusis, text states copy was to be set up in Eleusinion), 68 (partly restored), and 78 state with certainty that they were to be set up in the Eleusinion; 29 (probable restoration)and 33 were to be set by the Eleusinion; 28, 30, 31, 32, and 35 (all with probable restorations)may have specified the location in or by the Eleusinion. In addition, one inscription(64), whose location is not specificallystated in the text, is carved on a stele found in situon its supporting base to the right of the foundations identified as a propylon (to the Eleusinion). 26 Jeffery 1948, pp. 86-111; LSAG2,no. 44, pp. 75-76 (see P1.29). Fora possible foundation of one altar,see below, p. 63. 27 For discussion of the "Solonian" law, see note 33, page 21 below. 25
IDENTIFICATIONOF THE CITYELEUSINION
9
EVIDENCE FROM OTHER INSCRIPTIONS
As noted above, at least five inscriptions of various periods state that they were to be set up in or by the Eleusinion, and the Attic Stelai are said to have stood there, giving the impression that the marble inscriptions set up in the Eleusinion were themselves a conspicuous part of its furnishings. The contents of the various inscriptions found in the area include sacred laws concerning the Mysteries, dedications to Demeter and Kore, decrees honoring benefactors of the sanctuary, and financial accounts relating to the Eleusinian cults. The lists of victors in the Panathenaia found not far from the Eleusinion may also have stood there originally, since the Eleusinion was the terminus for some events.28 Other inscriptions, many found in or near the sanctuary,refer to buildings, monuments, or objects in the sanctuary. There was an entrance porch in the mid 5th century B.C. (Catalogue I, 1), and inventories from Eleusis of 408/7 B.C.list items in the City Eleusinion, including silver and gold vessels, gold ornaments, an
ivory box, gold rings, and various building materials, such as ceramic roof tiles and wooden beams (IG 13 386, 387). A financial account from Eleusis lists many expenses for the City Eleusinion, including repairs and refurbishing of doors, roofs, antae, thresholds, capitals, a prothyron (entrance), and a kitchen in 329/8 B.C.(IG II121672). Because only part of the area has been excavated, it is difficultto identify securely the various components of the sanctuary,and even its boundaries (especially on the north and east) can be questioned. What is unambiguous is that this area was surrounded by substantial walls from the Archaic to the Roman periods; that it contained a temple, numerous foundations of a size appropriatefor monuments, stelai, and altars,an outer propylon on the PanathenaicWay (and an there were on the south a large circular inner propylon), and a stoa; and that in contiguous ares thereas soute building and on the north storeroomsin a segregated area set off within walls. 28 For the victors' lists, see
Tracy and Habicht 1991.
1
THE EARLY SANCTUARY THE TOPOGRAPHICAL SETTING The north face and steep slope of the Akropolistowardits western end, with caves and sanctuaries, the freshwaterspring called Klepsydra that still flows above the modern perimeter road, and the hidden Mycenaean spring,together form the southern backdropof the excavated area of the City Eleusinion. In the Neolithic period and again in the Middle Bronze Age, people lived clusteredin houses on this western end of the north slope, as the many household wells found in the vicinity of the Klepsydra attest, although an even larger part of the population preferred the south slope of the Akropolis.1 From the steepest part of the north shoulder of the Akropolisthe ground slopes downward, first abruptly and then more gently, some two hundred meters to the broader, open area of the historical Agora. The sanctuarythat became the City Eleusinion occupied the upper region of this long slope, in the intermediate space b n the Agora and the Akropolis (Fig. 2). The southern boundary of the excavated area is formed by a modern stone and cement scarp that supportsthe western end of modern Theorias Street, part of the perimeter road of the Akropolis. The western boundary of the sanctuaryis the Roman course of the Panathenaic Way,paved in stone along the slope up to the Akropolis. Originally the course of the Panathenaic Way was further to the west, so that the earliest sanctuarywould not have fronted right onto the road, as the later Eleusinion does. Thompson and Wycherleysuggest that the growing importance of the sanctuarywould have increased trafficon the road and may have influenced its eastwarddrift;the present course of the road was certainly fixed after the construction of the Middle Stoa and the Stoa of Attalos.2 The institution of the Panathenaic Festivalin the 6th century B.C. also may have led to a fixed and regular course for the road, since three wells in its present line along the sanctuary were closed ca. 550 B.C. (see below, pp. 26-27). The northernlimit of the sanctuarychanged throughtime, expandingoutwardand downward on the slope. Its northernmost boundary was an east-west road, an ancient continuation of the Street of the Tripods, which started near the Theater of Dionysos on the south slope of the Akropolis, swung around its east end, and was by the 4th century B.C. lined with commemorative monuments bearing tripods won in the dramatic festivals, such as the Lysikrates Monument (Fig. 2).3 The Street of the Tripods, apparentlyat least as old as the Archaic period, forked on its westward course at a point east of the middle of the north slope of the Akropolisand just south of modern Alimberti Street. This fork is just to the south of the church Panayia Chrysokastriotissa (17th century), on modern Alimberti and Thrassivoulou Streets. The northern branch led conveniently across the lowest northern slope of the Akropolis to the Panathenaic Way, which it met just above the southeast corner of the Agora proper, emerging on modern Polignotou 1 In the Mycenaean period, the open area of the later Agora and the northwest slope of the Areopagos were favored places for burials, showing that the town had not yet expanded to include these areas. For discussion of the earliestresidentialareas and burialson the north slope of the Akropolisand in the Agora, see AgoraXIII, pp. 147-157; AgoraXIV, pp. 1-9; Camp 1986, pp. 19-27, with fig. 7; Morris 1987, pp. 62-69. Sherds from the Mycenaean period are found frequentlybut in small numbersamong the lots of context pottery from the area of the Eleusinion, especially those from the 9th-7th centuries, but also in the layers closest to bedrock, regardlessof date. 2 AgoraXIV, pp. 1, 17, 193. 3 For the Street of the Tripods and the choregic monuments, see Travlos, PictorialDictionary,pp. 348, 562, 566; Miller 1978, pp. 42-49; Choremi-Spetsieri 1994a, 1994b; Kazamiakes 1994; Shear 1994, p. 227 and fig. 1.
THE EARLYSANCTUARY
12
Street.4 Here it continued along the south side of the Agora, and after meeting severalbranching roads in the southwest corner of the Agora, it led to the Piraeus Gate. The southern branch of the fork maintained a steady, high elevation along the slope of the shoulder of the Akropolis, just overlapping modern Aretousas Street along its north side. This route for the branches and the location of the fork has been laid out by Alcestis Choremi-Spetsieri, who undertook recent excavations along the course of the Street of the Tripods and restudied older finds and reports.5 Her findings have important implications for the possible extent of the City Eleusinion, for the fork is now known to have been considerablyfurther to the east than shown on Travlos' plan of 1976 (Choremi-Spetsieri 1994a, fig. 10; AgoraXXIV, pl. 5), and this position adds approximately 120 meters to the potential eastward extent of the sanctuary. Although its eastern extent is unknown, we may speculate that the sanctuary filled at least half of the triangular area formed by the Panathenaic Way and Areopagos and Polignotou Streets, with its apex at the fork near modern Alimberti Street. The northern, east-west road and especially the Panathenaic Way provided access to the Eleusinion, but they also served as boundaries, setting off the sanctuary from the busy traffic of the Agora. Literarytestimonia tell us that casual visitors to the City Eleusinion were not allowed entrance; one had to have been an initiate in the Mysteries to enter the inner sanctuary,and at least by the end of the 5th century B.C. the sanctuarycould be heavily barred and was securedwith walls.6 As we shall see, from the Archaic to the Roman periods a series of walls surroundedthe sanctuary on the west and north sides and help to identify its extent (Figs. 4, 8, 9, 11). On the south side, the Archaic wall was replaced by a stoa in the Hellenistic period. Within the excavated area, the entrances to the sanctuary are located near its southwest corner, but there may have been an additional entrance further to the east in the south wall before the stoa was built (for discussion, see below, p. 61).7 The northernmost and southernmost parts of the excavated area also appear to have been used at various periods in ways related to the sanctuary,even though they are outside its walls.
EVIDENCE FOR DOMESTIC ACTIVITY The steepest, uppermost section of the excavated area is adjacent on the south to the modern perimeterroad of the Akropolis(TheoriasStreet). This very steep slope, referredto as "Section I I" by the excavators,yielded no trace of any early ancient construction, although a circularbuilding was constructed there first in the Hellenistic period and rebuilt in the 2nd century A.C., and part 4 Within the east-west road in the 4th century B.C. a well-built, stone-lined conduit was constructed beneath surface level along its length. This was preceded by an Archaic water pipeline along the same street (AgoraXIV, pp. 192-194,
5
197-200).
Choremi-Spetsieri (1994a and 1994b) provides a new plan (1994a, fig. 2), which shows the route of the Street of the Tripods plotted with the new findings,including bases for choregic monuments, and the forkaround the area of the City Eleusinion. 6 Secrecy: Paus. 1.14.3-4 (= AgoraIII, no. 198) (forbidden in a dream to describe what noninitiates must not see) and Andokides 1.12 (a meeting of the ekklesiawas cleared of noninitiates);payment for sanctuary slaves to be initiated: IG II2 1672, line 206; barred sanctuary:Thuc. 2.17.1. The provisionsfor secrecy were maintained in legal proceedings held elsewhere in the Agora concerning mystic affairs: a rope barrier would be set up at a distance of 50 feet to keep the uninitiated public from the proceedings and would be monitored by attendants (Pollux 8.123 [= AgoraIII, no. 535], 8.141), discussed in AgoraXXVIII, p. 192, testimonia nos. 199, 200. 7 If the sanctuarydid in fact fill even as much as half of the entire triangulararea formed by the forkin the Street of the Tripods, then there may have been additional entrances on other sides of the sanctuary.The ancient referencesto the sanctuary associate it with the PanathenaicWay,which gives the impressionthat the west was the primary side of entrance.
13
FIG.2. Plan of Akropolisand adjacent areas
THE EARLY SANCTUARY
14
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\Ml
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TEMPLE
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of a Roman water system extended into the slope (see Figs. 3, 14). Deposits of plemochoai, vessels peculiar to the Eleusinian cult and dating to the 5th to 2nd centuries B.C., were found carefully buried on this slope and suggest that the area was a part of the sanctuary, or at least was an appropriateplace for discardsfrom the sanctuary.8No evidence of ancient domestic inhabitation was found, although scraps of walls dating to the Byzantine period indicate that housing then extended this high on the slope. The area did have the advantage of proximity to the Akropolis, which provided some measure of security,and to the Klepsydra spring, but the sharp rise of the slope and its raw northern exposure might have made it less attractive when other locations for housing could be had. The most likely reason that people did not live here, however, is that the slope was part of the sanctuary. Immediately below Section I I lies the upper terrace, a plateau formed naturallyby relatively flat bedrock. In contrast to the steep slope of Section II, so unsuitable for housing, this wide, spacious flat area seems ideal for construction, yet no trace of burials, domestic occupation, or wells of any ancient period was found there. It may have been enhanced by grading and trimming of the bedrock, but there is no certain evidence of such alterations; its principal natural feature is the outcropping of bedrock ("RockyOutcrop," see below, pp. 20-21) that was always respected in antiquity and may have been a focal point when it was part of the sanctuary. The upper terrace was enclosed by a finely built limestone peribolos wall in the 6th century B.C., providing an area of 22 x 28 m. so far exposed, and so it clearly formed part of the sanctuary by then. It is striking that an area in a prime location, not far from the Panathenaic Way and of this size and convenience, was apparently left uninhabited from earliest times throughout antiquity. The evidence of pits of terracotta figurines and other votive offeringsfound in and near the area suggests that the upper terrace was already a discrete spatial region, set aside as a sanctuary 8 Pollitt 1979; Brommer 1980.
4( '1I0M
15
DOMESTIC ACTIVITY
CIRCULAR
BUILDING STOA -
ELEVATION 73,00 O W.B.D.,JR.- 1981 R.C.A.- 1993
FIG.3. Section A-A'
at least by the mid 7th century B.C.The lack of any previous occupation may indicate that the plateau was reserved as a revered spot even earlier.9 On the north side of the upper terracethe ground level steps down again, to the middle terrace. This part of the excavated area became part of the sanctuary only in the late 6th century B.C., when the terrace was cleared, filled, and graded, and the Temple of Triptolemos was built on it. Until then the middle terrace supportednumerousprivatehouses, attested by walls and household wells, and evidently it was occupied even earlier,at least as early as the Early Geometric II period (ca. 850
B.C.).
By the Geometric period people had begun living in and around the later Agora, and the presence of a few household wells shows that some built houses on the slope between the Agora and the Akropolis. The standard interpretationhas been that the wells would have been sunken into courtyardsof private houses, or perhaps in communal areas serving more than one household. The type of establishment a well served is indicated by the nature of the fill; the presence of "wasters"and test-pieces should indicate that the well served potters' workshops,which of course could include households and hence purely "domestic"debris.10 Since more than one household could have been served by each well, such wells serve as important markers of residential areas even when seemingly isolated. The household well U-V 19:1 (EG II) providesthe earliest evidence for habitation within the excavated area. The well is located on the east side of the middle terrace, just south of where the Classical Monument Base (probably used for the display of stelai) was later built, and on 9 Small sanctuaries and shrines started to become numerous in many areas in Greece in the 8th century B.C. A brief review of the evidence is given in Snodgrass 1980, pp. 52-56; Morris 1987, pp. 191-194; Parker 1996, pp. 17-28.
10 Agora VIII, pp. 107-108;J. McK. Camp,"TheWaterSupplyof AncientAthens"(diss.Princeton1977);Camp
1986, pp. 33-34.
16
THE EARLY SANCTUARY
its last day as a well it was used for an unceremonious burial.11 Because the well could not be fully excavated, the amount of pottery from its fill is not large, but it provides a sample of general household fill, with cups, skyphoi,banded amphoras,and some coarse and cooking ware (CPD 1). A second well, dated to the Late Geometric period, was discovered on the west side of the area, in the line of the Roman PanathenaicWay (S 20:1; Plan 2). This well was neatly cut, 1.05 m. in diameter, but it was dug only to a depth of 3.10 m., with a rough bottom, and may never have been finished. It was closed at the end of the 8th century,probably because of the drought that occurred in Athens at that time.12 The fill constitutes a fairly large assortment of household pottery of the Late Geometric period, with an admixture of early sherds, a few fragments of Corinthian ware, and household items such as loomweights, spindle whorls, iron objects, and stone grinders (CPD 2). Wells in the vicinity of the later Eleusinion also indicate that the surrounding area was occupied by dwellings in the Geometric period. Well S 18:1 (Plan 2), in the path of the Roman Panathenaic Way just north of the later Eleusinion, was in use until the later 8th century B.C. and yielded a vast quantity of Geometric pottery. Its circular shaft, 1.20 m. in diameter, was cut into bedrock to a depth of 8.90 m.13 Nearby is well S 19:7, in use from the late 8th century to the second quarterof the 7th century B.C.; it too constitutesone of the major deposits in the Agora of this period.14 These wells, our only evidence for residences in the area in the Geometric and early Protoattic periods, since no walls have been preserved, show clearly that people did live all around on this sloped area below the shoulder of the Akropolis,but evidently not on the upper terrace of the later Eleusinion or on the steep slope of Section II.
EARLIEST EVIDENCE FOR A SANCTUARY The earliest positive evidence for a sanctuary within the later Eleusinion consists of two 7thcentury B.C. deposits containing many terracotta votive offerings (Pls. 24-26). One deposit had been buried in soft bedrock on the upper terrace, within the circuit defined by the 6th-century peribolos wall (T 20:2; Fig. 4). The second pit was found 3.5 m. north of the line of the 6th-century peribolos wall, just at the edge of the upper terrace, which then would have stepped down to the middle terrace (T 19:3). In addition, another 7th-century fill preserved on the upper terrace (T 20:3) and a 6th-century pit in bedrock on the upper terrace (T 20:4) also contained early 11 At a depth of ca. 1.50 m. into dumped fill in the well, the skeleton of an adult male, ca.45-50 years old, was found buried in a contracted position (AA 288), a position virtually without parallel in the Geometric period. The body seems to have been crammed in with no formalitiesexcept a rough slab found under the skeleton, which might have served as the "floor" of the grave. The dumped fill continued at least one meter below the burial. The well was disturbed on its south side by a well of the Roman period, which was still in use as a water supply, and then as a cesspool, in the earlier 20th century. The Roman well was partially collapsed and had to be left unexcavated. On its east side, the early well U-V 19:1 was partly cut by a Byzantine storage pithos. At a depth of ca. 2.50 m. the shaft of the early well U-V 19:1 opened out into a cavern extending north under the foundations for the Classical Monument Base, and so its excavation had to be left incomplete, because it was too dangerous to continue. The odd circumstances of the burial and its details were brought to my attention by E. L. Smithson, who also gave me notes about the skeleton made byJ. L. Angel. The skeleton is the subjectof an article by Lisa Little and John Papadopoulos (Hesperia67.4). Still earlier in the area is a cremation burial of the Protogeometric period (S 19:4), set into shallow bedrock on the west side of the Roman Panathenaic Way. For discussion of graves, see AgoraVIII, pp. 111-113; 8th century burials in the open were not made area of the Agora proper, and by the 7th century the by the Agora waslate exclusively an area for the living. For evidence of a potter's workshop,see note 17 below. Agora was exclusively an area for the living. For evidence of a potter'sworkshop,see note 17 below. 12 Camp 1979; for another interpretation,Morris 1987, pp. 158-162; Garnsey 1988, pp. 113-115. 13 Brann 1961 la, pp. 93-146, Brann Well L; AgoraVIII, p. 131. 14 AgoraVIII, p. 131; noted in Shear 1939, p. 227.
EARLIEST EVIDENCE FOR A SANCTUARY
17
terracotta figurines and votive objects similar to those from the two 7th-century deposits. No scrap of any wall or other construction of the 7th century B.C. is preserved. Beneath the basement of a modern house built over the area enclosed by the Archaicperibolos was found a series of five circularcuttings into bedrock. They narrowedat the bottom exactly like cuttings for Byzantine storage pithoi, numerous preserved examples of which were found in the immediate vicinity. Each hollow contained reddishfill with mixed sherds,from the Mycenaean to Byzantine periods, but sherds of the Geometric and Protoattic periods were numerous, and the bulk of the deposit is dated to the 7th century B.C. (T 20:2). The excavators regarded the fills in the five cuttings as parts of one deposit with later intrusions,because of their proximity to each other and the similarity of the soil and the pottery in them. The presence of some 53 pieces of terracottafigurines, representinga minimum of 34 individualvotive objects (23 figurines,4 other individuals with legs, I shield, 2 plaques, 1 driver, 3 horses), suggests that this fill was originally from a sanctuary, disturbed when the late pithoi were built (full description in CPD 3). The deposit was buried in soft bedrock toward the center of the upper terrace, some five meters east of the Rocky Outcrop. The northern pit (T 19:3) was found in a spot later covered by the Temple of Triptolemos, just where the upper terrace steps down to the middle terrace. The deposit was partly disturbed andsides and by the wall of a modern by two pits of the Ottoman period on its east and north cellar sunk through part of it. The fill in the pit ranges from the late 8th century to the mid 7th century B.C., but most of it dates to the EarlyProtoatticperiod, ca. 675 B.C.; two pieces date to the late 7th century. The fill, which included a minimum of 17 individual terracottafigurinesand other votive objects, miniature shapes, spindle whorls, and 17 cut disks, was not stratified, and appears to have been dumped in all at one time (CPD 4).15 More than one thousand sherds have been kept from this fill, and it constitutes one of the major Protoattic deposits in the Agora, with many decorated and fine pieces. In addition to these two early deposits with at least some sanctuary fill, two other fills found inside the peribolos also contained terracotta figurines. On the north side of the upper terrace, just inside the line of the Archaic peribolos wall, a strip of clay floor was preserved between a modern well and a modern floor (T 20:3). The fill itself dated to the 7th century, with assorted Protoattic sherds, and it also had six terracotta columnar figurines. Probably this small patch of clay represents part of the ground surface of the sanctuary in the 7th century, pressed into the high bedrock (CPD 5). A fourth fill was found on the south side of the upper terrace, just east of the Propylon (of the 2nd century B.C.), and about three meters southeast of the Rocky Outcrop (Fig. 4). A shallow pit cut into the soft bedrock held some 61 pieces of terracotta votive objects, including columnar figurines, a flat figurine, an animal figurine, and 3 trays or plaques (T 20:4; CPD 6). The fill itself dates to the later 6th century B.C., but most of the terracotta figurines are types common in the 7th century (P1.25).16 Of special interest is a pit of discards from a potter's workshop found just to the north of the area of the Eleusinion (S 17:2). A carefullycut pit was discoveredin the bedrock in the course of the Roman PanathenaicWay,northwestof the lowest terrace of the Eleusinion, and nearbywas an associated well with household debris and more potter's discards, R 17:5.17 The fill in the pit contained neatly stacked pots and ocher, trial pieces, and lumps of burnt clay. Discarded 15 16
Shear 1938, p. 341, fig. 38; AgoraIV, p. 245; AgoraVIII, p. 131. The fill, just above bedrock in an area of high traffic, was disturbed in the 4th century B.C. (2 sherds) and in the Late Roman period (4 sherds). 17 S 17:2, potter's workshop discards: AgoraVIII, nos. 78, 103, 109, 512, 529, 548, 628-635; pp. 110-111, 131. Associated well R 17:5, Brann Well S: Brann 1961b, pp. 305-379; AgoraVIII, pp. 110-111, 131.
18
THE EARLYSANCTUARY
pieces from the dump include many terracotta figurines and other votive objects, many of them similar to those found within the area of the sanctuary.18 The fill dates to the second half of the 7th century B.C. The potter'sworkshopis a likely source of manufactureof at least some of the terracotta objects found in the early sanctuary. The locations of these various deposits of the 8th and 7th centuries B.C. provide a picture of how the sloped region in the space between the southeast corner of the later open Agora area and the shoulder of the Akropolis beneath the caves was used. The upper terrace was left free of domestic use and served as an open-air shrine at least by the mid 7th century B.C. and possibly earlier. The steep slope of Section I I, adjacent to the sanctuary on the south, may also have been reserved, but in any case was not inhabited. The middle terrace on the north side of the sanctuary and the plateaus to the west (Sections AA and B B) were used for housing, as was the region a bit furthernorth down the slope, where the potter had his house and workshopin the second half of the 7th century B.C.19 The use of this area for the sanctuaryand for housing reflects the gradual expansion of habitation into this region north of the Akropolis.
THE TERRACOTTA FIGURINES The otherwise rather bleak archaeological record of the early sanctuary,with only a few pits of debris and a small patch of floor preserved,is enlivened by the many terracottafigurinesand other votive objects, each one of them representing some person's feeling of reverence or hope and a wish to leave a tangible reminder of it for the deity. Other finds in the deposits, such as miniature vessels, decorated pottery, spindle whorls, loomweights, and cut disks, may also represent votive gifts.20The types of votives found in the various deposits are well known from other early shrines excavated elsewhere. Within the area of the Agora, the votives in these deposits are similar to those found in three other deposits. The largest consisted of dumped fill, dated to the first half of the 7th century B.C., found over walls initially thought to belong to a Geometric "house"just outside the southwest corner of the later Agora (H 17:4). The fill has been interpretedas discarded offerings from a hero cult or other chthonic cult.21 Located as well in the southwest area is a triangularperibolos of the 5th century B.C. (G 16), which had finds associated with it dating back to the 7th century B.C., and this may also be the site of a chthonic cult.22 A third cult-spot in 18 Twenty-two terracottafigurines and other votive objects were inventoried from the context pottery. 19 This examination of just one limited area of the north slope corroborates I. Morris' general picture of and uses for settlement and burials in Athens in these periods (Morris 1987, pp. 65-67, with development spatial fig. 18). 20 These items could also have had merely household uses and are therefore more difficult to analyze. Miniature and other miniature do cups shapes appear regularlythroughout the context pottery for the sanctuary;whether they are toys or offerings is unclear. Cut disks were probably used as stoppers, but they could have been stoppers of vessels used for libations or other liquid offerings, or even simple offerings. For an analysis of the place in Greek
religionof votiveofferingsin general,primarilyin the Archaicand Classicalperiods,see van Straten1981.
21 Geometric "house": D. Burr, '"AGeometric House and a Proto-Attic Votive Deposit," Hesperia2, 1933 [pp. 542-640], pp. 614-621, 636-640 (H 17:4). Burr herself suggests that the deposits represent remains from a hero cult (p. 637) or refuse from a nearby sanctuary,such as that of the Semnai, known from literary sources; the deposit now is usually taken to be that of a hero cult. For further discussion of hero cults in the Agora, see Thompson 1978; Antonaccio 1995, pp. 119-126. 22 The triangularperibolos might have been dedicated to a hero, the Tritopateres,or Hekate; see G. V Lalonde, '"AFifth Century Hieron Southwest of the Athenian Agora," Hesperia37, 1968, pp. 123-133 (G 16); AgoraXIV, pp. 119-121; Antonaccio 1995, pp. 121-122, with further bibliography. Elsewhere in and near Attica: Sounion: H. Abramson, "AHero Shrine for Phrontisat Sounion?," CSCA12, 1979, pp. 1-19; Antonaccio 1995, pp. 166-169, with furtherbibliography.Menidi: P.Wolters,"Vasenaus Menidi,"JdI 13, 1898, pp. 13-28; 14, 1899, pp. 103-135;
THE TERRACOTTA FIGURINES
19
the Agora is indicated by offerings collected and carefully stowed in a stone-built container in the north central area of the Agora (L-M 7:1).23 By far the most frequent type among the terracottasfound in our sanctuary is a handmade, plain columnar figure of.a female, with a flared skirt hiding the "feet," rudimentary arms, and a pinched face (Pls. 24-26).24 The tallies of terracotta votives for the three Protoattic deposits, counting every piece separately, are given in Table 1. Counts from the 6th-century deposit T 20:4, which included many earlierpieces, are provided in the next column, and a comparison is made with H 17:4, the deposit on the southwest side of the Agora near the Geometric "house" (from a hero cult). As Table 1 shows, the columnar female figurine very clearly predominates in the deposits from the sanctuary.25That this does not reflect simply a chronological characteristic may be seen by the comparison with the inventoriedfinds from the largest contemporary deposit in the Agora, H 17:4, the dumped fill from a hero cult.26 There the favorite items were shields and horses. Although our samples here are small, nonetheless the preference for the columnar female figurines does suggest that they were intended for a cult with feminine characteristics.27 Because the sanctuary had become the City Eleusinion at least by the late 6th century B.C., it seems reasonable to conclude that the sanctuary of the mid 7th century B.C. also was used for a cult of Demeter.
Antonaccio 1995, pp. 177-178. Ptoon: P. Guillon, "Lesoffrandesen terre-cuitede la terrassesuperieurede Castraki ofZeusonMountHymettos[Hesperia (Ptoion),"BCH 60, 1936, pp. 416-427. Mount Hymettos: M. Langdon, A Sanctuaty Princeton 1976. Tourkovouni: H. Der Berlin 1985 [AM Lauter, Suppl. 16], Peak-top, Kultplatzauf demTurkovuni, Beiheft 12]. Eleusis: Mylonas 1961, pp. 66-67. R. Hagg has analyzed the types of offerings common in deposits from hero cults: miniature terracotta shields; terracotta pinakes or plaques; horse figurines; oil and perfume bottles and jugs of small size; drinking vessels; oinochoai; louteria. The first three types, he points out, are of course not exclusive to hero cults (Hagg 1987). 23 Stone container: Thompson 1958, pp. 148-153 (L-M 7:1). Thompson suggests that the deposit may derive from a disturbance of an earlier tomb (AgoraXIV, pp. 119-120, with earlier bibliography,pl. 65a, b; AgoraXXIII, no. 1640). The latest finds in the deposit date to the earlier 5th century B.C., but it contained earlier material dating well into the 7th century B.C. 24 R. A. Higgins (1967, p. 42) remarkson the frequency of this type in the 7th and 6th centuries B.C.An illustration of a similar type found at Eleusis is given by Noack (1927, p. 12, fig. 3; the drawing shows painted versions, as the ones from the Eleusinion sometimes are). 25 The columnar figurine appears frequentlyin the context pottery through the 5th century. Thereafter the casual "sanctuary-typefinds" among the context pottery are more often fragments of plemochoai. The presence of these finds (columnar figurines in the earlier periods and fragments of plemochoai in the later periods) even in layers not directly in the sanctuary gives the impression of overspill of votives from it. It is because of the high bedrock and the intensive use of the area in the post-antique period that the layers in the sanctuary are not better preserved. One could contrast, for example, the very differentsituationin the sanctuaryof Demeter Malophoros in Selinous, on soft, sandy soil and abandoned by the 3rd century A.C., where the excavator found all through it a layer in places more than one meter thick of packed terracotta figurines (E. Gabrici, "IIsantuario della Malophoros a Selinunte," MonAnt32 [1927]). 26 The Geometric "house" and votive deposit (see D. Burr, note 21 above); the statistics here are somewhat skewed, because the figures given above represent inventoried items and numbers of fragments mentioned in Burr's text, whereas the figures for the other deposits represent both inventoried items and all fragments retained by the excavators in storage. 27 It shouldbe noted that cults of heroines are known throughoutGreece, many of them describedby Pausanias,and such female heroes/divinities are numerous in Athens. Furthermore,the preference for female figures may indicate that they were offered by females. It is unclear whether the figurine representsthe deity or the worshiper,although it is generally assumed that it represents the deity. In a study of 8th-century terracottas offered in Peloponnesian sanctuaries, M. Voyatzis has shown that horses with riders were favored offerings in sanctuaries of Artemis: "Votive Riders Seated Side-Saddle at Early Greek Sanctuaries,"BSA 97, 1992, pp. 259-279. Larson (1995) provides a full discussion of heroine cults in Athens and elsewhere in Greece.
THE EARLYSANCTUARY
20
wrrH T 20:4 ADDED
FIGURINETYPE
T 20:2, T 19:3, T 20:3
Columnar female Malefigure Chariot group: group driver horse Seated figure Horses Otheranimal (animal?)legs Rider/horse Shields Plaques Other
39 0
94 0
2 2 0 1 4 2 8 0 4 6 2
2 3 0 1 4 3 8 0 4 9 3
H 17:4
1 3 3+ frags. 1 1 0 22+ frags. 2 unknown 2 33 6 1
TABLE 1. Terracotta Figurines and Fragments from Three Protoattic Deposits
THE ROCKY OUTCROP
The one obvious topographical feature of the upper terrace that must have been prominent even in the earliest periods is a raised outcropping of bedrock. The highest elevation is 83.10; it forms an approximate rectangle in plan, 2 x 3 m., with a rounded top surface (Plan 2; Fig. 4). The bedrockforms a second high protrusionjust west of the principal outcrop, which was partly cut by the Archaic peribolos wall (P1.4 and Fig. 3). Venerableoutcroppingsof bedrock,found in both large and small sanctuaries,are well known in the ancient Greek world. Rocks and rocky outcroppingswere themselves worshiped or used as altars or as aniconic images. Legendary events were commemorated by them, and in some cults they were used as ritual objects. Some particularstones provided sanctity for oaths or other legal transactions.28 One inscription of the Roman period found in the Eleusinion consists of which evidently served as a sign or boundary a rough piece of Akropolislimestone inscribedMXOo;, marker for a special stone (I 6876 = Catalogue I, 59: P1. 31).29 Rocks and rocky outcroppings testimonia as focal points for ceremonies and associated with Demeter are mentioned in literary terary Demeter's to tie served the rocks suffering and her search for her daughter to specific rituals; 28 Forexample,a rocklocatedbetweenthe Templeof Apolloand the Neoptolomeionat Delphi,whichreceived offerings daily (Paus. 10.24.6); a stone where Silenos rested when Dionysos came to Attica, shown on the Akropolis (Paus. 1.23.5); thirty square stones venerated by the people of Pharai in Arcadia, who gave each the name of a god (Paus.7.22.4); the Lithos set against the steps of the Stoa Basileusin the Athenian Agora, used for the oath of office of the nine archons of Athens (Aristotle,Ath.Pol.7.1, Pollux 8.86 [= AgoraIII, nos. 9, 21]) and actually found (T. L. ShearJr., "The Athenian Agora: Excavations of 1970," Hesperia40, 1971, pp. 259-260; ShearJr. 1973). Within the Athenian Agora, the crossroadsshrine in the northwest corner enclosed an outcropping of bedrock (ShearJr. 1973a, pp. 126-130; 1973b, pp. 360-369); Camp 1986, pp. 78-82. On the Areopagos there were two special stones, the Stone of Outrage (XlOoc; 'TPpec;) and the Stone of Ruthlessness(XlOo; Avatkla;), on which stood defendants and prosecutors, described by Pausanias(1.28.5). For furtherdiscussion of cults using stones (portable, for the most part), see: E. Maas, "Heilige Steine," RhM 78, 1929, pp. 1-25; Latte, RE III (1929), cols. 2295-2305 (1929); Nilsson, GGR,I3, pp. 201-206; Kron 1992b; on portable sacred stones at Eleusis, and a sacred official called 6 XOO6cpopo; TroO ltepoi XtOou,see Clinton, Mythand Cult,pp. 121-123; a seat for the Lithophoros was reserved in the Theater of Dionysos in Athens (inscribedltepfx; Xt96pou),IG II2 5077. 29 E. Vanderpool (Hesperia25, 1966, pp. 275-276) suggests that this inscribed rock may be associated with the two special rocks on the Areopagos noted above. But since it was found in the Eleusinion (in late fill), it could have come from the sanctuary itself.
THE ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES
21
locations, and they gave witness to the events of her drama.30 Rocks and rocky outcroppings are also depicted in vase painting and sculptureas part of the setting suitable for Demeter and her circle, and they provide the atmosphere for underworld scenes.31 Although no specific, direct evidence is preserved that the Rocky Outcrop on the upper terrace was sacrosanctin antiquity,its location and prominence within the Archaic peribolos wall, the presence of deposits of votive offeringsnear it, and the known importance of such outcroppingsfor cults of Demeter make this a reasonable and likely conclusion.
THE SANCTUARY AND THE ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES The beginning of the celebrations of the Eleusinian Mysteries was once traced back even to the Bronze Age, but now the date is thought to be somewhat later, probably in the later Geometric period.32 Kevin Clinton has argued that the start of the Eleusinian Mysteries, one aspect of the cult of Eleusinian Demeter, should be pre-Solonian, before the composition of the HomericHymn to Demeter,and perhaps even earlier in the 7th century B.C.33 The HomericHymnto Demeterhas 30 The &yiXaaeo<; fTtpa(Mirthless Rock) at Eleusis, on which Demeter sat mourning her lost daughter, has
been identified variously; for testimonia, previous views, and a convincing new identification, see Clinton, Myth and Cult,pp. 14-27, passim. Pausanias describes three other places with rocks significant to Demeter: circuits of large unworked stones at Hermione, within which they enact &i6pp)Txalep&to Demeter (2.34.10); at Pheneos in Arcadia in the sanctuary of Eleusinian Demeter was set up the "petroma,"consisting of two large stones fitted to one another,within which were kept writingsreferringto the ritual, opened every other year and read to the initiates; people also swore important oaths on the petroma (8.15.2); at Megara there was a rock named 'AvcaxX'OpL (Recall), because, it was said, Demeter there called back her daughter during her search, and the Megarian women enacted this each year (1.43.2). 31 Lists and previous bibliographyin Metzger 1965, pp. 46-48; furtherdiscussion and recent additions in Clinton, Mythand Cult,pp. 14-16. Hades seated on a rock with Persephone nearby also occurs in Attic vase painting and may be depicted on a metope from Temple E at Selinous: ARV2750 (Berlin inv. 3276, a: white-ground lekythos); 415.2 (kylix near Brygos Painter);earlier scenes in black-figure:ABV373, 176, 383.12 (E. 0stby, "The Sculptural 12th Congress, Program of Temple E at Selinus," IIpaxTtLx&i pp. 200-208). In Athens, the enigmatic sculpted frieze from the Temple on the Ilissos River may show an underworld scene, with figures seated on rocks (photographs in Travlos, PictorialDictionary,s.v.Artemis Agrotera, p. 119, fig. 162). 32 Earlier discussions of the date of the beginning of the Mysteries have assumed continuity from the Bronze Age, based on early remains under the later Telesterion at Eleusis (summarized in Mylonas 1961, pp. 38-63; critical discussion in Richardson 1974, pp. 5-11). A careful restudy of the literary,historical, and archaeological evidence has shown conclusively that there is nothing positive to connect the Bronze Age traces with the later Telesterion and the Eleusinian Mysteries, despite the previous widespread acceptance of the idea: P. Darcque, "Les vestiges myceniens decouverts sous le Telesterion d'Eleusis," BCH 105, 1981, pp. 593-605. Since there are foundations dated by Mylonas to the Late Geometric period, and votive offerings which could be that early, presumably the cult of Demeter at Eleusis (and perhaps the celebration of the Eleusinian Mysteries) could have begun at that time (late 8th to early 7th century B.C.). This representsa returnto Noack's original opinion published in 1927 (pp. 11-15): that the buildings on the terrace at Eleusis cannot be earlier than the Late Geometric period. Further discussion in Binder, forthcoming. 33 Much of the previous discussion of the date of the Mysterieshas been built on speculations about the date of the unification of Attica, the political "takeover"of Eleusis by Athens, and possible battles fought between them, but detailed scrutiny of the evidence yields little positive evidence of disputes that could be dated reliably to or after the 7th century B.C. See Padgug 1972; Osborne 1985, pp. 174-182; Clinton, MythandCult,pp. 29-37; Clinton 1993, pp. 110-115, with earlier bibliography; Foley 1994, pp. 169-175; Parker 1996, pp. 97-101. The most important evidence for a pre-Solonian date is the role of the archon basileus, who had charge of the administration of the Mysteries and of ancestral sacrifices (Aristotle, Ath.Pol.57.1-2), and a passage in Andokides (1.111) noting that according to Solonian law, the Boule met in the Eleusinion after the Mysteries. The authenticity of the Solonian law is argued by Clinton (1982); further discussion of the revision and its relationship to Solonian law in Robertson 1990 and Rhodes 1991.
22
THE EARLY SANCTUARY
been regarded as our primary "text" for the Eleusinian Mysteries, but, as Clinton has argued, the foundation of the Mysteries in the hymn seems secondary to its concern with other aspects of the cult of Demeter that are probably connected to the Thesmophoria, a much older cult. Consequently, the much-debated date of the composition of the hymn should not necessarily affect the date of the start of the Mysteries.34 Clinton is surely right to separate the date of the antequemfor the Mysteries. Mysteriesand the date ofthe hymn; the hymn can serveonly as a terminus An important part of the Eleusinian Mysteries from at least the Late Archaic period onward was the procession that linked the center of the city with the sanctuary at Eleusis, out on the western border of Attica; this cultic "link"between two or more sanctuariesin the central city and Attica is paralleled in the cults of Dionysos of Eleutherai and Artemis Brauronia.35The link was made visible by the procession and its audience, by the bringing of the Sacred Objects first from Eleusis to the city and then back again, escorted by the crowd of participants. The processions reflected the unity of Athens and reinforced a sense of community through group participation in the rites and the shared religious experience. So powerful a symbol of Athenian ritual had this become by the 5th century that an epiphany of the Eleusinian procession was interpreted as an explicit voice of divine allegiance to the Athenian cause in the PersianWar (Herodotos 8.65; Plutarch, Them.15). The physical requirementsfor the symbolic action of the procession would have included a suitablelocation for securingthe Sacred Objects duringthe firstpart of the festival in central Athens and a suitable place for the preliminarysacrifices. The archaeologicalevidence shows that there was a sanctuary on the north slope of the Akropolis by the 7th century B.C., presumably dedicated to Demeter as it was a century later. Hence, the link with Eleusis could have begun in the 7th century B.C. The city sanctuarywas probablyused for celebrationsof the Thesmophoria in Athens, as was the sanctuary at Eleusis.36 The Thesmophoria was an old festival, widespread throughout the Greek world, and one which seems to have been celebrated very locally, in multiple sanctuaries in any given community.37 In the city of Athens, the participants were women married to citizens, and the emphasis in the rituals was on fertility of both mothers and crops, which ensured the continuing prosperity of the city.38 The festival of the Thesmophoria and its 34
For the HomericHymnto Demeter,see Richardson 1974, esp. pp. 12-30; Foley (1994, pp. 169-178) provides a critical summary of the historical context of the hymn and suggests that it was intended for a Panhellenic audience; she thus resolves many of the perceived "problems"surroundingthe presumed knowledge and intent of its author. 35 For discussion of the implications of central and peripheral locations of sanctuaries, see de Polignac 1995, esp. pp. 85-88. Osborne comments on other instances of cults linking the center and periphery of a polis and disputes some of de Polignac's interpretations (ClassicalLandscape withFigures,London 1987, pp. 166-171; Osborne 1989). The civic aspect of the Eleusinian Mysteries is emphasized by Zaidman and Pantel (1992, pp. 132-140, 188, and passim)and by Burkert(1987). 36 For the festival, see Broneer 1942; Parke 1977, pp. 82-88; Brumfield 1981, pp. 70-103; Burkert 1985, pp. 242246; Foley 1994, pp. 71-75. The Thesmophoria in Attic demes is discussed by Parker (1987, pp. 137-147, esp. p. 142). For the Thesmophoria at Eleusis, see Clinton 1988; 1993; Clinton, Myth and Cult, pp. 29-37, 96-99, and passim. 37 The setting for the Thesmophoria is the Pnyx in Aristophanes' Thesmophoriazousai, but there were probably several Thesmophoria in the city of Athens (Simon 1983; cf. Thompson 1936). Clinton shows that there is virtually no evidence for a "national"celebration of the festival and abundant evidence for local celebrations;he also suggests that the City Eleusinion may have been the local Thesmophorion for the deme Melite (1996). Multiple Thesmophoria have been excavated at Gela (Le Dinahet 1984, pp. 138-140; Holloway 1991, pp. 55-63; Kron 1992a), and at least five sanctuaries of Demeter have been found in Syracuse (Voza 1981, 1985; Wescoat 1989, pp. 97-101). For the Thesmophorion at Eretria, see Metzger 1985. 38 See Detienne 1979 and Zeitlin 1982 for the social and political implications for women of this festival; and Nixon 1995 for a discussion of herbs used in the festival and how they may have been used for control of human fertility.
THE ELEUSINIANMYSTERIES
23
facilities must have expanded along with the population of central Athens and Attica. We should expect to find multiple sites for its celebration within the atcUu,and the sanctuary on the north slope of the Akropolis suits the requirement of privacy, a well-known aspect of the cult. Both the Thesmophoria and the Eleusinian Mysteries, in different ways, were intertwined with
the development of the polis, and we should expect to find evidence of their celebration at least by the 7th century B.C.
T19:1
0 |
USES k
T19:6
0
S20:1
-0
PROPYLON 0 I
10 1
6
F
1
I r
I
FIG.4. Plan: 6th century B.C.,restored
20,
&A
I
M.
W.B.D.,JR-1981 R.C.A.-1993
2
THE SANCTUARYIN THE ARCHAICPERIOD THE ARCHAIC PERIBOLOS In the first half of the 6th century B.C. the upper terrace was enclosed by a finely built wall of blue Akropolislimestone. The foundation of the wall is constructed of roughly trimmed boulders set into bedrock to form a base 1.15 m. thick, and steps down as the line of the wall follows the sloping bedrock to the north. The wall itself is made of tightly jointed polygonal blocks with nearly vertical sides and partly curved top and bottom surfaces,set with two outer faces. A stretch of the polygonal blocks 6 meters long is preservedon the west side of the peribolos (PI.4:c, d). The foundation course is best preserved on the west side of the terrace, where a length of 22 meters is interrupted only by the Propylon built in the 2nd century B.C. near its southern end. Along the north edge of the terrace, the line theof thooting trench in the bedrock and a section of the foundation course 4.0 m. long are preserved toward the east side of the excavated area. The southern line of the circuit is given by a shallow trench, about one meter wide, cut into bedrock along the eastern half of the terrace; stones are preserved in the trench at several spots, and for a length of 5.30 m. near the eastern end of the area. One stone of the superstructure remains just east of the center of the south line of the wall. This southern stretch of the wall was somewhat lighter than the west wall, with a width of only 0.90 m.; the wall was built on fairly flat terrain, so the thicker constructionwas not necessary. The southwestcorner ofthe Archaicperibolos is now representedby three Akropolislimestone blocks set into bedrock, part of the base of the wall, and one block that rests on them, apparently part of the superstructureof the corner. It lies just under the east face of the Post-Herulian Wall. Inside the Post-HerulianWall, bedrock is preservedto the height of the standing Akropolis limestone block, indicating that the peribolos wall was set into bedrock at this corner. The entrance to the Archaic peribolos was in the south wall some 3 m. from the west end (Fig.4). Here and at 7.00 m. from the west end narrowerperpendicularwalls projected northward from the line of the peribolos, and there is a gap in the west-east peribolos wall, for neither the wall itself nor a footing trench is present between the perpendicular walls, although the trench should have been preserved there in the bedrock if it had existed. Just to the northeast inside the entrance was found T 20:4, a deposit of Archaic (and earlier)terracottafigurines. The eastern extent of the Archaic peribolos is unknown, for its footing trench disappears beneath the modern street at the east end of both the north and south sides. The circuit as exposed measures 22 m. on the west, 26 m. on the north, and 28 m. on the south (Fig.4). A patch of a hard-packed floor probably represented a functioning level of use with the peribolos wall: ca. 4.00 m. long and 1.00 m. wide, it was uncovered under 6th-century fill on the north side of the terrace. Its level was ca. 0.75 m. lower than the footing course of the west stretch of the Archaic peribolos wall near the Rocky Outcrop, some 9 meters uphill toward the southwest. The layer itself was ca. 0.20 m. above bedrock and was left undug. THE DATE OF THE ARCHAIC PERIBOLOS WALL The date of construction of the Archaic peribolos wall is provided by three areas of fill along its north side. Near the east end of the north line a baulk left from the 1930s included floors accumulated against and under the peribolos wall (section D-D': Fig. 15; CPD 7). Layers 2, 3,
26
THE SANCTUARY IN THE ARCHAIC PERIOD
and 4, accumulated against the wall, date to the mid 6th century. Layer 5 was firmly packed and level with the bottom of the wall; it dates to the first half of the 6th century and represents the ground level of the sanctuary right before the wall was built. In this layer were found nine terracottafigurines,severalfragmentsof miniaturecups, and many fragmentsof fine black-figured ware, which could represent sanctuary pottery. Layers 6 and 7 beneath it also date to the first half of the 6th century. Terracotta figurines were present in most layers, but in largest number (a total of 28) in layers 6 and 7. Layer 8 dated to the 7th-8th centuries, except for two fragments of 6th-century pottery. A mass of large rough stones appeared at the bottom of layer 8, and excavation was stopped. Because the lower layers (6-8) extend beneath the level of the wall, they represent fill of the time the wall was built or earlier; the context pottery of these layers gives a consistent date of ca. 575-550 B.C. This is of course a date based on pottery style, but it seems unlikely that the wall was constructedmuch after ca. 550 B.C. Near this same stretch of the Archaic peribolos wall but further east, in an area where the actual wall stones were robbed out in a later period, firm clay packing was found at the bottom of the trench for the wall, laid when the wall was first constructed. A layer above the clay was left duringthe pillaging of the Late Roman period (5th-6th centuriesA.C.), with an admixtureof sherds of the 6th century B.C. (CPD 8). The packing itself dated to the first half of the 6th century B.C.; it containe amongthe sherds 10and terracotta figurines and a fragment of a miniature aryballos (CPD 9). This provides further evidence that the area served as a sanctuary before the wall was built and confirms the date in the first half of the 6th century given by other fills. The third set of fills that help to date the Archaic peribolos wall was found during exploration of its northwest corner. Here part of a corner where two rubble house-walls met was found on the line of the west wall, just to the north (Fig. 4; Plan 2); the house-walls had been cut by the Post-Herulian Wall and by an east-west late Byzantine wall further north. An L-shaped drain covered with flat stones, 0.20 m. wide and set into bedrock,was found under the Archaic peribolos wall, and it led into a pit just north of the rubble house-wall (i.e., inside the house-wall with which it was used). This drain evidently went out of use when the peribolos wall was built over it. At the north end of the drain, beyond the pit, was found a pocket cut into bedrock, ca. 0.50 m. deep, with fill of the early 6th century (T 19:6; CPD 11). This may represent grading in the vicinity of the peribolos wall necessary for its construction. A red clay floor over bedrock surrounding the pit dates to the same period (CPD 12, 15). The fill over the line of the drain was of the mid 6th century (CPD 10); pottery from the channel of the drain and the pit dates to the early 6th century (CPD 13, 14). These remnants of a house, a drain, and a clay floor suggest that some residents were displaced when the Archaic peribolos wall was constructed. Surely one of the purposes of the Archaic peribolos wall was to prevent encroachment on the sanctuary and to establish a firm boundary for it. The three areas of fill associated with the construction of the Archaic peribolos wall all provide a consistent date in the first half of the 6th century B.C. The polygonal construction of the well-preservedsection of the peribolos wall on the west side is appropriateto this date (P1.4:c, d). THE CLOSURE OF WELLS IN THE PANATHENAIC WAY There are other archaeological indications that the use of land on this slope was changing by the second quarter of the 6th century B.C. Two wells near the sanctuary.wereused in the first half of the 6th century, but closed ca. 550 B.C. (S 21:2 and R 17:3).2 S 21:2 lies just to the west of 1 Wrede 1933, pis. 4, 5, 6, 10.
2 A third well, T 18:2 (CPD 52), located on the lower terrace to the north of the sanctuary, was also closed
ca. 550 B.C., but apparently because it was unsuccessfulas a well. There was no period-of-use deposit at bottom.
PEISISTRATOS AND THE ELEUSINIAN SANCTUARIES
27
the Roman Panathenaic Way, opposite the entrance to the sanctuary,while R 17:3 lies in the line of the road, to the north of the sanctuary.A third well, also in the line of the road and just to the south of the peribolos wall, was filled and abandoned ca. 575 B.C. (S 22:1: Plan 3). These wells may have been closed when land was expropriated for public access to the Agora, along the course of the Panathenaic Way.3 A wider path for the Panathenaic Way would have been needed as the festival was instituted and expanded, and this expansion also served to improve access to the sanctuary.
PEISISTRATOS AND THE ELEUSINIAN SANCTUARIES The dating of the constructionof the Archaic peribolos wall and the closure of the wells to the mid 6th century B.C., perhaps as the Panathenaic Way was made into a larger street, inevitably raises the possibilitythat the elder Peisistratoswas somehow involvedin these changes, that he sponsored or at least encouraged them. Peisistratosis credited with founding the Panathenaic Festival,even though his involvement would have predated his various periods of tyranny.4According to both Herodotos (1.64.2) and Thucydides (3.104.1), Peisistratosactively promoted the cult of Delian Apollo, and he is assumed to have fostered Athenian interest in many other cults as well.5 There are no ancient testimonia-literary or epigraphical-that hint at his involvement in the cult of Eleusinian Demeter or the Eleusinian Mysteries,but many scholars have made such a connection. It is thought that the encouragement of the Panhellenic aspect of the Eleusinian Mysteries would have been in keeping with his known policies and his promotion of Athenian assertions of cultural leadership.6 His interest in the cult is assumed to be reflected in painted pottery of the period and perhaps also in the themes in architecturalsculpture that, it has been supposed, he might have sponsored with an end toward advertising his own regime and its accomplishments.7 These unlikely conjectures received some support from the attribution of the second Archaic Telesterion at Eleusis to the Peisistratidperiod, although T. Leslie ShearJr. had already pointed out that the Telesterion should not have been assigned to Peisistratosbut to his sons.8 3 Shear 1978, pp. 4-5 and note 19 on p. 13; 1994, pp. 228-230. Shear lists seventeen wells in or near the central area of the Agora; eight were closed in the second quarter of the 6th century (including R 17:3) and nine were closed in the mid 6th century. Here S 21:2 and S 22:1 are added to his list. Shear attributes this expropriation and other construction in the Agora to the elder Peisistratos. 4 Fora thorough discussion, see Shapiro,ArtandCult,pp. 18-47; other aspects of the festivalare examined in Neils 1992. 5 The evidence for Peisistratidinterestin the various cults is discussedin Shapiro,ArtandCult;Peisistratos'program for Athens in general is discussed by Shear (1978) and Frost(1985). 6 E.g., Mylonas 1961, pp. 77-105; Kolb 1977; Shear 1978, pp. 9-10; Shapiro, ArtandCult;Clinton 1994a. 7 Boardman 1972, 1975; this view is followed in part with further discussion of imagery in vase painting by Shapiro (Artand Cult,pp. 67-83, with judicious summary of previous scholars' associations of iconography and policy). Similar readings of Peisistratidinterest in images depicted on tablewarehave been made for representations of the hero Theseus, e.g., W. R. Connor, "Theseus in Classical Athens," in The Questfor Theseus,A. Ward et al., Deedsof Theseus,Rome 1987, pp. 148-151. eds., New York 1970 [pp. 143-174], pp. 143-152; J. Neils, The Youthful Critiques of this approach are made by R. Osborne (Osborne 1984, pp. 61-70: Osborne rightly questions whether painted pottery was truly a vehicle for "official"propaganda, pointing out the numerous questionable assumptions behind this common procedure of iconographic interpretation) and by R. M. Cook (Cook 1987, pp. 167-169); response byJ. Boardman (Boardman 1989); critical analysis of the issue of "patronage"in the Archaic period by J. Blok (Block 1990). 8 Shear 1981, p. 131; attributionof the second Archaic Telesterionto "the Peisistratidperiod" is in Mylonas 1961, pp. 77-105.
28
THE SANCTUARYIN THE ARCHAICPERIOD
Since the Sanctuaryof Demeter in centralAthens alreadyexisted in the 7th century B.C., there can be no question of Peisistratos"founding"it. As yet there is no evidence that the sanctuarywas expanded during his period of rule, since as far as we know,what was added in the mid 6th century was an enclosure wall, not more territory. The Archaic peribolos wall is finely built and is proof of interest in improving the facilities for the cult. But the date given by the ceramic evidence in the excavated fills, in the first half of the 6th century, cannot be said to be definitely within Peisistratos'known periods of tyranny. Hence any association of the elder Peisistratoswith the improvementsin the sanctuaryin central Athens must remain speculative. Moreover, recent studies of the second Archaic Telesterion at Eleusis and its Archaic fortification wall have called into question the assignment of this construction in the sanctuary at Eleusis to the Peisistratids.9 Tetsuhiro Hayashi has convincingly argued that the "Peisistratid" Telesterion should be dated toward the end of the 6th century,after the Kleisthenic reforms,since the style of the architecturalpieces is so similar to that of the Old Temple of Athena Polias on the Athenian Akropolis, also now to be dated to the end of the century.10 The new enlarged Telesterion at Eleusis should now be considered a product of the new democracy, not of the policy of the Peisistratids.In support of the lower date, Clinton has observed that the formidable fortificationwall usually referredto as "Peisistratid"is also more likely to have been constructed ca. 506 B.C., after the raid of the Spartan general Kleomenes and his sack of the sanctuary.11 The two projects were surely planned together, at the end of the 6th century. It seems likely that the first Archaic Telesterion at Eleusis, usually referred to as "Solonian," should be dated further into the first half of the 6th century, and thus about contemporary with the embellishment of the sanctuary in central Athens with its peribolos wall, whose appearance and construction closely resemble the walls belonging to the phase at Eleusis usually assigned to Solon.12 The improvementsto the two linked sanctuariescould well have been sponsored by the aristocraticfamilies who controlled the priesthoods,the Eumolpidai and the Kerykes. Peisistratos may have been supportiveof the constructionof new facilitiesfor the festival, but there is so far no specific evidence of his involvement in either project.
6TH-CENTURY HOUSES ON THE MIDDLE TERRACE At the end of the 6th century B.C. the decision was made to expand the sanctuaryto the north, and the added area doubled that enclosed by the Archaic peribolos wall. A new temple, dedicated to Triptolemos, was built in the extension.13 The middle terrace was selected for the expansion, 9 The excavations and interpretationsup to 1961 are discussed and illustratedby Mylonas (1961, pp. 77-105); a summary and further illustrationsmay be found in Travlos 1988, s.v. Eleusis, pp. 91-102. 10 Hayashi 1992, pp. 19-29. For the Old Temple of Athena Polias: date, Stahler 1972 and 1978, Stewart 1990, pp. 129-130, Childs 1993, pp. 404-406, Childs 1994; descriptionsof its remains, Boersma 1970, pp. 20-21, 180-181, Travlos, PictorialDictionary,pp. 143-147. 11 Clinton 1994a, p. 162; the wall is discussed and beautifully illustratedin Giraud 1991, pp. 9-17, but the date is given as Peisistratid. Lang (1996, p. 23) dates the wall to the end of the 6th century B.C. 12 Mylonas (1961) tentatively assigned the EarlyArchaic phase to Solon (pp. 63-72, fig. 6, wall Z; fig. 14b; fig. 16; fig. 23, walls Z [telesterion] and Z 6, Z 10, Z 11); discussed previously in Noack 1927, pp. 16-32, pl. 14, A-A1-A2 and wall B2-B7; pls. 20a, b, c, 2 la (A), 22a (B5). The curved polygonal masonry of the terracewalls and of the corner of the Telesterion resembles the masonry of the Archaic peribolos wall of the sanctuary in central Athens. Some inscribed architecturalfragments that may be from the Archaic building itself date to the middle of the 6th century (Clinton 1972, pp. 81-82). These fragmentsare under study by K. Clinton and R. Townsend. 13 Travlos J. suggests that an earlier temple may have preceded this new one on the same site, but the excavations show that the middle terrace was used for private houses throughout the 6th century B.C. (PictorialDictionary, p. 198).
6TH-CENTURY HOUSES ON THE MIDDLE TERRACE
29
adjacent on the north to the earlierperibolos;it had been a thicklysettled residentialarea before it was appended to the sanctuary.Because of the intensive and constant use of the middle terrace in the post-antique period, the evidence for the destroyed houses must be patched together from small areas of undisturbed fill found among tangles of modern walls, cesspools, and pits. The foundations for the new temple had been set down through the collapsed debris of the destroyed houses and had already covered or obliterated much of their remains. Left preserved under the constructiondebris of the temple or beneath later fill, the bits of walls, mudbrickdebris, patches of floors, and a much-used well provide a picture of this 6th-century neighborhood. When the expropriated land on the middle terrace was cleared, the mudbrick walls were knocked down and the whole area was graded and leveled. Short stretches of some nineteen rubble house-walls at varying levels were uncovered around and inside the foundations of the temple, visible in the actual-state plan (Plan 2). From these remains we can see that the houses had been set at irregular angles to each other on the slope. They were founded on rubble walls made of small fieldstones set to a thickness of ca. 0.50-0.65 m. One set of three contiguous foundation walls is preserved, giving an interior width of 3.5 m., in a room of trapezoidal shape (Fig. 4). The two north-south stretches of this room are shown in sections B-B', under layer 4, and E-E', under layer 3, both of them dated to the end of the 6th century B.C. (Figs. 18, 19; CPD 26D, 27C). Another stretch of rubble house-wall, with associated floors on each side of it, was found under layer 4, illustratedin section G-G' (Fig. 21). The floors, layers 5 and 6, dated to the late 6th century B.C. (CPD 29E, 29F). These layers are illustratedin Plate 5:b. The upper walls were made of sun-dried mud brick composed of reddish clay. On the east side of the foundations of the temple excavators found two areas of mud brick from the walls of houses sandwiched between later intrusions. One area, just south of the northeast corner of the temple, still contained fragments of mud brick, and the sherds were numerous but in very small pieces, suggesting that they were part of the original manufacture of the mud brick; the fill dated to the third quarterof the 6th century B.C. (section F-F', layer 2: Fig. 20; CPD 28B). The layerjust above it, which consisted mostly of working chips from the construction of the temple, contained at least one roof tile, presumably from a destroyed house (CPD 28A). Another area further south along the east foundations of the temple contained partly dissolved mud brick and household pottery (section H-H': Fig. 22; CPD 30). Household debris was found widespread in this vicinity, where Archaic levels were still preserved(CPD 17). Mud brick was also included in the fill packed down over the mouth of an abandoned well (T 19:1)just to the north of the northeast corner of the temple (CPD 16A). The fill included a very large quantity of household pottery, especially cooking ware of various sorts. The floors were of hard-packedearth or sometimes of clay; they were pressed down right over bedrock. Two patches of clay floor, probably representing interior floors, were found near the foundations of the temple. One, on the inside of its south end, dated to the late 6th century B.C. (CPD 20). The other, on the outside of the foundations near the southwest corner, was found tamped into bedrock. The clay fill dated to the third quarter of the 6th century B.C. (CPD 15). Occasionally postholes were dug, perhaps to support a verandah. Several were preserved in layer 7, section C-C' (Fig. 17; CPD 25G). The control of drainage would have been a concern on this sloping terrain, and at least one house had a drain consisting of a channel cut into bedrock and covered with small, flat stones (CPD 13, 14). Water was obtained from well T 19:1 (mentioned above), sunk near the northern edge of the terrace. The well was used for half a century,ca. 550-500 B.C., until it was filled and covered over. The fill in the well yielded a rich assortmentof black-figuredpottery and household ware (Fig. 16; The houses are noted in the preliminary excavation report, Thompson 1960, p. 337, and in Boersma 1970, p. 245, no. 143.
30
THE SANCTUARYIN THE ARCHAICPERIOD
CPD 16), and it provides important evidence for the date of the Temple of Triptolemos, whose northeast corner was set only a meter distant from it. The well was 1.05 m. in diameter and was sunk down into the soft bedrock to a depth of 8.30 m. The earth fill of the well from its top to about -7.50 m. was unstratified,and was clearly thrown in at the time the temple was constructed in order to raise the ground level. Near the bottom of the earth fill were found chips of hard yellow and Kara limestone of the type used in the first phase of the construction of the temple, but no chips of red crystallinelimestone, the stone used for an extension to the foundations, were noted by the excavator. Furtherdown near the bottom of the well were found the pieces of a large, partly glazed tub, which served as its final well-head (P 8887),14 and the pottery that gathered during its use (sectionJ-J': Fig. 16; CPD 16). The latest context pottery from the well dates to ca.500 B.C., with three black-figuredAttic type skyphoi dated into the 5th century,to ca. 500-490 B.C.. A second well (U 19:2; CPD 58) was dug on the middle terrace further to the east, within the new limits of the peribolos, but 11 meters east of the east foundations of the temple. It was dug with great care and elaborate precautions because it intersected an earlier well, probably of the Late Geometric period. A party wall between the two shafts was constructed along its entire depth of 6.60 m. When the well was excavated(inJuly 1959), water collected at its bottom. The fill in the well consisted of much clay, fieldstones, and chunks of wood. Although the bulk of the context pottery dates to the end of the 6th century, the latest sherds in the fill indicate that it was filled in ca. 480 B.C., and so the fill probably is part of the debris gathered up and discarded after the Persiandestructionof Athens.15A supplementaryfill was added on top of well U 19:2, in which the latest sherdsdate to the third quarterof the 5th century B.C. (CPD 58A). The entire fill also contained many animal bones. THE LOWER TERRACE The neighborhood of private houses continued further north down into what is now the lower terrace, but because of extensive grading in the Early Roman period, the only evidence preserved of domestic use is two attempts to dig wells (T 18:1, T 18:2; CPD 52, 53). Well T 18:2 was dug earlier in the 6th century B.C. and filled and abandoned by ca. 550 B.C. Among the pottery in the fill was a large percentage (40 percent) of earlier sherds from the 8th and 7th centuries B.C. Well T 18:2 was apparentlynot successful,as no deposit was found at bottom, and the well seems to have been filled shortly after it was dug. Its significancehere is that it provides some evidence of domestic use of the lower terrace in the first half of the 6th century B.C. Well T 18:1 also was abandoned fairly soon after it was dug, in the late 6th century B.C. The wall of the shaft had begun to collapse, and even though much of the collapsed bedrock was removed, it seems it was considered potentially dangerous to use as a well and was filled in. The fill contained many fine black-figuredpieces, eleven terracottafigurines,a wide range of domestic pottery,chunks of mud brick, and roof tiles. Although the well had to be abandoned, its presence nonetheless indicates that people were living in this area at the end of the 6th century B.C. At the beginning of the 5th century a large quantity of debris was put down on this terrace as general fill and into a large pit (T 18:3, T 18:4, sections I-I', L-L': Figs. 25, 26). Much of the fill came from the sanctuary, to judge by the high quality of the pottery and the numerous votive types (terracottas,miniature cups, etc.; CPD 54, 55). There were also fragments of 24 lamps, 6 loomweights, and shapes such thymiateria, dinoi, and kothons in the fill. Although the bulk 14 M.
TerracottaWell-Headsfrom the Athenian Agora," Hesperia18, 1949 [pp. 114-127], Lang, "IsthmiaPhreaton: p. 126, no. 12. 15 T. L. Shear Jr. has studied and presented in detail twenty-one deposits of debris from the Persian sack, and he addresses in detail the dating of the pottery (Shear 1993, pp. 383-482).
THE EARLY-5TH-CENTURY PERIBOLOSWALL
31
of the pottery in both fills dates to the 6th century B.C. and earlier,a small number of pieces in each have their best parallels ca. 500-480; hence these two deposits probablyrepresentmore discarded debris from the Persian sack of 479 B.C. Grading undertakenin the Roman period has obliterated any architecturalremains of the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods (CPD 57).16 Fills dating to much earlier periods found accumulated over bedrock on the lower terrace show that this area had had drainage problems for some time. The earlier fill was found in the vicinity of the pit and dumped debris of the late 6th century. At the lowest levels, gravellydeposits in shallow pockets in the bedrock were found with a layer of fine sand above them, with sherds dating to the first half of the 7th century B.C. (section K-K': Fig. 24; CPD 51). A thick layer of mud and stones was found over the sand and also dated to the 7th century. Accumulated on top of it were two thick layers of fine, siltlike sand, both layers dating to the 6th century. These layers all seem to have been deposited by standing water, and they would seem to indicate that water had flowed downhill, probably from the Klepsydra spring, and sometimes stood here. There were no "floors" or ground levels, but only a series of stratified deposits, apparently from standing water. If this interpretationis correct, that the layers were formed by run-off from the Klepsydra spring, the water would have run through here, along the present course of the Panathenaic Way,from the early 7th century B.C. through the 6th century B.C.The Klepsydra was built into a formal springhouse ca. 470 B.C.17
THE EARLY-5TH-CENTURY PERIBOLOS WALL When the houses on the middle terrace had been cleared and leveled so that the new temple could be built in the extended peribolos, a new enclosure wall was built along the west and north sides (Fig.8). Traces of it are still preserved: it was built in its lowest course of Akropolislimestone, with stones probably reused from the former north line of the Archaic peribolos wall. A stretch of the west wall ca. 1.30 m. long was found preserved beneath the Post-Herulian Wall. The packing excavated around the blocks dated to the early 5th century B.C. (CPD 21, 22). Nearby, or the wall and sandy fill above it were found near the Post-HerulianWall, with context pottery dating to the early 5th century B.C. (Fig. 17, PI. 5:a; CPD 25L, 25M). Some sort of modification of the peribolos wall just to the west of the Rocky Outcrop is suggested by an area of clay fill there dating to the early 5th century B.C. with intrusionsof the late 4th century B.C. that probably reflect additional modificationsto the wall made at that time (CPD 23). Much of the northern extension of the west wall and its return to the east side of the area was obliterated by late pits or covered over by the larger and thicker retaining wall built in the 4th century B.C. No trace is preserved of the 5th-century peribolos at the northwest corner of the sanctuary. A short stretch of the north line of the peribolos wall is preserved for a length of 2.75 m. on the east side of the excavated area. The blocks of Akropolis limestone are set to a width of 1.10 m. The line of the wall ends there, as it was gouged out for a late pit, and in the Byzantine period a north-south street ran just to the east of this point. We may assume, however, that this wall did continue further east, into the unexcavated area,just as did the earlier north line of the peribolos which it replaced. Another stretch of Akropolislimestone blocks, oriented roughly north-south, was foundjust to the south of the eastern end of the preserved north line, curving from the northwest to the 16 A cistern was
dug in the 4th century B.C. nearby and partly intersects the pit T 18:4; see section L-L': Fig. 26; CPD 56. 17 Parsons 1943; Travlos, PictorialDictionary,p. 323. The layers described here illustrate why projects such as the Great Drain had to be undertaken in the lower areas of the Agora.
32
THE SANCTUARYIN THE ARCHAICPERIOD
southeast (Plan 2). This wall was lighter in construction than the section of the Archaic peribolos wall preserved on the west side, with a width of ca. 0.80 m., just slightly narrower than the preserved stretches of the wall on the south line of the Archaic peribolos. It was disturbed at several points by late pits and a Late Roman water channel, and nowhere is it preserved any higher than the lowest course, set into bedrock. In Byzantine times, a north-south street ran along the east side of this wall; the tops of the stones showed wear from traffic in the street, and between and around them was sandy fill with Byzantine sherds. One large block of Akropolis limestone was found upended and reused in a Byzantine wall; originally it would have been part of the superstructureof the wall. Four sherds from the fill and packing in bedrock for the wall suggest a date ca. 500 B.C. for the wall, and its appearance is similar to the other stretches built then, even though it is somewhat lighter in construction.18 The southern extension of this east wall is crossed by a heavy poros foundation (probably used for the display of stelai and dated to the mid 5th century B.C.), which ran west-east for a length of 15 meters. No trace of the north-south wall was found to the south of the monument base, even though there isjust enough space between the base and the modern scarp for it to have been evident. This north-south stretchmost likely representsan interior dividing wall within the sanctuary.19Little more can be said about what might have been on the east side of the dividing wall, since other than well U 19:2, filled in with debris after the Persian sack of 479 B.C., and the mid-5th-century packing above it, all remains of antiquity east of the wall were destroyed by late pits and a modern cistern. It is likely that well U 19:2 continued in use for a short time in this area after the temple was built, until it was filled with debris, and in that sense it was a "sanctuary"well. The sanctuarywas now enclosed by the Archaicwall on the south and west, with the new wall extending the border furthernorth and another section of new wall across its north line. The new extension of the peribolos doubled its area: at the beginning of the 5th century B.C. it enclosed a space measuring a minimum of 28 m. on the south, 43 m. long on the west, 28 m. wide on the north side, with a maximum exposed width of 36 m., just below the north line of the wall. The entrance to the sanctuary was still in the south wall, near the west end not far from the Panathenaic Way (Fig.8). It may have been here that Lysistrate,a priestessof Demeter and Kore, set up a marble base that probably supported a herm, in about 455 B.C. (Catalogue I, 1).
THE CLOSURE OF WELLS IN THE PELARGIKON A group of eight wells was found just above the sanctuary and Section I I on the slope of the Akropolis, right by the Klepsydra spring, whose waters they tapped. They were all filled and abandoned at the end of the 6th century B.C. John Camp has associated this event with the siege of Hippias in 510 B.C. by the Spartan general Kleomenes, who is said to have closed in Hippias within the walls of the Pelargikon.20Three of the wells were filled with broken mud brick, roof tiles, and fragments of wood; one well had poros blocks and blocks of Akropolis limestone from 18 This
packing was not fully excavated, but four sherds were plucked from the face of the scarp after the winter
rainsof 1959-1960(CPD24, lot EA 116).
19 On some published plans it has been thickened to represent the southern continuation of the northern line, with nothing continuing east beyond the northeasterncorner, but this is not correct. 20 Camp 1984. The siege at the Pelargikonis mentioned by Herodotos (5.64-65), Aristotle (Ath.Pol.19.5-6), and the Marmor Parium (FGrHist239.A45).
BUILDINGACTIVITYAT THE END OF THE 6TH CENTURYB.C.
33
a polygonal wall; the fill of another also included many lamps and terracottavotives.21 The debris found in the wells suggests that houses, perhaps used temporarilyby the besieged men, had been built up around the northwestshoulder of the Akropolisin the area of the Pelargikon,very close to the caves and shrines there. Later in the 5th century a rider to the "FirstFruits"decree would be passed concerning the boundaries of the Pelargikonand the use of the area (IG j3 78). The evidence of domestic use of the highest shoulder of the Akropolis provided by the eight wells, taken together with the houses crowded on the middle terrace of the sanctuary,gives us a vivid picture of people in the late-6th-centurycity eager to live near the Agora and the Akropolis,even if they might nearly trespass onto the shrines and sanctuaries there. The custom in Athens of installing inscribed boundary stones around sanctuariessuggests this situation; here we have no such markerspreserved but confirmation that they were needed. BUILDING ACTIVITY AT THE END OF THE 6TH CENTURY B.C. The newly expanded terrace for the City Eleusinion and its new temple, built on top of the cleared houses on the middle terrace, the disposal of debris on the lower terrace (whichfilled in a formerly soggy area), and the closure of wells on the north slope of the Akropolis all together constitute a major expansion of the sanctuary and a renovation of this sloped area between the Agora and the Akropolis, ca. 500 B.C., when the new Athenian democracy was underway. Although the excavated area provides evidence of the expansion of the sanctuaryonly to the north for the new temple, we may speculate that the rest of the sanctuary,still unexcavated, was also expanded at this time. Since Triptolemos received a new temple, and a new Telesterion was constructed at Eleusis, it seems likely that a new temple for Demeter and Kore was started in the sanctuary in central Athens. The Temple of Demeter and Kore is mentioned in Pausanias' account of the sanctuary (1.14) and in an inscription (partly restored)honoring the priestess Satyra for her contributionsin refurbishingthe sanctuaryin the 2nd century B.C. (Catalogue I, 35). In addition, the new Kleisthenic Boule was larger by one hundred men than the old Solonian Boule, and would have required 25 percent larger space in which to meet in the Eleusinion on the day after the Mysteries.22 At the same time as the sanctuary was expanded to the north for the Temple of Triptolemos, the Old Bouleuterionwas under constructionon the west side of the Agora for the Kleisthenic Boule.23 All these projects reflect the vigor and the expanding resources of Athens in the period just before the PersianWars. 21 The wells are T 24:3, T 24:5, T 25:2, U 23:2, U 24:1, U 25:2, V 23:1, and V 24:2. The architecturaldebris was found in T 24:3, U 24:1, and V 24:2; poros blocks and blocks from a polygonal wall of Akropolis limestone were found in T 25:2; figurines and lamps were numerous in U 25:2. 22 Rhodes 1972, pp. 208-210 (size and Solonian Boule);pp. 35, 130-131 (Eleusinion). 23 Rhodes 1972, pp. 30-31; AgoraXIV, pp. 29-34; for the dating of the Old Bouleuterion to ca. 500, see Shear 1993, pp. 418-422, with context pottery, pp. 472-473; furtherdiscussion(with earlierbibliography)is in Shear 1994, 1995. 231-236, pp.
3 THE TEMPLE OF TRIPTOLREMOS THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE TEMPLE The foundations of the temple in the form of a rectangle, 11.065 x 17.813 m., with its long axis oriented north-south, occupy the center of the northern extension of the sanctuary. The southwestern corner of the temple overlapped the line of the original north wall of the Archaic peribolos and projected slightly into the earlier temenos (the width of the foundation of the peribolos wall was 1.20 m.; the total amount of overlap would have been ca. 1.60 m.). This placement of the temple and its north-south orientation appear to have been deliberate, and it would have provided continuity of sacredplace (Figs.4, 8).1 The temple was built over the remains of private houses, but the overlap of its southwestern corner onto the older temenos gave it a physical connection with the sanctuary.This pattern of construction of sequences of overlapping buildings within sanctuaries is a familiar one throughout the Greek world. There is more than sufficientspace in the excavated area for the temple to have been built with its long axis east-west, had that been desired, hence its north-south orientation must have been deliberately chosen. The foundations are built primarily in a fine-grain gray, hard Kara limestone, cut into preciselyjoined polygonal blocks (Pls. 6, 7, esp. 7:a). The highest preserved course on the west side has rectangularblocks of the gray Kara limestone, but also a softeryellow poros and Akropolis limestone.2 Two blocks of Akropolis limestone packing were found in the deep trench behind the north foundations (section B-B': Fig. 18, P1.8:a). Soon after these foundations were laid, an additional, wider foundationwas set along the east side of the building,made of reddishcrystalline limestone, readily distinguishablein color and texture from the Kara limestone.3 The northwest corner of the added foundations rests on blocks of Akropolislimestone. The foundations of the temple are set into trenches cut into bedrock, visible on the west side, where the lowest course of blocks was set tightly into the bedrock (section C-C': Fig. 17). On the north side the bedrock was trimmed to accommodate the outer lowest course of the foundations, but on the inside one deeper course was set into a broad trench cut along the whole north side (section B-B': Fig. 18). The slope of the terrain here would have required at least ten courses of uniform height on the north side to make up the height of the lowest preserved course of the 1
Compare, for example, the overlap of the Karyatid Porch of the Erechtheion (Temple of Athena Polias) with the foundations of the Old Temple of Athena Polias on the Akropolis. In the Eleusinion, nothing remains of the southwestern corner of the new temple, because a modern cellar, 5.80 x 6.75 x 3.10 m. deep, was sunk through it into bedrock and obliterated about one-sixth of the entire building. M. Crosby (writing in 1937) records that "people still living in the neighborhood are reported to have said that a great many large blocks were taken out when that cellar was dug." The highest preserved part of the western wall of the foundations of the temple was only 0.10-0.15 m. below the surface of Metroon Street, which ran east-west across the center of the temple and still continues today in the same line further east beyond the excavated area. The placement of the southwestern corner can be determined from the intersecting lines of the west side, preserved further north beyond the pit for the cellar,and the line given by one preservedblock of the euthynteriaof the south side of the temple, set into bedrock near the east side (Fig. 5; Pls. 5:c, d, 8:c, d). 2 For the use of these kinds of stone: Wycherley 1978, pp. 267-276; N. Herz, "Geology of the Building Stones of Ancient Greece," Transactions of the VTAcademy of Sciences17, 1955, pp. 499-505; R. E. Wycherley,"The Stones of Athens," Greece andRome2nd ser., 21, 1974, pp. 54-67; R. E. Wycherley,"Poros:Notes on Greek Building-Stones," in Phoros:Tributeto Benjamin DeanMeritt,New York 1974, pp. 179-187. 3 A similar reddish crystalline stone may be observed in the bedrock on the south side of the Akropolis, below the Nike bastion.
36
THE TEMPLEOF TRIPTOLEMOS
euthynteria, set into bedrock on the south end of the temple near its east side (section A-A': Fig. 3). In the center of the west side, two courses are preservedand two more were needed at that point to reach the height of the south block. The foundations of the temple are preserved to a width along the north end of 11.065 m.; on the west side for a length of 12.65 m. from the north end, and on the east side for a length of 9.5 m. from the north end. Only one block of the south end is preserved, set into bedrock, and from its placement is derived the full length of the building, 17.813 m. The east side of the foundations was widened by 2.355 m. after the original east foundations were already completely in place. These added blocks were also set into bedrock: cuttings in the bedrock to receive them are preserved along the east side for the southern half of the length of the temple. The lowest course was set tightly into bedrock, and a layer of working chips was packed in above it (section H-H': Fig. 22). The width of the foundations on the west side is 1.45 m., and they widen to 2.10 m. some 10 m. south of the north end; on the north end, the width is 1.60-1.80 m. On the original east foundations the top course is 1.20 m.; the width of the eastern extension is 2.20-2.355 m. The height of the regularcourses of the foundations averages0.375 m. The upper courses are each set back slightly from the course below, for a distance ranging from 0.014 m. to 0.030 m., on all three sides where there is more than one course preserved. In the added foundations, there would have been eleven courses at the northeast corner to make up the height of the euthynteria. A foundation for a crosswall is partly preserved near the north end, 3.80-5. 10 m. from the outer face of the north foundations (P1.8:b). Three blocks at the west side and one fragmentary block in the center of the foundation were found in situ,and traces of cuttings in the bedrock for other blocks in the same line were preserved in the gap between the three blocks on the west and the fragmentary block in the center. A second crosswall closer to the south end could be restoredjust at the point where a group of three preserved blocks gives the west foundations a greater thickness than the rest of its line; the two inner blocks are oriented with their long axis east-west, and a crosswallcould have continuedjust south of them, leading onto an intermediate ledge in the bedrock preserved in the cuttings along the east side. It would have had its southern edge about 5.20 m. north of the south end, near the edge of the modern cellar (Fig. 5). The workmanshipof the foundations is excellent. No clamps or dowels of any sort were used in the exposed surfaces of these lower courses, but the tight fitting of the polygonaljoints ensured their integrity for many centuries until the blocks were deliberately pried apart (Pls. 6, 7:a, c). Pryholes for setting into place the course above may be observed on the tops of most blocks, and lifting bosses are preserved on the outside vertical faces of blocks in the second preserved course on the west side. The top preservedcourse on the west side has a "reveal,"or decorative recessed edge, along the bottom, 0.045 m. high and 0.005 m. deep. The outer vertical surfacesof the blocks in the west and north sides were finished with a fine stippled surface (P1.7:b). The blocks of reddishcrystallinelimestone in the addition to the east side also exhibit excellent workmanship,but at least some of the blocks are clearlyreused in their present position (P1.6:a, c). Visible on the top surfaces of two of them are cuttings for a double-T clamp with no matching cutting in the blocks contiguous to them. There are also severalsquare cuttings, typical of cuttings for dowels but somewhat shallower,in positions inappropriatefor their use in the current setting. Several of the blocks have vertical sides treated with anathyrosis, which was not matched in adjacent blocks in their present setting. Numerous pryholes were cut as the blocks were laid, similar to the pryholes on the original foundations. The blocks of reddish crystalline limestone are large, and it is tempting to speculate about what building they originally supported, but so far no likely candidate can be identified. The added foundations along the east side indicate that the plan for the building was changed during its construction. After the foundationsof yellow and Kara limestone were laid, the decision
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38
THE TEMPLE OF TRIPTOLEMOS
was made to build a wider temple, and the red crystalline blocks were laid tightly into place against the original east side. That the "original"east side was initially intended to be the final one is indicated by the slight set-backsof the outer vertical surface of each course from the course below. The red crystalline blocks are set as tightly as possible against the original blocks, so that in the lower courses they could even rest on the original courses for the slight width of the set-backs (0.014-0.030 m.). The additional blocks increased the overall width of the building by 2.35 m., to a maximum of 11.05 m. Although the type of stone is different from that of the original blocks, and some of the added blocks were reused in their present position, the high level of workmanship and precision is similar to that in the original foundations, and the technique of using the horizontal polygonal shapes of the blocks for tightjoining of each course is identical. The southern half of the east foundations is not preserved (except for one block along the south side, within the line of the original foundations,PI. 5:c, d), but trenches for the added width on the east are preserved, neatly cut into bedrock (Fig. 5). The dimensions of the foundations in its first phase (8.71 x 17.813 m.) have a proportion of nearly 1: 2. With the added width of 2.355 m., the proportion of the temple is close to 1 : 1.618, a "Golden Section," or 1 : 5/2. This proportion may be expressed as a: b = b: a + b and is easily derived from a double square or pentagon. The proportion is found in a number of Greek temples in mainland Greece, and in Sicily and Southern Italy,especially around the turn of the 6th century.4 The dimensions preservedhere are of the foundations;at the level of the firststep the proportion may have been even closer to 1 : 1.618 (e.g., 10.8 x 17.5 m., or 1 : 1.620; Fig. 6).
THE DATE OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLE After the houses of the late 6th century B.C. were demolished and leveled, and the extended peribolos wall was constructed, the foundations of the new temple were laid. Then the whole terracewas packed in with earth, dug bedrock, and constructiondebris, all of which was supported by the new peribolos wall and the foundations. Although the south end of the foundations of the temple was set into bedrock, the north end of the temple had to be supportedby ten courses of foundations (section A-A': Fig. 3). The builders were very much aware of the difficulty of the steep slope and took these precautions to ensure the solidity of the construction. (Later,in the 4th century B.C., an even more massive retaining wall was added just to the north of the temple, along the peribolos.) Because of the depth of the fill in the newly created terrace, parts of its stratigraphywere well preserveddespite the constant use of the terrace in the post-antiqueperiods. The contents of well T 19:1, which lies only about a meter northeast of the northeast corner of the building, provide important evidence for the date of the temple (see above, pp. 29-30). Workingchips of hard yellow and Kara limestone of the type used in the foundations of the temple were found near the bottom of the well. No chips of red crystallinelimestone were noted by the excavator,so presumablythe well was closed before the extension to the foundations was set. The context pottery from the well dates to ca. 500 B.C., with fragments of three black-figuredAttic type skyphoi dated into the 5th century,to ca. 500-490 B.C. (CPD 16). Working chips of various kinds were prominent in the layers of deepest fill around the foundations of the temple, close to bedrock. These layers, preserved around the northern half of the temple, provide further evidence for the date of the building. The general pattern of 4
Fordiscussionof the so-calledGoldenSection(apost-antiqueterm)anditsusein Greekarchitecture, see Kidson
1990, pp. 76-77, 86-88, with earlier bibliography,and Kidson 1996; Bousqet (1993) discusses the Golden Section and other geometrical proportions in the tholos at Delphi; for the theater at Epidaurosand its proportions (including the Golden Section), see Kappel 1989.
THE DATEOF CONSTRUCTION
39
deposition in the layers is as follows: first, a layer of yellow or Kara limestone chips (over the debris or rubble walls from destroyed houses), then a layer of red crystalline chips, sometimes covered in turn by another layer of unspecified or mixed chips. In no instance was any ancient layer or fill preserved above the highest layer of unspecified or mixed red and yellow limestone chips; the layers with chips were found under late pits and pithoi, under Ottoman osteothekes and late Byzantine walls, or just beneath modern streets and cesspools. The higher layers of chips from the construction of the superstructureof the temple are lost, together with all working ground levels around the temple. In the layers of fill found between the west side of the temple at its north end and the west peribolos wall (overlaidby the Post-HerulianWall), illustratedin section C-C' (Fig. 17), the top four layers contained working chips. The reddish chips of crystallinelimestone from the addition to the foundations were prominent in layer 2, which dates to the early 5th century B.C.(CPD 25B) and contained a fragment of a black-figuredcup (P 26741, AgoraXXIII, no. 1838). Working chips were also prominent in layersjust north of the temple and were packed in great abundance just inside the north foundations (section B-B': Fig. 18; layers 1-3, and A-F). The chips are clearly visible in Plates 6:d, 7:c, and 8:a. Layer 2, with reddish working chips, contained one black-figuredpiece dated to the early 5th century B.C. (P 26649, AgoraXXIII, no. 1837; CPD 26B). On the east side of the temple, above a patch of mud brick, more workingchips of Kara limestone were found, in a layer dating to ca. 500 B.C. (section F-F': Fig. 20; CPD 28A). In these various sections, the layers containing the red crystallinechips have a few black-figuredand black-glazed sherds dated to the early 5th century B.C., whereas the layers beneath them date consistently to ca. 500 B.C. It is difficult to make a firm chronological distinction as fine as ten years based on stylistic assessments of the preserved sherds.5 We should expect the layers with red chips to be a bit later, as they are higher in the stratigraphyand were created from the second phase of construction. The ceramic evidence from the closing of well T 19:1 and the destruction of the houses in the late 6th century indicate a date of ca. 500 B.C. for the beginning of construction of the foundations of the temple. The fragments of black-figuredpottery dated to the early 5th century and found in fills with reddish crystalline working chips suggest that construction continued in the decade between 500 and 490 B.C., with the addition of the wider foundations to the east side.6 While the date of constructionfor the foundationsof the temple is fully supported by substantial ceramic evidence, the ensuing history of its construction must be surmised from historical probability,and an approximate date given by the sole remaining pieces of its superstructure,a large quantity of marble tiles, four palmette antefixes, and part of an end ridge tile from its island 5 It is notable that fragments from two large black-figuredvessels, probably used as votives, were found in the various construction fills (AgoraXXIII, nos. 42, 47). Of the first, a one-piece amphora, two nonjoining wall fragments are preserved, dated to ca. 550 B.C. and assigned to the same vessel by M. Moore (AgoraXXIII, no. 42, pl. 5). One of the two pieces was found inside the north foundations of the temple (CPD 19), and the other in earth fill with dug bedrock thrown down outside the temple along its west side, under the layers of working chips (section C-C': Fig. 17, layer 5; CPD 25E). The second vessel, another black-figuredone-piece amphora, is represented by eight decorated nonjoining fragments and three more undecorated fragments, assigned to the same vessel by M. Moore (AgoraXXIII, no. 47, pl. 6) and dated by her to ca. 560-550 B.C. (Of special interest is the Doric building represented on the fragments; see M. Moore's discussion, AgoraXXIII, pp. 106-107.) The fragments were found in layer 3, section C-C', beneath the red chips (CPD 25C); in layer 2, section B-B', among many red chips (CPD 26B); and in layer 4, section E-E', beneath chips, in late-6th-century fill above the pretemple strosis (CPD 27D). The pieces of this mid-6th-century broken vessel illustrate the futility of any attempt to make too fine a chronological distinction between the two phases of construction of the foundations. The two amphoras, made some fifty years before construction began, were probably broken and discardedlong before then, and their fragments,flung around during the work, tell us nothing about the duration of the two phases of the foundations. 6 These dates are based on a large quantity of pottery in a period that has been intensely studied.
40
THE TEMPLEOF TRIPTOLEMOS
marble roof. These pieces and historical probability suggest that the building was constructed in the second quarter of the 5th century,on the foundations laid ca. 500 B.C. THE ROOF OF THE TEMPLE
No identifiable part of the superstructureof the temple up to its roof has yet been found.7 Amid burned debris accumulated over and around the temple, however, numerous pieces of its marble roof were collected. The fragments include 28 pieces of cover tiles and 58 pieces of pan tiles, made from white island marble (CatalogueII, 8: P1.33). A piece of an end ridge tile and two cover tiles in the same series were found in various late fills in the area (Catalogue II, 5, 6, 7: Figs. 27, 31), for a total of 88 preserved pieces. In addition, four marble antefixes belong to the same group, three of them found in the area of the sanctuary or in fill in the Post-Herulian Wall near the temple (Catalogue II, 1-4: Figs. 28-30, P1.32).8 The workmanshipof the marble tiles is superb,with beautifullypolished surfacesand carefully incised lines along the edges of the pan tiles (P1.33). One pan tile had a mason'smark in the form of the letter H on its undersurface(P1.33).9 A small-gaugeclaw-toothed chisel was used lightly for the curved surfaces near the edge on the pan tiles and the one preserved ridge tile (Fig. 31). The width of the antefixes varies slightly,0.219-0.223 m., and their palmettes show slight variation, but the quality of the carving and decoration is consistently excellent. The painted anthemion, still faintly visible on their vertical surfaces,consists of a fifteen-petaledpalmette above a double volute, with the tips of the palmettes modeled around the edges. Traces of color still remain on one of the antefixes. The design of the palmettes, including the scrolled support, is similar to that of the antefixes of the second Archaic Telesterion at Eleusis of ca. 510-500 B.C., but there the palmettes are more rounded, with only eleven petals rather than fifteen (Ohnesorg 1993, pl. 85). A closer comparison for the antefixesfrom the Eleusinion are those found near treasuriesat Delos in the sanctuary of Apollo; these share the more elongated shape and may belong to roofs of treasuriesthat have been dated to the period of the Amphictyony,478-450 B.C.10If we compare the marble antefixes to Athenian examples in terracotta, the closest parallels are again found among those dated toward or in the second quarterof the 5th century B.C.11 Although the pieces of the roof of the temple in the Eleusinion cannot be dated precisely,they clearly fit with the types dated to the first half of the 5th century, and the closest parallels for them date to the second quarter of the 5th century. The earliest roof in Athens entirely of marble was a building on the Akropoliswith tiles of the Laconian type, dated by Aenne Ohnesorg to the early 6th century,contemporary with the Oikos 7 Architectural fragments of various dates and materials,and both Doric and Ionic types, were found in the fill of the Post-Herulian Wall and in late walls within the excavated area. Both the author and William B. Dinsmoor Jr. scrutinized this material for potential assignments to the temple and made calculations and reconstructions in an attempt to use them for the temple. No plausible assignmentsto the temple could be made. 8 These four fragmentswere first noted in the Agora records as a group by Lucy Shoe Meritt. 9 In her monograph on island marble roofs, Ohnesorg (1993) providesnumerous examples of individual letters as masons' marks,full names, and names of deities inscribedon marble roof parts;the letter H, for example, appears on tiles from the roof of the city temple A on Paros, dated ca. 500 (Ohnesorg 1993, pp. 26, 127-128). 10 Ohnesorg 1993, p. 34 and pl. 79:3. Somewhat earlier are the seven-petaled antefixes from Keos (Ohnesorg 1993, pls. 22:12, 13, 15; 57:1, 2, 3-4), dated ca. 500 B.C. (pp. 88-95). 11 C. Vlassopoulou, "Decorated ArchitecturalTerracottasfrom the Athenian Akropolis: Catalogue of Exhibition," Hesperia59, 1990: nos. 46, 47, 49, pp. xxiv, xxv, dated to ca. 480 B.C.; no. 55, pp. xxvi-xxvii, dated to ca. 470 B.C. These antefixes have somewhat more elaborate spiral supports, and palmettes with eleven rather than fifteen petals, yet they share the more upright and oblong shape of the marble antefixes from the Eleusinion; cf. the simple, rounded palmettes with seven petals on antefix nos. 38, 39, p. xxii, dated to ca.500-480 B.C., which resemble closely the marble antefixes from the second Archaic Telesterion at Eleusis. The terracotta antefixes from the Akropolis discussed by Vlassopoulou seem to come from buildings given roofs after the Persian destruction.
THE DATEOF CONSTRUCTION
41
of the Naxians on Delos.12 After the appearance of this building on the Akropolis, which must have seemed spectacular,marble simas and other decoration were used together with terracotta tiles for various temples and treasurieson the Akropolisdating from the mid 6th century B.C. The next to have roofs entirely of marble were the Old Temple of Athena Polias (ca.510-500 B.C.) on the Akropolis, the second Telesterion at Eleusis (ca.510-500 B.C.),and the contemporary Sacred House at Eleusis.13 The Telesterion at Eleusis had a raking sima of marble, which ended at the corners in a ram's head, with antefixes along the flank sides.14 (The roof of the Telesterion, like the temple in the Eleusinion, had marble antefixes rather than a flank sima.) Entirely marble roofs were rare in Athens before the second half of the 5th century B.C.,but they become common (in Pentelic marble) thereafter.15Although the temple in the Eleusinion was not large, its island marble roof would have been much more costly than an ordinary roof of terracotta, and its luxurious quality indicates the importance of the cult and the substantial resources that funded the temple. In his article on deposits of pottery and other debris laid down in the Agora theafter the Persian destruction Shear drawsour attention to the cumulativeevidence for the thoroughness of the sack of the lower city in 479 B.C.16 The sixteen wells and five pits and trenches of debris that he analyzes in detail provide an extraordinarilyvivid picture of widespread, thorough rampage throughout the area of the Agora, and this archaeological evidence corroborates the explicit accounts of devastation given by Herodotos and Thucydides.17 Herodotos specifically says that temples were thoroughly demolished by the Persians(9.13.2), and as we know from the history of the Older Parthenon, even temples under construction were not exempt. Two deposits of debris in the lower terrace of the Eleusinion, T 18:4 and T 18:3, and debris in well U 19:2, located within the sanctuary 10 m. east of the temple, are dated to ca. 480 B.C., and they show that the Persian sack included the Eleusinion, as we would expect from Herodotos' account. Therefore we should assume that the temple in the Eleusinion also suffered, if it had been built beyond the level of the foundations by 479 B.C. What is not shown by the archaeological evidence is to what height the superstructureof the temple in the Eleusinion had progressed by the time of the Persian destruction(all stratigraphyhigher than the debrisfor the foundationswas obliterated by Byzantine and modern construction). 12
Ohnesorg 1993, pp. 9-10, pls. 36, 37; Ohnesorg provides a succinct history of the expansion of the use of island marble during the 6th century and into the 5th century (pp. 134-135). 13 The roofs were of Parian marble: Noack 1927, p. 63; Boersma 1970, no. 135, p. 240, with earlier bibliography. For the date of the second Archaic Telesterion, see above. The Sacred House is described briefly by Mylonas (1961, pp. 101-102); very little is left of its poros superstructure,but the marble tiles were found in some number. Mylonas reports that the marble roof tiles are similar to those from the second Archaic Telesterion, but smaller. (The Sacred House is a successor to the "Sacred House" of the 7th century B.C., for which see Mylonas 1961, pp. 59-60, and Lauter 1985, pp. 163-169.) 14 Noack 1927, pp. 63-68 (contributionby A. Orlandos),figs. 28-32. 15 The rarity and cost of using marble in the Archaic period is part of the point of the story of the Alkmaeonid family offering to finance the Temple of Apollo at Delphi and to pay extra so that the fa9ade would be built in island marble-more than the contract had called for (Herodotos 5.62). At Olympia, the Temple of Zeus (finished ca. 457 B.C.) had a marble roof, as noted by Pausanias (5.10.3), with both Pentelic and island marble (Ohnesorg 1993, p. 47); the Sicyonian Treasury(dated to the firsthalf of the 5th century)had a roof of island marble (Ohnesorg 1993, p. 47). After ca. 450 B.C., marble roofs were built on many temples in Athens and Attica, usually of Pentelic or local marbles: the Parthenon (tiles of Parianmarble),the Propylaia,the Temple of Athena Nike, and the Erechtheion on the Akropolis;the Hephaisteion overlookingthe Agora, the Temple of Poseidon at Sounion, the Temple of Ares (later moved to the Agora); in the later 5th century B.C. the Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnous and others were so roofed, testimony to the considerable resources available for their construction. 16 Shear 1993.
17
Shear 1993, pp. 415-417; he cites as especially noteworthy certain passages in Herodotos (9.13.2) and Thucydides (1.89.3, 90.3, 93.2).
42
THE TEMPLEOF TRIPTOLEMOS
The date of the construction or reconstruction of the superstructureof the temple could be placed further into the 5th century B.C., on the analogy of the history of reconstruction of other temples in Athens. Among all temples in Athens and Attica started before 480 B.C., so far none can be shown to have been completely rebuiltbefore the 450s, when preparationswere underway for the new Parthenon. This archaeological"fact"is commonly attributedto the Oath of Plataia, in which the Athenians and other Greekswere said to have sworn not to rebuildtemples destroyed by the barbarians. The authenticity of the Oath has been seriously undermined by scholars, yet the archaeological remains of temples studied so far nonetheless seem to indicate a "gap" of approximately twenty years when ruined temples in Athens evidently were not reconstructed.18 The first major building project in the part of the Greek world crossed by invading Persianswas the construction of the Temple of Apollo on Delos, which was started about 475 and continued into the third quarter of the 5th century,up to the level of the epistyle.19 This project evidently was the one with highest priority for members of the Delian League, led by Athens. Even if we were to assume that the "nonrebuilding"clause in the Oath of Plataia is authentic after all, hostilities with Persia ended with the Battle of the Eurymedon, and there is no historical reason why the temple in the Eleusinion could not have been reconstructedas early as the mid 460s. We can only speculate whethe island marble roof tiles and antefixes were stacked on the ground whenns the or in place on laterion arrived, temple, and salvaged, or whether were ordered after the Persian can but we conclude that the invasion, they temple was built or rebuilt sometime in the second quarter of the 5th century,on top of foundations set between 500 and 490 B.C. The island marble roof lasted for many centuries (for the date of the destruction of the temple, see below, pp. 56-57). An inscription called the "Koroibos decree," found by Kourouniotes in his excavations at Eleusis, mentions the architect Koroibos in connection with an audit in the City Eleusinion (IG I2 32, Catalogue I, 44). This same man is said by Plutarchto have been one of the architects of the construction of the Telesterion at Eleusis (Per.13.7). The decree has been dated to the early 440s B.C. because of the style of its lettering, which includes the use of the three-barred sigma, or somewhat later on historicalgrounds.20The firstpreservedpart of the decree, a rider to the missing main text, calls for a board of epistatai to be set up for overseeing property of the Two Goddesses in ana rrangement similar to the boards that were set up for "the temple and the statue" (the Parthenon and its statue of Athena, lines 10-13), and further in the text the decree calls for an audit to be conducted of expendituresat Eleusis, at the City Eleusinion, and in 18
Meiggs (1972, pp. 504-507) provides a summary of the evidence and points of debate surroundingthe Oath of of the "nonrebuilding"clause. the Plataia; P. Siewert (DerEid vonPlataiai Munich 1972) argues for the inauthenticity Although so far there is no proof of rebuilt temples in Athens or Attika in the two decades immediately following 479, new construction was undertaken then. The "peace of Kallias," generally accepted as the occasion when the to the aftermated toof the Battle of the requirements of the Oath might have ended (if it was ever taken), is now dated Eurymedon (467 B.C.): discussion and review of earlierbibliographyin E. Badian, "The Peace of Callias,"JHS 107, 1987, pp. 1-39. 19 The temple was completed with a geison and roof in the early Hellenistic period (F.Courby,D6los,XII: Lestemples Paris 1931, esp. pp. 98-106;J.J. Coulton, "The Parthenon and PerikleanDoric," in Parthenon-Kongress d'Apollon, Basel, E. Berger,ed., Mainz 1984, pp. 40-44). 20 The principal bibliography is given in Catalogue I, 44. In his discussion of the date of the Telesterion at Eleusis and the sequence of its architects, Clinton argues for a date for the Koroibos decree in 432/1 B.C. (1987, with earlier bibliography);Cavanaugh reviews the debate and also prefers the later date (1996, pp. 19-27). While letter forms can no longer be considered decisive, one potential difficulty with the lower date is that the decree requires the board of epistatai to be modeled on "the temple and the statue," which most likely refers to the Parthenon and the chryselephantine Athena. This phrasing (in the imperfect tense) would be most appropriate before the actual construction on the Parthenon, or shortly after it began in 447, because the preserved accounts for it and for the statue show separate boards of epistatai, and the statue was finished in 438. If the Koroibos decree dates to ca. 432, then the proposed model for the organization of the Eleusinian board of overseers is one used at least fifteen and possibly twenty years earlier.
A RECONSTRUCTION
43
the sanctuary at Phaleron; three copies of the decree were to be made and set up in the three sanctuaries. In the passage that calls for an audit of funds spent in the City Eleusinion, the decree states that the architectKoroibos and Lysaniasare to be summoned to the City Eleusinion (as part of the audit, lines 23-28), although they are not asked to attend at either Eleusis or Phaleron. As Clinton points out in the course of his discussion of the date of the decree, we can infer from this that the only place where the architect Koroibos was currently supervising construction or had just completed it is the City Eleusinion.21 Hence the Koroibos decree provides further evidence that construction requiring an architect was carried out in the City Eleusinion during the time when temples in Athens destroyed by the Persians were being rebuilt, starting perhaps by the 450s. It is possible that Koroibos was the architect for the temple in the Eleusinion (dedicated to Triptolemos), and he may have supervised a rebuilding of the Temple of Demeter and Kore, not yet excavated but noted by Pausanias (1.14.1) and mentioned in an honorary decree of the 2nd century B.C. (Catalogue I, 35).
A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLE When the foundations for the temple were excavated, there was some question, initially, about what type of building should be restored on them. The proportions of the building (11.065 x 17.8 13 m., or 1 : 1.6 10), the presence of foundationsfor at least one crosswall,its orientation on the terrace, and the very high quality of the workmanshipindicate that this building was a temple, not a stoa and certainly not a fountainhouse, as there is no provision for a water supply. The north-south orientation seemed unusual for a temple, and the widened foundations, it was thought, could have been added as a structural necessity for extra support of columns. Various orientations for the doorway were proposed, and a very simple restoration with plain walls and an entrance on the south has been indicated on more recent published plans.22 One reasonpreviousreconstructionsshow the temple restoredwithout columns is the difficulty of manipulating onto its dimensions a plan of the Doric type with proportions suitable to the 5th century B.C. The very solid, carefullyworked foundations, with ten courses on the north end for the euthynteria, seem appropriatefor a columnar building, yet they are too wide for a plan with Doric columns distyle in antis or tetrastyle prostyle, and too narrow for a Doric hexastyle fasade. A plan with Doric columns on the south, tetrastyle in antis, might be a possibility but is without parallel in this period. Another reason why a simple building without columns has seemed attractiveas a restoration is the suggested parallel with the "anaktoron,"or innermost rectangular,walled structurewithin the Telesterion at Eleusis, which is thought to have been a focal point for initiates in the Mysteries or a place of safekeeping of the Sacred Objects.23 While we should expect similarities and 21 Clinton 1987, pp. 257-258. The role of Lysanias is unclear, for, as Kourouniotes points out, if he were an architect we would expect the inscription to read TOuq&pXLte'XTOVOoq p. 188). (Eleusiniaka, 22 In earlier reconstructions, the door was put on the east side, with an Ionic colonnade along the east and south: Travlos, Poleodomike, pp. 66-67, fig. 33 (he used the Ionic capitals discussed by G. Bakalakis,"Zumjonischen Eckkapitell,"PJh 36, 1946 [pp. 54-61], pp. 60-61, figs. 3-6, which are now recognized as belonging to the Temple
of Athenaat Sounion).Mylonasputthedooron theeast:Mylonas1961,pp.68, 247;laterTravlos(Pictorial Dictionary, p. 200) put the door on the south side, with the walls of the temple indicated as heavy and solid, without columns. In his preliminary report Thompson remarkson the uncertainty of the placement of the entrance (1960, p. 337); in AgoraXIV, the door is put on the south side (p. 152). Simms explores the idea of linking the plan of the temple to the "Solonian" (firstArchaic) Telesterion at Eleusis (1980, pp. 5-11). 23 Travlos 1951; Mylonas 1961, pp. 83-88 (forthe Late Archaicperiod); the "anaktoron"was retained in subsequent rebuildings and expansions of the Telesterion. For discussion of the terms "telesterion"and "anaktoron,"and the testimonia for "anaktoron,"which should be understood to mean "hall of initiation" rather than "inner sanctum," see Clinton, MythandCult,pp. 126-132.
44
THE TEMPLEOF TRIPTOLEMOS
parallels between the two sanctuaries, there are difficulties with this particular analogy. First, the two structuresdifferphysically: the foundationsof the temple consist of a freestanding,heavy, solid rectangle of carefully coursed masonry, 11.05 x 17.73 m., whereas the "anaktoron"consists of four perimeter foundations (the western wall also served as an exterior wall in some periods)set within the floor of the Telesterion, with an exterior 5.60 x 14.20 m., and an estimated interior space of 3(?) x 12.50 m.24 The reconstruction of the structure at Eleusis is uncertain (whether it had high walls [and a roof?] and formed an adyton, or had lower walls and served as a stagelike platform);also, throughout its history from the Late Archaic period onward it stood as an internal structurewithin a much larger building, in the innermost part of the walled sanctuary.Whatever its elevation, if its function was peculiar to the activities at Eleusis (since it was to the sanctuaryat Eleusis that initiands processed in order to take part in ceremonies there), then we should not expect to find a duplicate elsewhere. It will be argued here that the temple in the Eleusinion should be identified as the Temple of Triptolemos, and that the temple and the part of the sanctuary surrounding it served as an accessible area, much like a forecourt, where potential initiates could gather and inscriptions could be set up for all to read. Pausanias felt free to describe the Temple of Triptolemos and its contents fully,just as he did the outer temples at Eleusis, including the Temple of Triptolemos there, although he was prohibited from describing the inner parts of the two sanctuaries by the legalistic requirements of the cult (see below, p. 50). The innermost, protected area of the City Eleusinion should lie further to the east, where the Temple of Demeter and Kore (mentioned but not described by Pausanias)presumablylies under modern Plaka; there the Sacred Objects would have been kept during the celebrations held in the city (and there, if anywhere, would be a duplicate of the "anaktoron"). This type of spatial progression, from most accessible to least accessible, is characteristic of the sanctuary at Eleusis. There, the "anaktoron"is the final, innermost structure; in the Eleusinion, the temple (of Triptolemos) was freestanding and conspicuous on the slope to the Akropolis, and it was close to the Panathenaic Way. For these reasons, the "anaktoron,"whose own reconstruction is uncertain, is not an appropriate model or analogy for the reconstructionof the temple. The existence of the marble roof of the temple, which has not been noted previously, expands the range of probabilities for a reconstruction. Since the temple had a marble roof, its superstructurewas very likely also built of marble, especially given its scale and probable date. Although the two much larger temples of the end of the 6th century (the Old Temple of Athena Polias on the Akropolis and the Telesterion at Eleusis) were still built primarily of poros, with marble trim and marble roofs, that mixture of materials seems to have gone out of fashion at the turn of the 6th century B.C., when funds were evidently available for a more lavish use of marble; the Older Parthenon, probably started after 490 B.C., was built of Pentelic marble above two marble steps, a third (lowest)step of Kara limestone, and deep poros foundations below the crepidoma.25 The small Treasury of the Athenians at Delphi, also started after 490 B.C., was built entirely of Parian marble above foundations of local limestone.26 A marble superstructure for the temple in the Eleusinion would represent a more typical use of material than would a poros superstructure,both in the years around ca. 490, when the foundations were completed, and later in the second quarter of the 5th century,when its superstructurewas built or rebuilt. For the plan and elevation of the temple, a design of the Ionic type, tetrastyle amphiprostyle, may be suitably accommodated on its foundations (Figs. 6, 7). The platform of the temple has a maximum width (at bottom on the north end) of 11.065 m. and a reconstructed length of 24 25
Mylonas 1961, pp. 84, 120, figs. 6, 26, 27; Travlos 1988, figs. 125, 136, 150, 157, 158. B. H. Hill, "The Older Parthenon,"AJA 16, 1912, pp. 535-558. 26 Paris 1933. J. Audiat, FouillesdeDelphes,II: Le tresordesAtheniens,
A RECONSTRUCTION
45
17.783-17.813 m., based on the distance between the north foundations and the block in situon the south side (whose south face is slightly rounded, hence the imprecision of the calculation). If we posit a euthynteria course with a width of 10.85 m., and two steps above it each with a width of 0.35 m., the lower set back from the euthynteria 0.05 m., the stylobate would be
9.35 m. wide. The length of the stylobate may be calculated in the same way, for an estimate of 16.23 m. Within the stylobate of 9.35 x 16.23 m. may be placed a cella 9.15 m. wide and 10.35 m. long, with a shallow pronaos. This plan would require extra foundations under the back wall of the cella at just the point where in fact they do exist on the platform. The second crosswall in the foundations for the support of the doorwall of the temple could be restoredjust where needed, and two preservedblocks near the requiredposition appear to indicate that the crosswall did in fact exist there. In the reconstructionpresented here, two tetrastyle facades are restored, one on each end (Fig.6). The Ionic columns would have had bases with a lower diameter of about 1.10 m. and an interaxial spacing of 2.75 m. The tetrastyleamphiprostyleplan is one alreadyfamiliarto studentsof Athenian architecture, since it was used twice for Ionic temples in the second half of the 5th century B.C., for the Temple on the Ilissos River, ca. 435-430 B.C., and for the Temple of Athena Nike on the Akropolis, whose foundations were laid in the late 430s and superstructurewas built ca. 420 B.C.27 There was a marble Ionic building in Athens even earlier,however, that may have had the same plan. Lucy Shoe Meritt has identified a group of Ionic bases and associated capitals from Athens made of white island marble, which she dates to the Late Archaic period.28 A minimum of five matching columns are represented,which suggeststhat they belong to a building with a tetrastyle amphiprostyleplan.29 The pieces are too small to have been used on the temple in the Eleusinion (the lower diameter of the bases for these five Late Archaic columns is estimated to have been ca. 0.65 m.) but they do show that such a marble building of the Ionic type and perhaps with a tetrastyle amphiprostyle plan did exist in Athens by the Late Archaic period.30 The notable aesthetic advantage of this plan is that it presents columnar fa9ades in two directions and is suited for temples of relatively small scale positioned on heights and for temples that were most commonly viewed from the rear. This would have made the plan attractive for the temple in the Eleusinion, given the slope of the sanctuary and its prominence on the Panathenaic Way leading from the lower Agora to the Akropolis(Fig. 12). 27 For the Ilissos Temple, see C. Picon, "The Ilissos Temple Reconsidered," AJA82, 1978, pp. 47-81; A. Krug,
"DerFriesdes Tempelsam Ilissos,"AntP18, 1979,pp. 7-21; M. M. Miles,"TheDate of the Templeon the Ilissos River,"Hesperia 49, 1980,pp. 309-325;W.A. P.Childs,"InDefenseof an EarlyDate forthe Friezeof the Templeon the Ilissos,"AM 100, 1985, pp. 207-251. For the Temple of Athena Nike, see I. M. Shear, "Kallikrates,"Hesperia32, 1963, pp. 375-399; B. Wesenberg, "Zur Baugeschichte des Niketempels,"JdI 96, 1981, pp. 28-54; H. Mattingly, "The Athena Nike Temple Reconsidered,"AJA86, 1982, pp. 381-385; I. Mark, TheSanctuary in Athens: ofAthenaJVike
Architectural StagesandChronology [Hesperia Suppl.26], Princeton1993. 28 L. S. Meritt,"SomeIonic Architectural inAthenian Architecture, Fragmentsfromthe AthenianAgora,"in Studies and Topography [HesperiaSuppl. 20], Princeton 1982, pp. 82-92. One capital and three toruses are stored in Sculpture,
the Stoaof Attalos(A 616, A 829, A 1467,A 4543). Fourcylinders,one capital,and one additionalpiece arekeptin the storeroomson the Akropolis.I thankManolisKorresfor takingthe time to showme thesepieces and telling me of his idea that they may belong to a buildingwith a tetrastyleamphiprostyleplan, perhaps on the Areopagos. For
furtherdiscussionof the developmentof the AthenianIonic capital,see Meritt1993,pp. 314-325; for the history of Ionic capitalsused in Athensas supportsfor votivestatuesin the late 6th and early5th centuriesB.C.,see E. P. McGowan,"TheOriginsof the AthenianIonicCapital,"Hesperia 66, 1997,pp. 209-233. 29 This observationwasmadeby ManolisKorres. 30 An even earlier marble and granite Ionic temple, built ca. 570 B.C.,with a tetrastyle prostyle plan has been
discoveredon the islandof Naxos, and enoughexamplesof Archaictempleswith prostyleplans(andat least one
amphiprostyle)are now known that a strong case can be made that this form of monumentalizationwas a distinctive regional contribution of the Cyclades. See Lambrinoudakisand Gruben 1987, fig. 39; Lambrinoudakis 1991.
approx.
0
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1I
17.50m
2I
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5
6
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FIG. 6. Temple, restored plan
199
47
A RECONSTRUCTION
E LO 0 0 to
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FIG.7. Temple, restored elevation
9 1993,
10m 1997
48
THE TEMPLEOF TRIPTOLEMOS
A set of unattributedPentelic marble Ionic columns found in the Post-HerulianWall north of the Eleusinion (Q-R 15) serves as a model for the reconstruction of the elevation of the temple in the Eleusinion. Found built into the wall were three complete shafts, one base, and two capitals decorated with painted designs.31The pieces were apparentlybrought into the area of the Agora in the Roman period, to judge by the style of the lettering of the masons' marksthat number each piece for reuse. The diameter of the base is 1. I 1 m., almost exactly our estimated lower diameter of 1.10 m. The style of the painted capitals suggests a date ca. 450 B.c.32 The three columns are the same size overall, except that two columns are 5.87 m. high and one is 6.67 m. high. Evidently they were made for a building with two differentlevels, such as a propylon on a steep slope, or a temple with an interior level 0.80 m. higher than the exterior. The discrepancy in height and the masons' marks showing that they were reused in the Roman period eliminates them as candidates for the temple found in the Eleusinion, but nonetheless they illustrate the type and size of marble columns that would have been appropriate for the temple, beneath its marble roof (Fig. 7). Although the courses of the Temple of Triptolemos between its foundations and marble roof are not preserved, nonetheless it is possible to reconstruct its superstructureas a tetrastyle amphiprostyle Ionic temple in white marble (Fig. 7). A temple of this type fits the dimensions and configurationof the foundations. The marble roof, the plan, and the style are suitable for the time of its construction, the second quarterof the 5th century B.C.
THE IDEN'T'IFICATIONOF THE TEMPLE OF TRIPTOLEMOS Many Greek sanctuaries featured more than one temple for more than one god, as deities had associationswith each other that were acknowledgedby cult ritual and given form in the housing for images and altarsprovidedfor them. EleusinianDemeter and her daughter,called by Athenian custom simply "Kore,"are so much a pair that they are often referredto in the dual number,such as dedications TOLVEeotv or rtov EeaLv(Catalogue I, 6, 20, 24, 62). This designation clearly specified Demeter and Kore, but it also served as a circumlocution appropriateto chthonic cults. Demeter's primary affiliatewas Triptolemos,an Athenian hero credited with spreadingseed grain and knowledge of agriculturethroughoutthe world and announcing the Mysteries.33He thereby acquired the statusof intermediarybetween Demeter and Kore and mortals (the people of Eleusis had been the first to receive the two gifts of Demeter) and of ambassadorto the rest of the world, 31
AgoraXIV, p. 166, pl. 84; color photograph of one capital in Camp 1986, pl. XI.
32 Thompsonand Wycherleysuggesta date "a little earlierthan ... the Propylaia"(Agora XIV,p. 166);Meritt comments on the concurrent use of the painted type of Ionic capital and the carved type (Meritt 1982 [supranote 28],
p. 86). 33 K. Clintonwouldsee Eubouleusas an equalof Triptolemosbecausetheyreceivedthe sametypeof sacrifice,but there are no attested temples to Eubouleus at Eleusis or in the Eleusinion, whereas Triptolemos had one in each sanctuary (Mythand Cult,pp. 56-63). This would suggest that while Eubouleus may have been considered equal in terms of ritual attention, Triptolemos still had greaterprominence in the public face of the cult, and he had a more
publicrole withinthe cult. Plouton(a god of abundanceand fertilityconsideredthe same as Hades, the lord of the underworldand the dead)wasin a sensethe son-in-lawof Demeter,andhis presencein the Eleusinionis verified by constructionin 329/8 B.c. relatedto his shrinethat is mentionedin inscriptions:IG II2 1672, lines 168-187, mentions T6 ToOIlXouTrovo;,with extensive expenditures for architecturalconstruction in stone. This shrine was formerly identified with a cave in Eleusis, but Clinton has now shown that it was not at Eleusis but rather at least near
the Eleusinionin the city(MythandCult,pp. 18-22, on Plouton,pp. 105-113). An inscriptionmentioninglectisternia for Ploutonhas been foundnear the Eleusinion(CatalogueI, 60 [IG II2 1934];also IG II2 1933, 1935). Further evidence that there was more than one temple in the Eleusinion is provided by 35 (I 5165), a decree in honor of Satyra, priestess of the Thesmophoroi, who paid for repairs of all the temples.
IDENTIFICATION
49
sharing the gifts of grain and the Mysteries.34 It is through Triptolemos that Demeter's gifts became accessible to mankind. The identification of the excavated temple in the Eleusinion depends on two passages in the description of Greece written by the travelerPausanias,who visited the sanctuary and wrote the section on Athens between about A.D. 155 and 160.35 The two passages concern the Eleusinion in the central city (1.14.1-4) and the sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Eleusis (1.38.6-7). In Pausanias'descriptionof the Agora, after he mentions the Odeion and the Enneakrounos,he says, vcol 8e O,np T/v xp5v71v 6 [lev AiVTTpoc nTCoOLvTOCL xal K6pp;, &v be -4) TpttoXeou aCTTvayacXica 'a be gC au;zrov6bnolc X?eyTct yp6&0, zctpelc; o6no6ov &s v Xee xTOUX6you. A~LO6TV6
xetLzvov
Of the temples above the spring one is dedicated to Demeter and Kore, and in the other is a statue
of Triptolemos.I shallrecordas muchas is toldabouthim,leavingoutfromthe accountwhatever concernsDeiope. [1.14.1] Pausanias then discusses a dispute between Athenians and Argives about the origin of the cult of Triptolemos and his genealogy. He continues, exet T6 AO0VVTOLV zpo6acoSe tvctL ~e wopniutevov TouSe Tou X6you xal O6oact TY7i)Yav & zavToc OacOV a 8e 8e xaXo4utevov 'EXeuaLvlov, ineayev 6OL; 6veoLpaTog epo6v, o To i tou vaoo evOa xacL t:aO-a touSe, ypaCqeiv, &7otp&otiai. izpo TptztoX?tiou to 'ETL8e xaO'evoc emat ota Oualav &y6oevog, TeTzoLnvTaL &yakXaX, poG; X(aXxoOU; Eg &gaTlXcLov' Vtevl87NKvbcoaoto, Ov &X06vta Eg aypov xoLacy6OacXEyouLV oeX66OovTa 34
Triptolemos is mentioned by numerous ancient authors, and he was the subject of a lost play by Sophocles, Triptolemos,probably the winner in 468 B.C. (Pliny, NH 18.65): Sutton 1984, pp. 145-148. Triptolemos is frequently represented in Athenian vase painting, votive reliefs, and other art. For Triptolemos and his role, see Richardson 1974, pp. 194-196, and passim; Raubitschek and Raubitschek 1982; Sfameni Gasparro 1986, pp. 155-169; Schwarz 1987, with a catalog of ancient testimonia, pp. 7-27; Hayashi 1992; Clinton 1994a; Matheson 1994. 35 Habicht 1985, p. 11; for the importance of Demeter and Kore to Pausanias and his religious views (he had been initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries), see Habicht's remarks on pp. 156-157. For an exegesis of various names in the passages, Frazer 1888, II, pp. 118-123. Previously the temple in the Eleusinion was tentatively identified as the Temple of Demeter and Kore (Thompson 1960, p. 334) or as the Temple of Triptolemos (AgoraXIV, p. 152; Boersma 1970, pp. 24-35; Hayashi 1992, p. 19). In published discussions, Thompson suggested that the Southeast Temple in the Agora was dedicated to Demeter and Kore, but a more recent study shows that the superstructure which had initially inspired that association belongs to the Southwest Temple (W. B. Dinsmoor Jr., "Anchoring Two Floating Temples," Hesperia 51, 1982, pp. 410-452). Pieces of a statue of Demeter, however, found in and under Byzantine walls in the Southeast Temple the have belon temple may belonged to the temple. H. A. Thompson writes,
Havingfollowedthe excavationscloselyI have no doubtwhateverthat this statueformedpart of the cult imageof the temple.The headandpartschoppedfromthe torsohavedoubtlessperishedin a nearbylimekilnwhichwasbuiltnearbyin all likelihoodto drawon the marblesculpturein the temple. That the statueshouldhavebeen broughtfromelsewhere is extremelyimprobable.Becauseof its sheerbulkand its unsuitabilityfor re-usein construction,it was left behindby elementsof the temple. Forthisprocedurewe haveseveralparallelsin the Agora thosewho carriedoff the architectural Excavations:the statueof ApolloPatroos,the Nikeakroterionfromthe Stoa of Zeus Eleutheriosand the "Themis"from in frontof the RoyalStoa. (perlitt.,1994) Thompson suggests further that this temple, brought in from the countryside in the Roman period, was dedicated to Demeter in this "prominent location within the ambiance of the venerable Eleusinion." Dinsmoor discusses in detail the circumstances of the excavation of the statue and points out that the head of the statue (now missing) was made as a separate piece and set into a socket in the 5th-century torso, in the fashion of portrait statues of the Roman Imperial period (1982, pp. 435-436). His suggestion that the Demeter-type statue was given a new identity in the Roman period is convincing (p. 438), and because he demonstrates that the superstructure of the Southeast Temple came from Sounion (not Thorikos), in my opinion there is no reason to assume that the temple was dedicated to Demeter; it is more likely to have honored a member of the Imperial family. (It should also be noted
that the Nike "akroterion"mentioned above is no longer regarded as such, because it is too big to have been an akroterion;it was probably part of a freestandingmonument of the 4th century B.C.)
THE TEMPLE OF TRIPTOLEMOS
50
ot Teaocapaxocrov vTog ytzveOat auxov c iplv ntvog ou npo6epov &avxev re ~to[eL xaC -re cdxal xaO.l xaOeOGovet, 76OXeLg 'AO9nvaiodv. orepov 7TY) ~xa6&OpevXXa0;g 6 be
I was eager to proceed furtherinto this story,and to describe in detail all that is in the sanctuaryin
Athens called the Eleusinion, but a vision in a dream prevented me. So I shall turn to those things about which it is permitted to write for everyone. In front of this temple, in which there is the statue of Triptolemos, is a bronze bull, as though being led to sacrifice, and there is also a seated [statue] of Epimenides of Knossos, who they say went into a cave in the countryside and fell asleep. Sleep did not leave him for forty years, and later he wrote poetry and purified other cities and the city of Athens. [1.14.3-4] From this passage it is clear that Pausanias felt free to discuss the Temple of Triptolemos and the various statuary in and around it. He gives the Temple of Triptolemos a "full" treatment. But he could not describe the Temple of Demeter and Kore, or the contents of the inner sanctuary, because of a vision he had in a dream. Implicit in his remarks is a distinction between an outer
part of the sanctuarycalled the Eleusinion, with a temple of Triptolemos, and an inner sanctuary, which could not be described for it was not open to all. Pausanias describes the sanctuary at Eleusis in a similar way:
'EXeuaLvloLge e'actL LeVTpmt'roX~Iouvao6g, eo't e HpoIItuXalacg ApT?4ltLoc;xacl evOca pporov 'EXeuoavl[v IlIoaet8voq IIaocpo6,cppetpTe xacXou6[jvovKa)XXLXopov, at yuvcatxsqxopov eOaoctavxcal jocv &c;zTv 0eov. 6Obe x Slov to6 Ptapov ctorap7vaL ouXcat ei aurou xplaoal tp(iYov XeyouOL xal tp'rov aOu`Gal xcaptou;, xcal aa rOUTO ra eg oaLaot xcdalnoLeLoOctL T Ta& ; OuaLac; xaOoeaTxsev. vTa6cOa &Xo; xcaXou v)Ev~ & e Too Ta xcal 8e 8eLXvu:Ta vToq TptToXeotIou TLXou; Tooutepo0 T6 T 6OveLpov P3o%;t6
a&zele ypacpev, xaL To tuO6aOat L IeTtLvaL
oui TCeXeaOeLL,6bt6ao)v 0eaO etpyovatL, 8YXca8xtnou J8e
ayopaLv.
The Eleusinians have a temple of Triptolemos, and [one] of Artemis Propylaia and Father Poseidon, and the well called Kallichoron, where first the women of the Eleusinians held the dance and sang to the goddess. They say that the Rharian plain was first to be sown and first to yield grain, and because of this was established their custom to use coarse-ground barley from it, and to make cakes for sacrificesfrom it. There a threshing-floorcalled Triptolemos' and an altar are shown. But as for the things inside the wall of the sanctuary, the dream stopped me from writing about them, sincejust as those who have not undergone the rites are prohibitedfrom the sight of such things, certainly they cannot share in hearing about them. [1.38.6-7] Pausanias mentions temples in front of the wall of the sanctuary, including a temple of Triptolemos, and one of Artemis Propylaia and of Father Poseidon, and the Kallichoron well. The Kallichoron well still exists just outside the Great Propylaia at Eleusis, and the temple whose foundations lie outside the Great Propylaia is usually identified as that of Artemis of the Portal and of Father Poseidon.36 (It could equally well be identified as a Temple of Triptolemos.) Porticoes and other facilities for visitors surround the temple, in a paved forecourt in front of the Great Propylaia. Before the Great Propylaia were built, altars were set up in front of the inner gates to the sanctuary and sacrifices were performed in view of all; after the Propylaia were built, other altars were used in the forecourt in front of them, open to all.37 Pausanias explains his reticence and abbreviated description of the famous sanctuary by stating again that his dream forbade the description of things the within the wall of sanctuary, since the uninitiated 36 A. K. Orlandos, <<'O v 'EXeuotvtvabx6tT I, pp. 209-223; Mylonas 1961, IIpoxuXacta 'Ap'dl5o?>>,Eleusiniaka
pp. 167-168;Giraud1991,pp. 117, 126,figs.50-52. The marbletemple,datedby Giraudto the Hadrianicperiod, is of the Doric type, tetrastyleamphiprostyle, 10.10 x 16.03 m. on the base of the crepidoma, ca. 6.44 x ca. 12.33 m. on the stylobate (the latter dimensions given in Dinsmoor 1950, p. 339). 37 Clinton 1988, pp. 71-72.
IDENTIFICATION
51
are of course not permitted to learn about what they are prevented from seeing.38 As Donatella Foccardi has demonstrated, Pausanias' reticence is not a "self-imposed"silence but conforms to legal prescriptionsof the cults, and Pausanias'deliberate omissions should not be regarded simply as a mark of personal piety or scrupulosity.39 Just as in his descriptionof the Eleusinionin the city,Pausaniasmakes a clear spatialdistinction between the differentparts of the sanctuary: the Temples of Triptolemos, Artemis, and Poseidon were accessible to all outside the wall of the sanctuary,and other landmarkssuch as the Threshingfloor of Triptolemos could be seen and freely discussed. The spatial distinction conforms to the cultic requirement that one must be a participant in the rites to gain access to the sanctuaries, visually and aurally.40It also reflectsTriptolemos'role as an intermediarylink between the public and the Two Goddesses. On the basis of Pausanias' description of the Eleusinion in the city, and with the analogy of his description of Eleusis and the arrangement of its known monuments, the sanctuary so far excavated should be identified as the part of the Eleusinion that was generally accessible, located in front of the inner sanctuary.The small temple is the one Pausaniasfelt free to describe, e be sought further east, in the Temple of Triptolemos. The Temple of Demeter and Kore should the unexcavated part of Plaka but within the boundaries thegiven by the fork in the Street of the Tripods (see discussion above, pp. 11-12). The Temple of Demeter and Kore is mentioned in a (partly restored)inscriptionhonoring Satyra, a priestess,in the 2nd century B.C. (CatalogueI, 35). By the time of Pausanias'visit in the A.D. 150s, a stoa lined the south side of the Eleusinion, opposite the Temple of Triptolemos, and a small propylon controlled the outer entrance to the sanctuary (Fig. 11). A splendid gateway framed with marble Karyatids (found in the Eleusinion) and a Doric frieze decorated with Eleusinian symbols had been built between the and outer area, with the Testoample, andnd theand the inner sanctuary; this gateway the stoa, Temple of Triptolemos was in location and appearance much like the Inner Propylaia at Eleusis of ca. 50 B.C.41 The arrangements in the central city are analogous to those at Eleusis, where temples and shrines open to all are situated among facilitiesfor visitors. An approachablearea was surely necessaryin the City Eleusinion, just as it was at Eleusis: it would serve as the transitional zone between the public road and the innermost part of the sanctuary that was closed to noninitiates, where the Sacred Objects were kept during the firststage of the Mysteries.42The outer area of the sanctuary provided a place for dedications to be made, for inscriptions to be set up, for the gathering of those not yet initiated in the Mysteries,for preliminarypurificationrituals,and for sacrificesto be made publicly, as they were in the forecourt at Eleusis. Besides the cult of Triptolemos, other cult places such as the shrine of Plouton and the Tomb of Immarados may have been located 38 This dream is invoked a third time by Pausaniasin the course of his description of the sanctuary of the Great
Goddesses at Andania in Messene, where he withholds information again, although the dream did not prevent him from telling one anecdote (4.33.5). There are ten other instances, most of them relating to mystery cults or having other links to Eleusinian Demeter, in which Pausanias explicitly refuses to discuss a cultic story or describe a place
becauseof religiousprohibitionsthat excludethe uninitiatedfromknowingthe details. Fora thoroughanalysis of thesepassages,see Foccardi1987. 39 Foccardi 1987.
40 For the different grades of initiation and a discussion of terminology, see Dowden 1980. Secrecy is discussed
by Motte (1986). 41 The Doric frieze is now built into the early-13th-century Byzantine church in Athens called the "Little Metropolitan"(Panayia Gorgoepikoos);see below, p. 89 and Pls. 22 and 23. 42 The seriousness of this prohibition is illustrated in the Eleusinian building account of 329 B.C., IG II2 1672, line 207, which recordspayments of public money made for the initiation (myesis) of two public slaves,who presumably had to be initiated so that they could work in the Eleusinion. The same requirement for Eleusis is in IG II2 1673, lines 24, 62 (for commentary and discussion of myesis,see Clinton 1972, pp. 91-92, 101-102). A group myesiswas contrary to law.
52
THE TEMPLE OF TRIPTOLEMOS
in the open area.43Just as at Eleusis, the spatialdifferentiationcould reflect a hierarchywithin the constellation of cults surrounding Eleusinian Demeter, perhaps based in part on their relative antiquity. Again, Triptolemos' role as Demeter's spokesman is suggested by the placement of his temple in an accessible area.
STATUARYFOR THE TEMPLE In the passage quoted above, Pausaniastwice mentions the statue of Triptolemos in his temple in the City Eleusinion (1.14.1, 4). Although the statue has not yet been found, it was represented on Panathenaic prize amphoras dated by painted names of archons to specific years in the 4th century B.C.44 Eschbach has shown that a statue of Triptolemos was chosen as the emblem supportedby the Doric column beside Athena as the standardpattern for the amphoras in at least three different Panathenaic years, a selection that may have been made by the Boule.45 The image of the statue shows Triptolemos in three-quarterview, in his winged chariot, holding a branch in his hands, with a snake by the wheels of the chariot. The statue must have already existed by 364/3 B.C., when the type is recognizable as a statue.46Presumablythis was the statue Pausanias saw in the A.D. 150s. Pausanias also mentions a bronze statue of a bull being led to sacrifice,in front of the temple
44 Eschbach 1986, esp. pp. 117-123. According to Eschbach, the three most frequently represented statues are those of Nike, Athena, and Triptolemos. Eschbach makes a convincing case that the statue represented was the
one in the Eleusinion.Otherstatuesrepresentedon Panathenaicamphoraswereknownto havestoodclose to the Panathenaic Way,such as the Tyrannicidesand the Eirene and Ploutos (testimoniain AgoraIII). The Eleusinion was
the an eventin the Panathenaia,and the sanctuaryis prominent upperlimitfor the dramaticcontestof the apobatai, on the route of the Pompe. Thus some of the statues chosen to be illustratedon the amphoras were visual reminders of the Panathenaia. 45 Eschbach 1986, pp. 2-4, 166-169. 46 Eschbach 1986, pp. 123, 159, with the implication that the statue should be dated between 367/6 (when a different image of Triptolemoswas used) and 364/3 (when what became the standardimage, representing a statue, was firstused), but Hayashihas pointed outthat the image is alreadyshown on afragmentfrom the Agora Excavations, P 10960, dated by P. Corbett to the last decade ofthe 5th century B.C.(Hayashi 1992, pp. 74-75, no. 125 on p. 161). Schwarz attributes the so-called Eubouleus head to the cult statue of Triptolemos at Eleusis (1987, pp. 70-71, 212-235). Eos Zervoudakis connected the cult-image with a type she assigns to Praxiteles ("Attischepolychrome Reliefkeramikdes spaten 5. und des 4.Jahrhunderts v. Chr.,"AM 83, 1968 [pp. 16-18, 68-69], pp. 16-18). 47 The date of the decree is discussedin Meiggs and Lewis 1989, pp. 222-223, no. 73; Cavanaugh 1996, pp. 78-95. For the sacrifices,see Clinton 1988, pp. 71-72. 48 Shapiro (1989, pp. 70-71) interpretsthe description of Pausanias to mean that a bull is "being tamed" and that therefore the person "leading" the bull should be identified as Bouzyges, whom he identifies as Epimenides under an alternative name, but in a role as the first plowman. This would mean that there were two statues of Epimenides in front of the temple, Bouzyges/Epimenides shown "taming" a bull, and the seated one mentioned by Pausaniasin the next line of his description. Despite the attraction of linking an image of the first plowman to Triptolemos, however, this is not a convincing connection, for Pausanias specifically states that the victim ota 6i 0Ovatav&y6Vevor,which is not an agricultural use of the bull except in the most metaphorical sense, and it is not clear that the bronze bull was led by a bronze statue of a person; the bronze bull may have been depicted in the posture of being led to sacrifice.
TRIPTOLEMOSON ATHENIANARTIFACTS
53
The third statue described by Pausanias, set up in front of the Temple of Triptolemos, was a seated image of Epimenides of Knossos, who was reputed to have fallen asleep in a cave for forty years. After he woke up, Pausanias continues, he wrote poetry and purified Athens (1.14.4). Epimenides the seer is mentioned by many ancient authors, and the tradition about him is confused; he may be a legendary figure or, since Plato refers to him as being in Athens before the Persian Wars, it is possible that he was a historical person.49 He was credited with assisting Athens in a time of drought and famine, an association that makes him suitable for a sanctuary of Demeter. TRIPTOLEMOS ON ATHENIAN ARTIFACTS ATHENIANVASE PAINTING
If we look to decorated Athenian pottery for evidence of local interest in the cult of Triptolemos and the nature of his relationship with Demeter and Kore, we find that representations of him become most numerousjust after the construction of the temple began in the early 5th century B.C. Charles Dugas traced the development of representations of Triptolemos in Athenian vase painting, and several extensive studies of scenes with Triptolemos have elucidated further their iconographic details and significance.50 Triptolemos is first depicted as an older bearded man who holds a sheaf of wheat, sometimes perched on a wheeled throne, engaged in his mission among mankind to bring grain and teach its cultivation.51 In the first quarter of the 5th century B.C., the number of representationsof Triptolemos s dramatically and the he is way depicted changes significantly.Triptolemosis now shown as a beardlessyoung man, and the wheeled throne has become a winged chariot with snakes as outriders, which enhances the idea of Triptolemos' power and his journey through the air to visit all corners of the earth. On a skyphos by Makron dated to about 480 B.C., found in an Etruscan tomb in Capua and now in the British Museum, we see an example of a third new motif: Triptolemos holds a phiale while Demeter pours into it from an oinochoe, and Kore and Eleusispersonifiedwitness the start of the mission, all in the presence of other deities (Pls. 20, 21).52 Triptolemos is shown leaving from Eleusis, which emphasizes the location in Attica of the sanctuary.As Dugas observed, the torches held by Demeter and Persephone on each side suggest that the libation has more significance re and hints at the second role of Triptolemos, as the one than a simpl offering e befo a departurep who announces the Mysteries to potential new initiates.53 This shift in emphasis to a vibrant, world-traveling,beneficent, and didactic young hero occursjust when the Temple of Triptolemos is under construction in the Eleusinion. 49
Plato, Lg. 1.642D-E; RE 6, 1 (1907), s.v. Epimenides (0. Kern);H. A. Shapiro, "Oracle-Mongersin Peisistratid Athens," Kernos3, 1990, pp. 337-345. 50 Dugas 1950; Grossman 1959, pp. 67-77, 81-92; Peschlow-Bindokat1972, pp. 78-157; Schwarz 1987; Shapiro, ArtandCult,pp. 76-83; Hayashi 1992; Clinton, MythandCult,pp. 41-49, 111-113. 51 The earliest representationof Triptolemos so far identified is on an amphora in Gottingen dated to ca. 540 B.C., Mainz am Rhein 1982, pp. 35, 51, 94-95, no. 103, pls. 104, 105. Vessels ABV309, 83; E. Bohr, Der Schaukelmaler, assigned to the Swing Painter are discussed furtherby Shapiro (ArtandCult,pp. 81-83). 52 All the figures are identified by painted labels. Zeus, Dionysos, Amphitrite, Eumolpos, and Poseidon complete the scene on the other sides of the skyphos: London E 140, ARV2459, 3; Schwarz 1987, pp. 39, 102-104, no. V 58. The skyphoswas found in an Etruscantomb in Capua, along with a cup by the Brygos Workshopwith another scene showing Triptolemos: J. D. Beazley, "The Brygos Tomb at Capua," AJA49, 1945, pp. 153-158; Raubitschek and Raubitschek 1982, p. 113; D. Williams, "The Brygos Tomb Reassembled and 19th-Century Commerce in Capuan Antiquities,"AJA96, 1992, pp. 617-636. 53 It is said that Triptolemos "showed the holy rites" first to Herakles and the Dioskouroi among foreigners (Xenophon, Hell. 6.3.6).
54
THE TEMPLEOF TRIPTOLEMOS
In these images on Athenian tableware Triptolemos appears to serve as a "national" hero for the Athenians, a symbol of the city's cultural leadership and the pride taken in her famous sanctuary at Eleusis, and in this the images on painted pottery and the statements of ancient authors about Triptolemos agree.54 Fragments of Sophocles' lost play Triptolemos, produced in 468 B.C., allude to his travelsand even list destinationsin Italy and Etruria,Illyria, and Carthage.55 By the 5th century B.C.,both the Eleusinian Mysteries and the Panathenaic Festival may have attractedparticipantsfrom outside Athens and Attica, and both cults advertisedAthenian prestige to a Panhellenic audience, as recent discussionsof the imagery of Triptolemoshave emphasized.56 Possibly some of the pottery with scenes of Triptolemos was sold as souvenirs to visitors from abroad who came to Athens and participatedin the festival. The great majority of the tableware with scenes of Triptolemos was found in Etruscan tombs, however, which should raise questions about the intended audience for the images and their actual reception.57 Recent scholarship has questioned the ancient value of Athenian pottery and its role in Athenian trade, and it may be incautious to attach much significance to the choice of subject matter on the exported pots.58 Yet it should be noted that the primary benefit from participation in the Eleusinian rites was a "blessed afterlife,"a matter of considerable concern to Etruscans, and the Eleusinian emissary was Triptolemos. He was also given a specifically chthonic role by both Plato and Cicero, who number Triptolemos among the judges of the dead, a tradition 54 For an analysis and reconstruction of 5th-century views of Triptolemos as a political figure, see Day 1980,
pp. 15-38; the testimonia are collected in Schwarz 1987. 55 Sutton 1984, p. 146. 56 Raubitschekand Raubitschek 1992, p. 111;M. Sakuraiand A. E. Raubitschek, "The Eleusinian Spondai(IG I3 6, lines 8-47)," in StudiesMylonas,2, Athens 1987, pp. 263-265; Clinton 1994a. The earliest inscribed dedication at Eleusis made by a non-Athenian was set up by Aristoda[mos] of Metapontion, probably in the late 6th century B.C. (IG I3 1007 = LSAG2,pp. 255, 456, no. 17); Clinton notes that the stele is nonstoichedon, hence the probable date (1989, p. 1501, note 1). Schwarz emphasizes the agrarian and cultic aspects of the representationsof Triptolemos (1987, pp. 237-246); Hayashi sees a shift from the agrarian emphasis to Triptolemos as a symbol of peace (1992, pp. 73-87). 57 The fullest catalogue of vases with scenes of Triptolemos is now in Hayashi 1992, pp. 126-174; he has provided it known. Of the 105 Athenian each is of the findspot where red-figuredpieces dated from the last quarter of piece, with a known 5th the the of end B.C. the 6th century to century provenience listed by Hayashi, 46 are from Italy, which are from Greece 12 of which 34 are from Etruscansites; 5 are from the Akropolis,3 from the Agora, 1 from (of 44 the and Balkans; pieces of unknown provenience are in museums or Eleusis); 4 others are from Egypt, Spain, collections mostly in Europe or the United States. Of Athenian red-figuredpottery of the 4th century B.C., 19 more pieces remain, of which 1 was found in Etruria, and 7 are of unknown provenience (the total number of Athenian red-figure scenes now stands at 124). Although the original findspot is unknown for 44 of the 5th-century pieces in museums outside of Greece and Italy,Etruscantombs historicallyhave been a rich source of Athenian red-figured pottery; recent estimates have 90 percent of all Athenian red-figuredtableware found in Etruscan tombs. Further discussion of statistics concerning Greek imports in Etruria may be found in M. Martelli, "Prime considerazioni sulla statistica delle importazioni greche in Etruria nel periodo arcaico," StEtr47, 1979, pp. 3752; J. C. Meyer, "Roman History in Light of the Import of Attic Vases to Rome and Etruria in the 6th and 5th Centuries B.C.," AnalRom9, 1980, pp. 47-68. Of course the pottery had a much greater chance of surviving in tombs than elsewhere, but the statisticsare such that the findspotsdo not seem to be a resultof mere chance. Moreover, relatively little red-figuredware is commonly found in the Agora excavations in comparison with black-figuredand black-glazed ware. For discussion of the reception and use of the pottery in Etruria, see Small 1994 and 1995. 58 D. W J. Gill, "Pots and Trade: Spacefillers or Objets d'art?,"JHS 111, 1991, pp. 29-47; for a review of the evidence and discussion of opposing views, see D. W J. Gill and M. Vickers, "Reflected Glory: Pottery and andPottery, Precious Metal in Classical Greece," JdI 105, 1990, pp. 1-30; eidem,ArtfulCrafts:AncientGreekSilvenrware Oxford 1994, with opposing views summarizedin a review byJ. Boardman, "CraftyArts," ClassicalReview37, 1996, pp. 123-126.
TRIPTOLEMOSON ATHENIANARTIFACTS
55
that could have existed before Plato.59 The Etruscan buyers presumably exercised some choice, however minimal, over which pots they purchased, and surelypreferredsome images over others, which might be remembered by the middleman for return trips.60 At the very least, the large number of scenes of Triptolemos shows local interest in the cult among the potters of Athens, even if they were selling most of their wares to merchants who would take it abroad, where its makers might have assumed both artifactand image would advertiseAthenian prestige. It seems likely,however,that Triptolemos was a figure favoredby the Etruscansprimarilybecause his very image-supported by wings and snakes, common motifs in Etruscanfunerarydecoration-stood for a blessed afterlife,a suitable decoration for a vessel purchased for deposition in a tomb. The popularity of Triptolemos and his mission as a theme on Athenian pottery,found mostly outside of Athens, continues until the fourth quarterof the 5th century B.C., when there is a sharp drop in the number of scenes featuring him, and the quality of red-figure painting declines as well.61 Perhapswhen the Athenian political hegemony weakened, Triptolemos was no longer so appropriateas a reminder of Athens' influence as he had been, or perhaps other subjects seemed more timely and less complex to paint. The Etruscans, Athenian potters' best customers, had Cuman 474 B.C., indefeat at Cumae their been slowly losing strength in Italy andintheir since B.C., and by the end of Italy474 the 5th century the city Veii was under siege by the Romans and soon to be sacked, an event that would mark the end of Etruscanhegemony in central Italy. Within the city of Athens, stamped or plain black-glazed pottery had long since become the preferred domestic type used locally. The corpus of Athenian pottery with scenes of Triptolemosmust have been used in various ways: in a domestic context for household use, as cheap dedications in sanctuaries(although only a few have been found in Athenian sanctuaries), and as souvenirs, but the majority of it was sold for use as grave-goods in Etruscan tombs. Later in the wider Greco-Roman world, Triptolemos and his mission became a favored theme on South Italian pottery, on coins, lamps, gold and silver plate, in wall-paintings in Pompeii, on Roman sarcophagi, and in other art.62
59
Plato, Ap.41A; Cicero, Tusc.,1.41; Schwarz lists four Apulian vases of the second half of the 4th century B.C. that depict Triptolemos as ajudge of the dead, in company with otherjudges (1987, pp. 57, 160-163), but Triptolemosis not represented in this role in Athenian vase painting. 60 For a discussion of the difficulties in interpreting the images on Athenian vessels found in Etruscan tombs, and what they may have meant to Etruscans, see N. Spivey, "Greek Vases in Etruria," in Lookingat GreekVases, T. Rasmussen and N. Spivey, eds., Cambridge 1991, pp. 131-150, with previous bibliography,p. 266; for exegesis of a test case, see W G. Moon, "The Priam Painter: Some Iconographic and StylisticConsiderations,"in AncientGreek ArtandIconography, W. G. Moon, ed., Madison 1983, pp. 97-118. J. P. Small provides a useful synopsis of the evidence for these issues from Etruria, including representationsof vessels in tombs (1994, 1995 [supranote 57]). 61 The sudden drop in numbers was first observed by Dugas (1950). Hayashi's catalogue provides the current statistics: of the 105 known red-figuredpots made between the late 6th century and the end of the 5th century B.C., 5 are dated to the last quarterof the 6th century,20 to the firstquarterof the 5th, 45 to the second quarterof the 5th, 33 to the third quarter of the 5th, and only 2 to the last quarter of the 5th century; 19 others were made during the first three quarters of the 4th century. (For the last quarter of the 5th century, see H. A. Shapiro, rev. of Hayashi, Gnomon 67 [1995], pp. 88-89.) Hayashi attributes the sudden drop in numbers of scenes in the last quarter of the 5th century to the overall decline of the Athenian pottery industry,caused by disruption of trade patterns during and after the Peloponnesian War (1992, pp. 69-70; his figures in the text apparently include the late-6th-century pieces ennumerated in his catalogue); however, red-figuredAthenian ware with other imagery did continue to be manufactured and exported. See, e.g., B. MacDonald, "The Import of Attic Pottery to Corinth and the Question of Trade during the Peloponnesian War,"JHS 102, 1982 [pp. 113-123], pp. 121-123. Hayashi emphasizes the continuity of Triptolemos as a theme on tableware into the 4th century, after the apparent drop in popularity in the last quarter of the 5th century (pp. 70-73, 86-87). 62 An impressivelyfull catalogue is given by Schwarz (1987).
THE TEMPLEOF TRIPTOLEMOS
56 ATHENIANVOTIVE RELIEFS
Triptolemos'position in the Eleusiniancult was well establishedby the end of the 5th century, however, and in the following century he continues to be represented among Demeter's inner circle on Athenian votive reliefs, which had a specific dedicatory function and were set up in sanctuaries. A large piece of a marble votive relief of the early 4th century B.C. was found in the Eleusinion, south of the temple and built into the Church of the Hypapanti (Catalogue III, 4: PI. 37). The relief shows Triptolemos seated in his chariot, flanked by Demeter and Kore, as he is about to depart on his mission, accompanied by a large snake coiled around the wheel of his chariot. Two other more fragmentaryreliefsmay also include him in the company of Demeter and Kore (Catalogue III, 2, 5: Pls. 36, 37). Triptolemos with Demeter and Kore is frequently represented on votive reliefs found at Eleusis.63 ATHENIANCOINAGE
Triptolemos is featured prominently on bronze coinage minted as currency specifically for the festival of the Eleusinian Mysteries, an issue that coincides with a more general and regular introduction of bronze coinage in Athens in the mid 4th century B.C.64 As John Kroll points out, the smaller denomination offered by bronze coinage made it convenient for business during the festival, and its use illustrates the commercial importance of the festival.65 Triptolemos is regularly shown in his chariot, and the motif is paired with other Eleusinian imagery such as piglets, myrtle-branches, Eleusis-rings, and plemochoai. The Eleusinian types were minted throughout the Hellenistic period, and they continued to be used in the Roman period, in some instances issued on the occasions of the initiations of prominent Romans, such as Sulla, Augustus, and Hadrian.66
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLE There is no definite evidence for the date of destruction of the Temple of Triptolemos. The fills over the foundations of the temple dated to the Ottoman and modern periods, and modern levels were only 0.15-0.75 m. above its blocks; only the layers discussed above, dated to the late 6th century B.C., were preserved beneath them in deeper fill. Both the Greek excavators of the 19th century and the American excavatorsdescribe signs of a great conflagrationin the area dated to about the 6th or 7th century A.C., as burning was evident throughout the northeastern section of the excavated area. By the Byzantine period blocks had been pillaged from the foundations and used for walls, one of which crossed the northeast corner of the temple, and in the Ottoman period some blocks of the foundation were raised to form part of the wall of an osteotheke, but the superstructureof the temple must have been dismantled long before then. Two of the antefixes assigned to the temple were found in fill of the Post-Herulian Wall (Catalogue II, 3, 4: P1.32). This suggeststhat the roof at least had been damaged in the Herulian sack of A.D. 267, but proof is lacking because the fortificationwall was repaired and rebuilt over many centuries, and the antefixes could have been inserted later. No identifiable pieces of the 63 For other reliefs showing Triptolemos, mostly from Eleusis and Athens, see Schwarz 1987, pp. 65-68, 191-204. 64 The evidence surroundingthe introductionof bronze coinage is discussedbyJ. Kroll in AgoraXXVI, pp. 27-48;
the types with Triptolemos and other Eleusinian insignia are presented in detail. 65 AgoraXXVI, pp. 27-48. 66 AgoraXXVI, pp. 67-68, 82, 98, 123-124.
DESTRUCTION
57
superstructureof the temple were found in the wall, so it may even have escaped the widespread destruction of the Heruli.67 The Stoa on the south side of the sanctuary was destroyed in the 4th century A.C., and possibly the Temple of Triptolemos also stood until then. 67
J. Travlos in AgoraXXIV, p. 129; for the sack of Athens and the terrible destruction that resulted, see pp. 1-1 1.
\jALTAR
I
-o0
-TSA V)k,S
-pp
0 OUTCROP
14't
PROPYLON
0
5
10
20 meters R,C.A
FIG.
1993
8. Plan, mid 5th century B.C., restored
MONUMVENTBASE
4 THE SANCTUARYIN THE 5TH AND 4TH CENTURIESB.C. HE CONSTRUCTION of the Temple of Triptolemos was the major architecturalachievement of the 5th century in the part of the Eleusinion excavated to date. There are slight remains of an altar,a long base for a monument, and a possible adjunct shrine of the 5th century, and in the 4th century the walls and entrances to the sanctuarywere modified further. These minor architecturalembellishments to the outer sanctuary hardly seem to represent tumultuous the events that took place throughout that time: during the Peloponnesian War the sanctuary was kept free of refugees only because of its secure gates and walls; the god Asklepios came to Athens for the first time, and warm hospitality was offered in the City Eleusinion by its officials; the profanation of the Mysteries in 415 B.C. shocked the city and resulted in the trial of Alkibiades and his circle, their conviction, and the confiscation of their property; a comprehensive reorganization of the festivalwas undertaken,recorded in a law of about 350 and needed because of the great increase in participation in the festival; the civic leader Lykourgos encouraged construction in the sanctuaries and passed legislation that charged a severe fine of 6,000 drachmas of people who rode rather than walked the fourteen miles to Eleusis as tradition demanded, and became himself the first payee on behalf of his wife, the first transgressor; about the same time another inscription documents a bustle of activity in the compound of the Eleusinion, with repairs, restuccoing, the making of new doors, earth-moving, and other construction undertaken. The Temple of Triptolemos formed part of the setting for these events, and in time the sanctuary was decorated by large numbers of dedications and many marble votives, which all attest to the devoted attention given to the Two Goddesses and their sanctuary. T
LATER ALTERATIONS TO THE PERIBOLOS WALL At some point, probably in the course of the 4th century B.C., it was decided to add a very large, thick retaining wall on to the north line of the peribolos wall of the sanctuary, 4 m. north of the Temple of Triptolemos (see Fig. 9). The wall had been noted by the excavatorsin the 1840s as a "soros"ofporos blocks, and they observed signs of heavy burning, including burned earth and bones, on both sides of the wall and over it. The blocks were uncovered again by the American team in 1936; a layer of modern fill was removed. Near the west end of the wall a layer of early Byzantine fill had accumulated over the blocks. The wall is built on a shelf in the bedrock that runs from west to east ca. 20 meters, perpendicular to the line of the PanathenaicWay. As found by the American excavators,the wall consists of a maximum of six courses of soft yellow poros, ca. 3-4 meters thick (P1.9). The wall is missing its northwestcorner but then continues to the south at the eastern edge of the Panathenaic Way,and is preservedfor a stretchof 15 m., where it partly overliesthe earlierperibolos wall. The north stretch of the wall would have been faced and topped originally with blocks of hard poros, all taken away by later scavengers. The scavengerswere concerned about the possible collapse of the remaining soft blocks in the wall and shored up the lower courseswith small unfluted columns. These were discovered in 1959 when it became necessary to reinforce the blocks again, this time with modern concrete. The wall on the north side must have strengthened and expanded the earlier retaining wall, which would have been contemporary with the Temple of Triptolemos. While the sharp slope
60
THE SANCTUARYIN THE 5TH AND 4TH CENTURIESB.C.
of the bedrock on the middle terrace meant some sort of retainingwall would have been necessary for the fill around the lowest foundations of the temple, this new wall is truly massive;it may have had another purpose, such as to serve as a platform for viewing the Pompe of the Panathenaia. On the west side of the peribolos, the retaining wall was built directly on top of the northern extension of the Archaic peribolos wall added as part of the extended sanctuaryca.500 B.C., when the foundations for the Temple of Triptolemos were built. On the north side of the peribolos, the retaining wall dies out within the excavated areajust east of the Temple of Triptolemos, where it was thoroughly pillaged of its blocks. The line of the 5th-century peribolos wall continued eastward, with a probable internal crosswall meeting it at that point. The area further east, where we should expect to find more of the retaining wall, has not been excavated. Probes across the modern street indicated that the bedrock is somewhat higher there; perhaps a great retaining wall was not necessary in that direction. The western return of the wall faced on to the Panathenaic Way and was stepped on its west face (see Fig. 9). Several cuttings for stelai are preserved in the tops of the blocks. Construction techniques of the retaining wall suggest that it was built in the 4th century B.C. or later, but no undisturbedfills were found that might have corroboratedthe date. Two sections of the wall, west and north, appear to be contemporary;there is no reason to suppose they were built at different times. The height of the stepped wall shows that it was built at a time when the Panathenaic Way was at a higher level (ca. 1.50 m.) than it is now. From here the view of processions and races of the Panathenaiawould have been superb. By the 2nd centuryA.C., the PanathenaicWay would have been graded and paved, so the retainingwall must have been added sometime before then.1
A POSSIBLE ADJUNCT SHRINE NEAR THE PANATHENAICWAY At a point just north of the northwest corner of the 5th-centuryperibolos wall, a line of Akropolis limestone blocks was found underneath the Roman paving of the PanathenaicWay (Plan 2). This wall, approximately 6 meters long, ran in an east-west direction. Its east end was cut by the Post-Herulian Wall; the last preserved stone of the west end dropped off into a late gully. A southern return, however was indicated by a cutting in bedrock, which itself was interruptedby late pits. The pottery over and around the wall dated to the second quarterof the 4th century B.C., probably indicating the time of its abandonment (CPD 33), and the sherds around the cutting for the corner were somewhat later, into the third quarter of the 4th century B.C. (CPD 32). This wall may have been part of an installation near the peribolos wall, perhaps enclosing a small adjunct sanctuary, like the later crossroads sanctuary of the Roman period 20 meters to the north, which also projected into the line of the PanathenaicWay in the Roman period. The later shrine, at the crossroadsof the Panathenaic Way and the east-west '"Aqueduct"street, and set within a small enclosure that was respected by the builders of the Post-HerulianWall, has been interpreted as a shrine of Hekate.2 No evidence remains for the identification of the structure adjacent to the sanctuary,but its position suggeststhat the line of the Panathenaic Way may have been moved eastward in the 4th century B.C., perhaps in a reorganization of the outer area of the sanctuary.
1
Herodes Atticus held the office of agonothetes probably in A.D. 138/9 and provided a pompe of especial magnificence; he is likely to have put the road in good shape (Philostratos,Vit.Soph. 2.1.7; Graindor 1930, pp. 64-66). 2 Thompson 1960, p. 333; AgoraXIV, p. 169; AgoraXXIV, pp. 8, 19.
ENTRANCESAND DOORS
61
ENTRANCES AND DOORS The entrance on the south side of the peribolos near the western end of the sanctuary may have been reconstructed or modified in some way in this period, for a pocket of fill dating to the third quarter of the 4th century B.C. was found right in the opening, between the two perpendicular foundations for the entrance crosswalls(Plan 2). The fill contained 183 fragments of plemochoai as well as fragments of two miniature shapes and other domestic pottery (CPD 34; deposit T 21:2).3 Because whole shapes were not included, this fill appears to have been general debris, not a deliberate deposit of plemochoai. Its position right in the area of the threshold of the entrance suggests that some sort of construction might have been undertaken then: perhaps a new threshold block was laid. A second entrance to the sanctuary was constructed about the same time, also in the south line of the peribolos wall but 20 m. further to the east, just at the edge of the excavated area. Here the excavator found a north-south trench cut into bedrock perpendicularly across the trench for the peribolos wall and extending from its southern edge to about one meter beyond its northern edge. The loose upper fill in the deeper, perpendicular trench dated to the 2nd century B.C. and indicates further modification of the entrance when it was dismantled for the expansion of the sanctuary further south.4 Beneath that fill was firmly packed greenish earth in a layer 0.30 m. thick above bedrock, containing 28 fragments of plemochoai, miniature shapes, and other sherds dating to the third quarter of the 4th century B.C. Although the other side of the entrance lies hidden under the modern street just adjacent, the cutting in bedrock and the packed fill may be interpreted as a second entrance to the sanctuary,added in the third quarter of the 4th century B.C. (PI. 14). We know from a financial account of expenditures at Eleusis and in the City Eleusinion that extensive repairs, constructions, and modifications were undertaken in the Eleusinion in 329/8 B.C., including the construction of several sets of wooden doors (IG II2 1672, lines discussed further below). The modification of the southwest entrance and the construction of the southeast entrance may be a part of the work recorded in the account. The small Propylon built of stone blocks over the west line of the Archaic peribolos wall near the southern end of the sanctuary was dated by Homer Thompson in his preliminary report to the third quarter of the 4th century B.C., based on the association of furnishings for doors mentioned in IG II2 1672 with the preserved foundations of the Propylon.5 The pertinent lines of the inscription record that a poros threshold block and other architecturalporos blocks were purchased for a building in the City Eleusinion (lines 129-133). Dimensions for blocks are given in the inscription and could possibly fit the foundationsof the Propylon.6 The dimensions cited in the inscription, however,could also fit the original entrance on the south side of the peribolos, or even the second, southeastern entrance, where packed fills show building activity of this time. Moreover, another door as yet unexcavated might be the one for which the blocks described in the inscription were cut. Hence a plausible match of dimensions alone is not sufficient grounds for identifying the Propylon as the building listed in the inscription. Furthermore, the blocks described in lines 129-133 are specified not for an external door but for doors: ov 'vertLv a 3 Pollittdescribestwoof theinventoried piecesofplemochoai(cataloguedepositXXVI:Pollitt1979,pp.219-220). The sherdswere discarded.Althoughthiscuttingdid not appearinJ. Travlos'actual-stateplan of 1959,it is discussedandindicatedon drawingsin Vanderpool's notebook.The sanctuarywasexpandedin the 2ndcenturyB.C. 4
with the addition of a stoa on the south side; the south line of the peribolos wall then went out of use. 5 Thompson 1960, p. 336; AgoraXIV, p. 152. 6 G. Glotz reconstructs jambs and lintels from the text, lines 130-133 ("Laporte d'un edifice inconnu, l'Eleusinion CRAI d'Ath~nes," 1928, pp. 149-157).
THE SANCTUARYIN THE 5TH AND 4TH CENTURIESB.C.
62
iv &aTel 'EXeuOtvLcot.This designates an entrance or building within the sanctuary proper, O7TtV
where unnamed objects were kept or brought in.7 The following entrances, all apparently located in the City Eleusinion, are distinguished in the inscription: 1) lines 129-134: the doors o6 've'tiv
& aotvV iv &a'cet 'EXeu)aLvLoL, i.e., "the doors where
the things which are, are in, in the City Eleusinion" xrat0upatqxxvTuXISov xad Tat 2) line 162: doors to the City Eleusinion: )XoL 6Opao t Tat[;] zig 6o 'EXeuoatvovTo6 v aoreL. ta& elts r6 'EXeuaviLov To &v&aTeL xal ro67p6Oupov. 3) line 166: doors (to the) prothyron: eltc rag 4) lines 168-169, 172: lattice-doors for the (shrine)of Plouton: oavltegqxeXelva0tL 0uIpoxLvxX[a8t ia t [o6T]oUIIlXouTxvoq. The doors "in" or "to" the City Eleusinion are specified as such. The doors referred to simply as "the doors to the City Eleusinion"are likely to be doors providing access to the sanctuaryfrom outside its boundary. The shrine of Plouton and the prothyron are not given the special designation "in the City Eleusinion"yet they are near, if not in, the sanctuary.8The word prothyron (line 166) listed in the inscription seem to be located may refer to a "porch."9 The doors and prothyron in the outer sanctuary, that is, within the peribolos of the Eleusinion but not in the innermost sanctuary,and the Ploutonion could be there too. The association of the architecturalblocks mentioned in the inscription (lines 129-133) with the construction of the Propylon seems unlikely, since the entrance stipulated was an internal entrance. The other doors to the prothyron mentioned in line 166 are more likely to have been for the original south entrance or the southeastentrance, for which there is stratigraphicevidence of modification in the third quarter of the 4th century B.C. Hence the Propylon may not be dated by a presumed association with IGII2 1672, and in fact excavated fills suggest that it was built in the 2nd century B.C. (see below, pp. 74-75). Yet the inscription does provide valuable evidence for other structuresin the Eleusinion: the cumulativeamount of constructionworklisted in the account is impressive and specifies that numerous buildings were roofed, restuccoed, and refurbishedand that several sets of doors were constructedor repaired. This financial account of the later 4th century B.C. corroborates the impression from literary sources that the sanctuary was a large one containing many buildings.
SANCTUARY FURNISHINGS FoUNDATIONS FOR AN ALTAR OR MONUMENT
About three meters east of the Temple of Triptolemos and a little north of its mid-point is a foundation of rough stones, forming a rectangle 1.10 x 2.70 m. (Fig. 9). Eight of the larger 7 Kirchner IG (in II2)
seems to think that the odd letterswere a mistake,while Wycherley,following Kourouniotes' reading, suggests that this refers to a building in which unspecified sacred objects were kept (Wycherley,AgoraIII, p. 80; K. Kourouniotes, AM 46, 1941, p. 240). K. Clinton, in his forthcoming corpus of Eleusinian inscriptions, as suggests that a crucial word, suchtepa , has been left out and that the phrase refers to a building or area within the Eleusinion. 8 Wycherleyremarksthat [from this inscription] "one gets the impression that this shrine was closely associated
with the Eleusinion in the City" (AgoraIII, p. 80). Clinton has argued persuasively that the Ploutonion must be near (perhaps in) the City Eleusinion (MythandCult,pp. 18-22). 9 The same word is used in Catalogue I, 1 (IG I3 953, mid 5th century B.C.), an inscribed base for a dedication to the two goddesses (Harrison suggests that the base supported a herm: AgoraXI, pp. 121-122). Clinton points out that the prothyron was a wooden structure(thejoiner, logs, and nails are listed), perhaps providing a roofed area in front of one of the doorways (K. Clinton, corpus of Eleusinian inscriptions,forthcoming).
INSCRIPTIONSAND SCULPTURE
63
stones are of the characteristicreddish crystalline limestone used in the east foundations of the temple and may have been left over from its construction. The other stones in the foundation are Akropolis limestone and ordinary fieldstone. The rectangular foundation is not quite parallel to the temple, but rather it is oriented more precisely north-south. The level of its top is about even with the highest preserved course on the east side of the temple (elev. 79.27 m.), or about one meter lower than the preserved (euthynteria)block on the southern end of the temple. The rectangular foundation overlay an earlier rubble house-wall (Plan 2). The foundation is not specifically described or mentioned in the notes of the 1930s, and the fills in the vicinity dated to the Byzantine and Ottoman periods, right down to bedrock. The use of the reddish crystalline limestone, however, suggests that the foundation was contemporary with the construction of the foundations for the Temple of Triptolemos, ca. 500 B.C.Just south of the foundation, an area of decomposed mud brick was found, which dated to the late 6th century (CPD 17), and under it was found a scrap of a limestone rubblewall, probablybelonging to a house of the late 6th century that was destroyedwhen the terrace for the temple was extended. Given its shape, location, and probable date, the rectangular foundation may be interpreted as the setting course for an altar or small monument. It is possible that one of the altars inscribedwith sacred laws concerning the Eleusinian Mysteries, found in fragmentsnearby,once stood on this foundation (IG I3 231, 232 = Catalogue I, 39, 40: P1.29).10
FOUNDATIONS FOR THE DISPLAY OF STELAI
Further east in the sanctuary, about seven meters from the temple, are the foundations of a second monument base (Fig. 8; Plan 2). The base is 2.20 m. wide, and it is set with its long axis running east-west. Two courses of soft yellow poros stones are preserved, both courses set below the level of bedrock in a trench cut out for them. The width of the foundation is comprised of two blocks;on the lowest course, headers are set on the north side and stretchersat the south, with the reverse pattern on the second course. Along the north edge of the foundation the blocks are set closely against bedrock in the trench, but along the south there was a space for fill 0.40-0.60 m. wide. The top of the second course is 0.70 m. below the level of the modern street at the north side; the street passes over the center third of the base and could not be excavated (P1. 10). The two excavated sides were cut by Byzantine pithoi, an Ottoman well, and other late pits, and a modern cesspool (19th century) cut through the western end of the foundations. The preserved length is 14.10 m., and the estimated full length, including the part cut by the cesspool, is a maximum of 15.60 m. The base may be dated by the sherds in the footing trench to the third quarter of the 5th century B.C. (CPD 31). The base does not appear to have been part of a building, for there is no indication of any furtherconstruction connected with it. To the south the bedrock is steep and irregular,and the base was sunk into bedrock along that side. About a third of the base's center is now covered by modern Dioskouroi Street, but its eastern end was excavated and was found also set into bedrock on all sides. Perhaps the best interpretationfor its long, narrow configurationis that it was built to support and display a series of large stelai. The stelai it supported are not likely to have been the famous Attic Stelai, however,since the packing in the foundation is dated somewhat earlier.
10 So Thompson suggests (AgoraXIV, p. 153).
THE SANCTUARY IN THE 5TH AND 4TH CENTURIES B.C.
64
INSCRIPTIONS AND SCULPTURE FROM THE ELEUSINION The inscriptions found in the Eleusinion and listed in Catalogue I have all been published and discussed in detail by their editors and in subsequent commentary. Here only a brief summary is given of the important information they provide for the history of the Eleusinion (see Table 2). THE ADMINISTRATION
OF THE SANCTUARY
Throughout antiquity the cult rituals and the administrationof the sanctuary were carefully regulated by law. The oldest known law concerning the Eleusinion is attributed to Solon by Andokides in his speech On theMysteries(1.111). Although some scholars have doubted that Andokidesrefersto a law trulyenacted by Solon, in fact the antiquityof the cult and its supervision by the archon basileus supportthe implicationof regulationby the state in Solon's laws formulated in the early 6th century.11 The oldest actually preserved laws regulating the workings of the sanctuary are the pieces of two inscribed marble altars dated to ca. 510-500 but considered to be a collection and recarving of earlier laws, written in boustrophedon (IG I3 231, 232 = Catalogue I, 39, 40: P1. 29). The laws concern the Mysteries, sacrifices, and the perquisites of the priesthood and are the first of the five preserved inscriptions recording regulations of the Eleusinian Mysteries, all found in the City Eleusinion. After the PersianWarsprioritymust have been given to cleaning up the debris and making the rished.the At the same time the administration sanctuariesusable one again, and theno c of the cult was increasingly a concern as the popularity the offceremonies meant that larger numbers attended. The security of visitors from abroad (both Athenians and foreigners)had to be addressed, and there were now both greater income and greater expenditures,which required accountability from sanctuary personnel. We see these administrativeconcerns reflected in the law from before 460 B.C., partly preservedin fragmentsfound in and around the Eleusinion, that addresses the issue of payments to the priestess of Demeter and arrangements for participants from abroad to come safely to the festival (IG I3 6 = Catalogue I, 41). This law also stipulatesthe conditions for pi%uacI,the "preinitiation"requiredof those aspiring to be candidatesfor the teleteat Eleusis,and we learn that iuasL; was given "inthe City Eleusinion," by members of the clans Eumolpidai or Kerykes.12 In this document we see for the first time the legal relationship between the two sanctuaries: the regulations are assumed to apply to the workingsof the cult generally in both places, with precedence given to Eleusis as the primary seat of the cult. When a locality is not stipulated, the text implicitly refers to Eleusis but may also include the Eleusinion; the phrase "in the City Eleusinion" is specified where some distinction was appropriate. From the administrativepoint of view, the two sanctuaries are already here treated as one, unified through belonging to the same cult, even though separate geographically. Most of the fragments of this quadrangularstele setting forth the laws were found in or near the Eleusinion, where the inscription originally stood, but like the later laws regulating the cult, financial accounts, and many decrees, the text was probably carved in duplicate and displayed in both sanctuaries. About a century later, ca. 350 B.C., another even more comprehensive set of laws was carved on an opisthographic stele and set up in the City Eleusinion, where many fragments of it were found (Catalogue I, 42). The laws regulate in detail every aspect of the cult, starting with the announcement of the Mysteries and arrangementsfor the Sacred Truce, and this set of laws was apparently definitive;the latest preservedlaw, dated to the 1st century B.C. and also found in the 1
See discussion and references above, note 33, p. 21. Clinton, SacredOfficials,p. 13; Clinton 1972, pp. 91-92, 97-98; Dowden 1980, pp. 414-417; the terms are considered conflated by Simms (1990). 12
INSCRIPTIONS AND SCULPTURE
65
Eleusinion, seems to concern just the procession to Eleusis (CatalogueI, 43).13 Three copies were made of a decree of A.D. 220, one of them set up in the Eleusinion, concerning the restoration of the Eleusinian rites (Catalogue I, 78). The text of the "Koroibos decree" (probably dated to the 450s), found at Eleusis, states that a copy of it was to be set up in the City Eleusinion (IG I3 32 = Catalogue I, 44). The decree establishes a board of epistatai to regulate the finances of the cult, and again it makes clear that the Eleusinion is considered to be under the same administrationas the sanctuary at Eleusis;the Eleusinion at Phaleron is also so treated. A fragment of an inventory found in the Agora may have been issued by the board of Eleusinianepistatai (IG j3 393 = Catalogue I, 45), and two other inventories issued by them and found at Eleusis mention items in the City Eleusinion (IG j3 386, 387).14 The legal regulations and the financial supervision of the sanctuary addressed in these inscriptions show that the administrativeframeworkfor the Eleusinian cult was comprehensive and included the sanctuaries at Eleusis, in the city, and at Phaleron. DECREESSETUP INTHEELEUSINION
Decrees on administrativemattersof a more incidental sort were also set up in the Eleusinion, usually in duplicate with stelai at Eleusis. For example, in 367/6 B.C.a herald was sent to the Aitolian League to complain about an infraction of the Sacred Truce of Demeter and Kore (Catalogue I, 26). In 352/1 B.C. a dispute arose over the boundaries of sacred land owned by the Two Goddesses, athe he matter was addressedin stelai set up in duplicate in both sanctuaries (IG II2 204 = Catalogue I, 67). These incidents had clear implications for the state as a whole, and the Eleusinion was the logical place in the central city for decisions and actions taken to be posted. Such stelai were probably set up in the outer area of the sanctuary,easily accessible to all interestedparties. By far the most numeroustype of decree found in the Eleusinion, however,is the honorary decree, recognizing services to the Two Goddesses and their cult. Of the 30 decrees found, 17 are honorary and 4 more whose contents are uncertain are probably honorary;most of them date to the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C.15 One decree of 302/1 B.C.honors the taxiarchs for preserving order in the rites of Demeter (Catalogue I, 29). In the honorary decrees of the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C., the Epimeletai of the Mysteries are honored six times, and twice hierophants are honored.16 THE ATTIC STELAI
Perhapsthe best known of all the inscriptionsfrom the Eleusinion, the 'Attic Stelai"recordthe proceeds from the sale of the confiscated household property of Alkibiades and his companions after they were found guilty of profaning the Mysteries and of mutilating the Herms in 415/4 B.C. (IG I3 421-432 = Catalogue I, 46-57).17 No duplicate copies are known to have been set up at Eleusis, and one ancient author states that they stood in the Eleusinion (Pollux 10.97),18which in 13 For further discussion of the scope of the laws and the circumstances that required the comprehensive text of ca. 350 B.C., see Clinton 1980, pp. 272-275. 14
For a detailed commentary on IG I3 386, 387, see Cavanaugh 1996. Honorary decrees: 27, 29 (4th century B.C.); 30, 32, 33, 68, 69, 70, 71 (3rd century B.C.); 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 72, 73, 75 (2nd century B.C.); 77 (2nd century A.C.); uncertain: 28, 31, 62, 63. 16 For a detailed analysis of the personnel of the cult, see Clinton, Sacred Officials;the Hierophant is discussed pp. 10-46; Furley 1996, pp. 13-30. 17 For the name, date, circumstances, and original placement of the stelai, see Pritchett 1953, pp. 225-226, 232-235; further bibliography is given in Catalogue I, 46-57. On the Herms, see R. Osborne, "The Erection and Mutilation of the Hermai," PCPS, 1985, pp. 47-73. 18 Pritchett 1953, p. 235. It should be noted that both Diodorus (13.69.2) and Nepos (Ak.6.5) say that when Alkibiades was recalled from exile, the stelai (plural)on which were inscribed the xaxaibcxvand other things passed 15
66
THE SANCTUARYIN THE 5TH AND 4TH CENTURIESB.C.
this instance atteststhe importance of the City Eleusinion as a central place for the displayof what at the time must have seemed a sensationaldocument. Thucydides (6.27-29) gives a vivid account of the events surroundingthis episode and the effect it had on the city, and when the matter was resolved, people must have been eager to witness (if not actually read) these ten marble stelai set up in the Eleusinion. Some 66 of the 77 known fragments from the ten stelai were found in and around the Eleusinion, and constitute part of the evidence for the identification of the sanctuary. DEDICATIONSTO DEMETERAND KoRE
Inscribed dedications of various sorts, mostly bases for statues, were set up in the Eleusinion from the 5th century B.C. to the 2nd century A.C. By far the highest concentration, 11 of 26 dedications, was set up in the 4th century B.C. (see Table 2). The earliest dedication is a base, probably for a Herm, set up by Lysistrate,the priestess of Demeter and Kore, in about 450 B.C. and (Catalogue I, 1: PI. 26). The epigram on the base mentions an entrance porch (prothyron) is especially interestingas an indication crowns, probably of myrtle.19 The referenceto a prothyron of the entrances to the sanctuary. It may refer to the entrance in the south line of the Archaic peribolos wall, close to the findspot of the base, or it could refer to a porch of the 5th century between the outer sanctuary and the inner sanctuary which would have been a predecessor of the later gateway,framed with karyatids,built there in the 2nd century B.C. In the first half of the 4th century B.C., a portrait-statueof another priestess of Demeter (and Kore) was set up in the Eleusinion by the priestess herself (Catalogue I, 3: P1. 27). In a later dedication of the 2nd century B.C., we learn that it was customary privilege for the priestesses to set up painted portraits of themselves in the Temple of Demeter and Kore (Catalogue I, 35: P1.28). The office of Priestessof Demeter was the oldest office within the cult, and the incumbent together with the Hierophant seem to have ranked highest in religious importance among the officials.20 It was a position held for life, which bore considerable responsibilitywithin the cult and could also have been a lucrative one. The priestess had available to her a Sacred House for stays in the sanctuary at Eleusis. Clinton suggests that the order in which officials of the cult are named in an inscription of ca. A.D. 160-170 (IG II2 1092) reflects the actual protocol used in the procession to Eleusis, and that the priestess of Demeter and Kore would have walked side by side along with the chief priestessof Athena, at the head of the contingent of priestesses.21The authority of the office and the personal courage of one priestess are illustrated in an account of the events after the trial of Alkibiades:when the Eleusinian officials were asked to curse him and the others found guilty, Theano, the priestess of Demeter, refused, saying that she was a praying priestess, not a cursing priestess (Plutarch,Ale.22).22 againsthimwerethrownintothesea.Thismightreferonlytothedecreespassedagainsthim,butbothauthors sayin
the samepassage(asdoesPlutarch,Alc.)thathispropertywasrestoredto himat the sametime. Throwingstelaifrom Athensinto the sea wouldhave requireda long trip,and it is a peculiarprocedureperhapswithoutparallel. At Eleusis,however,withthe sea closeby,sucha proceduremakesmoresense. If we positstelaiat Eleusiscarryingthe cursesandotherpublicactionstakenagainstAlkibiades,thentheremighthavebeen '"Attic Stelai"in Eleusistoo and the text of Pollux 10.97 wouldbe sound. I thankR. S. Stroudfor pointingthis out to me. D. M. Lewissuggests thatthe stelaiwith the condemnationsthatweredroppedinto the sea wereof bronze(Lewis1966,pp. 188-189). 19 For the most
convincing interpretationof aospcyavg,see Clinton, SacredOfficials, p. 69; he also discusses the office of the Priestess of Demeter and Kore and its importance within the cult (pp. 68-76). 20 Clinton, SacredOfficials,pp. 68-76. 21 Clinton, SacredOfficials,pp. 35-36. 22 For discussion, see Clinton, SacredOfficials, pp. 16, 70. Seven years later those who had cursed him were asked to rescind their curses, when Alkibiades was reinstated in public favor, and the hierophant Theodoros is said to have responded that "I never cursed him, unless he wronged the city" (Plutarch,Alk.33).
67
INSCRIPTIONSAND SCULPTURE DEDICATIONS SACREDLAWS 6th centuryB.C. 5th centuryB.C. 4thcentuy B.C. 3rd centuryB.C. B.C. 2nd century
1st centuryB.C. 1st centuryA.C. 2nd centuryA.C. 3rd centuryA.C. 4thcenturyA.C.
Total(80)
ACCOUNTS DECREES
OTHER
2 1 1
1
1
2
1
-
1
-
5 4
1
1 1 1 1
-
-
26
-
-
-
-
5
2
1 5 8
13 1 2
8
2
1 1
1 1
-
1 1
25
22
TABLE 2. Inscriptionsfromthe EleusinionTabulatedby Typeand Date Among
the other inscribed
dedications
of the 4th century B.C. were four more bases for
statues, two of them double, a base for a tripod, and three other monuments. One is signed by the sculptor Praxiteles (Catalogue I, 10: P1. 27). Part of an epistyle block bears a dedication to Demeter and Kore, but it cannot yet be assigned to any building (Catalogue I, 12). SCULPTURAL
DEDICATIONS
A total of nineteen pieces of sculpture have been found in the sanctuary, with subjects showing them to pertain to the Eleusinian cult (Catalogue III, 1-19). None are inscribed, but they complement the dedications noted above and they provide a view of other types of dedications
made in the sanctuary. The most numerous type represented is the 13 votive reliefs, of which 9 date to the 4th century B.C.23 The earliest of the votive reliefs dates to the last quarter of the 5th century B.C. and shows Demeter
and Kore together (P1. 36). Most of the other reliefs depict
Demeter or Kore in poses familiar from other reliefs found at Eleusis. Triptolemos appears in three of the reliefs, and other Eleusinian figures such as Iakchos, Eubouleus, and the child Ploutos are also represented. Of special interest is S 1646 (Catalogue III, 8: P1. 38), which shows a devotee
kneeling before Demeter and Kore and suggests the personal relationship people could feel with the Two Goddesses.24 Two reliefs perhaps depict Hekate (Catalogue III, 11, 12: PI. 39), who is associated with Kore in the HomericHymn toDemeter(especially lines 438-440) but does not seem to play a prominent role in the Eleusinian cult at Eleusis.25 Since she is associated with liminal zones such as crossroads and entrances, she may well have had a place in or near the City Eleusinion,
where the sanctuary
was bordered on all sides by roads. She could also have had a place in the Eleusinion as part of the celebration of the Thesmophoria. 23 The votive reliefs will be discussed in detail by Carol L. Lawton in her volume in the Agoraseries on the votive
reliefs from the excavations (under preparation). 24 Van Straten 1974, no. 6, pp. 166-167. 25 See the discussion above of evidence for an "adjunct shrine." For Hekate and her roles, seeJohnston 1990, pp. 21-28. Hekate's presence is attested at other sanctuaries of Demeter, e.g., Demeter Malophoros at Selinous, where she had a precinct adjacent to its propylon (Le Dinahet 1984, pp. 141-142, 147-148). Representations of Hekate in Greek art are collected in LIMC VI (add.),s.v. Hekate, pp. 985-1018 (H. Sarian); evidence for Hekate in Athens is discussed by E. Simon, "Hekate in Athen," AM 100, 1985, pp. 271-284. For the issues surrounding Hekate at Eleusis, see Clinton, Mythand Cult,in which it is argued persuasively that Hekate was not a part of the Eleusinian Mysteries but is represented in the iconography of cults at Eleusis for her role in the Thesmophoria (pp. 116-120). Since a pedimental figure probably representing Hekate was found near the Sacred House, that structure,just outside the sanctuaryproper and adjacent to it (as in Selinous), may have been used in connection with the Thesmophoria (Clinton, pp. 119-120; C. Edwards, "The Running Maiden from Eleusis and the Early Classical Image of Hekate," AJA90, 1986, pp. 307-318).
68
THE SANCTUARYIN THE 5TH AND 4TH CENTURIESB.C.
Pieces of two sculpted marble torches, representing equipment used in the Eleusinian cult, were found in the Agora and are included in the Catalogue (III, 18, 19: P1. 40). One of them, 18, would have been quite large and is finely carved; it may have been part of a large statue group set up in the sanctuary. At Eleusis, a pair of very large marble torches was found in the sanctuary and is now set up in front of the museum on the site.26
THE ELEUSINION IN THE LATER 4TH CENTURY B.C. Under the leadership of Lykourgos,Athens had what FordyceMitchel calls a SilverAge, when old temples and monuments were rebuilt and refurbished and new ones constructed, and cultural activities of all sorts flourished in a time of renewed prosperity.27 Lykourgos was a born into the Eteoboutadai, a family that held a hereditary priesthood of Poseidon-Erechtheus,and as a priest he himself took great interest in the traditional ancestral cults in Attica, and especially in the festivals surrounding the Temple of Athena Polias and at Eleusis. The sanctuary of the Two Goddesses at Eleusis saw the construction of a large extension and a new wall earlier in the 4th century (duringthe 360s and 350s) and the expansion of the Telesterionwith the Porchof Philo during the second half of the century,a project that Lykourgossurely encouraged.28 Similarly,in the outer sanctuary of the City Eleusinion, as we have seen, the entrances were modified and improved, and the financial account of 329/8 B.C. records money spent for extensive repairs and rebuildingwithin the sanctuary,transportof bricksand basketsfor moving earth, stuccoing, pitch for roofs, new doors, and similar projects (IG II2 1672). This was also a time when numerous votive reliefs to the Two Goddesses were set up both in the City Eleusinion and at Eleusis, and many statues were erected as well. The archaeological and epigraphical evidence for the City Eleusinion accords well with the picture drawn by Mitchel of Athens under revival in the third quarter of the 4th century B.C.29 In the year following the death of Alexander the Great, Athens was in turmoil and in the midst of armed rebellion against Macedonian control, an attempt to regain freedom that would prove to be very short-lived. In mid-September of that year, Plutarch tells us, many Athenian householders engaged in preparations for the celebration of the Eleusinian Mysteries, as they had for centuries (Phoc.28). As women tried to dye purple the ribbons and garlands for the procession from the City Eleusinion to Eleusis,they found to their distressthat they could only get a pale yellowish color. Then they tried the other ordinarydyes they used for household items, but nothing worked, and this was clearly inauspicious for the occasion. Nonetheless preparations continued, and after the priestessesbrought the Sacred Objects to the City Eleusinion, the festival opened, and on the second day, called &XacepjuaoT (To the sea, 0 Initiates!), new candidates for initiation headed to the sea with their piglets for purification. There a terrible event occurred. One of the new initiateswas washing his piglet in the harborwhen a sharksuddenly appeared, cut him in half, and devoured him up to his waist. Plutarchin recounting this story tells us that this event was afterwardinterpretedas a divine sign, which meant that Athens had lost her lower town
26
Mylonas 1960, p. 204. The association of the torches with the Eleusinion seems likely, but the torches may have been made for some other cult, such as for Artemis. 27 Mitchel 1970, esp. pp. 28-52. 28 Mylonas 1960, pp. 130-151; Clinton 1994a, p. 169 and note 68; for the history of the Porchof Philo, see Clinton 1974; Travlos 1988, s.v. Eleusis. 29 Mitchel 1970.
THELATER4THCENTURY B.C.
69
and coastal area and would only keep her upper city.30We could also add that while Athens would never again exert much influence in the sphere of war and politics, her flourishingintellectual and spirituallife would remain. 30 For commentary on Plutarch'suse of signs and portents, see F. Brenk, S.J, In Mist Apparelled: ReligiousThemes in Plutarch'sMoralia and Lives [Mnemosyne Suppl. 48], Leiden 1977, pp. 202-203; for an overview of this period, see Tracy 1995, pp. 1-29.
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FIG. 9. Plan, 2nd century B.C., restored
5 THE SANCTUARY IN THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD A PAINFULAND EMBARRASSING EVENT in the annals of the EleusinianMysteriesmarks the onset of the 3rd century B.C., a grim time for Athens. Demetrios I Poliorketeshad been received into Athens with a great show of enthusiasmand celebration;after the bitter experiences of the preceding decades the Athenians now went to extraordinarylengths to demonstrate their acceptance of him.1 But now came an exceptional violation of tradition. In 302 B.C.Demetrios wrote to Athens in the month of Munychion, saying that he wanted to undergo initiation into the Mysteries, through all stages, without any delay. Plutarch,who recordsthis event and the reaction it caused, tells us that only one man, the dadouchos Pythodoros, had the courage to oppose this violation of the sacred calendar and cultic requirement(Demetr. 26).2 Nonetheless the Athenians first decreed that it was now the month of Anthesterion, so that the first ceremonial could be observed; then they decreed it to be Boedromeion, so that the Mysteries could be celebrated; and Demetrios was fully initiated. The archaeological record shows that through the vicissitudes of the 3rd century B.C. the impoverished Athenians made do with whatever buildings and facilities they already had, and surelymere survivalwas the primaryconcern. But by the start of the 2nd century B.C., Athens had become prosperousonce again, with a vigorous culturaland intellectual life provided both by her schools of philosophy that attracted students from all over the Mediterranean and by expanded celebrations of her traditional festivals. Foreignpatrons graced the city with new stoas, temples, grants of money, and other benefactions. The City Eleusinion received a new stoa and a new entrance gate, numerous dedications were made to the Two Goddesses, and the participationand efforts of local people in the cult and its arrangementswere suitably noticed in many honorary decrees set up in the sanctuary.
THE PROPYLON TO THE ELEUSINION Near the southwest thecorner of sanctuarystand the foundationsof a small, rectangularbuilding, 6.10 m. long and 4.75 m. wide, whose foundations were topped with a course of Hymettian marble (Fig. 10; Pls. 12, 13). The building was set perpendicularlythrough the western stretch of the Archaic peribolos wall and projects beyond it at its western end into the Panathenaic Way 1 Forexample,PlutarchreportsthatDemetrioswas quarteredin the backchamberof the Parthenon,and when the Peplos was woven for the Greater Panathenaia, images of Demetrios and his father Antigonos were woven into it alongside the canonical figures of Zeus and Athena, who led the gods to victory in the battle with the Giants. When the Peplos was taken to the Akropolis in the Panathenaic procession it was ripped in half by a sudden gust of wind, thus showing divine disapprovalof this garment (Demetr.10, 12). 2 The violation was double: traditionally initiates participated first in the Lesser Mysteries, in the month of Anthesterion, and then in the Greater Mysteries, in the month of Boedromeion, and after a year one could undergo so not only was the timing off, but the three-stageceremonies were to be collapsed into a single event. Since epopteia; the festivalswere rooted in the agriculturalcalendar,the drasticshiftsrequiredto satisfyDemetrios must have seemed particularlybizarre; the importance of the timing of the festivalsand of adherence to the legal calendar is illustrated by the legal manipulation proposed to accommodate Demetrios. On the possible manipulation of the calendar, see SEG XXXIX 101. For the office of dadouchos and Pythodoros, see Clinton, SacredOfficials,pp. 50, 67-68. Augustus asked also for an exceptional repetition of the festival in 19 B.C., on behalf of an Indian sage named Zamaros, who immolated himself after initiation (Dio Cassius 54.9.10); for discussion, see Clinton 1989a, pp. 1507-1508.
72
THE SANCTUARY IN THE HET,L,ENISTICPERIOD
and into the temenos with its eastern end. The location of the building, at the southwest corner of the peribolos, and its design, crossing the peribolos wall and projecting on each end, indicate that it was an entrance gate to the sanctuary. The foundations of the Propylon consist of an assortment of blocks of poros, conglomerate, white marble, and Hymettian marble, many of them clearly reused in their present position. On the south side, where the bedrock slopes up sharply, only one course of foundation exists, but on the north side there are three courses. The north foundations at the lowest, northwest corner consist of pieces of white marble set into bedrock (only the tops are visible at the edge of the bedrock, P1. 13:b),with a conglomerate block above them 0.49 m. high, and a block of hard gray poros above that, 0.413-0.42 m. high. Headers and stretchers of soft yellow poros that extend along the north side are set into bedrock on the eastern half of the foundations. Cuttings placed inappropriatelyfor their currentposition show that severalof the blocks are reused;the northwest corner block of gray poros originally had a projection for moldings around its circumference, now partiallytrimmed away. Near the center of the north side is a thin gray poros course, 0.20 m. high, and above it a worn paving block of Hymettian marble, 0. 195 m. high, broken on its east and north sides, and cut with anathyrosison its south face (P1. 13:b). The blocks for the thin poros course and the one remaining block of Hymettian marble on the north side were not reused but were cut for their present position. The south foundation consists of a single course of yellow poros, 0.27-0.25 m. high, the thin course of gray poros above it, 0.20 m. high, and parts of three paving blocks of Hymettian marble, 0.190 m. high, with a preservedwidth of 0.899 m. and a preservedlength of 2.31 m. (Pls. 12:d, 13). The lowest foundation course was carefully cut to accommodate blocks of Akropolis limestone below it, which belonged to the Archaic peribolos wall. On the east end of the building, only the two end blocks of the south and north sides are preserved (P1. 12:c, d). The eastern faces of both blocks were left with a slightly roughened surface, although the block of the northeast corner has anathyrosison its south face to join with an adjacent block, now missing. These blocksappear to have been cut specificallyfor their current positions and served as the euthynteria of the east end of the Propylon. The thin course of gray poros extended across the whole platform and supported the workingfloor of the building, made of Hymettian marble. The jumble of materials in the foundations of the west end and northwest corner of the Propylon was not meant to be seen. Like the headers and stretchers along the north end, the foundations on the west side were set into bedrock originally,much of which was subsequently trimmed away when the whole level of the Panathenaic Way was lowered and paved, at least in the stretch that passes by the Eleusinion. This indicates that the building was constructed before the Panathenaic Way was paved in the 1st and 2nd centuries A.C.3 The west face of the Post-Herulian Wall was set above the west side of the foundations of the Propylon, using them as the face of the foundation for the wall. Both corner blocks of the west foundations are still in situ as are the second blocks from the north end. The central section of the foundations, however, was destroyed when a drain was cut through its entire length from east to west, just south of the central axis of the building (P1. 12:d).4 The east face of the Post-Herulian Wall was set along the center of the building and was founded further north on the line of the Archaic peribolos wall. A modern well dug through the center of the building caused further disturbance. 3 For the date of the paving of the Panathenaic Way, see Agora XIV, p. 193, with earlier references; the paving
seems to have been laid in two phases. 4 The drain was lined with rubble and mortar and covered with large slabs;it was partly blocked in its west outlet with a pilaster of marble set into the outer face in order to prevent an enemy from entering the city by way of the drain (P1.12:b). The drain was probablyconstructedby the buildersof the Post-HerulianWall in the 3rd century A.C.
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74
THE SANCTUARYIN THE HE,LFIENISTICPERIOD
The top pavement blocks preserved on the south side are worn along their northern halves, but the southern halves show no footwear and bear marks of chiseling. The Hymettian marble blocks are not reused, but clearly cut specificallyfor their currentposition. The two center blocks were set with double-T clamps, and a pryhole and chisel-marksused for setting the course above indicate that the missing upper courses were of dressed stone. The center block has chiseling perpendicular to the long axis, which indicates the location of the crosswall for the building, but since the adjacent block on the east is missing, the full width of the crosswall is unknown; the minimum thickness is 0.48 m. (Fig. 10). The chiseling for the blocks of the slde-wall on the south outer side of the Propylon (west of the crosswall)shows that it had a maximum thickness of 0.545 m., and a minimum length of 1.351 m. On the basis of the patterns of chiseling, the superstructuremay be reconstructedas a simple H-shapedporch. The plan could have included two columns, distyle in antis, but nothing remains of the columns or of the pavement that could indicate their existence positively. A broken piece of the pavement, now loose on the site but clearly joining the westernmost piece of pavement, has a square cutting partly preserved in its top surface that is at least 0.135 m. wide; this cutting may have been used for a small herm or other monument set up against the side-wall. THE POSITION OFTHEPROPYLON The Propylon replaced an earlier entrance on the south side of the temenos, near the west
end, where a series of cuttings in the bedrock, stones from part of its walls, and nearby deposits of terracotta figurines indicate that the earlier entrance existed: this was the original entrance to the temenos, contemporary with the Archaic peribolos wall (ca. 550 B.C.). That entrance may have been modified in some way in the third quarter of the 4th century B.C., for an undisturbed area of fill dating to that period was found in its center (CPD 34; T 21:2). The fill included many fragments of plemochoai. Three other areas of fill along the southern line of the Archaic peribolos wall on either side of the entrance contained sherds of the 2nd century B.C. (CPD 35, 38, 39) and indicate further modifications of some sort at that time. Both the Archaic south entrance and the south stretch of the Archaic peribolos wall would have gone out of use when the Stoa was built, for the terraced area right in front of the Stoa was built over them. The same pattern was discoveredat the far eastern end of the south wall, where deep cuttings in the bedrock perpendicular to the wall and extending northward suggest a second southern entrance; a carefullypacked fill right above the cuttingsin the bedrockdated to the 4th century B.C. (CPD 37), with sherds of the 2nd century B.C.found above it (discarded).5 Other patches of fill along the length of the cutting for the Archaic peribolos wall date to the 2nd century A.C.and suggest that the terrace received a new floor at that time. The construction of the Stoa on the south would be the terminusantequemfor the abandonment of the earlier entrances: they must have gone out of use (at the very latest) when the Stoa blocking them was built, thus requiring a new entrance on the west. The best explanation for the new approach to the sanctuary,now facing west directly onto the Panathenaic Way, is that the Propylon and the Stoa on the south side of the Eleusinion were built at the same time. THE DATEOFCONSTRUCTION OFTHEPROPYLON
The ceramic evidence from the construction of the Propylon itself is meager, because fills of Dark Age, Byzantine, and modern date were found around and above the building on all sides 5
This does not appear on Travlos'actual-stateplan of 1959 but is drawn and described in Vanderpool'snotebook;
it has been addedto the new actual-stateplan.
THE STOA
75
above bedrock, and a modern well was set through its center.6 An area of fill was excavated against the south side of the southeast corner of the Propylon; the sherds were mostly Classical and Hellenistic (second half of the 2nd century B.C.), but with an admixture of later Roman sherds, mostly of the 3rd century A.C. (CPD 40). This seems to represent an accumulation of the 2nd century B.C. with a disturbance by the builders of the Post-Herulian Wall. The fill was excavated to just below the corner block.7 The same date is given by a fill excavated about one meter south of the south edge of the Propylon, within the line of the old Archaic peribolos wall, whose southwest corner and south line were removed in the 2nd century B.C. The fill was found around the former southwest corner of the peribolos and in the line of the wall between the corner and the Propylon, and dates to the 2nd century B.C. (CPD 39). In the fill were 49 fragments of plemochoai, a coin of the 3rd century B.C., and other fragments of household pottery. Just east of the corner of the old peribolos, the cutting in bedrock for the foundation of its wall yielded a patch of hard clay fill that contained working chips of Pentelic and Hymettian marble similar to those found in front of the Stoa. A handful of Hellenistic sherdsconfirmsits date in the late 2nd century B.C. (CPD 38). These two fills were deposited when the Archaic peribolos wall was leveled, but this was done because of the construction of the Propylon and Stoa (as the working chips show), and they indirectly support the dating of the buildings to the 2nd century B.C. The type of construction of the foundations, with a mixture of white marble pieces, conglomerate, poros, and Hymettian marble steps (the patch of mortar and bricks on the west face belongs to the Post-HerulianWall or a repair),has parallelsin the Agora with that of the propylon adjacent to the Metroon (firsthalf of the 3rd century B.C.) and the added porch of the Tholos (Augustan period). The propylon adjacent to the Metroon, however, has finer, more precise, and more careful workmanshipthan our Propylon. The west foundations of the Propylon were originally set into bedrock, which was then trimmed when the PanathenaicWay was lowered and paved in the Roman period; the construction of the Propylonmust have preceded that operation. A date for the Propylon in the 2nd century B.C. would fit well with the extensive use of reused blocks in the lowest foundations,the mixed materials,small size, and simple elevation. This is also the most likely date of the Stoa, and the two buildings must have been built at the same time in a general reorganization of the outer sanctuary. The Propylon could have stood until the sack of Athens by the Herulian invaders in A.D. 267.8 Its foundations were then incorporated into the Post-Herulian Wall. THE STOA IN THE ELEUSINION In the 2nd century B.C. a decision was made to expand the sanctuaryagain, this time to the south. The purpose of the expansion was to build a long stoa along its south side, opposite the Temple of Triptolemos, which would provide shelter for visitors to the sanctuary and a place for displaying dedications and inscriptions. The Archaic peribolos wall was now demolished, and its two southern entrances dismantled. A sizable length of the hillside to the south (Section I I; see Plan 3) was trimmed, and the back wall of the Stoa was constructedagainst its bedrock (Fig.23; PI. 15:b). The building is set into the hillside facing north, with its back wall at an obtuse angle to the present line of the Panathenaic Way. It now formed the southern boundary of the temenos in the southwest corner of the sanctuary. The lower part of the back wall, the west end, and 6 For a discussion of the earlier date given to the building in previous publications, see above, p. 61.
7 This area seems to have been excavated to bedrock, but the work is not recorded in the notebook. 8 No fills or other evidence are preserved of an earlier destruction; the fills above the foundations date 6th-7th century A.C. and later, to the modern period.
76
THE SANCTUARY IN THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD
the northern front foundations of the building have been excavated, but its full length is not yet known; the building continues at the eastern end under the modern road. It has been exposed for a length of 25.40 m. The width of the building is 8.90 m., from the outside of the back wall to the outside of the northern foundations, and it has an interior width of 5.90 m. THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE STOA
In the western 18.50 m. of its length, the back wall of the Stoa consists of orthostatesof yellow poros, with average dimensions of 0.65 m. high, 1.15 m. long, and 0.42 m. thick. They were bonded together on their top surfacesby swallow-tailclamps, probably of wood (only the cuttings remain: P1. 15:a). Their top surfaceshave pryholes cut into them, showing that the courses above the orthostateswere of dressed masonry. At one point some seven meters east of the western end of the building, a small patch of mortar was observed overlying the clamp-cuttings and extending beyond the back edge of the orthostate over the packing behind the wall. At this point a small section of the original packing was excavated from behind the back wall, 7-8 m. east of the western end (Fig.23). No mortarwas found in any part of the packing. Since the mortar found on top of the orthostate overlappedthe undisturbed packing behind the wall, it indicates that at some point the dressed masonry above the orthostates was replaced with a brick and mortar wall; parts of such a wall, overlapping the back of the orthostate, still stand further east. The fill in the original packing consisted of small stones including rough fragments of Akropolis limestone and chunks of hard bedrock, packed in earth. The few sherds (9) found in the fill dated to the 2nd century B.C., and there was also a fragment of a terracotta figurine (CPD 41). Some 0.30 m. below the packed fill there were poros stretchers laid parallel to the orthostates but not tightly fitted against them. The spaces around the poros stretcherswere packed with small stones,jammed between them and the poros orthostates. On the south side behind the cutting for the packing and the hidden stretchers,the bedrock slopes up steeply, rising 0.80-1.10 m. above the level of the orthostates to the sides of the Hadrianic/Antonine aqueduct set almost parallel to the back wall.9 Further to the east, the poros orthostates in the back wall come to an end and the wall is continued (from 18.50-22 m.) with large irregularblocks of Akropolis limestone, some set with mortar. (The farthest 2 m. of fill over and in front of the orthostates up to the boundary of the excavationson the eastern end was left unexcavated,but it is clear that the wall continues into the scarp.) At a height of ca. 1.50 m. above the floor level and above the limestone blocks is a zone of 3-4 courses of large red bricks set in mortar. The brick zone extends on the west over some of the poros orthostates. Above the brick zone the wall continues in mortar and small stones to 1.20 m. above the bricks;hence the maximum preservedheight of the back wall is ca. 2.75 m., at a point near its eastern end. The foundations of Byzantine houses (consisting of brick and small stones) were built over it, and parts of those walls may still be seen on the east side. The different types of construction suggest three phases of use of the back wall of the Stoa: first, the original construction, made of poros orthostates set with wooden clamps, and courses of dressed masonry above the level of the orthostates (without any mortar); then a phase when the upper courses had been removed, and the orthostateswere patched in places with Akropolis limestone blocks set with mortar,and brickand mortarfilled out the wall above them (LateRoman period); then the third phase of brick and stone construction founded on what was left of the earlier two phases (Byzantine and later periods). The north foundations of the Stoa lie 8.90 m. distant from and parallel to the back wall (P1.15:b). The foundations are set down into a trench cut for them into bedrock, ca. 1.50 m. wide; 9 This method of construction of the back wall is typical of stoas built on sloping sites: Coulton, GreekStoa, 138-139. pp.
THE STOA
77
the line of the cutting is observable along the whole excavated length of 24 m. The lowest course of foundations consists of a row of conglomerate stretchers,0.70-0.75 m. wide and 1.10-1.40 m. long, set end to end along the north side of the cutting, with a second set of parallel backing stretchersof similar dimensions placed behind them at intervals of 1.35-1.60 m. along the south side. A total of seven such backing stretchers is preserved. From center to center, the average spacing is ca. 3.00 m. The conglomerate blocks were found covered and packed with a thin layer of dug bedrock. Around them and across them, the excavator commented in his notebook: "Byzantine,Turkishand modern walls in a frightfultangle and interspersedwith pithoi, go right down to bedrock." At the western end of the building, a modern cesspool was built immediately over its north foundations, preserving a section of the next higher course. Five poros blocks remain, carefully set over the conglomerate and conscientiously clamped with iron C-clamps, of which one was preservedin situ,0.21 m. long (Fig. 10). This poros course served as the euthynteria of the front foundations. In the tops of the blocks are cuttings for vertical dowels for the step blocks above them. In the original construction of the Stoa, its west wall was built perpendicular to the back wall and met the north foundations at a right angle. The trench cut into bedrock for the conglomerate stretchers that formed the support for the wall is still evident in the bedrock, 0.70 m. wide, and one of the conglomerate stretchers,set in a north-south direction, is preservedat the north end of the west wall. The wall was supplemented on its outer, western, face with a structurefounded on poros blocks. The preserved poros blocks, set into bedrock, form part of a rectangularplatform and may have supported a statue group or other monument set against the west wall of the Stoa, facing the Panathenaic Way (Fig. 10). The poros platform was met at its northwest corner by a line of blocks that formed the base for the peribolos wall between the Propylon and the Stoa. This section of the outer wall of the Eleusinion must have been an attractive place for setting up inscriptions and other monuments. One stele, displaying a letter from a Roman official to the Synedrion of the Panhellenion, was found in situ on its base, set up just to the right of the Propylon as one would enter it from the road (Catalogue I, 64: P1. 31). In the 7th century A.C., a laundry was built into the southwest corner of the Stoa, conveniently close to the waterproof channel of the Hadrianic/Antonine aqueduct, which was similarlyreused as a sluice channel for washing. 0 By then the west wall of the Stoa had long since been dismantled, and an array of stones and blocks for the laundry were set around and in its original bedding. THE SUPERSTRUCTURE OF THE STOA
Piles of working chips of Pentelic and Hymettian marble, and a few of poros, were found at various points, especially in front of the stylobate, and concentrated at intervalscorrespondingto 1 They provide some general indication of the material the placement of the "backing"stretchers.l of the superstructureof the building: the steps and stylobatemay have been of Hymettian marble, with columns and entablature of Pentelic marble. The poros chips would have resulted from the working of the euthynteria and the poros orthostates of the back wall. The spacing of the concentrations of the marble chips, coinciding with the thicker sections of the foundations, suggests that the columns were placed on those intervals of ca. 3.00 m. No assignable piece of the marble columns or entablature has yet been found, but a facade of the Doric type would
10
AgoraXXIV, pp. 119-120.
11 Pentelic marble chips were found as well in a gully to the south of the Stoa, near well U 22:3 (northeast of
the Circular Building: Plan 3), and in clay packing along the line of the early peribolos wall (CPD 38).
78
THE SANCTUARY IN THE HET,L,ENISTICPERIOD
be likely in the Hellenistic period.12 Given the relatively narrow width of the building, lack of interior supports, and the thickness of the back wall, the Stoa probably had only one story.13 The interior of the Stoa was a simple one, with no columns or other installations evident in the excavated portion. The floor was of beaten earth above bedrock, but even the earth floor disappeared in time, as worn knobs of bedrock indicate.14 The floor level is indicated by traces of stuccoed wall plaster found along the bottom of the orthostates. Fragments of lattice windows were found in front of the Stoa, carved from Pentelic marble with fine workmanship (Catalogue II, 15). The fragments of the windows fall into two related groups, a type forming diamond-shaped openings and a type forming curvilinear,oval openings (P1.35). If they come from the Stoa, possibly they were set into its side walls so that the patterns alternated, or, if the Stoa had a second story, the fragments could have come from windows or a balustrade, such as in the Stoa of Attalos. Although the reconstruction of the Stoa is not certain, the piles of working chips of Pentelic and Hymettian marble found in abundance in front of it, and at intervals that could correspond with the columns, suggest that an extensive part of it was built of marble, not poros. At present, a simple, one-storied colonnade in the Doric order and built primarily of marble seems the most likely reconstruction. If further excavations are carried out to the east, perhaps more evidence for the reconstruction of the fa9ade and height of the Stoa will be found. Whether one story or two, the Stoa would have providedwelcome shade on the south side of the entrance area of the Eleusinion, and a sheltered place for the display of dedications and inscriptions. THE TERRACEWALL
A shallow channel cut into bedrock runs exactly parallel to the north side of the Stoa, at a distance of ca. 6.80 m. from the front, along the eastern half of its exposed length (P1. 14:b). It once held blocks for a wall 0.90-0.95 wide, which delineated a terrace in front of the Stoa. Although no entire blocks were found, fragmentsof hard buff poros probably from the wall were mixed in the fill in the channel. The terrace wall was destroyed in the Late Roman period.15 The pieces of lattice marble windows mentioned above were also found in this cutting for the terrace wall, together with other architecturalfragments (Catalogue II, 16).
12 Coulton, GreekStoa,pp. 55-74, 99-102, 108-109. 13 It is possible, however,that poros blocks of the entablatureand columns of poros from the Square Peristyle(which
was dismantledwhen the Stoa ofAttalos was built)were used for the Stoa in the Eleusinion, and it could have had two stories (I thank H. A. Thompson for this suggestion). The Square Peristylewas 8 meters deep from the inside edge of its stylobate to the back wall, and the axial spacing of the columns was 3 meters, hence its dimensions are similar to the Stoa in the Eleusinion. Pieces of the Square Peristyleare found reused not only in South Stoa II but also in the market of Caesar and Augustus, and in the square water basin in the angle of the Hadrianic/Antonine aqueduct to the west of the western end of the Stoa, across the PanathenaicWay. In this alternative reconstruction,a staircasefor the second story could be accommodated within the western end of the Stoa. Forthe details of the architectureof the Square Peristyle, see AgoraXXVII, esp. pp. 68-80, and a summary in AgoraXXVIII, pp. 108-113. Coulton points out that two-storied stoas with two external orders are usually of Delian or Pergamene origin, although an Athenian example is the East Stoa in the Asklepieion on the south slope of the Akropolis (begun in 300/299 B.C.: Aleshire 1989, pp. 27-28; Aleshire 1991, pp. 13-32). Coulton (GreekStoa,pp. 89, 124) comments that the introduction of the second story in the East Stoa of the Asklepieion might have been inspired by the desire to include the bothros of the sanctuary,which was at a higher level, and possibly to provide segregated areas for men and women if the stoa was used as the abatonof the sanctuary (p. 89). 14 Floors of beaten earth are the norm in stoas of all periods: Coulton, GreekStoa,p. 146. 15 The pottery, discarded, included "C" and "D" wares (5th-6th centuries A.C.), and in the fill was coin EA 264, Valentian I or a colleague, A.D. 364-378.
THE STOA
79
THE DATE OF THE STOA
In previous notices about the Stoa, it has been variously dated to the 1st century A.C.or the 2nd century A.C., on the basis of an association of its construction with the paving of the Panathenaic Way, or the date of gravel accumulated in an east-west street that passed behind the building.16The foundations of the western end of the Stoa, however,are not physicallylinked with the Panathenaic Way, and its construction was independent of that road (Fig. 10). The west foundations of the Propylon were exposed by the trimming of the bedrock around them for the lowering of the Way, and then (presumably)concealed again when it was paved, so that it then abutted the Propylon, which existed before the road was paved. The Stoa does not abut the line of the Panathenaic Way, and its date must be considered independently of the history of the road, although the date of the Stoa should be linked with the date of the Propylon, since the construction of the Stoa closed the former entrances to the sanctuary. After the Stoa was built, an east-west roadwaywas establishedbehind it, and when the PostHerulian Wall was built, a gateway was set at the point where the roadway met the Panathenaic Way.17 The east-west road and gateway continued to be used in Byzantine times and until the Ottoman period, when the Church of the Hypapanti was constructed within the gateway (17th century A.C.). The east-west road was a narrow one: it was never paved and consisted only of a track over bedrock. Several layers of road gravel accumulated over it, but in places road gravel with sherds of the Byzantine period was found right over bedrock, so that no carefully differentiatedstratigraphycan be establishedforthstretch rec soo far excavated. (Forthe most part, sherds of the very late Roman period were found over bedrock.) The earliest fill consisted of a pocket of road gravel accumulated in a dip in the bedrock, with sherds dating to the Hellenistic and Augustan periods, showing that there was trafficbehind the Stoa then (35 sherds; CPD 48). But since the road is not well stratified,the pocket of fill cannot be used to date the Stoa itself. At some time in the Roman period, an aqueduct was laid approximatelyparallel to the back wall of the Stoa. Built of brick and concrete and with a vaulted top, the channel so far exposed led from east to west and crossed the Panathenaic Way,and one channel from it eventually emptied into a Nymphaeum in the southeast corner of the Agora (Fig. 23; P1. 17:a).18 This may be a branch added onto the Hadrianic water system in the Antonine period.19 In the fabric of the Stoa itself, the only fill excavated so far that provides a date for the building is the packing behind the orthostates of the back wall, at 7-8 m. east of the western end of the building. Although much more of this packing exists, only a small part could be excavatedbecause further to the east, later walls still in place overlap the orthostates, and further west the fill was disturbed and overbuilt by the construction of the laundry facility in the 7th century A.C.,which has been left in situ. The fill behind the orthostates is dated by the presence of a fragment of a molded bowl to the 2nd century B.C.(CPD 41). Further support of the date is given by the complete absence of mortar in any original part of the building, which we would expect to find in a construction of the Roman Imperial period. No original floor levels inside the Stoa were found, as the lowest layers over the bedrock of the floor of the Stoa dated to the 6th century A.C.At that time a ramp had been built up over the bedrock floor about eight or nine meters from the western end of the Stoa as part of an alleyway 16 Thompson 1960, p. 336; AgoraXIV, pp. 152-153, note 179. 17 This is known as the Hypapanti Gate, and it stood between Towers WI and W2 of the Post-Herulian Wall: XXIV 128. Agora pp. 8, 18 AgoraXIV, pp. 202-203; Spawforth and Walker 1985, p. 99. 19 The Nymphaeum, its sources, and the facilities for the water supply that cross the Eleusinion (including a brick conduit and the Hadrianic/Antonine aqueduct) will be the subject of a separate study by Susan Walker,who has suggested a date in the Antonine period for the branch behind the Stoa in the Eleusinion (perlitt.).
80
THE SANCTUARY IN THE HEI,L,ENISTICPERIOD
that led perpendicularlyacross the foundations of the Stoa, sloping steeply upwardfrom north to south, over the orthostates of the back wall. Both the fill under the ramp and the last fill over bedrock dated to the 6th century A.C.(section M-M': Fig. 23; CPD 42, 43). Indirect evidence for the date of the Stoa is provided by fills in front of the building, found in and around the early (Archaic)peribolos wall, which went out of use when the Propylonand the Stoa were built. These fills scraped out of the cutting in bedrockat various points for the south line of the old wall all date to the 2nd century B.C.(CPD 35, 38, 39, 45), and one of them even included working chips of Pentelic and Hymettian marble from the Stoa or Propylon (CPD 38). Although these layers came from different sections of the line of the Archaic peribolos, they consistently date to the 2nd century B.c.20 The Stoa was well built, of a mixture of materials laid in sequence with thought and care: conglomerate for the lowest layersset into bedrock;poros for the euthynteriaand the orthostatesof the back wall; Pentelic and Hymettian marble for the superstructure,which might have included windows of Pentelic marble. The weight-bearing courses of the front foundations were clamped even in the lower courses, and vertical dowels secured the lowest marble step. The orthostates, set back into the bedrock, were clamped with wood and supported a dressed stone wall. No mortar was used in any part of the original construction. These modes of construction and the use of materials indicate a date in the Hellenistic period, which is supported by the date of the fill excavated behind the back wall of the Stoa, and the date of the demolition of the old peribolos wall in front of it. The cumulative evidence indicates that the Stoa dates to the 2nd century B.C. Although so little of it is preserved in the area so far excavated, it bears witness to the continuing interest in the Eleusinian rites and the resources then available for new facilities in the City Eleusinion. It may even have been a gift from an admiring foreign benefactor, whose identity is unknown.
THE DESTRUCTIONOF THE STOA
The Stoa had definitely passed out of use by the 6th century A.C., when a rampway was built up between its north foundations and its back wall that then became an alley leading to the east-west crossroad (Fig. 23; CPD 42, 43). Along much of its excavated length, walls and fills of Byzantine, Ottoman, and modern periods overlay the bedrock floor and the foundations of the Stoa. Over its northwest corner, however, was found one area of red fill described by the excavator as a thick layer of destruction debris, which contained bits of plaster, powdered mortar, and roof tiles. The sherds in the fill date to the mid or late 4th century A.C. (CPD 49). The destruction could have been caused by Alaric and his migrating tribes of Visigoths, who arrived in Athens in A.D. 396 and destroyed or damaged several other buildings in the area of the Agora.21 The Stoa lies behind the Post-HerulianWallbut adjacent to one of its gates, and this may have been a vulnerable spot. By the late 4th centuryA.C.at the latest, then, the Stoa went out of use as a stoa in the Eleusinion.
20 The fill in one smallsectionof the line datedto the 2nd
centuryA.C. (CPD46, 47), an illustrationof how little
undisturbed fill remained in the high bedrock of this terrace. Several bases for monuments or altars were added in the 2nd century A.C. in this vicinity (between the Propylonand the terracewall of the Stoa), and such an addition may
havebeen the occasionforfurtherreworkingof the line of the old periboloswall. 21
AgoraXXIV, pp. 49-56. Mylonas states that the hordes under Alaric also sacked and destroyed the sanctuary at Eleusis in the same invasion; it was not rebuilt (Mylonas 1961, pp. 8, 186). See furtherbelow, note 19, p. 93.
THE CIRCULAR BUILDING
81
THE CIRCULAR BUILDING IN SECTION II Within Section II, the area between the back wall of the Stoa and the perimeter road of the Akropolis, the excavators found a circular bedding and part of a wall for its perimeter. The surroundingbedrock of the steep slope was cut to accommodate the flat floor of the circle, whose northernmost edge lies ca. 17.20 m. south of the back wall of the Stoa (Plan 3; P1. 17:b, c). All that remains of what must have been an impressivestructureare the flattened circulararea of bedrock, bedding for its wall on about two-thirdsof the edge of the circle, and a small part of the southeast arc of the wall, set within the rock-cut scarp. The wall now consists of three courses of blocks ofporos, 0.52 m. high, 0.90-1.00 m. long, and 0.45 m. thick, and cut to a gentle curve (P1.17:c). The estimated interior diameter of the building is about 7.75-8.00 m., based on the bedding for the wall. On the south and east sides of the circular area, the wall had been laid into a deep, irregular cutting into the steep bedrock, but on the north and west the blocks had been bedded on gravel fill laid over a water-washed gully. The original floor of the building was a layer of clay over bedrock, which was raised by ca. 0.50 m. at a later time. The preserved blocks of the southeastern arc of the wall are reused in their current position, since the curves of the blocks show that they were originallycut for a largerbuilding, estimated to have had an interior diameter of ca. 19.00 m. The earlier building could not have been located in Section II, as there is no trace of it on the slope, where a building of that size would have requiredsubstantialmodification of the bedrock. Theeopinion of the excavatorwas that the workmanshipof the blocks appeared to be of the Archaic period, and the characteristicsof the blocks, including the use of poros stone, the use of a flat-edged fedor chisel anathyrosis, and the pryholes on their ends, do suggest a date in the Archaic or Classical period.22 Found within the building was a circular millstone, ca. 1.35 m. in diameter, set in the very center of the circular area; only about one-fourth of it was preserved. A drum from an unfluted poros column, covered with fine white stucco, was also found nearby. Its height is 0.645 m., and it is tapered, with an upper diameter of 0.62 m. and a lower diameter of 0.65 m. This drum seems not to have been used in an architecturalposition, since a small lead-filledhole at the top indicates that it more likely supported a table or altar-top.23 Three nearly complete rectangularaltars of poros and fragmentsfrom at least one more were found in the immediate area of the Circular Building, and a fourth nearly complete rectangular altar was foundjust down the slope from the building. Two of them had been built into Byzantine walls. None of the altars is inscribed, but they are carefullyarticulatedwith volutes and moldings and were covered with fine white stucco (Catalogue II, 9-13: P1.34). This remarkablerecovery of at least five altars from the immediate vicinity of the building, in an area where no other building existed but the compound of the Eleusinion 17.20 m. down the slope to the north, helps to establish the sacred character of the CircularBuilding.
22
The estimated diameter of ca. 19.00 m. was presumably calculated byJ. Travlos in 1938. The calculation depends on close measurement of the curve of the blocks, and then applying the appropriateformula for determining a radius (r) from a known chord (c) and the height of its rise (h): r = c2 + 4h2 divided by 8h, or, approximately,r = c2divided by 8h. Even a variation of one or two millimeterswhen projected into the formula will give a considerable difference in the results. Since the Tholos on the west side of the Agora had already been excavated at the time, the excavator and architect must have considered the possibilitythat the blocks came from that building and rejected it, probably because the blocks of the Tholos in situ are about 0.70 m. thick, whereas the blocks from the Circular Building are 0.45 m. thick. 23 This poros drum resembles the drum found near the Tholos on the west side of the Agora, which is thought to have carried an altar of some sort: AgoraXIV, p. 29, pl. 30:a.
82
THE SANCTUARYIN THE HELLENISTICPERIOD
THE DATE OF THE CIRCULAR BUILDING
The history of the structuremust be deduced from various fills around its perimeter,for which we have a partial record.24 There were three phases: I. The Circular Building was constructed in the 2nd century B.C. II. The building was rebuilt in the same plan, in at least the northern half of its perimeter,in the late 1st or early 2nd century A.C.,and a new floor was laid. III. The building was partly dismantled in the late 2nd or 3rd century A.C. On the east side of the circular area was an area of fill in and over the bedding for the wall, which provided the most complete stratigraphyfor its construction. The lowest level over bedrock consisted of small bits of earthen fill with a handful of Classical sherds (CPD 63). A soft fill within the trench for the wall dated to the early to mid 2nd century B.C.and included characteristicwares of the period such as fragments of molded bowls and plemochoai (CPD 61, 62, 64, 66). The bedding for the wall continued in the northeast section of the circle, where the wall rested on bedrock but was not set into a cutting; the fill here is also of the 2nd century B.C. (CPD 68). That the wall was first built in its present position in the 2nd century B.C. is confirmed by fill excavated behind its standing portion on the southeast side of the circle, which was packed between the backs of the blocks thesand rock scarp, and dates to the 2nd century B.C.(CPD 67). This packing extended from the top of the second course of blocks to the top of the lowest, when excavation had to be stopped because it was too difficult to proceed, but the portion excavated did yield 116 sherds consistently of the 2nd century B.C. Parts of the wall of the CircularBuilding were reconstructedfrom bottom upward at the end of the 1st century A.C. or very early in the 2nd century A.C., and the building received a new floor (CPD 76).25 The east section of the wall was included in this modification or was completely rebuilt (CPD 60), and the rebuilt section extended north and west to include at least half its perimeter facing the downward slope. The northwestern sector seems to have been especially vulnerableto any disturbancessince it was never fullybedded in a cut trench but had been founded in part on gravel fill over water-washedbedrock. In that northwesternsector no evidence remains of any Hellenistic phase, but only the repair or rebuilding of the late 1st century A.C.or early 2nd century A.C.(CPD 69, 73). The rebuilding may have been connected with the construction nearby of an extensive brick and concrete conduit in the early 2nd century A.C.,which passed around the CircularBuilding on its east side and continued in two branches, one due west, where it ended in a rectangularchamber,and the other off to the northeast, where it disappearsinto the scarp (Plan 3). (To the southeast in grid-squareU 22 is the brick-linedshaft, at least 24 m. deep, into which the conduit emptied, and two chambers that provided access to it.) The construction of the brick conduit shut off access to a well on the east side of the building (U 22:2), whose original date is unknown since it could not be excavated below the line of the conduit. The position of 24 The reader should be aware of the circumstances surroundingthis evidence. Section I was excavated by Arthur who was unable to Parsons, sort, permanently label, and put into storage the pottery from this section before his death and the onset of WorldWar II. During the war, the pottery was stored in a courtyardand guarded by untimely the foreman. In 1951 Margaret Crosby,who had earlier excavated Section E in the Eleusinion, undertook the heroic task of sorting through some 400 lots of pottery from Section II. She was able to salvage 146 lots that still retained legible, reliable labels (other labels were eaten by goats, or were lost or mixed up) and correlated them with the accounts in the notebooks. Only those reliable lots were kept, of which the pertinent lots are discussed here; gaps in the evidence remain. Moreover, excavation on this slope seems to have been especially difficult and largely unrewarding, as water rushing over it during the centuries created gullies that washed away much of the stratigraphy.A few final probes of the southwestside of the CircularBuilding were made by E. Vanderpool in 1959, and his findings corroborate those made by Parsons and documented by Crosby. 25 I am especially grateful toJohn Hayes for taking the time to look at the lots of pottery from the CircularBuilding and for his help with their dating.
e
THE CIRCULARBUILDING
83
the well suggests that it served the users of the Circular Building, so it could date back to the 2nd century B.C.
The walls of the Circular Building seem to have been removed in the late 2nd to 3rd century A.C.;whether the fills of this date representrepairsor dismantlingof the walls is not completely clear, but the opinion of the excavators was that the fill on the southwest sector appeared to be from the robbing of the wall, and the same fill appeared on the western side (CPD 70, 74, 75). A sandy fill of the same date was found around the standing wall on the southeast arc (CPD 72). The brick conduit also seems to have been closed in the 3rd century A.C., although its mouth was open until the 5th century A.C.,and the deep brick shaft until Byzantine times; other parts of the aqueduct still functioned after the 3rd century.26
BUILDING THE PURPOSE OFTHECIRCULAR
Little is preserved of this building, but enough remains to suggest possibilities for its use. It had nothing to do with waterworks,for it had workingfloors in the interior and the interior walls were not water-proofed,although they were lightly stuccoed in one phase. It was probablyroofed, but there is no evidence of any interior support (other than the millstone found in the center), which we might expect in a roofed circular building with a diameter of close to eight meters. It could have been spanned with large timbers for a flat roof, or it could have had a simple central support of which nothing is preserved.27 Its diameter makes it just under half the size of the Tholos on the west side of the Agora, which has an interior radius of 8.45 m. Like the Tholos, the Circular Building could have been used for dining.28Although no kitchen has yet been found, a fair amount of cooking ware is representedin the context pottery referredto above, and there was a well nearby. It seems best to reconstruct it as a simple roofed enclosure whose purpose was to afford some measure of privacy for its users or to set off as sacred an area within it. The five or more poros altars found nearby indicate the sacred character of the area around the Circular Building. The heaviest concentration of deposits of plemochoai was also found close by (T 22:1, T 22:2, U 22:4, U 22:5), as was the large marble plemochoe (Catalogue III, 17). Since a shrine of Plouton is known to have existed in this area, it is possible that the Circular Building was used for ritualsfor that cult (see below, pp. 100-102). Three inscriptionshonor men who prepared ritual meals for Plouton (Catalogue I, 60 [= IG II2 1934], IG II2 1935, 1933), and possibly the Circular Building provided the setting for the two that were held in the Hellenistic period. If the building was used in connection with the cult of Plouton, then it is also likely to have been used during the Thesmophoria as well, since Plouton figured in the celebrations.29
26 Shear 1938, p. 329, and Shear 1939, p. 218; AgoraXXIV, p. 29. 27 One could speculate about trussing for such a roof, but there is no evidence that the building was so elaborate; even the wall blocks seem to have been reused from an earlier building. 28 For the Tholos, see AgoraXIV, pp. 41-46. For a discussion of circular buildings and their uses, see G. Roux 7: TheRotundaofArsinoe,Princeton 1992, pp. 177-230. Difficulties of interpretation inJ. McCredie et al, Samothrace, A Symposion are discussed in F Cooper and S. Morris, "Dining in Round Buildings," in 0. Murray, ed., Sympotica: ontheSymposion, Oxford 1990, pp. 66-85. 29 Ritual dining in connection with the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Corinth is well documented by its excavators; the many rectangular rooms specifically for dining formed a major component of the sanctuary: for discussion, see Bookidis 1990 and 1993.
84
THE SANCTUARYIN THE HELLENISTICPERIOD
THE CITY ELEUSINION IN THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD The construction described above, of a new stoa, a new entrance propylon, and the circular building just outside the sanctuary, shows that the City Eleusinion did not lack patrons in the 2nd century B.C.and that interest in the Eleusinian cults remained keen. In fact, judged by these surviving monuments, the Hellenistic period seems to have been the period when the sanctuary received the most tangible attention from devotees. The numbers of decrees, especially honorary decrees, and the inscribed dedications mostly ated to the 2nd century B.C.found near the Eleusinion and associatedwith the cult suggestthat the sanctuaryand its devotees were flourishing in this period. There are four statue bases dating to the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C., three of them inscribed with dedications to Demeter and Kore, and a small altar with an incense bowl, also dedicated to the goddesses (Catalogue I, 13, 15-18). Fourmore bases for statues or herms survive from the Ist century B.C., including a herm of the Epicurean philosopher Phaidros, dedicated to the Two Goddesses by his pupil Appius Saufeius (Catalogue I, 19-22). Two inscriptions mention repairs to the sanctuary: one is fragmentary but probably refers to work in the Eleusinion, because of its findspot;the date is mid 2nd century B.C.(Catalogue I, 74 [= IG II2 2330]). The other, dated to the early 2nd century B.C., honors Satyra, wife of Krateas of Melite, priestess of the Thesmophoroi, for extensive work she financed in the Eleusinion (Catalogue I, 35: PI. 28): the text, partly restored, tells us that she repaired all the temples in the Eleusinion, she made [repairs] in the sanctuary of Plouton, and she paid for annual sacrifices out of her own funds.30 The honorary decree calls for her to receive a myrtle crown and grants her the right to set up a (painted) pinax of herself in the Temple of Demeter and Kore, and the decree itself was to be set up in the Eleusinion at public expense. This honorary decree illustrates the acts of local benefactors to the cult and the reciprocalrecognition they received in the form of public notices and the right to set up a self-portrait.We may imagine the Temple of Demeter and Kore filled with painted portraits, statuary,dedicated myrtle crowns, and other such offerings. We can also infer from this inscription that the Temple of Triptolemos, the Temple of Demeter and Kore, and perhaps the Ploutonion were in need of repairs,which were financed by Satyra. Next to dedications, the largest category of inscriptions preserved from the Eleusinion is that of the honorary decrees, which give honors to individuals for their participation in the administrationof the Mysteries or for their benefactions to the Eleusinian cult (Table 2). At least seventeen honorary decrees have been found from the Hellenistic period, ranging in date from the 3rd to the first half of the 1st century B.C.(The contents of four others are uncertain, but likely to have been honorary.)Among the better preservedhonorary decrees, six honor Epimeletai of the Mysteries, two honor hierophants, one bestows citizenship, and one honors a foreign benefactor (Catalogue I, 27-38, 62, 68-75). In the text of eight of them, partly restored in some instances, the stele is required to be set up in the Eleusinion or by the Eleusinion. The survivinginscriptions and dedications probably constitute only a minute fraction of what was actually set up, yet still they attest to the continuing prosperityof the sanctuaryand its devotees in the Hellenistic period. THE ELEUSINION AND THE DROMOS
By virtue of its position on the Panathenaic Way, the Eleusinion became a landmark for the Panathenaic procession and for reviews and displays of cavalry.31The City Eleusinion had 30 K. Clinton has pointed out the significance of the details of this decree, Satyra's benefactions, her husband's deme, and her office as priestess of the Thesmophoroi, as support for the idea that the City Eleusinion was used for the celebrations of the Thesmophoria (1996, with an improved text of the decree). For a discussion of priestesses and other women as benefactors in the Hellenistic period, see van Bremen 1996, pp. 9-40. 31 Schol. Aristophanes, Eq. 566; Philostratos, VS2.1.7; Xenophon, Eq.Mag.3.2 (= AgoraIII, nos. 193, 194, 203).
THE CITY ELEUSINION IN THE HEILL,ENISTICPERIOD
85
long served as the terminusfor the dromos, or racecourse, which traversedthe Panathenaic Way and inevitably became associated with equestrian events of the city's festivals.32 The course for equestrian events started inside the Dipylon Gate and ran along the Panathenaic Way up to the Eleusinion, where the road becomes quite steep. Two catalogues of victors in Panathenaia who dismount in the Eleusinion held in the 2nd century B.C.mention a charioteer and an apobates no victors in has list of festivals (text partly restored).33Although yet been found in the Eleusinion, it seems likely that such lists were set up there, since the entrance area of the sanctuary was at the finish line.34 By this time the traditional cults and festivals of the city were celebrated not only by local people but also by a large sector of foreignersand visiting royaltyand dignitariesfrom abroad who enjoyed participatingin the venerable rites, and they made entries when permitted in the athletic and equestrian events that formed part of the programs for some festivals.35Stephen Tracy and Christian Habicht comment on the renewed attention and vigor given to the celebration of the Panathenaia near the end of the 3rd century and continuing into the 2nd century B.C.,as the victors' lists show, and the great attraction of Athens to the international community.36 The new buildings of the 2nd century B.C.in the Eleusinion also bear witness to the enthusiasm for the Eleusinian festival and the willing investment of the devotees who supported the cult and enhanced the sanctuary. The Eleusinian Mysteries were a peculiarly Athenian festival, which could not be transplanted or duplicated, and participation must have provided not only the promised benefits but also a sense of belonging to Athens' illustrioustradition. 32
H. A. Thompson, "The Panathenaic Festival,"AA (JdI 76) 1961 [pp. 224-231], pp. 227-231; Travlos, Pictorial Dictionary,pp. 2-3, fig. 5.32; AgoraXIV, pp. 121, 193; Kyle 1987, pp. 60-64. For the dromos for footraces, see T. L. ShearJr., "The Athenian Agora: Excavationsof 1973-74," Hesperia44, 1975 [pp. 331-374], pp. 362-365. 33 IG II2 2316, lines 16-19; 2317, line 48 = AgoraIII, no. 216, pp. 80-81; discussionand commentary in Tracy and Habicht 1991, pp. 198, 224-226. 34 Tracy and Habicht (1991, p. 198) suggest that the new list they discussmay have stood in the Eleusinion or in the Diogeneion. 35 In some instances they only sent their horses and equipage, and won in absentia;Tracy and Habicht (1991, pp. 213-217) provide a full commentary on the foreign royalty and other non-Athenian men and women who are named on the victors' list. For foreign interest in Athens in the Hellenistic period, see Habicht 1989a, 1990, 1992. 36 Tracy and Habicht 1991, pp. 233-236. For the intellectual atmosphere in Athens, see Habicht 1989b.
SANCTUARY
MONUMENTBASE ;i
0 kI-. l
, R-
1.
-
-
10
I rstM.
FIG. 11. Plan, Roman period, restored
20
WB.D.,JR. -1981 R.C.A.-1993
6 THE SANCTUARY IN THE ROMAN PERIOD THE STORAGE COMPLEX IN THE LOWER TERRACE In the lowest of the natural terraces stepping down from the shoulder of the Akropolis are the remains of the 17th-century Church of Christ, on the northernmost edge of the excavated area. The foundations of the church were thoroughly excavated in 1936-1937, but its original north wall, with its paintings, still stands. The churchhad been bounded on its south side by an east-west crossroad(the "Aqueduct"street), used from at least the Archaic period to early modern times. South of the road in the acute angle formed by it and the line of the Panathenaic Way was found a series of four rooms, facing east onto an open area, whose walls date to the Roman period. Within the area were found several bases for monuments, of the Late Hellenistic and Roman periods. The whole area in this lower terrace on the north side of the retaining wall must have been graded in antiquity,probably in the 1st century A.C., for the Roman levels were found immediately on top of levels of the late 6th century B.C.(Figs. 11, 25). This area was excavated by Pittakysand Kourouniotesin the 1850s and in 1910, respectively, and they cleared the area down to Roman levels on the west side (to the remaining walls of the rooms of the Roman period) and down to layers of Byzantine fill further east. When excavations of the eastern side continued in 1936, the American excavators concluded that a sort of quarry operation for fill must have been carried out here in the Byzantine period, which came down in many places on bedrock. It was not possible to dig to bedrock in all parts of the area because of the high level of the groundwater. The party walls of the rooms on the west side are lightly built of rubble and concrete (P1.11). The north-south walls are oriented with the Panathenaic Way, and the east-west walls are oriented with the east-west "Aqueduct"street that passes by the complex on the north side. Within the walls and continuingjust outside them, layers dating to the later Hellenistic and early Roman periods were found underneath the surfacefill left by the excavatorsof the 19th and early 20th centuries (section K-K': Fig. 24; CPD 51A, 5 1B, 511, 51J). Immediately beneath them were fills of the 6th century B.C. and a cistern of the 4th century B.C. (T 18:5, T 18:4). An area of loose fill dating to the 1st century A.C. was excavated furthereast (CPD 57). In the open area in front of the rooms was a well, probablyof the Roman period (its terracotta tile lining and level suggest that date), but it was cleaned out and reused in early Byzantine times, so no deposit exists to give a more precise date. Two rectangularfoundations of poros for small monuments or altars and one circularbase for a monument or altar were found toward the east side of the open area. Exploration around them indicated that they were set up in the early Roman period. In addition, an offering table made of Hymettian marble was found nearby, although it might have been moved there from the Eleusinion (Catalogue II, 14: P1.32). The purpose served by this complex including the four rooms, well, and monuments or altars is not certain because little evidence for their use exists. Since the complex is located on a major crossroad,and the walls are only lightly constructed,possibly it was an enclosed commercial area or workshop. Yet the presence of the circularbase and the two other foundations for monuments, and its proximity to the Eleusinion, do give the complex a sanctuarylike character. Later in the Roman period, probably the 2nd century A.C., a small enclosure was set up adjacent to the northwest corner of the complex, perhaps dedicated to Hekate, so that the complex was adjacent
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THE SANCTUARYIN THE ROMANPERIOD
on two sides to sanctuaries.l The lower terrace itself may have been a sanctuary,independent from the Eleusinion but in its ambiance. A more likelypossibilityis that the rooms were under the control of the officials of the Eleusinion and may have served as a temporary magazine for the reception of grain and its subsequent distribution,much like the function served by the Aiakeion in the 4th century B.C.,hence they are referredto here as "Storerooms."2Such storage magazines or granaries are found also at Eleusis and were maintained and expanded in the Roman period.3 The storage complex of the Roman period in the lower terrace thus should be regarded as a part of the sanctuary. THE CITY ELEUSINION IN THE ROMAN PERIOD The sanctuary of the Two Goddesses at Eleusis underwent major transformationsin the Roman Imperial period, as Athenians enjoyed many benefactions from Romans interested in supporting their famous festival and its sanctuary. The emperor Hadrian in particular lavished attention and funds both on the city of Athens and at Eleusis.4 During his reign the Panhellenion was founded (131/132), a civic organization of wealthy individuals in Athens who took a leading role in reestablishing and invigorating the traditional cults of Athens and refurbishing her sanctuaries. The officials of the Panhellenion took particular interest in the Eleusinian cult, and they actively promoted the Mysteries. They had a letter they received from a Roman official inscribed and set up before the entrance to the City Eleusinion, where it still stands today, in situ on its original base, just to the right of the Propylon (Catalogue I, 64: P1. 31).5 A statue of an eagle with a dedication to the Two Goddesses inscribed on its plinth also bears witness to an inspired devotee who seems to have chosen the very symbol of Rome as the bearer of his message (Catalogue I, 24: P1. 28). There is evidence of concern for utilities and their improvement in the immediate vicinity of the sanctuary. The Panathenaic Way was paved, apparently in two stages, first in the 1st century A.C. and again in the 2nd century (CPD 50).6 The pavement would have enhanced the equestrian events still held along this traditional route. The aqueduct for the city donated by Hadrian and completed in the Antonine period has one branch that runs at a slight angle behind the Stoa, and an elaborate brick conduit supplemented this construction. The Circular Building in Section II was reconstructed sometime in the late 1st or early 2nd century A.c., which shows its continuing importance. Three or four foundations for small monuments were set up inside the Propylonto the right as one entered, and these filled much of the space between the entrance and the terracewall of the Stoa (Plan 2). The foundationsare built variously of conglomerate, poros, or rubble and concrete, and probably supported statuary or altars. Yet no foundations are left in the area excavatedso far to match the great projectsstartedat AgoraXIV,p. 169;AgoraXXIV,pp. 9, 18.
2 Stroud 1993. For a descriptionof the peribolosidentifiedby Stroudas the Aiakeion,see AgoraXXVIII,
pp. 99-103. 3 170-172. Mylonas1961, 4 ForEleusisandpp. Athensin the Romanperiod,see Spawforthand Walker1985, esp. pp. 92-104; the articles by variousauthorsin Walkerand Cameron1989;Clinton1989a;Alderink1989;Willers1990;Giraud1991, esp. pp. 131-276;Spaeth1996,pp. 17-21, 59-62. Forthe initiationin the EleusinianMysteriesof Romanemperors,see P.Foucart,"Lesempereursromaininitiesaux myst.resd'tleusis,"RPh17, 1893,pp. 197-207;A. Alfoldi,"Redeunt Saturniaregna,VII: Frugifer-Triptolemos im ptolemaisch-rOmischer Chiron Herrscherkult," 9, 1979,pp. 553-607; Clinton1989a;Arafat1996,pp. 143-145, 164. 5 Forthe Panhellenionand its activities,see Oliver 1970, ch. 4; Spawforthand Walker1985; Clinton 1989a, 1996. pp. 1520-1522;Jones 6
The later stage seems to have included the lower portion of the street, further to the north; the road outside the Eleusinion was paved in the 1st century A.c. (Thompson 1960, pp. 328-333; AgoraXIV, pp. 192-194).
THE INNERPROPYLON
89
Eleusis under Hadrian and finished in the Antonine period. The outer area of the sanctuaryhad alreadybeen graced with the Stoa and the Propylonin the 2nd century B.C., and since the Temple of Triptolemos presumably still stood, further additions may have seemed unnecessary,or more likely,the foundations for such projects lie furthereast under Plaka. In fact, sculpturalfragments from the Eleusinion and one architecturalblock which should be assigned to the Eleusinion do suggest that a new Inner Propylon was added to the sanctuary in the Roman period, perhaps by the emperor Hadrian or the members of the Panhellenion.
THE INNER PROPYLON TO THE ELEUSINION A splendid marble gateway,framed by stately karyatids,can be reconstructedfrom pieces found in the Eleusinion and from a block of its frieze, now built into the Little Metropolitan Church in Athens (Panayia Gorgoepikoos, early 13th century A.C.). Two heads of korai, each wearing a polos, were found in 1859 by Pittakys in his excavations near the Church of the Hypapanti (Catalogue III, 15, 16).7 These heads have been restudied by Eliana Raftopoulou, who has joined to the heads large segments of the bodies of the karyatidsfrom fragments found in the storerooms of the National Museum.8 In her careful examination of the two reconstructed statues, said to be of Pentelic marble, Raftopoulou has pointed out the stylistic characteristics these pieces share with the karyatid from Tralles/Cherchel (now in the Istanbul museum), and the obvious parallel for their setting in the karyatidsfrom the Inner Propylaiaat Eleusis. On the basis of an analysis of their retrospective style, which recalls the Severe Style of the first half of the 5th century B.C., Raftopoulou dates the two statues to the Late Hellenistic period, toward the end of the 2nd century B.C. Other scholars, however, convincingly argue for a Roman date (Augustan to Hadrianic) for the Tralles/Cherchel type, the nearest parallel to the karyatids from the Eleusinion.9 Raftopoulou has also noted that the karyatidsshould belong to the City Eleusinion, where the two heads were found. As she has observed, the treatment of the top of the polos of one karyatid, which is smoothed as ajoining surface,and the presence of a cutting for a square dowel within the joining surface in the better preserved of the two heads (Karyatid no. 1682, pi. 79.3) indicate that the karyatidswere used in an architecturalsetting. To these two karyatidsmay be added the block from a Doric frieze now built in the wall above the side doorway of the Little Metropolitan Church (Pls. 22, 23). Preservedare two and one-third triglyphswith two metopes between, above a projectingtaenia, which is integral with the block. A bouquet of poppies and two bundles of myrtle are carved across the left triglyph (P1.23:a), while a plemochoe stands in relief on its own small plinth in front of the central triglyph (P1.23:b). The left metope displaysa phiale, and the right metope a boukraniondecorated with a fillet. Based on the style of the decoration carved across the frieze, proportions, and workmanship, the block 7 For the excavations, see Introduction; the karyatidsof the Erechtheion are referred to as "korai" (IG I3 474, line 86). The association of the heads found by Pittakyswith the Eleusinion and the frieze in the Little Metropolitan Church is suggested by Evamaria Schmidt (1977, p. 274, note 80). 8 Raftopoulou 1985; E. Raftopoulou, "Autour de nouveaux documents du courant classicisant au Musee 12th Congress, National," in HIIpaxxrLx 3, pp. 230-233. 9 Raftopoulou 1985, p. 364; for differing views on the date of the Tralles/Cherchel karyatid, H. P. Laubscher, "Skulpturen aus Tralles," IstMitt 16, 1966 [pp. 115-129], pp. 125-126, 128-129 (Augustan period; Athenian derKaryatide karyatidsare Hadrianic);E. M. Schmidt, Geschichte [Beitragezur Archaologie 13], Wurzburg 1982, p. 85 Hellenistic to Antonine (Late period); Zagdoun 1989, pp. 173-174 (the type is popular from 1st century B.C. to Antonine period); M. Fullerton, TheArchaisticStylein RomanStatuay [Mnemosyne Suppl. 10], Leiden 1990, pp. 24, 192, note 11 (the type ranges "fromca. 100 B.C. to the Augustan era").
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THE SANCTUARYIN THE ROMANPERIOD
should be dated to the Roman period. This block was noticed by Stuart and Revett, who included a drawing of it as the heading for the first chapter of the first volume of their Antiquities ofAthens, in the decorations across the Doric frieze Illustrated times 1762.10 have since, published many long been recognized as references to the Eleusinian cult. The only likely original setting for this block would be a building in the City Eleusinion. The Inner Propylaia at Eleusis provide a close parallel not only for the karyatids, as Raftopoulou pointed out, but also for the Doric frieze with its display of Eleusinian symbols. Although the details of the reconstructionof the Inner Propylaiaat Eleusis are still in dispute, its general configurationis known: on the inner side of the gate stood two karyatidsas columnar supports for a porch, bearing on their heads mysticalkistai,or baskets,also decorated with Eleusinian symbols, while the porch on the outer side of the gate was supported by unusual Corinthian columns with hexagonal abaci and winged animals among the acanthus leaves of the capitals.1 Above that outer porch was placed a Doric frieze with sheaves of wheat, rosettes, two baskets, and a boukranion, carved in relief across the triglyphs and metopes. Carved integrally with the frieze was an Ionic architravewith three fasciae, bearing a dedicatory inscription proclaiming that Appius Claudius Pulcher (a friend of Cicero) had vowed the propylum to Ceres and Proserpina in when consul 54 B.c., and it was completed by his nephews (CILIII 547). This gateway at Eleusis, although larger and more ornate than the one posited here for the City Eleusinion, nonetheless serves as a general model for the reconstructionof the Inner Propylonin the Eleusinion. Since so little of it is left and the foundations have not yet been excavated, the reconstruction is given here only as an example of how the parts might have been arranged. The two karyatidsreassembledby Raftopoulou may be placed on the inner side of the gate, facing the Temple of Demeter and Kore. At Eleusis the karyatids are positioned as though arrivingin the sanctuary after the procession to the central city and the preliminaryrituals in the Eleusinion (which included transportingthe Sacred Objects in the mystical kistai),and about to embark in the final telete.12In the City Eleusinion the karyatids do not carry the kistai. Since it seems unlikely that the Doric frieze would be placed over the Ionic karyatids, probably the Doric frieze with Eleusinian symbols in relief was on the outer side of the gate, set up above Doric or Corinthian columns. The bundles of myrtle represented in the frieze were carried by new initiates in the procession to Eleusis, and the plemochoe alludes to the concluding day of the teleteat Eleusis; hence the objects in the frieze were not just cultic symbols, but refer to the coming program of events at Eleusis, visible to the new participants as they were entering the inner sanctuaryin central Athens for the firsttime for the preliminarysacrificesbefore they set off on their way to Eleusis. The remaining pieces of the karyatids of the Inner Propylon hint at its original elegance, modeled on the similar but even larger and more ornate gateway at Eleusis built by Appius 10 Their
drawingwas reversedby the engraver,so that the boukranionappears on the left metope; the end triglyph on the left was also duplicated at the right end. The block was drawn even earlier in the 17th century: Bowie and Thimme 1971, pi. 39; the drawing does not show the triglyphsbut is otherwise detailed. Forfurtherdiscussion of the block and other ancient pieces in the church, see P. Steiner, "AntikeSkulpturen an der Panagia Gorgoepikoos zu Athen," AM 31, 1906, pp. 325-341. " Major discussions: Hormann 1932; Mylonas 1961, pp. 156-160; Budde and Nicholls 1964, no. 81, pp. 4649; Giraud 1991, pp. 107-114; illustrated in Travlos 1988, figs. 198-200; plan corrected by Dinsmoor (1950, pp. 286-287). 12 The suggestion has been made that the karyatidsfrom Eleusis were meant to represent A. C. Pulcher's two daughters,but in view of the lack of individualityin their featuresthis is not convincing (see discussionand bibliography in Budde and Nicholls 1964). More likely they representgeneralized hierophantides,who were probably responsible for carrying the kistai;the Priestess of Demeter and Kore had greatest authority, but since she held the office for life, she may have delegated this duty to younger and energetic colleagues who could traverse the fourteen miles easily (for discussion of the priestessesand their roles, see Clinton, SacredOfficials,pp. 76, 88-89).
THE INNERPROPYLON
91
Claudius Pulcher. Possibly Hadrian was the sponsor for the Inner Propylon of the Eleusinion. Hadrian's personal interest in the Eleusinian cult is well known; not only did he undergo full initiation but he also attended the Mysteries at least three times as emperor.13 He undertook the construction of a new bridge across the river Kephisos along the Sacred Way to Eleusis, which improved the facility for the procession from the Eleusinion to Eleusis.14During his reign the Greater Propylaia at Eleusis were started, and two arches in his honor were set up by the members of the Panhellenion at Eleusis.15The so-called Temple of Artemis and Poseidon (which could be a temple of Triptolemos) also may have been started under Hadrian. What marks these projects as distinctive is that they deliberately copy designs in the central city: the Greater Propylaia duplicate in much of their detail and design Mnesikles' Propylaia on the Akropolis of the 430s B.C.,while the two arches honoring Hadrian are duplicates of the Arch of Hadrian near the Temple of Zeus Olympios in the central city. Adjacent to the arches at Eleusis is a fountainhouse that imitates features of the Forum of Hadrian in central Athens and also seems to be Hadrianic.16 The so-called Temple of Artemis and Poseidon is in the Doric order and revives the type in a period that favoredthe Corinthian order,in a tetrastyle amphiprostyleplan. The construction and design of the Inner Propylonfor the Eleusinion, whose karyatidsand Doric frieze with Eleusinian symbols are clearly similar to the Inner Propylon at Eleusis built in the mid Ist century B.C., would fit in well with this ambiance of neo-classicalrevival and the pattern of deliberate duplicates that linked Eleusis with the central city. Like the two temples of Triptolemos in the two outer areas at Eleusis and in the Eleusinion, the two decorative gateways in each served to emphasize in tangible form the close ritual link between the two sanctuaries. The Inner Propylon in the City Eleusinion, like that at Eleusis, also carefully demarcated the area that was forbidden to nonparticipantsand the unpurified. We may speculate that the Inner Propylon stood somewhere between the east side of the Church of St. Anna and modern Panos Street (Fig. 2). THE SANCTUARYIN THE LATERROMANPERIOD
As for smaller donations, the inscribed eagle noted above is the sole dedication certainlyfrom the Eleusinion in the Imperial period. This probably reflects the chances of preservation in an area where the bedrock is so high and the land so intensively used; the festival did continue with its traditional structure well into the 4th century. An inscription of ca. A.D.220 concerns the arrangementsfor the ephebic escort and the management of the procession from the Eleusinion and Eleusis; it was made in three copies, and one of them was set up in the Eleusinion (IG II2 1078, 1979 [= Catalogue I, 78A, 78B]). Clearlythe processionallink between the two sanctuaries was still deemed an important part of the rites and was carefullymaintained. The decree, passed by the demos, is the latest preserved inscription that was specifically designated to be set up in the City Eleusinion. When the Post-HerulianWall was built after the sack of Athens in A.D.267, the Propylonwas strippedand blocked and served as part of its foundation (P1.12:a, b); access to the sanctuarymust have been provided further east, perhaps at the eastern end of the Stoa. No recognizable parts 13 Clinton
1989a, pp. 1516-1525 (with earlier references). Festival coins were minted in the 2nd century A.C. (perhaps associated with the visits of Hadrian), which had a revival of the Triptolemos type first used in the 4th century B.c.: AgoraXXVI, pp. 123-124. 14 A. Kokkou, <<'Aptaveta EpycaetcST& 'AOivac, Delt. 25, 1970 A', pp. 171-173; Travlos 1988, p. 178, figs. 243, 244. 15 For the attribution of the arches at Eleusis to the reign of Hadrian, see Clinton 1989a, pp. 1519-1520; 1989b, pp. 58-63. Forthe date of the beginning of constructionof the Greater Propylaia(continued under MarcusAurelius), see Clinton 1989b, pp. 63-68; Giraud 1991. 16 Clinton 1989b, p. 63.
II
s~:S
FIG. 12. Perspective view of the Athenian Agora, ca. A.D. 150
AFTER THE END OF THE ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES
93
of the superstructureof any of the buildings were found in the Post-Herulian Wall, except for antefixes from the roof of the Temple of Triptolemos. As we have seen, there is little evidence for the date of destruction of the various buildings in the sanctuary,except in the case of the Stoa, which seems to have survived the Herulian sack and continued in use until the late 4th century, when it was probably destroyed by the invasion of Alaric and the Visigoths; the other buildings surely were destroyed then also. The Eleusinian rites did continue for more than a century after the Herulian invasion, and we may infer that the City Eleusinion continued to be used for the festival. Two inscriptions, probably from the Eleusinion, attest the continuing hierarchyfor the cult (IG II2 3674, 2342, Catalogue I, 79, 80). In a commentary on IG II2 3674, ErkkiSironen has pointed out that the date of the inscriptioncould be "later4th century"and that, if so, it provides evidence for the Eleusinion cult and a temple (to Demeter and Kore, mentioned in the inscription) in Athens in the late 4th century.17 The last known (legitimate)Hierophant is Nestorius, renowned for his perspicacity and vision, who was consulted byJulian before he became emperor (361-363) and remained active until at least 375.18 Nestorius is said to have predicted that in the lifetime of his successor as Hierophant the sanctuary at Eleusis would come to an end, and the successor would be unlawful for the position and dishonored. Like the City Eleusinion, the sanctuary at Eleusis must have been destroyed by Alaric in A.D. 396, and the celebrations of the Eleusinian Mysteries ended.19 AFTER THE END OF THE ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES Although the architectural history of the Agora proper suggests a revived prosperity in the 5th century A.C., in the area of the sanctuary there is little evidence for the period following Alaric's destruction.20 Fills dating to the Dark Age were abundant in the middle levels of the sanctuary,and about that time a laundry establishmentwas set up over the foundationsof the west end of the Stoa.21 The laundry was destroyed in a great conflagration through the whole area of the former sanctuary in the late 7th century,datable by coins of Constans II (641-668).22 That fire extended across the former Temple of Triptolemosand down into the lower terrace, where its debris was noted by Pittakysin the 1850s. In the succeeding centuries, torrentsof water poured down the PanathenaicWay and gouged out gullies around the paving blocks and the Post-Herulian Wall. In the lower terrace, a large quantity of mixed fill, Roman, Late Roman, and Byzantine, led the excavatorsto conclude that a quarry operation must have been carried out there in the 9th-l10th centuries, which gradually filled up in the 11th-12th centuries. A cistern with early Byzantine pottery,a few walls, and fill in road gravel over the middle terrace show that the area around the former Temple of Triptolemos was inhabited in the 9th-12th centuries, but modern houses destroyed nearly all remains of the period. Preserved among more recent construction across the middle terrace were five multiple 17 Sironen 1994, pp. 33-34, no. 17; he notes two other 4th-century inscriptions with Eleusinion connections
(nos. 11, 13), pp. 26-30, 54-55. 18 Clinton, SacredOfficials,p. 43, with discussion and references;the chief sources for Nestorius are Zosimus 4.18 and Eunapius, Vit.Philos.7.3.1-4, 9 and 10.8. Eunapius was initiated by Nestorius and gives an account of his prophecies. 19 The attackon Eleusis is assumed from Eunap., Vit.Philos.7.3.2, 5, where Alaric is said to have been accompanied by monks who urged destruction of the sanctuaries as he crossed Attica: Mylonas 1961, pp. 8, 186; Castren 1989, p. 46; AgoraXXIV, pp. 53-56; for discussion of Alaric in Athens, Rtigler 1990, pp. 279-281, 287-291; Castr6n 1994b, 9-10. 20 AgoraXIV, pp. 210-215; AgoraXXIV, pp. 57-74; Castren 1994b, pp. 9-14. 21 AgoraXXIV pp. 119-120. 22 AgoraXXIV, pp. 119-120.
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THESANCTUARY INTHEROMANPERIOD
burial vaults, ranging in date from the Middle Byzantine to the Ottoman periods.23 Walls dating to the 14th and 15th centuries were found further south, over the Stoa and its terrace. The highest part of Section I I below the Akropolis was evidently too steep to be attractive for
housing, but some house plans dating to the Byzantine period could be discerned among the walls built behind the former Stoa. The best preserved is a house called "Building D," which had eight rooms grouped around a courtyard, in a traditional arrangement, and a doorway opening
onto the east-west Hypapanti Street that had been used for centuries behind the line of the back wall of the Stoa (P1.16:a, b).24 The house was built as early as the 11th century and was destroyed in the sack of Athens by Leon Sgouros in 1204, and its foundations and walls were used again in Frankishand Ottoman times. In the 17th century,churches were built in each of the gates in the Post-HerulianWall, when the wall ceased to serve as a fortificationunder Ottoman rule.25 The Church of the Hypapanti was built over the former gate behind the Stoa and partly overlapped its west end. This church was still in use up to 1936, when it was deconsecratedprior to its demolition for excavation (visible in the upper right of PI. 2:a).26 Further north, the Church of Christ was built over the gate at the crossroadof the PanathenaicWay and the east-west "Aqueduct"street;it had alreadybeen in "ruins"when Pittakys investigated the area around the courtyard of Louisa Psoma's house in the 1850s, at the start of the excavation of the City Eleusinion. 23
These burial vaults and the pottery found with them are under study by Eric Ivison. One of the burialvaults was constructed in part of blocks from the north foundations of the Temple of Triptolemos. 24 The plan was first published and the house discussed byJ. Travlos (Poleodomike), p. 154, 156; fig. 104B. 25 125. AgoraXXIV, pp. 5-11, 125-141, esp. p. 26 A plan and watercolor section of the Church of the Hypapanti is published in Travlos,Poleodomike, figs. 126, 127; brief description p. 186.
7
THE PLEMOCHOE,AN ELEUSINIANVESSEL T HE IMPORTANT DISCOVERY in the course of the excavations of a series of deposits of special vessels used in the Eleusinian cult helped to identify the sanctuary as the City Eleusinion (PI. 18). Because some of the finds from the Agora have small cups around their rims, and because such vessels are associated with cults of mother goddesses such as Rhea, Kybele, and Demeter, these were called by the excavatorsof the 1930s "kernoi,"a term given by ancient authors to clay vessels that have small cups attached to hold a variety of offerings of foodstuffs. In J. J. Pollitt's thorough study of the vessels from the Agora excavations, he discusses their shape, fabrics, sizes, lids, variations, and decorations,with special attention to the deposits found in the area of the City Eleusinion, and he includes all pieces known from many other deposits throughout the Agora excavations.1 His study has shown that the majority of the finds from the Agora lack the cups, although the type with cups is also numerous and is sometimes found together with the plain type. The ancient name of these vessels has been given variously, but Brommerhas argued conclusivelythat the name of the plain type, without cups and found in great in the course of a learned and Athenaios definesplemochoe numbers in the Eleusinion, isplemochoe.2 witty discourse on cups, from alpha to omega, as follows (11.496a): nHX7ioX67 oxeO(; XepaeoOuv p?pipLx6be& SCptL0ovnT1UrX7, 8 xoruXlaxov eVLOLiTpOaCTyopeuouXo. XpG)vTall8e aturT Ev'EXeucavLtrT TeXeurcTi TOv UCOT.)pL)ov epq, Ctv, 65 (p)o7lT IlXaUcpL uo 7)XylloX)6acgXn)pxavxTe; Tv aev &cXt aTou nv xcai S 'v 860 Tpooacyopeuoual IIn7uIoX6ac aVTIXnV. aVaTroupE7OLV, eTLXeyOVTEgpnCTILV 7tpOq avwaoXTac, t)V 8e tp?oS 8UalV aVLaTCEvrVOL KpTiacL oa-rtv 6 rUpavvo; , IVrVyoveuELauTCrvxal 6'ieTOv IleiplOouyvpaa, EVpUi=t7SL OUTCO)' XAyov
tvcaxXrn,oX6aSTraaS'et X06vtov X(at"' e?picj(.; Xpox(OWjev. Plemochoeis an earthenware dish shaped like a top, but tolerably firm on its base; some call it
a kotyliskos, according to Pamphilus. They use it at Eleusis on the last day of the Mysteries, a and standing up they on that day they fill two plemochoai, day which they call from it Plemochoai;
[over]turnone towardthe east,the othertowardthe west,recitinga mysticalformulaoverthem. They arementionedby the authorof Peirithois,whetherthatis Critias,one of the ThirtyTyrants, into earth'schasm or Euripides;he speaksas follows:"Thatwe may pour out theseplemochoai in holy silence."3
A plemochoe is represented in relief across a triglyph on the block from a Doric frieze originally from the City Eleusinion but now built into the Little Metropolitan Church (Pls. 22, 23:b), in
relief on a similar frieze block from Eleusis from the Inner Propylaia,and in relief on the fronts of the kistaiborne on the heads of the marble karyatidsof the Inner Propylaia at Eleusis. Women 1 Pollitt 1979. Pollitt also discusses non-Eleusinian types of kernoi, and notes their chthonic aspects, as some of them have been found in graves (pp. 229-232). 2 Brommer 1980, an essential article for terminology, with discussion of previous identifications of the vessels and bibliography;for discussion of the day named Plemochoai, see Mylonas 1961, p. 279. 3 Trans. C. Gulick, Athenaeus,The Deipnosophists, Loeb Editions, 1933, pp. 211-213 (fragment from Peirithoos is Similar statements are made Pollux 43 Critias ed. 8E TrGF F2, by (10.74): &6xa xal 7tXnJioX6vvEatL UE Snell). xepaCteoOv&yyEov, oux EXov6Suv 'bv 7iuOEva &XX' Spatc6vre xalt or&aLtov, XpxvTal Tj Te;rutralt T)v xa;Xo0oaTXrioX6nv, and by Hesychius, s.v. ntXn)oX6)6:IIXn[oX6r-)tc Uo'epatq T(OV f)v &T' oaurroO uaurCo)ptlv, xoVuX axouc; TXykpouiaLV, ikX,oX6a;. oOs xa;XoOuaLt utJaUCrlpE)
4
THE PLEMOCHOE, AN ELEUSINIAN VESSEL
96
carrying plemochoai tied on their heads are represented on the Ninnion pinax (from Eleusis). The plemochoe was clearly emblematic of the Eleusinian Mysteries, and the vessel is represented on Athenian coins minted especially for the festival, from the early to mid 330s to the 40s B.C.4
THE VESSELS CHARACTERISTICS
As Pollitt's study shows, the basic shape of the plemochoe is identical to the basic shape of examples of the kernos, which is differentiated by many large, small, or vestigial cups added around the rim, and both types, with and without cups, are found together in deposits from Eleusis and the Agora (P1. 19).5 The term "kotyliskos"is sometimes used for the plemochoe, according to Athenaios, but it is also applied to the cups on the kernos, as he explains in his definitions of kernos(1 1.476f, 478d), thus revealing that even in antiquity the terms "kernos"and "plemochoe"were sometimes intertwined.6 Two strikingcharacteristicsof the plemochoai emerge from Pollitt'sdetailed study: first,there was an unusual range in the size of the vessels, as Pollitt points out, from tiny miniatures (e.g., P 12997: XXIII, no. 5, which is 0.024 m. in diameter)to larger versions (e.g., P 23221: XXXII, no. 1, with an estimated inner diameter of 0.26 m.).7 Furthermore,the fabric of the plemochoai is not the high-quality, carefully washed Attic clay used in fine wares of the later Classical and Hellenistic periods, glazed and fired to a high temperature; rather, the fabric ranges from one Coins: Pollitt 1979, appendix, p. 232; Brommer 1980, fig. 3; AgoraXXVI, pp. 41, 61-62, 76-77, 98-99. Ninnion pinax: Mylonas 1961, fig. 88. Karyatids from Eleusis: Mylonas 1961, fig. 56; Hormann 1932, pls. 15, 18, 20-23, 27-29; Budde and Nicholls 1964, pl. 25. For the block from the Doric frieze, see above, pp. 89-90. 5 For the plemochoai and kernoi at Eleusis, see Bakalakis1991; Mylonas 1961, pp. 221-222; Rubensohn 1898. 6 Athenaios 11.476f: KEPNOE- &yyeov xotuXltxous xExo)XX(i.vouq;,&v xepaCisouv, gxov &vaorro JioX)XoB xv 6 U (paxol. otl, cp, Xuxo, Xuxol, upol, xptOaI, 7ttoO, X&OapoL,6XPOL, p7n Pxv PaEr0o'a auC6l' otov Xtxvo(popoacg Toutwv yeusTca, Q ltoaopez 'A4uvlog iv y' 7irpl Botwi&vxacl Euao)v [Kernos:An earthenware vessel, holding within it a large number of small cups cemented together. "In these," Polemon says, "are white poppy-heads, grains of wheat and barley, peas, vetches, okra-seeds, and lentils. The man who carries it, resembling the bearer of the sacred winnowing-fan, tastes these articles, as Ammonius records in the third book OnAltarsand Sacrifices" (trans. C. Gulick, p. 109)]. The discussion of kernosin Athenaios also continues under the term koylos(11.478c, d): IIoX,wov t ' Tv;Tp7?pl xro AiouKuKyiou (paol'
OV v oau S' oaTlv &yyetov xepa(croi0v xov c 7toXXobSxoTvXtaixouS xexoXX7pvou' xtpvo
[Moreover Polemon, in the treatise OntheSacredFleece,says: "Afterthese preliminaries(the priest)proceeds to the celebration of the mystic rites; he takes out the contents of the shrine and distributes them to all who have brought round their (kernos),... holding within it a large number of small cups cemented together; and in them are sage, white poppy-seeds, grains of wheat and barley,peas, vetches, okra-seeds, lentils, beans, rice-wheat, oats, compressed fruit, honey, oil, wine, milk, and sheep's wool unwashed. The man who carries it, resembling the bearer of the sacred winnowing-fan, tastes these articles"(trans.C. Gulick, p. 117)]. Mylonas comments that this second list contains beans, forbidden to initiates, and wine, from which Demeter abstained;he suggeststhat these items were added by scribes(Mylonas 1961, p. 222, note 90). The passage is thought to have reference to Eleusinian ritual because the sacred Fleece of Zeus is said to have been used by the dadouchos for purification (Souda, s.v. Al6O xo)5lov), but this interpretation is disputed (Nilsson, GGR,I, pp. 110-113; Mylonas 1961, p. 232; Clinton, SacredOfficials,p. 68). 7 Pollitt 1979, pp. 219, 221, 227. My own examination of hundreds of fragments confirms this; unlike typical householdpottery of the Classicaland Hellenisticperiods, therewas no fairlystandardsize, with occasional miniatures for use as toys or dedications, but considerable variation within the range given, with no evident chronological implications. ye6eai?>>
THE VESSELS
97
with a soft texture similar to what was used for votives, to a coarse-grained fabric identical to that used for cooking ware. Many pieces show traces of white slip (which flakes easily), and, rarely,further decoration with added color; on some, a thin red glaze was used (P1.18: P 12132). The range in size, use of softer or coarser fabric, and hasty decoration suggest that the vessels were intended to be used only once, for a specific, temporary purpose. The only pieces made of fine clay, covered with black glaze, and fired to a high temperature are those pieces which are parts of kernoi, that is, a vessel with usable, outward-flaringcups arranged around the rim.8 No fragments of black-glazed kernoi have yet been found in or around the Eleusinion, but they were found in deposits on or near the west side of the Agora.9 There they may have been used in the Metroon, since the Mother of the Gods was honored as having the qualities of Rhea, Kybele, and Demeter, whose cult practices are said by ancient authors to have included use of the kernos.l? DATE
Revisions of the dates of some of the deposits containing plemochoai have expanded our knowledge of the range of time in which the plemochoe was used; the earliest deposit containing fragments of plemochoai dates to ca. 400-390 B.C., the latest to the second half of the 2nd century B.C.11 Two deposits of the 2nd century B.C. containing plemochoai are added here to those 8 The added cups, whether usable for small offeringsor vestigial, do suggest that differentsubstanceswere offered with the kernos, in a separate type of ritual lie that described by Athenaios (quoting Polemon, note 6 above). The kernos would be filled with a variety of foods in its various receptacles, and was offered while held upright, since its centrifugal arrangement would only create a mess if it were overturned. The shape of the plemochoe is such that liquids or loose grain offered slowly or in small portion can be poured out only awkwardly,because of the complex curves of the bowl and its flared rim, nor could it have been used for drinking. If it is used in the way Athenaios describes, however, turned over all at once, then its hape with deepsssides serve admirably to hold the liquid during the inversion and to empty the vessel immediately where directed. 9 Pollitt 1979, catalogue and p. 228; the two exceptions are P 19522, XXXIII, no. 2, from fill under the Stoa ofAttalos (P-R 6-12), and P 25569, XXXVIII, no. 5, a stray found in late fill near the Church of the Holy Apostles (O 20). 10 AgoraIII, pp. 150-160, esp. nos. 468 (Arrian,Periplous 9), 483 Julian, Orat.5), 492 (Pollux 3.11); for the building, see AgoraXIV, pp. 29-38. For the use of kernoi in cults of Rhea, Cybele, and Demeter, see discussion in Pollitt 1979, p. 206 and note 4. The reference to the kernos used for Demeter seems to refer to the Lesser Mysteries (scholiast on Plato, Grg.497C), but its reliability is doubtful (see Graf 1974, note 16 on pp. 129-130). For the Phrygian Mother Goddess (inspirationfor the Mother in the Metroon), who herself becomes hellenized and takes on aspects of Demeter, see L. Roller, "The Great Mother at Gordion: The Hellenization of an Anatolian Cult," JHS 111, 1991 [pp. 128-143], pp. 141-143; Shear 1995. l The absolute dates for the Hellenistic deposits have been adjusteddownwardas a result of V. Grace's important study of Hellenistic chronology, "Revisionsin Early Hellenistic Chronology,"AM 89, 1974, pp. 193-200; an account of the study of Hellenistic pottery and its dating is given by S. Rotroff in HellenisticPotteryand Terracottas, Princeton 1987, pp. 1-8, with a chart on p. 6 providing the crucial concordances. This has affected the dates of some of the deposits listed in Pollitt's catalogue, and they now should be dated as follows (I have made use of S. Rotroffs notations for these revisions);all dates in the following list are B.C.: III, B 13:8 250-225 D-E 8-9:1 VI, 4th-early 3rd century,with Hellenistic disturbance (see AgoraXXII, p. 98) VIII, E 3:1 300-250 fourth quarter of 3rd century XI, F 12:3 XIII, G 13:4 Group A, 300-260 (see AgoraXXII, p. 101) H 16:3 XIV, Group B, 320-240 (see AgoraXXII, p. 102) 15:2 XX, Q 400-390, with Hellenistic disturbance D 17:5 first half 2nd century (one piece in lower fill) (see AgoraXXII, p. 98) XXX, L 17:7 third or early fourth quarter of 3rd century (see AgoraXXII, p. 103) XXXI, P-R 6-12 to ca. 145 (see AgoraXXII, p. 106) XXXIII, E 5:2 second half 3rd to early 2nd century (see AgoraXXII, p. 98) XXXV,
98
THE PLEMOCHOE, AN ELEUSINIAN VESSEL
already discussed by Pollitt (T 21:1, T 21:3). The plemochoai were clearly already known in the 5th century, since Athenaios quotes a couplet about them that he attributes to Euripides or Kritias (11.496a), and they continued to be representedon coins minted in the 1st century B.C.12 These dates are corroboratedby the ubiquitous presence in the Eleusinion of stray fragments of plemochoai throughout the context pottery of these centuries. As Pollitt'sstudy shows, however, the plemochoai are most abundant in the 4th century B.C. DISTRIBUTION
The plemochoai are found primarily in two places, in central Athens and in Eleusis, where vessels of the "plain type" (plemochoai) so common in the Agora excavations were examined by Pollitt.13 In the Agora excavations, pieces of plemochoai have been found in deposits all over the area of the Agora (Pollitt 1979, fig. 2), but no more than four fragmentshave been found in any one of the deposits outside the immediate area of the Eleusinion.14 Within the Eleusinion and the part of Section II adjacent on the south, nine deposits with large numbers of plemochoai have been found (these deposits include at least 50 percent plemochoai among the total sherds, or a minimum of 40 fragments of plemochoai).15 One of these deposits, T 18:5, consists of fill in a cistern dug into the lower terrace adjacent to the Eleusinion on the north; the cistern was abandoned while still under constructionbecause of collapsed bedrock and was filled with pottery, which includes 69 pieces of plemochoai (CPD 56). The other eight deposits were all found near the entrances to the Eleusinion on the south side of the sanctuary,and in Section I I, adjacent to it on the steep slope to the south (Plan 3). Most significantare the two deposits discussedby Pollittin detail, T 22:1 and T 22:2 (PollittI, II). Here whole plemochoai were found, carefully buried in bedrock (P1. 19). 12 A date in the 5th
century had already been suggested in previous discussions on the basis of the phrase Xpuaoo xtpXvoL,which appears in Eleusinian inventories of the 5th century B.C. (IG I3 386, line 17 [408/7]; 387, line 23 [407/6]; 390, line 8 [ca.420-405]), and has been interpretedas referringto golden kernoi (with a differentspelling), but T. Linders has now shown that the term occurs in other inventories from Attica (the sanctuary of Artemis at Brauron and the Asklepieion) and Delos, and refers to an item of jewelry, specifically,"a small personal ornament of granulated metal" (Linders 1988, p. 230; discussed in Cavanaugh 1996, pp. 132-134). For the coins of the 1st century B.C.,Pollitt 1979, appendix, pp. 232-233; AgoraXXVI, pp. 76-77, 98-99. 13 Pollitt 1979, 209; the late G. Bakalakis p. (1991) states that a corpus of finds is in preparation and summarizes the main points. At Eleusis,vessels called kernoi (withcups) and types properlycalled plemochoai have been found at levels below the porch of the Telesterionbut in front of it, in a layerwith ashes and signs of burning (see Clinton 1988, pp. 72, 76 note 45, 78); in an embankment between the northeast corner of the Telesterion and a mudbrickwaU; under the floor of the so-called Bouleuterion; and along the back face of the south wall (Pollitt 1979, pp. 206-207; Bakalakis 1991, p. 111). 14 Deposit H 16:3 (Pollitt XIV) contained fragments of four plemochoai and one black-glazed kernos; deposit S 19:3 (Pollitt XXIII), a dump from a workshop that manufacturedpottery and votives and was located opposite the Eleusinion on the Panathenaic Way,contained five fragmentsof plemochoai. 15 The deposits are as follows: T 18:5 (= Pollitt XXV), CPD 56 4th century B.C. T 21:1, CPD 39 2nd century B.C. T 21:2 (= Pollitt XXVI), CPD 34 4th century B.C. T 21:3, CPD 35 early 2nd century B.C. T 22:1 (= Pollitt I) 4th century B.C. T 22:2 (= Pollitt II) 4th century B.C. U 20:1 (= Pollitt XXVII), CPD 36 4th century B.C. U 22:4 (= Pollitt XXXVII) mixed fill U 22:5 (= Pollitt XXVIII) mixed fill
THE VESSELS
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Plemochoai have also been found in the excavations of the Kerameikos in Athens, in considerable number, sometimes in graves.16 Outside of central Athens and Eleusis, but still in Attica, five plemochoai were found in and around the outworksof mines at Laurion.17 Elsewhere they have been found so far only in Alexandria, in the cemetery at Schatbi or in the city. As Pollitt notes, there is clear evidence for Eleusinian influence in Hellenistic Egypt; an Eleusinian exegete named Timotheus advised Ptolemy I on cultic matters (Tac., Hist. 4.83), and there was a suburb of Alexandria named Eleusiswhere a festivalof Demeter was held.18 The Mysteriaat Eleusis were announced in Egypt, as Polybiosreportsin his account of an Athenian embassy led by Kleostratos that came to the Ptolemaic court in 169 B.C.on businessconcerning the Mysteries (28.19).19 Both Mylonas and Clinton have commented that much of what Early Christian writers say about the EleusinianMysteries may well referto celebrationsfor Demeter held in Alexandria.20In sum, the findspots of the plemochoai corroborate their Eleusinian character,but they also have a clearly chthonic purpose in that they are found in graves and associated with mines. RITUAL USES
The primary use of the plemochoe is given by Athenaios in the passage quoted above: for libations poured onto the ground, for example, on the last day of the Mysteries at Eleusis, when a mysticalformula was uttered as part of the ritual.21The 5th-centurycouplet quoted by Athenaios indicates that the vessel was also used for libationspoured into the ground while keeping a religious silence, evidently on other occasions. The plemochoe was also carried on the head in a ceremonial procession and could contain liquid effectively while in motion, as illustrated on the Ninnion pinax, where three women are shown in procession with plemochoai tied on their heads; if a kernos were so carried, presumably the kotyliskoiwould be left unfilled, but the central bowl would serve as well as a plemochoe.22
adding small or vestigial cups to the rim, thus making a hybrid of the two (and inspiringthe name by providing a fenestratedlid. 16 Brommer1980, p. 548, note 22. The plemochoaifrom the Kerameikosare currentlybeing studiedfor publication by Dr. Angelika Schone-Denkinger, who kindly examined examples from the City Eleusinion and declares them to be closely similar in shape, type, and fabric to those she is studying. For funeral rituals in general involving food and liquids, and the various vessels used, see Garland 1985, pp. 110-115. 17
Jones 1982.
18 Pollitt 1979, p. 229; Nilsson, GGR,II, pp. 94-95, 156; Clinton, SacredOffcials,pp. 8-9. F Walbankcomments on the exact location of Egyptian Eleusis, which was "directlyon the route of anyone arriving from upper and central on Polybius,Oxford 1979, III, p. 404. Egypt," in A HistoricalCommentary 19 The circumstances surroundingthis visit are discussed C. Habicht by (1992, pp. 79-80). 20 Mylonas 1961, pp. 287-316; further comments by Clinton, SacredOffiials,pp. 8-9. 21 For the significance ofthis, see Burkert 1983, pp. 292-297; Clinton 1988, pp. 78-79. 22 Both Pollux or kernophoron, a ceremonial carryingofkernoi, (4.103) and Athenaios (14.629d) mention a kernophoria which has contributed to the confusion between names for the vessels. Many of the plemochoai from the Agora have holes pierced through the flanges, and some lids have holes, suggesting that they could have been tied together, like the plemochoai illustratedon the heads of the women in the Ninnion pinax. 23 One type of fabric used for plemochoai is a coarse, granularclay of the sort used for cooking ware, which would have been especially suitable for burning chunksof incense; Mylonas rejectsthis idea, proposed long ago, because the examples at Eleusis had no traces of burning (1961, p. 222). Yet even the spouts of lamps do not always show traces of burning, nor do cooking pots or braziers.
THE PLEMOCHOE, AN ELEUSINIAN VESSEL
100
0.30 I
0.40 I
0.50 I
m
FIG. 13. Marble plemochoe A 2410
MARBLEPLEMOCHOE The importance of the plemochoe to the Eleusinian cult is illustrated further by a very large, finely carved marble plemochoe found in Section II, adjacent on the south to the sanctuary. It
served as sanctuary furnitureand doubtlesswas made as a dedication (Catalogue III, 17: Fig. 13; P1. 40).24 The sculpture represents a plemochoe with the characteristic curves, topped by a domelike fenestrated lid rendered in low relief. On the top is a dowel hole containing part of an iron pin for something to be attached, probably a metal pan for burning incense. Only the top part of the object is preserved, but we may estimate that its full height would have been about two
feet (ca. 0.62 m.). The marble plemochoe is cut flat at the back, so it must have stood against wall, perhaps an anta, or near a doorway. LIBATIONS FOR THE UNDERWORLD The ancient testimonia for the plemochoe quoted above all state that it was used on the last day of
the Mysteries at Eleusis, and the 5th-century verse quoted by Athenaios indicates that the vessel could be used on other occasions, in silence. So far they are documented in greatest abundance in 24
This representation in marble of a specific cultic vessel has parallels in the large-scale marble loutrophoroi
typicallyusedto adorngraves,andthe twolargemarblePanathenaicamphorae,carvedas gravemonuments,nowin the Marathon museum (SEGXL 222).
LIBATIONS FOR THE UNDERWORLD
101
the City Eleusinion, and they were found in unknown quantity at Eleusis,where the last day of the Mysteries was held, but they are also found in chthonic contexts such as graves and mines. The and its etymology also convey the chthonic connections: XeseL very name of the vessel, TiX-poXoq, and XOTare generally used for honey, oil, and water offered to the dead and to chthonic gods.25 It seems that the evidence about this vessel revealsto us a part of the ceremony of the Mysteries on which ancient authors have kept silent: that on the last day a part of its ritual must have been devoted to satisfying one or more specifically chthonic deities in Demeter's Eleusinian circle, especially Plouton himself. The plemochoe used for this rituallibation was extended to the cult of Plouton and underworld deities apart from Eleusinian celebrations, and finally to their use in graves, for offerings to the dead, or to the deities on behalf of the dead, and to more general chthonic contexts by workersin mines. THE SHRINE OF PLOUTON AT THE CITY ELEUSINION
Although no foundations for a shrine of Plouton can be firmly identified in the area excavated so far,other evidence points to its location in or near the Eleusinion. The CircularBuilding above the Eleusinion in Section I I may have been used for rituals in connection with the Ploutonion.26 Three preserved inscriptions found in Athens, one near the Eleusinion (Catalogue I, 60), and the others on the Akropolis and south slope of the Akropolis, honor individuals, including the Hierophant, for providinglectisterniafor Plouton. They range in date from ca. 325 B.C.to the mid 1st century B.C. (IG II2 1933 [330-320 B.C.], 1934 [170-150 B.C.], 1935 [mid 1st century B.C.]).
The inscriptions establish that there was a shrine of Plouton in Athens, near the Akropolis, in the 4th to 1st centuries B.C., in which the Hierophant of Eleusis took interest. Further evidence for the shrine is provided by a financial document from Eleusis, which records expenditures in the City Eleusinion for the smoothing and plastering of antae and work on lattice doors for To ToUIIXo6rovoq,a shrine of Plouton (IG II2 1672, for example, lines 168170, 172, 174-175, 177-178, 185-186 [329/8 B.C.]);Clinton has shown that this work was not carried out at Eleusis, but in or near the City Eleusinion.27Whether the shrine of Plouton was in the City Eleusinion (that is, within the temenos) or near it is not yet known, but the implication of the inscription is that money from Eleusinian funds was spent for the repairs and construction, and the shrine was under the supervision of the Eleusinian epistatai. The shrine of Plouton is attested also in an honorary decree of the early 2nd century B.C., which bestows privileges on Satyra, a priestess of the Thesmophoria, because of her repairsin the sanctuaryof Plouton and of the temples in the Eleusinion (Catalogue I, 35). Close proximity of the Ploutonion to the Eleusinion is also indicated by the ubiquitous presence of fragments of plemochoai in the Eleusinion, because they would have been offered to underworld deities. Pollitt observed in his study of the plemochoai that deposit T 22:1 was a deliberate burial of unbroken plemochoai (in Section II adjacent on the south to the Eleusinion), and he suggested that officials of the sanctuaries may have had control over the land.28 There is now a total of eight deposits found near the south entrances of the Eleusinion and grouped around the area outside them, which reinforces Pollitt's interpretation. The 25
LS, s.v. Xof; Burkert 1985, pp. 70-73. Since LSJ also connects plemochoe with nXpIr (flood-tide, as in the Nile), perhaps we should reconsider Lenormant's suggestion, dismissed by Mylonas, that the cries of "rain!" and "conceive!" mentioned in Proklos (in Ti. 293C) may be connected with the ceremony using plemochoai (Mylonas 1961, pp. 270-271, with earlier references;Burkert 1983, p. 293 and note 89). For the use of the Xo) in the festival Anthesteria, see Burkert 1983, pp. 216-226; detailed study in Hamilton 1992. 26 This association is suggested by Clinton, Mythand Cult,p. 21, note 39. For the Circular Building, see above, pp. 80-83. 27 Clinton argues that the Ploutonion was located in Athens (MythandCult,pp. 18-22). 28 Pollitt 1979, pp. 225-226.
102
THE PLEMOCHOE, AN ELEUSINIAN VESSEL
large marble plemochoe, a piece of sanctuary furniture, was also found (in a late context) in Section II.29 The combined evidence indicates that a shrine of Plouton supervisedby Eleusinian officials existed on the north slope of the Akropolis,probably near the Eleusinion, if not inside it in the unexcavated area. In the shrine, people frequently made offerings using plemochoai. Since the vessel is known to have existed in the later 5th century, we may speculate that the shrine of Plouton was established during the 420s B.C.,perhaps after the outbreaksof plague, the earthquake of 426, and during the Peloponnesian War, when Athenians took renewed interest in their old sanctuaries and established or expanded many others.30 AND KERNOI PLEMOCHOAI
Within the Eleusinian context, Plouton is the frightfulabductor of Kore, whose rape precipitates all subsequent events: Demeter's search, the famine that caused desperationamong mortal and immortal alike, and the events during Demeter's visit to Eleusis;these precede the drama of the Mysteries,which enacted the Return of Kore to the upper world, guaranteed the continuity of the agriculturalcycle, and assuredparticipantsof a blessed afterlife.31Hence, the final outcome of the dramatic events set into motion by Plouton's aggression results in an improved world for mortals: potentially, if they are initiated into the Mysteries, they are on better terms with the lord of the dead and Kore, now his wife, and physical continuity through food and children is promised. Plouton is represented in vase painting as an accessible, beneficent agrarian fertility god, lord of the underworld, depicted as white-haired, bearing a scepter as sign of his royalty and carrying a cornucopia as the giver of prosperity.32 Plouton represents a distinctive concept of death, apart from other chthonic figures in the Eleusinian circle. His counterpart is Theos; Theos and Thea are the Eleusinian versions of Hades and Persephone, names not used in Eleusinian contexts for the king and queen of the underworld.33 Thea and Theos, a sort of hermetically sealed pair-bond, are equivalent to Kore and Plouton in the upper world, and the two couples seem to coexist without a temporal reference, since Thea and Theos always represent only the underworld, without transference or transformation.34 Plouton himself seems to embody the cyclical nature of death, both a 29
It is possible that this marble plemochoe was part of the decoration of the shrine of Plouton paid for by [Neopto]lemos son of A[ntikles of Melite], for which he was honored by Eleusinian officials (IG II2 1231; for the new reading and the suggestion that the decoration was of the shrine in Athens, see Clinton, Mythand Cult,p. 20, note 38). The decree, found in Eleusis, does not specify which shrine of Plouton was decorated by [Neopto]lemos and may be taken to refer to the Ploutonion in Athens. A priestess of Plouton at Eleusis is attested in IG II2 1363 (ca. 330-270 B.C.), where her duties and perquisites obtain for the Thesmophoria at Eleusis (discussedin Dow and Healey 1965, pp. 35-37). She probably served an altar of Plouton set up in the outer courtyard, outside the gates. 30 Mikalson 1984, pp. 221-225; Miles 1989, pp. 227-235; Rotroffand Oakley 1992, pp. 53-57. 31 The evidence for the sacred drama is discussed by Clinton (MythandCult,pp. 84-91). 32 The name, an Athenian approximation of Hades or Aidoneus, is first attested in Aischylos, Pr.806, and is said x by Plato to have derived from the Greek tXo3roS;,or wealth, and means "wealth-giver"(86titxijT yfriv?e'at [6 ntXo6ro;]),Cra. 403A (LSJ, s.v. IIXov-wov);Nilsson, GGR,I, pp. 452-456, 471-472. Plouton seems to retain a separate identity (by name and in visual representations)from the lord of the underworld based on a spatial differentiation;i.e., when he is above ground, he is Plouton, when he is below ground, he is Theos at Eleusis, and Hades or Aidoneus elsewhere. For discussion of his various aspects, roles, and depictions of him in art, see Clinton, MythandCult,pp. 51-52, 59-63, 105-116. 33 The indirection of the names is analogous to the use of the phrase "the Two Goddesses." For discussion of Thea and Theos, see Clinton, Myth and Cult,pp. 51-53, 114-115. Thea is also attested in the City Eleusinion, in a graffito on a fragment of a Corinthian-typeskyphos,P 31829, from layer 9, Temple NW (CPD 251). 34 Thea and Theos are representedin the LakrateidesRelief, a large-scalevotive relief of ca. 100 B.C. dedicated at Eleusis by Lakrateides, a priest of Thea, Theos, and Euboleus, that depicts Eleusinian deities together, including Demeter, Kore and Plouton, and Triptolemos, all with their names inscribed beside them; this illustrates the
LIBATIONSFOR THE UNDERWORLD
103
taker of life (symbolized by Kore) and its giver (in form of agrarian bounty), an end and a beginning. If the hypothesis that the plemochoai were used for libations to Plouton and other underworld deities is correct, then the potters' additions of small cups to many of them seem ingeniously appropriate. Whether the cups actually held foodstuffs or were vestigial and symbolic, they combined the recognition characteristicof the kernos of the varied gifts of fertilitythe underworld deities provide, while satisfying these deities' chthonic appetites for honey and oil from a plemochoe. Plouton's parenthetical role in the Eleusinian drama-he is its instigator and, at the conclusion, the giver of future blessings-is acknowledgedby the freshly initiated on the last day of the Mysteries with plemochoai, by procession and libation. coexistence of the two pairs, Thea and Theos, and Kore and Plouton (Clinton, Mythand Cult,pp. 51-53). Thea and Theos, and Euboleus (but not Plouton), received sacrifices (of animals) at Eleusis together with Triptolemos and Athena (IG I3 78, lines 37-40).
CONTEXT POTTERYDESCRIPTIONS ESCRIPTIONS are provided here of the relevantlots of context pottery for the stratigraphy discussed in the text. This pottery is described in detail because it provides important evidence for the history of the sanctuary and because it illustratesthe ancient stratigraphythat did exist despite the high level of the bedrock on the slope of the Akropolis. The context pottery documented here representswhat the excavatorsbelieved should be kept. At the time, their primary concern was the chronological evidence provided by the sherds;pieces of interest in other ways were catalogued, and other types of analyses were not then envisioned. Since storage space is limited, this has meant that large portions of the sherds excavated had to be discarded,and what is left is an unknownpercentageof an unknownpercentage of what was used in antiquity. The result is a skewed profile,with finer wares in far greater abundance proportionally to coarser wares than was actually the case in antiquity. Nonetheless the provenience of this context pottery is well documented, and it provides a sample of what was once in the Eleusinion in specific locations as well as the dates crucial for the history of the sanctuary. It is hoped that the data given here will be subjected to analyses that lie outside the scope of this study, such as frequency of shape, proportional representationsof types in domestic versus sanctuary fills, and contents of well deposits. Closed deposits are designated by referenceto the coordinatesof the grid system of the Agora, so that T 18:1 means that the deposit was the first excavated in grid square T 18 (for the grid system, see Plan 1). Depths of wells are measured downward from their mouths. Within each numbered group of context pottery, the shapes are listed in the order followed in the pottery volumes of the Agoraseries. Lamps are described as Howland Types (AgoraIV). Pieces already published in full are designated first with their inventory number and then with the reference to the publication, e.g., P 9980 = AgoraVIII, no. 546. Forunpublishedpieces, referencesto published parallels are given where possible, e.g., "Cup, Type C, concave lip: 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 40 (525-500)" means that the rim is closely similar to the parallel in AgoraXII. The abbreviations RCS, SGW,and 2CHP refer to Vanderpool 1946, Roberts 1986, and Thompson 1934. Abbreviations: BF Black-figured BG Black-glazed CPD Context Pottery Description Diam. Diameter EC Early Corinthian EG Early Geometric EPC Early Protocorinthian G Geometric LC Late Corinthian LG Late Geometric LH Late Helladic LPA Late Protoattic LPG Late Protogeometric
LR MC MG MH MPA N PA RF RW SAH s.u.
t.u.
Late Roman Middle Corinthian Middle Geometric Middle Helladic Middle Protoattic Nicholls, forthcoming terracottavolume Protoattic Red-figured Red Ware Stamped amphora handle shape unknown type unknown
106
ELEU5INION AGORA EXCAVATIONSATHENS l
FIG. 14. Section Key
j
I
.... I
I
. ,
10
2,0m i
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS 1. Well U-V 19:1
107
(lot EA 56)
Located south of the foundation for the Classical Monument Base (Fig. 4; Plan 2). Diam. 1.0 m. At a depth of 1.50 m. in dumped fill, skeleton of man 45-50 years old, 5' 6" tall, was found in contracted position above a rough slab (AA 288). Fill continued at least one meter below burial. At a depth of ca. 2.50 m. the shaft opened out into a cavern extending north under the Classical Monument Base, and excavation had to be stopped. The well was partly cut on the east side by a Byzantine storage pithos, and on the south side it was disturbed by another, tile-lined, well of the Roman period (U 19:4), which had been used for water and then as a cesspool in the early 20th century; because the tile-lined well had collapsed it had to be left unexcavated. The pottery listed here was in the dumped fill around and below the skeleton;excavation of the well could not be completed. Date:EG II, ca. 850 B.C. 1 inventoried item, 50 sherds, skeleton AA 288 Totalassemblage: EARLYWARE(5)
Gray Minyan (2) Mycenaean (3): 1 rim, kylix (LH IIIB); 1 rim, bowl; 1 body frag., banded inside and out PG-EG (45) [(+ inventoried item)] Banded amphora (3): wall frags., utility Belly-handled amphora (6): 1 neck, 1 shoulder, 2 wall frags., 2 lower body frags. Amphora (4): 2 necks, 2 wall frags. Amphora (3): wall frags., concentric circles Oinochoe, light-ground (1): neck Oinochoe, dark-ground (1): barred handle, 13 pieces from same Krater (2): rims
2. Well S 20:1
Skyphos (8): black, with triangles (1): side, handle, rim; 1 rim, very large skyphos; 4 walls with concentric circles(1 LPG; 1 repaired);1wall with vertical panel, zigzag; 1 wall of large skyphos, reservedlower body Cup, with barred handle (1): P 26434 (EG) Cup (6): 1 cup, reserved lower body; 1 lip, highfooted large cup; 2 feet, high-footed cup; 1 handle, cup; 1 cup, flat-bottomed (half of cup) Other (8): 7 banded body frags.;handle (1): barred Coarseware(3): 1 thickwall frag.; 1 trefoil-mouthed oinochoe (11 frags., probablyfrom same); 1 thick base (bottom), cooking
(lots EA 109-112)
Located in the center of the Roman PanathenaicWay (Fig.4; Plan 2). Diam. ca. 1.05 m., very neatly cut to depth 3.10 m. below surface of bedrock;3.70 m. below paving block of street that overhangswell. Bottom is uneven, in very hard bedrock. Well perhaps never finished, as water appearsjust at bottom, and only one pitcher, blackened (i.e., used for cooking), was found among fill. Potterykept in four parts: top half of fill in two containers, bottom half of fill, and the stones, metal, and coarse heavy pottery from all depths. Inventoried items are from all depths but listed under CPD 2D. Date:LG, end of 8th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 11 inventoried items, 86 objects, 9 bones, 398 sherds
2A. Top fill
(lot EA 109)
Totalassemblage: 6 objects, 29 sherds OBJECTS
Spindle whorl (1) Cut disks (5): from decorated vessels EARLYWARE(7)
Gray Minyan (1): strap handle Mycenaean (6): 1 kylix stem; 2 bases, cup (cf. AgoraXIII, no. 472, LH IIIC); 1 rim, deep bowl (white gritty ware); 2 bases, deep bowl GEOMETRIC WARE(16)
Oinochoe (1): decorated wall frag., banded Bowl (1): rim and upper wall (3joining pieces), decoration like AgoraVIII, no. 155 (late 8th century) Deep bowl (2): 1 rim, 1 base
Skyphos (4): 2 decorated bases; 1 handle; 1 wall frag. Cup (2): 1 decorated stem; 1 wall frag. Kotyle (3): 3 different wall frags., decorated with bands Other (3): 3 shoulder frags. (probably same vessel); 1 banded wall frag.; 1 decorated handle, large closed vessel HOUSEHOLD(6)
Tubular object (1): coarse clay Cooking ware (3): 1 rim; 1 base; 1 wall frag. Plain ware (2): 1 rim; 1 base
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
108 2B. Top fill, to -1.60? m.
(lot EA 110)
Totalassemblage: 13 objects, 2 bones, 126 sherds OBJECTS
Spindle whorls (2): circular Rounded stones (2): one alabaster(?) Cut disks (9): 4 decorated cut disks; 5 coarse cut disks Bones, not identified (2) EARLYWARE(17)
Mycenaean (4): 1 kylix stem (LH IIIB); 1 kylix stem (LH IIIC); 1 skyphos base, swirl pattern inside; 1 base frag., large bowl PG (2): 1 base, skyphos; 1 bottom, large skyphos PG-LG (11): 3 rims, 5 bases, 3 wall frags., cup/ skyphos GEOMETRIC WARE(51)
Amphora (3): 1 decorated rim; 2 plain rims SOS amphora (6): 2 frags. neck; 4 decorated body frags. Oinochoe (4): 1 handle with stripes; 1 handle with snake; 1 plain strap handle; 1 plain base
2C. Lower fill, to bottom, -3.10 m.
Small oinochoe (1): bottom, profile somewhat like AgoraVIII, no. 76 (last quarter 8th century);bottom painted-import? Bowl (8): 2 decorated lug handles; 1 decorated rim; 1 wall frag.;4 plain bases Large bowl/krater (9): 1 rim; 4 painted handles; 4 bases with thin wash on outer side Skyphos (6): 3 rims and upper wall frags., decorated; 3 wall frags., plain Tubular object (1): fenestrated clay tubular object, decorated with rows of painted stripes; pierced with triangularcutouts Other (13): 3 small handles; 2 banded wall frags., open shape; 8 banded wall frags., closed shape HOUSEHOLD (58)
Cooking ware (14): 2 rims; 8 wall frags.; 1 handle; 3 bases Mottled decoration (21): 6 wall frags., open shape; 14 wall frags., closed shape; 1 handle Other coarseware (23): 1 base, large open shape; 3 thick coarse wall frags.; 19 frags., nondescript
(lot EA 111)
Totalassemblage: 32 objects, 2 bones, 235 sherds OBJECTS
Terracotta figurines (2): 1 leg stump, animal(?); 1 decorated object, unidentifiable Loomweights (5): 4 compressedspheres; 1 flattened Cut disks (23): 8 thick decorated; 4 thin decorated; 9 coarseware;2 cooking ware Stone (2): pieces Ovicaprid, lower mandible (1) Oyster shell (1) EARLYWARE(41)
Mycenaean (19): LH III (12): 1 large vertical handle, decorated with stripes;2 other handles, decorated, one pierced; 1 base, skyphos, interior swirl decoration; 1 twisted handle; 3 other handles; 1 stirrup; 2 decorated wall frags.; 1 rim, krater, with twisted cable pattern in relief, thin black glaze; LH IIIA (2): 1 stem frag., kylix, cf. AgoraXIII, no. 4 (LH IIIA); 1 rim bowl, with spiral design, somewhat like AgoraXIII, no. 432 (LH IIIA);LH IIIC (5): 5 stems, kylix PG (9): 4 bottoms, skyphos; 1 base frag.; 1 decorated handle; 1 base, large footed bowl; 1 rim, amphora; 1 decorated wall frag. PG-LG (13): 6 bases, cup/skyphos; 4 bases, footed skyphos; 2 rims; 1 handle IMPORTED WARE(1)
Corinthian (1): rim, skyphos LATE GEOMETRICWARE (127)
Amphora (8): 6 foot frags.; 2 decorated rims
Large banded pitcher (2): bottom and lower wall, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 87 (3rd quarter 8th century), 7 joining frags.; 1 other vessel, 8 frags. Oinochoe, flat-bottomed (2): 1 lower wall frag.; 1 bottom frag. Oinochoe (6): parts of bottom and lower wall, same decorated vessel, profile somewhat like AgoraVIII, no. 76 (last quarter 8th century); 2 double vertical handles; 2 shoulder frags.; 1 other base Oinochoe, small (3): 1 bottom, flat; 2 decorated handles Oinochoe, trefoil (1): rim frag. Deep bowl (7): 1 rim, hound and hare design; 5 rims, one pierced; 1 base frag., flat Krater (3): 1 base frag., footed; 1 large handle; 1 large rim, decorated with meander pattern Spouted bowl (1): spout Plate (3): 1 rim and handle, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 118 (later8th century); 1 decorated base; 1 other rim Skyphos (14): 5 rims and upper wall, decorated; 1 whole profile, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 130 (ca. 725); 1 lower wall frag.; 3 decorated lug handles; 4 other small handles Small cup (1): whole profile, decorated with dotted stripes Pyxis (3): 3 knobs, two decorated Other (73): 4 decorated handles, large vessel; 5 other handles;large thick-walledvessels: 3 wall
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS frags., closed shape; 4 wall frags., decorated with LG patterns; 7 banded wall frags.;2 rims; 1 base; smaller, thin-wall vessels: 11 wall frags., decorated, open shape; 36 wall frags., decorated, closed shape HOUSEHOLD (66)
Large waterjar (6): 3 bases, 3 rims Pithos (1): rim frag.
109
Cooking ware (7): 4 rims; 10 wall frags., probably same vessel; 2 bases Mottled wash (24): 11 wall frags., open shape; 12 wall frags., closed shape; 1 handle Other coarseware (28): 4 handles, one pierced; 8 thick wall frags.; 14 thin wall frags.; 1 rim frag., 1 handle
2D. Inventoried pottery, coarseware pottery,and heavy objects, all depths
(lot EA 112)
11 inventoried items, 35 objects, 5 bones, 8 sherds Totalassemblage: OBJECTS Iron (10): spearhead = IL 1469; implement = IL 1470; clamp = IL 1471; 7 pieces Bronze (1): piece Stone (1): stone item = ST 701 Grinder (2): 1 round purple grinder; 1 round limestone grinder Disks (21): 1 shale disk; 1 green stone disk; 7 limestone disks, various sizes; 1 pierced limestone disk; 11 disks, cut from coarse vessels Animal bone (2): frags. Bovine horns (3)
3. Votive Deposit T 20:2
INVENTORIED ITEMS(7)
Geometric oinochoe (frags.) = P 26813, P 26827, P 26828 Geometric krater(frag.) = P 26817 One-handled cup = P 26814 Clay disk = P 26815 Geometric cooking pot = P 26829 HOUSEHOLD(8)
Pithos (6): 1 bottom frag.;2 rims, one with 2 pierced holes; 2 pieces of wall, decorated with raised wavy pattern; 1 plain wall frag. Large amphora (1): 3 base frags., same vessel Other (1): piece bottom, large coarse vessel
(lots 60) 24E and 24F)
Reddish fill in five circular cuttings in bedrock, considered by the excavators to have been one deposit. Fill was disturbed in later periods, probably by construction of pithoi. Deposit was found 4-5 m. east of Rocky Outcrop (Fig. 4; Plan 2). Predominance of terracotta figurines is strong indication that this was fill from a sanctuary; see AgoraVIII, p. 131. Date:mixed fill, 7th century B.C.,with intrusions 3 coins, 6 inventoried items, 49 terracottapieces, 107 sherds (including 2 miniature shapes) Totalassemblage: with thin white paint; 7 legs; 1 shield; 2 plaques; COINS 1 driver;3 horses Maurice A.D. struck 60 46: Tiberius, 582-602, A.D. 585/6
E6 47: Greek EO 48: Early Byzantine, probably Constans II, A.D.641-668 TERRACOTTA FIGURINES
Total:4 inventoried figurines; 49 pieces representing a minimum of 23 figurines,4 other individuals with legs, 1 shield, 2 plaques, 1 driver,3 horses (minimum 34 individual figurines) T 1458 = N 8: frag. of upper part of draped female figure, decorated in red glaze, vertical stripes on body, front and back (Mycenaean) T 1459 = N 131: stylized chariot group (ca. 710610) T 1461 = N 216: early nonstylized seated figure (ca. 710-610) T 1460 = N 347: later stylized standing figure (Archaic) Other (49): 2 head with shoulderand arms; 14 arms and upper torso; 19 feet and lower body, several
EARLYWARE(23)
Gray Minyan (3) Mycenaean (1): wall, cup/skyphos (LH IIIC) PG fehlbrant (1): 4 frags. from same pot Ray-basedkotyle, Corinthianizing(2):cf. AgoraVIII, no. 164 (1st half 7th century) PG-LG (15): P 9979 = G bowl; PG shallow bowl, concentric circles; LG oinochoe, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 51 (last quarter 8th century); LG amphora, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 11 (ca. 725); LG shallow bowl, reflex handle (late 8th century); 3 frags. cup/skyphos PA(1): P 9980 = AgoraVIII, no. 546, frag.Protoattic pyxis or miniature egg-shaped krater ARCHAICFINEWARE(33)
BF (11): assorted frags. BG: Miniatures (2): skyphos Aryballos (1) (early 6th century) Lekanis lid (1)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
110
Banded olpe (1): wall, cf. AgoraXII, no. 260 (ca.500) Skyphos,Corinthiantype (6): bases, cf.AgoraXII, nos. 305, 306 (575-550) Other BG (11): assorted frags., one mug handle COARSEWARE, NOT PRECISELY DATABLE (37)
Plain and banded: lekane, 1 handle Coarseware (36): 2 handles, 1 rim, cooking pots; 1 cut disk, 1 rim, 31 other
4. Deposit T 19:3
(lots ee
Intrusions (14) Red-ware (1): frag., 1st century A.C. LR (2): frag. bowl; other frag. LR lamps(2): disk-patterned,cf.AgoraVII, no. 1818 (1st half 4th century) Coarseware: combed ware (2), 6th century A.C. Micaceous waterjugs (4): body frags. Yellow/white glaze (1): frag., late Byzantine period Lidded bowl (1): frag. Shallow coarseware dish (1): frag.
1-7)
Located 3.5 m. north of the Archaic peribolos wall, in a spot later covered by the Temple of Triptolemos (Fig.3; Plan 2). Depth 4.60 m. The pit was disturbed by two Ottoman pits on the east and north sides and by the wall of a modern cellar sunk through part of it. The fill in the pit was not stratified and apparently was dumped at one time. There was no water, and this was not a well. Two fragments appear to be later than 650 B.C.: P 10620 = AgoraVIII, no. 17 (3rd quarter 7th century); P 10628 = AgoraVIII, no. 119 (later 7th century B.C.),and there are intrusionsof the Archaic (8), Roman (3), and later periods (22). Cf. Hesperia7, 1938, p. 341, fig. 38 (P 10154);AgoraIV, p. 245; AgoraVIII, p. 131. Date: Protoattic, with intrusions Totalassemblage: 54 inventoried items, 29 objects, 957 sherds (including 2 miniature shapes), some coarseware and "a fair amount" of other sherds, discarded in 1955 TERRACOTTA FIGURINES (17)
T 1486 = N 103: head of horse (710-610) T 1487 = N 276: misc. object, top or ball (710-610) T 1499 = N 270: small polychrome votive plaque (710-610, cf. BSA49, p. 198, note 4) T 1500 = N 236: votive shield (710-610) T 1501 = N 251: votive shield (710-610) T 1502 + T 1504 = N 121: horse, stylized chariot group (710-610) T 1503 = N 147: driver, stylized chariot group (710-610) Other (10): 3 plaques; 1 shield; 2 columnar type (1 torso and feet, 1 torso); 2 animals; 1 leg; 1 handmade object OBJECTS
Loomweight (2) Spindle whorls (5): MC 381 (glaze badly flaked, 4 bands about top and sides, a cross on bottom); MC 382 (small conical convex whorl, unglazed); 3 others Handmade tray,coarse fabric (1) Object with incised pattern (1) Cut disks (17): P 10217 (small plain), P 10218 (small red-glazed), P 10219 (unglazed);7 coarse; 6 decorated; 1 red-glazed Horn-tip (1) Lamps (2): L 3022 = AgoraIV, no. 74?, early Greek handmade lamp (Type 1), L 3579 = AgoraIV, no. 3, early lamp (Type 1) EARLY WARE(6)
Gray Minyan (1): wall frag. Mycenaean (3): 1 plain kylix stem, LH IIIB; 2 other decorated frags., 1 with dots, 1 painted
PG (2): wall frag.,concentric circle MG (1);frag.neck, amphora, meander pattern LG-PA (585) Miniatures (2): P 10627 (cup);decorated miniature amphoriskos,bottom Banded amphora (1): rim and neck, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 32 (late 8th century) Amphora, decorated (1): P 10620 = AgoraVIII, no. 17 (3rd quarter 7th century) Oinochoe (7): 4 handles; 1 rim, trefoil; 1 trefoil, Corinthianizing, P 10224 = AgoraVIII, no. 55 (3rd quarter 8th century); 1 small, P 10230 = AgoraVIII, no. 61 (1st half 7th century) Krater (1): rim, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 120 (1st half 7th century) Bowls (4): 3 bases, latest, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 110 (3rd quarter 7th century); 1 ribbon handle Bowl, with return handle (1): P 10215 = AgoraVIII, no. 106 (2nd quarter 8th century) Shallow bowl (1): P 10220 Small bowl (1): P 10226 Standed bowl (1): P 24806 = AgoraVIII, no. 96 (East Greek?, 1st half 7th century) Lekanis (1): ribbon handle Plate (1): P 10628 = AgoraVIII, no. 119 (later 7th century) Large skyphos (13): 11 rims; 2 bases Skyphos (22): 6 rims; 1 base; 2 decorated handles; 11 other handles; P 10222; P 10223 =AgoraVIII, no. 139 (1st half 7th century) Cup/skyphos (191): 70 bases (latest, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 149, 2nd quarter 7th century); 104 rims; 9 handles; 8 decorated cup handles
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS Kotyle (7): P 10153 = AgoraVIII, no. 159 (imit. EPC, early 7th century); P 10428 = AgoraVIII, no. 163 (1sthalf7th century);P 10623; 4rimsand wall frags., latest, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 120 (1st half 7th century) One-handled cup (5): P 10216; P 10624; P 10625; P 10626 = AgoraVIII, no. 182 (Subgeometric, early 7th century) One-handled mug, with graffito (1): P 10151 = AgoraVIII, no. 194 Lid (3): P 10629 (small);2 decorated knobs Pyxis lid (1): decorated Assorted shapes, not identifiable: Body frags. (2) Banded body frags. (118): 1 with 3 holes for repair Decorated wall frags., ray-based (18), various thicknesses Decorated, various (26): wall frags. Decorated, linked spiral (7): wall frags. Decorated, other (9): wall frags. Decorated handles (12) Plain handles (2) Plain (2): 1 wall, 1 rim Mottled brown/red-glazed ware (98): 35 closed, 63 open shapes Tiny, ground-up (16) decoration Distinctivefor Krater (2): P 10227 = AgoraVIII, no. 301 (late 8th century);P 10228 = AgoraVIII, no. 346 (latest 8th century) Jug (1): P 10621 = AgoraVIII, no. 310 (ca.725) Hydria (2): P 10154 = AgoraVIII, no. 384 (large, with snakes on handles, by Analatos Follower, 1st quarter 7th century); P 10229 = AgoraVIII, no. 416 (early 7th century) Decorated lid (1): P 10630 = AgoraVIII, no. 485 (Protoattic) Kantharos (1): handle, P 10221 = AgoraVIII, no. 517 (Protoattic) Bowl (1): P 26291 = AgoraVIII, no. 520 (1st half 7th century) Large closed pot (2): P 10622 = AgoraVIII, no. 559 (2nd quarter 7th century);P 26292 = AgoraVIII, no. 403 (EPA) IMPORTEDWARE (29)
Gray fabric (1): wall frag. Corinthian (4): P 10152, PC kotyle frags., 3 wall frags., ray-based kotyle Pale fabric (8): 1 base, 7 wall frags. PC skyphos (16): 5 rims, 11 wall frags. (at least 4 vessels), cf. AgoraVIII, no. 156 (1st quarter 7th century) HOUSEHOLD (304)
Unglazed (5): 1 rim plate; 4 wall frags. Double-yoked handle for large amphora, decorated (1): "cow's head handle"
111
Amphora (10): 7 rims, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 23 (late 8th century); 1 base, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 9 (last quarter 8th century);2 frags. neck Utility amphora, banded (3): wall frags. Utility amphora, plain (3): wall frags. Storage amphora (1): P 10619 = AgoraVIII, no. 26 (1st half 7th century) Storage amphora, brown/red glaze (4): wall frags. Kados (3): rims, cf. AgoraVIII, nos. 196-200 (late 8th-2nd quarter 7th century) Spouted kados (1): P 10631 = AgoraVIII, no. 199 (late 8th, early 7th century) Cooking ware (113): 54 wall frags.; 19 bases (cf. Agora VIII, nos. 213, 214 [late 8thmid 7th century], AgoraVIII, nos. 196-200 [late 8th-2nd quarter 7th century]); 11 handles; 28 rims; 1 neck, P 10632 Cooking jug (4): rims, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 205 (last quarter 8th century) Cooking stand (1): lower part of cylindrical body, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 626 (7th century) Brazier (1): P 13656 = AgoraVIII, no. 623 Cooking ware basin (1): rim, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 224 (3rd quarter 8th century) Oinochoe (3): 1 rim and handle; 1 rim, cf. Agora VIII, nos. 213, 214 (late 8th-2nd quarter 7th century) Hydriai (3): handle and wall frags. Bowl, deep spouted (7): 2 rims, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 98 (lastquarter8th century);5 spouts, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 99 (latest 8th century) Lekane (5): rims Lekane/basin/spouted bowl (5): bases Lekane/krater (32): 22 rims; 10 bases Largebasin, decorated (1):5 frags.from same vessel (LG) Coarseware basin (2): rims Pithos (5): 1 base, 4 pithos/tub wall frags. Other coarseware (84): 9 handles; 3 large wall frags.; 2 rims; 1 large rim; 1 base; 67 wall frags.; 1 vertical handle attached to straightwall Incised coarseware (6): 2 wall frags.;bowl (cooking ware), P 10225 = AgoraVIII, no. 616; P 13654; P 13655, with graffito; P 13658 = AgoraVIII, no. 614 Intrusions WARE(8) ARCHAIC
Terracotta figurine (1): T 1485 = N 530, head, seated goddess with moldmade body (early 5th century B.C.,from above T 19:3) BF (1): wall frag.with added red BG (2): 1 shoulder frag.; 1 banded-cup wall frag. Other BG, added red bands (4): 2 closed, 1 fired red, I other wall frag. Lamp (1): painted central cone, Type 12A (2nd3rd quarter 6th century)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
112
RoMANWARE(3) Bell cup, small (1): wall frag., ER Combed ware, LR (2): wall frags. (6th century A.C.) LATEWARES(22) Green glaze (2): 1 rim, plate; 1 wall frag. Yellow glaze (1): rim, plate Orange/brown glaze (1): rim, plate Green/white ware (1): frag., incised Grooved ware, white slip (2): body frags. 5. Deposit T 20:3
Incised wavy ware (2): wall frags. White slip ware, amphora (1): double upswung handle Globularjug (1): whole lower body (Turkish) Lamp (1): central core Jug (3): 1 wall, incised; 3 necks Unglazed plate (1): base Micaceous coarseware (2): body frags. Other coarseware (4): 3 wall frags.; 1 rim
(lot 90 24G)
A thin strip of undisturbedfill excavated on the north side of the upper terrace,just inside the line of the Archaic peribolos wall (Fig. 4). The fill was preserved between a modern well and a modern floor. Protoattic and earlier sherds. Date: Protoattic 6 figurines, 43 sherds (including 2 miniature shapes) Totalassemblage: FIGURINES(6): 3 columnar type, 2 feet, TERRACOTTA 1 lower body EARLY WARE(21) G (2): incised coarseware rims PG-LG (15): 8 banded body frags.;4 assortedbody sherds; 3 handles PA (2): banded wall frags., open shape
6. Deposit T 20:4
Miniatures (2): 1 skyphos foot; 1 unglazed cup IMPORTED WARE
Skyphos, Corinthian (1): wall frag. PLAINANDBANDEDWARE(21)
Lekane (1): foot Other (20): 15 wall frags.; 4 handles; 1 foot unglazedjug
(lot EA 59)
A deposit in a shallow pit in bedrock, with numerous terracotta figurines, found on the upper terrace, ca. 3 m. southeast of the Rocky Outcrop and ca. 1.5 m. east of the 2nd-century B.C.Propylon (Fig. 4). The pottery with the fill was mixed, with many early sherds,but dates to the later 6th century B.C.Intrusionsof the 4th century B.C.and Late Roman periods. Date:Archaic, with intrusions Totalassemblage: 61 terracotta figurines,4 objects, 46 sherds TERRACOTTA FIGURINES (P1.25) 8 heads; 18 upper bodies (including one driver); 14 lower bodies; 16 feet; 1 animal torso; 3 trays/ plaques; 1 flat figure OBJECTS
Loomweights (2) Stone (1) Bone, unidentified (1) EARLYWARE(21)
Neolithic (1) Gray Minyan (1): rim frag. Mycenaean (2): 1 kylix stem (LH IIIB), cf. AgoraXIII, no. III.8; 1 skyphos/deep bowl (LH IIIC) MG (8): 1 rim, 1 handle, 6 other LG (4): 1 neck-amphora, 1 cup, 1 shallow bowl, 1 krater PA (3): 1 figured frag., 2 other frags. Kalathos, non-Attic (1): body frag. (7th century) Corinthian ray-based kotyle (1): base
WARE(19) ARCHAIC BG chous (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 107 (ca.500) BG skyphos,Corinthiantype (1): base, cf.AgoraXII, no. 308 (ca. 550-510) BG body frags. (7) BG smalljug (1): neck Plain and banded (2): 2 rims, lekane Coarseware (7): 2 handles, 3 frags., cooking pots, 1 cooking pot leg; 1 wall frag., transport jar (Archaic) Intrusions (6) CLASSICAL WARE(4th century) BG deep bowl (1): rim BGjug(l): neck LATEROMANWARE
Combed ware (1): frag. (6th century A.C.) Coarseware (2): frags. Red-glazed (1): wall frag.
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS 7. Fill against north peribolos wall
113 Figs. 14, 15
(lots EA 28-34)
N
S
of TOP of SURVIVING ?^-1 iLEVEL SOUTH WALL BLOCK -v2 /TEMPLE (3m to WEST)
3-6 't-7 _
0I [kH
H -
kQ-8 ELEV. 80,00 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. .....
I I1 IkHHHHI~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~
5m I
I
w.B.D.,JR. 1983 1997 rca
FIG.15. Section D-D' Near the southeast corner of the Temple of Triptolemos (section D-D'). These layers were excavated in an area of undisturbed fill (about 2 x 2 m.) found accumulated against and below the north face of the foundation for the Archaic peribolos wall. The layers help date the wall. 7A. Layer 1
(lot EA 28)
Fig. 15
Accumulation against Archaic peribolos wall. Date: late 6th century B.C. 1 object, 65 sherds Totalassemblage: OBJECT
Handmade object, soft clay (1) WARE(32) EARLY Mycenaean (2): LH IIIB kylix stems PG (1): shallow bowl with concentric circles, wall frag. PG-LG (28): cup/skyphos, 2 bases, 3 rims, 1 body with handle stump, 2 decorated handles; deep bowl, 1 rim, 3 handles; 4 decorated wall frags.; 3 banded body frags.; 1 other handle; 8 nondescript early ware frags. PA (1): ray-based skyphos, frag., lower wall ARCHAICWARE(19)
BF (1): Polos Painter frag.: thick wall, open shape, head of sphinx facing right
7B. Layer 2
(lot EA 29)
BG: Oinochoe (1): base Skyphos(3): Corinthian-type(2): rims;Attic type (1): 2 joining pieces, part of base and lower wall; all black except reserved band 0.01 m. above foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 336 (ca.500) Lekythos (1): neck BG miniature (1): decorated, 2 nonjoining frags. Other BG (12): 1 foot; 1 handle, 8 frags. open shape, 2 frags. closed HOUSEHOLD(14)
Lekane, spouted (1): spout frag. Cooking pots (2): 1 handle; 1 brazier frag. Handles (2) Other, mottled (9): 3 frags. closed shape, 1 frag. open shape, 5 nondescript
Fig. 15
Accumulation against Archaic peribolos wall. Date: 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 51 sherds EARLYWARE(17)
Matt-painted (1): MH PG (1): kraterfoot PG-LG (14): reflex handled bowl, 1 rim; cup/ skyphos: 2 bases, 3 rims; deep bowl: 2 rims,
1handle; banded amphora: 1wall frag.;4 banded body frags. LG (1): skyphos,cf. AgoraVIII, no. 127 (3rdquarter 8th century)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
114 ARCHAICWARE(20)
BF (3): handle plate of krater; 2 wall frags., open shape BG skyphos, Corinthian type (1): rim Other BG (16): 2 handles, 7 frags., open shape; 7 frags., closed shape
7C. Layers 3 and 4
HOUSEHOLD (14) Pithos (1): frag. Jug (3): rims Lekane (1): base frag. Cooking ware (3): rims Other (6): 3 mottled wall frags., closed shape; 2 plain wall frags.; 1 coarse chunk Fig. 15
(lot EA 30)
Accumulation against Archaic peribolos wall; over, among, and under stones north of wall. Date:mid 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 1 inventoried item, 4 terracottas, 1 object, 100 sherds WARE(34) ARCHAIC ITEM INVENTORIED BF (1): P 26755 = AgoraXXIII, no. 598 (ca. 560BG: Oinochoe (1): foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 91 (575550): support, type uncertain, with flute player OBJECTS 550) Figurines (3): columnar type, 2 upper torsos, 1 feet Skyphos, Corinthian type (4): 1 base, cf. Agora XII, no. 305 (ca. 575-550); 1 lower wall, Loomweight (1): four-sidedpyramidal red-banded; 1 rim; 1 wall frag. Large handmade terracotta object (1) EARLYWARE(28) Other BG (29): 1 center of cup; 7 frags., closed PG-LG (27): cup/skyphos: 1 base, 8 rims; deep shape; 16 frags., open shape; 5 ground-up bowl: 4 rims, 3 handles; storage amphora, 1 rim; HOUSEHOLD (38) 4 banded body frags., 6 nondescript early wall Lekane (1): rim frags. Cooking ware (4): 1 wall frag., 3 handles LPA(1): ray-basedCorinthiankotyle, cf.AgoraVIII, Other (33): 1 coarse chunk; 1 handle; 13 nondeno. 168 (last quarter 7th century) script; mottled: 13 frags. closed shape, 5 frags. open shape 7D. Layer 5
(lot EA 31)
Fig. 15
Level with bottom of Archaic peribolos wall. Date:mid 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 3 inventoried items, 9 terracottas,6 other objects, 318 sherds (4 miniature shapes) OBJECTS
Terracotta figurines (6): columnar type: 3 upper torsos, one with with white paint; 1 head; 2 lower torsos Other terracotta (3): 3 pieces, handmade (1 mold?) Loomweight (1): one side of four-sided pyramidal type Bronze arrowheads(2) Iron nail (1) Lamp (2): Type 6A (mid 6th century), cf. AgoraIV, no. 40; 1 handmade item, early lamp? WARE(45) EARLY Yellow Minyan (1): stemmed goblet, stem Gray Minyan (2): wall frags. PG (1): concentric circles G (1): meander pattern, neck amphora; rim, amphora LG (1): handmade aryballos, upper shoulder,with neat incised decoration (8th century) PG-LG (37): banded jug handle, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 88 (1st half 7th century);triple handle, center
painted; cup/skyphos: 7 bases, 6 rims; deep bowl: 2 bases, 3 rims, 2 handles; 5 banded body frags.;8 other nondescript, 2 plain frags. PA (2): ray-based kotyle, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 164 (lst half 7th century); ray-based amphora (1): lower wall WARE(205) ARCHAIC
BF (15): P 26658 = AgoraXXIII, no. 533, stand (early 6th century), with chimaera to right; P 26637 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1875: closed vase, unknown shape (ca. 560), with frontal chariot; P 26639 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1389, plate, lotus and palmette on rim, Eridanos workshop (late 1st quarter 6th century); large krater, 1 rim; 2joining frags.,large lid; 1 wall frag.,large closed shape; 1 thin walled, closed shape; 1 thin outturned rim frag.;7 wall frags., cups BG: Table amphora (1): rim Banded oinochoe (4): wall frags.
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS Oinochoe (1): foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 90 (575550) Olpe (1): bottom, cf.AgoraXII,no. 248 (575-550) Trefoil olpe (1): mouth, cf. AgoraXII, no. 238 (600-575) Skyphos, Corinthian type (27): 14 bases, 4 lower wall frags., 8 upper wall and lip frags.; 1 burnt rim and upper wall frag. Cup (1): foot, Type A Other cups (19): 5 cup bottoms/lower wall, 4 rims, 10 handles Miniaturecups (4): 3 frags.,closed shape; 1 open, decorated Other BG (131): 45 wall frags., closed shape; 86 wall frags., open shape
115
Amphora foot (1): cf. AgoraXII, no. 1501 (context ca. 600) Decorated pithos (1): circles and verticallines (7th6th century); cf. AgoraVIII, no. 609; AgoraXII, nos. 1506 (context to ca. 500), 1507 (context ca. 520-480) Lekane (5): 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1745 (context beginning 6th); 4 rims, 1 with neatly pierced hole Pithos (2) Cooking ware (23): jug: 8 rims, 2 bases; 3 other rims; 8 handles; 2 wall frags. Other (36): plain: 1 rim, 2 handles, 1 base, 1 thick wall frag., 1 plain rim, plate; mottled: 12 frags., closed shape; 7 frags., open shape, 11 nondescript
HOUSEHOLD(68)
7E. Layer 6
Fig. 15
(lot EA 32)
Below level of Archaic peribolos wall; many terracottas. Date: mid 6th century B.C. 1 inventoried item, 17 terracottas, 1 object, 202 sherds (2 miniature shapes) Totalassemblage: OBJECTS
Terracotta figurines (17): columnar type: 7 upper torso and arms, 2 torso, 7 lower legs and feet; 1 animal Loomweight (1): top part of four-sided pyramidal type EARLYWARE(74+)
Gray Minyan (1): wall frag. Corinthian (3): ray-based kotyle, 1 base, 1 lower wall; aryballos, shoulder frag. PG (2): decorated wall frags. LG (1): oinochoe, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 49 (3rdquarter 8th century) PG-LG (61+): amphora, 1 rim; cup/skyphos: 7 bases, 8 rims; deep bowl, 3 bases, 8 rims, 1 handle; shallow bowl/plate, 3 feet; 14 banded wall frags.; 2 other decorated wall frags.; 1 double strap handle; 4 wall frags., closed shape; 9 frags., open shape; rest ground-up, early but nondescript PA (1): shallow bowl, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 112 (late 7th century) PA miniatures (2): skyphos, high flared lip; Corinthian ray-based kotyle 1 repaired piece (3 holes) 7E Layer 7
ARCHAIC WARE(87) BF(1 1): P 26758 =AgoraXXIII, no. 612, dinos, stag grazing to left (2nd quarter 6th century); 5 wall frags., closed shape (a few from same); 6 wall frags., open shapes (cups) BG: Oinochoe (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 96 (ca.550) Banded olpe (1):cf. AgoraXII, no. 247 (575-550) Skyphos, Corinthian type (9): bases: 1 redbanded, 2 with lines; 3 bases, 1 lower wall, 2 handles, cf. AgoraXII, no. 305, 306 (575550) Cup, stemmed (1): foot Miniatures (2): cups Other BG (62): 26 frags., closed shapes; 34 frags., open shapes (mostly cups); 2 handles HOUSEHOLD(41)
Basin, large (1): handle Cooking ware (17): kados/hydria: 1 base, 6 rims, 4 handles, 6 wall frags. Mottled, red/brown/black-glazed ware (9): 6 wall frags., closed shape; 3 wall frags., open shape Other (14): 1 plain base; 1 plain rim; 6 wall frags., 2 other rim frags., 4 large handles
(lot EA 33)
Fig. 15
Below bottom of Archaic peribolos wall. Date: 2nd quarter 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 1 inventoried item, 11 terracottas,3 objects, 217 sherds OBJECTS
Terracotta figurines (11): T 3644 = N 200, later stylized goddess, standing (610-480); columnar
figurines: 3 feet, 1 head and arm, 2 bodies and arm, 3 body frags.;animal: 1 horse torso Loomweight (1): four-sidedpyramidal Iron (1) piece
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
116
BG: Oinochoe (1): base Olpe (2): wall frags., cf. AgoraXII, no. 247 (575550) Skyphos,Corinthiantype (5): 1 base, red-banded, 2 bases, with lines, 2 lower wall (1 red-banded), cf. AgoraXII, nos. 305, 306 (575-550) Other BG (21): 3 wall frags., closed shape; 18 wall frags., open shape
Lamp (1): Type 6A (mid 6th century), cf. AgoraIV, no. 38 EARLYWARE(134)
Gray Minyan (2):wall frags. LG (14): cup/skyphos: 11 rims, 3 bases LG-PA (2): small rims LG (1): cup base, miniature PG-LG (100): 1 shallow bowl base, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 115 (late 8th century),91 banded body frags., 4 handles, 4 incised coarseware, other shapes represented: skyphos, cup, neck amphora, storage amphora, deep bowl; LG deep spouted bowl, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 99 (late 8th century) PA (1): ray-based amphora Other (7) Corinthian (7): wall frags., worn WARE(31) ARCHAIC BF (2): wall frags., closed shape 7G. Layer 8
HOUSEHOLD(52)
Cooking ware (17): 3 bases, 3 rims, 2 handles, 9 wall frags. Mottled ware (29): 20 frags., closed shape; 9 frags., open shape Other coarseware (6): 1 handle, 5 assorted wall frags.
Fig. 15
(lot EA 34)
Lowest excavated layer; above mass of large, rough stones. Date:mainly 7th-8th century; a few 6th century B.C. 1 terracotta, 66 sherds Totalassemblage: OBJECTS
Terracottafigurine (1): columnar type, foot
WARE(4) ARCHAIC
EARLYWARE(40)
Mycenaean (1): foot, footed cup (LH IIIA), somewhat like AgoraXIII, no. V-6 (IIIA:2?) LG (6): large amphora: 1 decorated wall frag.; shallow bowl, base, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 115 (late 8th century); 4 skyphos rims, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 126 (3rd quarter 8th century) Other PG-LG (32): deep bowl: 1 rim, 1 wall frag.; 4 decorated wall frags., worn; 7 banded wall frags.; 5 handles; mottled glaze: cup, 1 rim; 5 wall frags., closed shape; 8 wall frags., open shape 8. Pillaging in wall trench
PA (1): skyphos: base, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 132 (ca.650) BF (1): wall frag., closed shape BG skyphos, Corinthian type (3): 1 rim; 1 lower wall frag., red-banded, cf. AgoraXII, no. 306 (575-550); 1 handle HOUSEHOLD(22)
Storage amphora (1): mottled red Pithos (1): chunk Cooking pot (5): 1 rim, 4 wall frags. Other (15): nondescript body frags.
(lot EA 35)
For the north side of the Archaic peribolos wall at the east end. This loose layer was left after blocks of the wall were robbed out. Date: Late Roman, 5th-6th century A.c.; admixture of 6th century B.C.and earlier Totalassemblage: 8 terracottas,95 sherds (one miniature shape) OBJECTS
Terracotta figurines (8): 5 columnar feet; 2 columnar type, larger in scale and painted white with added red; 1 horse EARLYWARE(13)
Subgeometric aryballos (2) LG (3): skyphoi rims PA (3) Other (5) ARCHAICWARE(11)
BF(1): wall frag.
BG: Krater (1): rim Covered bowl (1): foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1267 (525-500) Skyphos, Corinthian type (1): upper wall Lekanis (2): rim Miniature (1): cup Other BG (4): wall frags. RoMANWARE(71) Lamphandle, cf.AgoraVII, no. 837 (1sthalf4th century A.C.)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS Bowl, painted decoration, cf. AgoraV, no. M290
gouged decoration, cf. AgoraV, no. M298 (early 5th century A.C.)
(early 5th century A.C.)
Deep bowl with horizontal grooved rim Unglazed (5): lids (3): for amphorae? cf. AgoraV, no. K1 19 (mid 3rd century A.C.); spout (l);jug (1), 9. Packing under peribolos wall
117
Coarseware (63): cooking pots, combed ware (6th century A.C.), incised coarse
(lot EA 36)
North side at east end, where blocks had been removed, under layer described in CPD 8. This clay layer provided the packing over bedrock put down during construction of the Archaic peribolos wall. Date:first half 6th century B.C., with intrusions(Late Roman) 11 terracottas, 111 sherds Totalassemblage: OBJECTS Terracotta figurines (11): 1 head, 2 torso with arms, 1 arm, 4 bodies, 2 lower body and feet; 1 handmade miniature item WARE(75) EARLY G (1): amphora wall frag. PG (1): shallow bowl PG-LG (71): 2 cups, 2 skyphoi, storage amphoras, banded amphoras, unglazed thin walled sherds Subgeometric skyphos (1): frag., cf. AgoraVIII, no. 142 (last quarter 7th century) Miniature aryballos (1): rim
10. Fill over L-shaped drain
ARCHAIC WARE(18)
BG: Olpe, added red bands (2): 2 wall frags., cf. AgoraXII, nos. 236, 237 (600-575) Skyphos, Corinthian type (4): 1 base, cf. Agora XII, no. 305 (ca.575-550), 3 wall Other BG (12) HOUSEHOLD (13)
Jug (2): rims Basin (1): handle Various (10) ROMAN WARE(5) LR coarseware (4) Red-paintedjug (1): neck
(lot EA 94)
Fig. 4; Plan 2
Northwest corner of the Archaic peribolos wall, in the line of the peribolos wall. The drain served a house which one corner was preserved)destroyedwhen the sanctuarywas expanded. (of Date: mid 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 5 objects, 81 sherds OBJECTS
Loomweight (1) Spindle whorl (1) Handmade clay items (2): 1 rectangularin section with looped attachment on one end; other, stub Lamp (1): Type 2B (late 7th-late 6th century), between AgoraIV, no. 15 and IV, no. 16 (ca.600) EARLY WARE(61) Mycenaean (1): lug handle, pierced PG-LG: (13) banded body frags. LG (26): 2 rims, skyphos, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 552 (mid 7th century); 1 skyphos with conical foot, 9 bases cup/skyphos, 6 rims, deep bowl, 2 rims, shallow bowl, 4 decorated body frags.;2 cut disks (1 pierced), of LG sherds MPA (1): oinochoe, neck, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 552 (mid 7th century) LPA (2): wall frag., decorated; neck, SOS amphora LC (2): rim, skyphos;lower wall, ray-basedkotyle 11. Deposit T 19:6
(lot EA 95)
Late imitation Corinthian (1): lid, pyxis Mottled brown/black-glazed ware (15): body frags. ARCHAICWARE(20)
BF (2): 1 closed, 1 open shape Nonstandard amphora (1): lower wall, cf. Agora XXIII, no. 138 (ca.600) Krater (1): ray-based, lower wall BG: Skyphos, Corinthian type (1): base, red-banded, cf. AgoraXII, no. 306 (575-550) Cup (1): stem, Little Master Bandedaryballos(1): wall, cf.AgoraXII, no. 1100 (early 6th century) Lekanis (lidless ) (1): rim and handles, ribboned handed, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1207 (ca.575) Other BG (2): 2 handles Plain and banded (10): krater rims (5); amphora rim (1); 4 handles Fig. 4
Pocket in bedrock, filled for grading of the terrace, near drain at northwest corner of Archaic peribolos wall. The pocket was cut through a red clay floor (CPD 15).
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
118 Date: early 6th century B.C.
7 inventoried items, 3 objects, 71 sherds Totalassemblage: WARE(25) ARCHAIC
OBJECTS
Loomweights (2) Lamp (1): L 5404, Type 4 (early 6th century and earlier) EARLYWARES(46)
Gray Minyan (1): rim (MH) Mycenaean (6): side (2joining, 2 nonjoining frags.), skyphos (deep), cf. AgoraXIII, no. 472 (LH IIIC); rim, kylix (LH IIIC); 4 decorated body frags. PG-LG (25): frags., 2 open, 2 closed shapes; 16 banded body frags., 2 rims, deep bowl; 2 rims, storage amphora; 1 decorated body frag. Imitation EC (2): rim and upper body, kotyle; base, kotyle; cf. AgoraVIII, no. 167 (last quarter 7th century) Subgeometric (3): P 26785, skyphos; P 26783, kotyle/pyxis, Subgeometricstyle, 9joining frags.; P 26784, lid belonging to P 26783, BF with animals Mottled glaze (brown/black) (9): 8 closed, 1 open (rim)shapes 12. Below red clay floor
BG: Oinochoe (2): P 26782 = AgoraXXIII, no. 702, lion with filler (ca. 600); P 26781a-c = Agora XXIII, nos. 729-730, BF with animals, a-b) two nonjoining frags., animal frieze (lst quarter of 6th century); c) boar (early 6th century B.C.)
Trefoil oinochoe (1): neck, cf. AgoraXII, no. 96 (ca.550) Skyphos, Corinthian type (3): base, red-banded, cf. AgoraXII, no. 306 (ca. 575-550); 1 base, thick lines, cf. AgoraXII, no. 303 (early 6th century); 1 base, imitationLC ray-basedkotyle (early 6th century) Other BG (4) Plainand banded (15): coarseware: 1 cookingstand (2 nonjoining pieces), cf. AgoraVIII, no. 626 (7th6th century); 8 cooking pot frags. (body, 1 rim, handle); 5 handles, hydria; 1 base, hydria
(lot EA 96)
Near drain at northwestcorner of peribolos, to bedrock. The clay floor (CPD 15)was part of a house demolished before the construction of the temple. Date: early 6th century B.C. 1 object, 50 sherds Totalassemblage: ARCHAIC WARES(32)
OBJECT
Terracotta (1): round, flat handmade object EARLY WARES (18)
Mycenaean (1): kylix (LH IIIB) [painted, cf. Agora XIII, no. VII, no. 16, LH IIIA:1-2] PG-LG (17): 1 rim, amphora; 1 incised coarseware; 3 rims, cup/skyphos; 11 banded body frags.; 1 wall frag. with handle stump, cup/ skyphos 13. Fill in L-shaped drain
BF (1): banded cup, 3 joining frags. BG: Skyphos, Corinthian type (3): wall frags. Other BG (7): 2 open shapes, 5 closed shapes Mottled brown/black-glazed ware (12): 2 open, 10 closed shapes Plain and banded (9): 2 wall frags., storage amphora; 1 handle; coarseware: 2 rims, 2 wall frags., 2 handles
(lot EA 97)
Fig 4; Plan 2
At northwest corner of peribolos; the fill accumulated in the drain before it went out of use. Date:early-mid 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 1 inventoried terracotta, 1 object, 25 sherds OBJECTS
Terracotta (1): T 3655 = N 355, frag. of columnar figurine (610-480) Loomweight (1) EARLYWARES(12)
Mycenaean (1): stem, kylix (LH IIIB) PG-LG (7): 2 bases, cup/skyphos; 1 rim, 1 neck, oinochoe; 1 banded body frag.;2 mottled glazed body frags. (open shape) LG (4): 1 skyphos rim; I body frag.; 1 base, closed shape; 1 small bowl, waster (gray and vitrified)
ARCHAICWARES(13)
BF (1): wall frag. (early 6th century) BG: Oinochoe (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 96 (ca.550) Other BG (2): 1 wall frag., open shape; 1 wall frag., closed shape Plain and banded (9): 1 rim, amphora; 2 storage amphora body frags.; 1 basin handle; coarseware: 1 base, I rim cooking pot; 1 handle; 2 body frags.
119
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS 14. Fill in pit at end of L-shaped drain
(lot EA 98)
At northwest corner of peribolos: more fill, similar to CPD 13. Date:first half 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 2 inventoried items, 1 object, 18 sherds PG-LG (2): banded body frags.
INVENTORIEDITEMS
BF: Neck amphora: P 26810 = AgoraXXIII, no. 138, joins 3 frags. in B 14:5 (storagepit) (ca.600) Column krater: P 26811 = AgoraXXIII, no. 425 (2nd quarter 6th century) OBJECT
Loomweight (1) EARLY WARES (5) LG (3): 1 leg of tripod stand; 1 handle and neck, hydria; 1 rim, skyphos 15. Red clay layer
ARCHAIC WARES(13)
BG: Miniature (1): handle, small unglazed oinochoe Other BG (2): handle, Corinthian-type skyphos; 1 open shape Plain and banded (5): 1 rim, amphora; coarseware: 2 rims, amphora; 1 rims, bowl, 1 base Mottled black-glazedware (3): body frags.
(lotee 24D)
Near the west side of the Temple of Triptolemos near its south end. This clay floor represents the period of of use the house, demolished for construction of the temple. Date: 3rd quarter 6th century B.C.,with Byzantine intrusions 1 inventoried item, 1 object, 136 sherds (2 miniature shapes) Totalassemblage: Skyphos, Corinthian type (2): 1 base frag., cf.
INVENTORIEDITEM
P 10430, miniature two-handled cup OBJECT
Terracotta (1): handmade figurine, unidentifiable
(ca. 525)
EARLYWARE(7)
Mycenaean (1): deep kylix, stem (LH IIIA), cf. AgoraXIII, no. XXIV-13 PG (4): skyphos, wall sherds G (2): deep bowl; skyphos handle ARCHAICWARE (12)
BF (3): 1 (early 6th century) BG: Ray-based amphora (1): wall frag. Oinochoe, round-mouth banded (1): wall frag.
16. Well T 19:1
AgoraXII, no. 309 (550-540); 1 wall frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 305 (575-550) Cup (1): Type C, concave lip, cf. AgoraXII, no. 398
(lots HH 194-212)
Small bowl (1): frag. Lid (1): small covered bowl Miniatures (2): 1 cup, 1 stemmed cup HOUSEHOLD (113) Cooking ware (3): wall frags.
Lekane (8): frags. Other coarseware: 3 handles, assorted other nondescript BYZANTINE (4) Micaceous waterjars (2): wall frags. Jug (2): neck, shoulder Figs. 4, 14, 16
The well is located on the middle terrace, north of the northeast corner of the Temple of Triptolemos. Its diameter is 1.05 m. at the top, 1.00 m. at bottom; it has a depth of 8.30 m. It was very regular and carefullycut. To a depth of -4.00 m., the south side of the well was destroyed by a Byzantine well (T 19:5), which caved into it. Sherds retrieved from the later well but dating to the Archaic period are given below under the rubric CPD 16E. The fill in the well contained many chips of yellow poros and Kara limestone from the working of the Temple of Triptolemos. This well was closed when the temple was built (sectionJ-J': Fig. 16), ca. 550-500; cf. AgoraXII, p. 399, AgoraXXIII, p. 336; latest pieces (inventoriedBF Attic skyphoi)date ca. 500-490 B.C.(lots HH 193-212). Date: ca. 500-490 B.C.,with intrusionsfrom adjacent Byzantine well Totalassemblage (16A-D): 34 inventoried items, 66 objects, 3 bones, 5,196 sherds INVENTORIEDITEMS(34) P 7903 = AgoraXXIII, no. 82: one-piece amXXIII: from T 19:1 Agora pieces phora (ca.530-520) P 26801 = AgoraXXIII, no. 62: one-piece amP 26799 = AgoraXXIII, no. 106: one-piece phora (ca.550-530) amphora (late 6th century)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
120
TEMPLE FOUNDATION (Behind Plane of Section) MODERN BOTHROS
BYZANTI N E WALL ,MODERN \WALL
rRETAINING i<
I 1
WALL
LATE i PIT
I II
i I^
< '< Il I
1I
> >4 I
COURSE COURSE
N
S ARCHAIC WELL
BYZANTINE WELL
T19:1
T19: 5
0I rca
I
I
I
5I
10m J
2/97 FIG. 16. SectionJ-J'
P 8883 = AgoraXXIII, no. 191: neck-amphora (ca.530-520) P 25343 = AgoraXXIII, no. 344: amphora, t.u. (late 7th century) P 13653, P 26438 = AgoraXXIII, no. 356, amphora: t.u. (2nd quarter 6th century) P 26800 = AgoraXXIII, no. 630: shouldered hydria (ca.560-550) P 26442 = AgoraXXIII, no. 640: shouldered hydria (ca. 520) P 26798 = AgoraXXIII, no. 693: olpe oinochoe (late 6th century) P 8886 = Agora XXIII, no. 751: oinochoe (3rd quarter 6th century)
P 26822 = AgoraXXIII, no. 814: lekythos (late 3rd quarter 6th century) P 26443 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1258: phormiskos (ca.540) P 26439 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1370: lid (early 6th century) P 26794 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1417: plate, type BII (ca.500) P 26818 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1621: Attic-type skyphos (late 6th century) P 26797 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1622: Attic-type skyphos (late 6th century) P 26823 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1635: Attic-type skyphos (ca.500-490)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS P 26819 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1636: Attic-type skyphos (ca.500-490) P 26820 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1638: Attic-type skyphos (ca.500-490) P 8888 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1675: Siana cup, overlap decoration (ca.560) P 26440 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1720: Band cup, Little Master cup (ca.550-530) P 7902 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1752: Droop cup (ca.530) P 26802 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1840: cup, t.u. (early 5th century) P 26796 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1878: closed vase, s.u. (ca.550) P 26441 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1885: closed vase, s.u. (ca.530) 16A. Lowest firm fill
121
P 26803 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1886: closed vase, s.u. (ca. 530) P 26824 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1895: closed vase, s.u. (last quarter 6th century) P 26795 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1898: closed vase, s.u. (last quarter 6th century) P 26805 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1922: open vase, s.u. (ca.550) P 8062 = AgoraXII, no. 92: oinochoe, ring collar (550-525) P 8885 = AgoraVIII, no. 277: krater, Dipylon (ca. 750) MC 315: pyramidal loomweight, with rosette in BG T 3588 = N 633: terracottamonkey (6th century)
(lots EA HH 194, 195)
Fig. 16
Over mouth of well, a layer of packed fill, firm green and brown earth with fragments of brick, from 0.15 m. to 0.50 m. deep above bedrock (Fig. 16). The fill was preserved between a Byzantine well on the south, an Ottoman pit on the west, an Ottoman bothros on the north, and a late storage pithos on the east. Immediately above this layer was the floor of a 16th-century osteotheke ("#2"). When excavated, this layer revealed the mouth of the well, filled with several large fieldstones. It represents fill packed down around the foundations of the temple just after it was built. The excavator remarked that it seems very similar to the mudbrick debris found to the south (T-U 19:1, CPD 28). Totalassemblage: 6 objects, 759 sherds OBJECTS
Terracotta figurine (1): handmade, pinched face, cut eyes, gray clay Loomweights (2): 1 four-sidedpyramidal; 1 frag. Lamp (3): 1 wall frag., 1 nozzle, Type 12B (late 6th century); I lower wall frag. EARLYWARE (32) Mycenaean (LH) (3): 2 wall frags.; 1 stem kylix, IIIC, worn EG-LG (28): 1 decorated rim, storagejar; 1 wall frag., SOS amphora; 1 base, ray-based kotyle; 1 lower wall frag., ray-based closed shape; 11 rims, cup/skpyhos; 1 base, cup/skyphos; 2 rims, deep bowl; 7 banded wall frags.; 2 decorated shoulder and wall frags.; 1 incised coarseware frag. PA (1): wall frag., ray-based vessel, closed shape IMPORTEDWARE (5)
Corinthian (5): 4 rims, cup/skyphos; 1 wall frag. ARCHAICWARE(143)
BF (76): 8 assorted frags.;44 thin wall frags., open shape; 2 thick wall frags., open shape; 22 wall frags., closed shape BG (probably BF) (2): rims, large kraters BG: Table amphora (3): rims Krater (2): 1 foot frag.; 1 rim frag. Dinos (1): rim frag. Large bowl (1): foot
Oinochoe (1): shoulder frag. Skyphos, Corinthian type (1): 1 base frag., redbanded, cf. AgoraXII, no. 306 (575-550) Cups (9+): Type C, concave lip (1): rim, cf. Agora XII, no. 398 (ca. 525); Type C: 7 foot frags. (some perhaps from same cup, nonjoining), cf. AgoraXII, no. 402 (525-500); Type A: 1 foot, Cracow class; 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 392 (550-525); 2 other feet; other cup: 2 bottom frags., with concentric circles Stemmed dish (1): foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 971 (ca.500) Lekanis(2): 1 rim frag.,lidded; 1 rim frag.,lidless Miniatures (2): cups Other BG (42): 1 base; 5 skyphos handles; 10 other handles; 14 wall frags., open shape; 12 wall frags., closed shape HOUSEHOLD(579)
Transportamphora (1): handle frag. Storage amphora (3): 1 shoulder frag.; 1 rim; 1 handle Pithos (6): 1 frag., large pithos with ribbed decoration; 4 rims; 1 handle Jug (4): 3 wall frags.; 1 rim Plain ware (5): 1 rim, jug; 2 handles; 2 other rims Cooking ware (129): 2 rims, lekane; 4 rims, 2 handles, hydria, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1592 (ca. 575550); 2 rims, 4 handles, kados; 7 bases, kados/hydria/jug; 9 rims, 5 bases, 7 handles, jug;
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
122
2 handles, chytra, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1945 (context ca. 520-490); 74 wall frags., thin and brittle; 11 wall frags., thick Lekane (17): 6 rims; 4 handles; 7 bases 16B. To-1.00 m.
Mottled brown/black-glazed ware (161): 99 wall frags., open shape; 62 wall frags., closed shape Banded ware (6): 6 wall frags. Other coarseware (247): 227 wall frags.; 19 thick coarse wall frags.; 1 handle Fig. 16
(lot HH 196)
This fill seemed identical to the packing above it, according to the excavator. 165 sherds Totalassemblage: WARE(7) EARLY Mycenaean LH IIIB (1): decorated wall frag. LG (4): 2 decoratedwall frags.; 2 rims, cup/skyphos PA (2): decorated wall frags., one ray-based WARE(33) ARCHAIC BF (4): 1 rim, 3 wall frags. BG: Skyphos (2): Corinthian type (1): 1 lower wall, with lines; Attic type (1): base frag. Cup (3): Type A (1): foot frag.;Type C, concave lip (2): 2 diff. rims, cf. AgoraXII, no. 400 (525500) 16C. From -1.00 m. to -7.50 m. (near bottom)
Other BG (24): 17 wall frags., open shape; 7 wall frags., closed shape HOUSEHOLD(125)
Mottled brown/black-glazed ware (13): 7 wall frags., open shape; 6 wall frags., closed shape Cooking ware (5): wall frags. Other coarseware (107): 106 wall frags., 1 handle Intrusion (from adjacent Byzantine well) Byzantine green-glazed ware (1): small wall frag., open shape, yellow green glaze
(lots HH 197-210)
Fig. 16
One dumped fill. This fill contained many working chips of yellow poros and Kara limestone. Sherds from listed under CPD 16D. bottom very Totalassemblage: 38 objects, 2,871 sherds OBJECTS
Lamps (22): 1 rim, Type 16 var. (last quarter 6th: ca. 480); 1 side of lamp, Type 5; 5 rims, Type 16 var., cf. Agora V, no. 111 (last quarter 6th century); 2 rims, Type 5, somewhat like AgoraIV, nos. 33, 35 (ca. 575-535); 1 bottom frag.; 1 side frag. somewhat like AgoraIV, no. 37 (2nd quarter 6th); 1 side frag., Type 12B (late 6th century); 1 rim frag., Type 19A (last quarter 6th century to ca. 480); 3 rims, Type 16 var., cf. AgoraIV, no. 111 (last quarter 6th century); 1 side frag., Type 5; 2 other small frags.; 2 frags. bottom, same lamp; 1 other, Type 15; 1 bottom frag. Terracotta (3): 1 seated female wearing thick necklace (part of left side, left arm, chest pres.; traces of white and yellow paint); 1 handmade bird on stem; 1 blob Loomweight (7): 5 four-sided pyramidal; 2 unglazed, four-sidedpyramidal (small) Cut disk (1): coarseware Glass (1): handle Rectangular object (1): coarseware Iron (1): piece Stucco (2): frags. EARLYWARE(171)
Mycenaean (1): stem, LH IIIC kylix PG-LG (84): 1 base, cup/skyphos; 2 rim, deep bowl; 1 banded wall frag.; 5 bases, small cup/
skyphos; 3 rims; 3 wall frags.; 2 rims, deep bowl; 2 banded wall frag.; 1 decorated wall frag.; 1 wall frag., large bowl; 6 rims, 5 bases small cup/skyphos; 3 rims, cup/skyphos with ribbon handle; 1 rim, with lug handle; 1 wall frag., 4 rims, deep bowl; 7 rims, 6 bases, cup/skyphos; 1 wall frag.; 1 decorated handle; 2 rims, deep bowl; 6 banded wall frags., coarseware; 1 rim, cup/skyphos; 1 rim, deep bowl; 4 bases, small cup/skyphos; 3 rims, cup/skyphos; 5 rims, deep bowl; 4 banded wall frags.; 2 rims, amphora EG (2): 1 decorated wall frag., oinochoe; I decdrated wall frag., vertical zigzag MG (2): large krater,2 neck frags. with meander LG (55): 6 rims, 3 bases, small cup/skyphos; 8 banded wall frags.; 4 other wall frags.; 1 rim, water jar; 2 handles; 1 decorated wall frag.; 4 bases, cup/skyphos; 1 rim, small oinochoe; 2 banded wall frags., closed shape; 4 banded wall frags., open shape; 1 incised coarse wall frag.; 2 banded wall frags.; 5 rims, 1 base, small cup/skyphos; 2 rims, 1 base, deep bowl; 2 rim, amphora; 3 decorated wall frags.; 2 plain wall frags. PA (27): 2 wall frags., ray-based vessel; 1 figured frag. (7th century);3 decorated wall frags.;decorated wall frag.with wavy pattern, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 492 (2nd quarter 7th century); 1 other wall frag.; 1 decorated wall frag., large closed shape;
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS 3 wall frags., ray-based skyphos; 1 base frag., plate, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 116 (end 7th century); 3 rims, deep bowl, 1 base, cup/skyphos; 6 decorated wall frags.; 1 decorated wall frag., open shape; 2 decorated wall frags., closed shape; 1 base, skyphos WARE(14) IMPORTED
Corinthian (14): 1 very worn strap handle; 5 wall frags., worn; 2 worn bases, small cup; 1 base, 1 lower wall, kotyle; 1 other rim; 1 worn frag., wall of skyphos; 1 rim and handle stump, skyphos; 1 strap handle, decorated with rosettes WARE(571) ARCHAIC BF (42): 17 wall frags.; 1 foot, krater; 1 base and lower wall, lekythos; 1 wall frag., lekythos; 1 wall frag.,open shape; 1 wall frag.,closed shape; 1 rim frag., decorated Band-cup; 2 nonjoining frags., shoulder of one-piece amphora, top of panel, cf. AgoraXXIII, no. 76 (ca.540-530); 18 other wall frags. BG: Table amphora (3): 3 rim frags. Neck-amphora (1): neck and rim frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 1 (575-550) Amphora, type uncertain (1): foot frag. Krater (5): 2 foot frags.; 1 foot and lower wall frag.; 1 extremely large foot frag.; 1 rim frag., ground-up Column krater(2): 2 large collar rims, somewhat like AgoraXII, no. 58 (500-480) Dinos (2): rims Covered bowl (1): 2 rim and upper wall frags., 2 base frags. (probably same vessel), cf. Agora XII, no. 1268 (ca.500) Oinochoe, Shape 1 (1): base and wall frags., cf. AgoraXII, no. 96 (ca.550) Oinochoe, Shape 3 (4): 2 bases, cf. AgoraXII, no. 106 (ca.500); 1 rim; 1 spout frag. Oinochoe, banded-round mouth (1): part of base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 144 (525-500) Oinochoe (6): 1 spout frag.; 4 shoulder frags.; 1 frag. foot Banded round-mouthjar (1): 4 wall frags.;same vessel Banded jug (1): 1 wall frag. Olpe (2): 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 252 (ca. 550); 1 rim frag., somewhat like AgoraXII, no. 252 (ca.550) Olpe, small banded (1): wall frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 255 (ca.500) Skyphos, Corinthian type (33): 2 rims, 8 bases; 5 lower wall frags., red-banded, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 306, 308 (ca. 550), 309 (550-540); 1 rim; 1 base, 1 lower wall, red-banded; 3 bases, with lines, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 303 (early 6th century), 305 (575-550), 308 (ca. 550); 1 lower wall frag., with lines; 1 base frag., red-banded,
123
cf. AgoraXII, no. 309 (550-540); base with lines, cf. AgoraXII, no. 305 (ca. 575-550); 2 lower wall, cf. AgoraXII, no. 308 (ca. 550); 1 rim;4 bases (one red-banded, one with lines); 1 lower wall, with lines; Attic type (1): 1 base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 335 (ca.525) Skyphos,canted handles (2): 2 feet, cf. AgoraXII, no. 331 (ca.550) Cup (10): Type A (5): 3 foot frags.; Band-cup (1): 2 joining rim frags., BF, cf. AgoraXXIII, no. 1700 (ca. 540); foot frag.; Type B (1): foot frag.; Type C, concave lip (3): rims, cf. AgoraXII, no. 401 (525-500) Cup (23): Type C: concave lip (16): 1 shoulder, 2 rims; 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 400 (525500); 9 rims, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 400, 403 (525500); 3 rims, cf. AgoraXII, no. 403 (525-500); Type C (5): 3 shoulderfrags.; 1 foot frag.; 1wall and handle, cf. AgoraXII, no. 414 (525-500); Little Master (1): foot; 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 399 (ca.525) Cup-skyphos (9): 3 rim frags., cf. AgoraXII, no. 565 (ca. 520); 2 rim frags., cf. AgoraXII, no. 572 (ca. 500); 4 rim frags., cf. AgoraXII, no. 568 (ca.500) Cup (9): 6 rims; 2 feet, unidentifiable; 1 large foot frag. Stemmed dish (17): 1 base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 968 (ca. 500); 6 base frags., cf. AgoraXII, nos. 964 (ca. 500), 969 (ca. 500); 8 bases, cf. AgoraXII, no. 966 (ca.525); 2 rims, cf. AgoraXII, no. 969 (ca.500) Lekythos (3): base and lower wall, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1114 (ca.500); 1 foot; 1 lower wall Lekanis, lidless (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1212 (525-500) Lidded lekanis (12): 2 rims, one cf. AgoraXII, no. 1216 (525-500); 2 other rims, similar; 1 rim, decorated with zigzag; 2 other rims; 3 lid frags.;2 rims with ribbon handle, cf. Agora XII, no. 1216 (525-500) Lekanis or pyxis (5): 1 rim of lid frag.; 2 joining pieces, decorated lid, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1226 (575-550); 1 BG lid, 2 nonjoining pieces; 1 other lid frag. Lekanis,lid (7): 4 rim frags.; 3 center frags. Lid, pyxis or lekanis (1): 1 knob, decorated Pyxis (4): rim frags. Kothon (1): rim frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 1339 (ca.500) Miniature (2): 1 kalathos, somewhat like AgoraXII, no. 296 (575-500); 1 base frag.,skyphos Flat-bottomed shape, unglazed exterior (1): bottom frag., Diam. 0.04 m. Other BG (357): 209 wall frags., open shape; 75 wall frags., closed shape; 17 thin wall frags., closed shape; 1 rim; 19 handles; 3 cup handles;
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
124
1 handle, double round; 3 straphandles; 2 ribbon handles; 1 three-strand upright handle; 4 cup handles; 18 other handles; 1 foot frag.; 2 bases; 1 flat-bottomed base frag. HOUSEHOLD (2,110)
Storage amphora (9): 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1502 (ca. 575-535); 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1503 (ca.520-500); 1 other rim; 6 handles Amphora, large (4): 1 rim frag.;3 handles Small pithos (1): 1 collar frag. Pithos (30): 8 rims; 19 wall frags.; 1 decorated wall frag. with pinched design; 1 bottom frag.; 1 ribbed side Pithos, large (12): 4 rims, 1 decorated body frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 1508 (ca.575-535); 6 other wall frags.; 3 other wall frags., same vessel Lid (1): rim frag., coarse Kados (13): 2 bases, 1 handle Jug (6): 1 rim; 2 handles; 1 shoulder and neck frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 1693 (ca.625-570); 1 frag. shoulder, with "A"incised; 1 neck and shoulder frag. Lekane (104): 39 rims, one, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1740 (ca. 520-490); one, cf. Agora XII, no. 1784 (ca. 520-490); 1 rim, unglazed, with grooves; 5 other rims; 2 rim and wall; 1 rim and handle; 38 foot frags.; 15 handles; 1 double handle; 2 wall frags. Cooking ware (703): 11 rims, kados; 1 handle, kados; 7 rims, hydria; 12 bases, hydria/kados, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 1589 (mid 6th century), 1598 (mid 6th century); 5 rims, kados/hydria; 25 handles, kados/hydria; 20 bases, kados/hydria; 8 handles, kados/hydria; 15 rims, 1 base, 7 handles, jug; 1 rim, small jug; 4 handles, hydria; 8 rims, 1 handle, chytra, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1942 (ca.550); 6 bases; 24 thick wall frags.;471 thin, brittle wall 16D. Pottery from cleaning earth at bottom of wells
frags.; 1 wall frag., pierced; 71 other wall frags.; 4 other rim frags., ground-up Deep bowl (1): rim Spouted bowl (1): spout, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1753 (ca.525-500) Largevessel (1): rim or handle with impressedovolo design Tile (5): body frags. Basin (1): rim frag. Tub (9): 2 rim; 2 rims, very large tub; 2 spouts, large coarse; 1 large spout with wash; 1 rim, 1 wall frag., greenish clay Louterion (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1876 (ca.525500) Large coarse stand (2): 1 wall frag.,pierced; 4 other wall frags., ribbed, same vessel Mottled brown/black-glazed ware (430): 238 wall frags., open shape; 189 wall frags., closed shape; 2 wall frags.,thick closed shape; 1 wall frag.,open shape, with hole for repair (?) Other coarseware (722): 544 wall frags.; 13 thick wall frags.; 112 thin wall frags.; 5 bases; 18 handles; 3 rims; 3 lumps; 24 body frags., thick coarseware Plain ware (54): 1 base; 43 wall frags.; 5 handles; 1 wall frag., large plain vessel, pierced with hole, wash around hole; 2 strap handles; 2 basesjug Intrusions (6) Coarseware (1): 1 rim deep bowl, with white slip Brown-glazed ware (1): 1 wall frag., Byzantine period Gray ware (1): wall frag., gray and brittle Lopas (1): handle, coarse with red glaze Red-glazed ware (1): wall frag. Bean-parcher (1): rim, somewhat like AgoraXII, no. 1988 (ca.300)
(lots HH 211, 212)
Totalassemblage: 21 objects, 3 bones, 1,322 sherds, one possible intrusion OBJECTS
Terracottas (4): 2 columnar, lower torso; 1 dotted, animal?; 1 unidentifiablefrag. Loomweights (2): unglazed, four-sided pyramidal; pierced disk frag. Iron (1): piece Limestone (1): lump, with worked surface Lamps (11): 1 wall and rim, Type 6A, cf. AgoraIV, no. 41 (2nd-3rd quarter 6th century); 1 rim, Type 16 var., cf. AgoraIV, no. 111 (2nd half 6th century); 2 rims, Type 16B, cf. AgoraIV, no. 94 (last quarter 6th century);4 nozzle frags.; 3 bottom frags. Limestone (2): pieces Animal bones (3): frags., unidentifiable
EARLYWARE (120)
Gray Minyan (1): wall frag. PG-LG (109): 5 wall frags.; 11 banded wall frags.; 3 handles; 53 rim frags., 17 bases, cup/skyphos; 13 rims, deep bowl; 7 handles, deep skyphos/ bowl (veryworn, traces of glaze, possibly LG) PA (10): 1 wall frag., large open ray-based vessel; 2 wall frags., closed ray-basedvessel; 1 wall frag. with guilloche pattern; 3 other decorated wall frags.; 1 decorated rim frag.; 1 foot frag., large vessel; 1 incised coarseware wall frag. IMPORTEDWARE (8)
Corinthian (6): 2 decorated wall frags.; 1 base, 1 wall frag., ray-based kotyle; 2 wall frags., incised, very worn Other imported (2): ground-up wall frags.
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS WARE(559) ARCHAIC BF (36): 30 wall frags.; 5 rims (cups); 1 shoulder frag., closed shape with palmette design BG: Table amphora (3): rims, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1 (575-550) Krater (3): 2 feet, in two degrees Oinochoe, banded round-mouth (1): rim, cf. Agora XII, no. 143 (550-525) Oinochoe (6): 3 small rim frags., various; 3 foot frags. Small jug (1): base frag. Large bowl (1): base Olpe, small black-footed (1): base Kalathos (1): side frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 296 (575-550) Skyphos, Corinthian type (22): 5 red-banded feet; 4 feet with lines; 5 feet, decoration uncertain; 2 lower wall frags.; 1 rim; 5 other frags. Cup-skyphos(12): 12 rims, cf. AgoraXII, no. 565 (ca. 520) Cup (28): Type C, concave lip: 19 rims, cf. Agora XII, nos. 399 (ca.525), 400, 403 (525-500); 3 feet; Type A: 3 stems, with fillet; 1 foot; other cup: 1 foot frag.; 1 rim, ground-up Stemmed dish (12): 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 966 (ca. 525); 8 feet; 3 bottom and upper foot Lidded lekanis/bowl (2): 2 frags. rim Lid, lekanis/lidded bowl (11): 10 rim frags.; 1 center frag. Miniatures (3): 1 bottom frag., 1 base frag., Corinthian-type skyphos; 1 base frag., open, flat-bottomed shape
16E. Sherds probably from T 19:1
125
Other BG (416): 251 wall frags., open shape; 118 wall frags., closed shape; 2 strap handles; 1 large vertical handle; 5 ribbon/lug handles; 38 various cup handles; 1 wall frag., closed shape, pierced for repair HOUSEHOLD (634)
Storage amphora (3): 1 handle; 1 rim frag.; 1 wall frag. Pithos (9): 4 rims; 5 wall frags., one impressed Smalljugs (6): 2 handles and part of wall; 2 double handles; 1 other handle; 1 base frag. Lekane (38): 8 handles; 9 frags., base; 21 rims Cooking ware (251): 129 wall frags., thin and brittle; 36 wall frags., thick; 18 bases, kados/hydria/ jug; 27 round handles, kados/hydria/jug; 20 rims, kados/hydria/jug; 1 base, 6 rims, jug; 4 strap handles,jug; 9 rims, hydra; 1 rim, dinos Bean-parcher(1) Small, plain ware (8): 5 handles, jug; 1 rim, dinos; 2 rims, lekane Other plain (9): 7 wall frags.; 2 wall frags., fired gray Mottled brown/black-glazed ware (156): 89 wall frags., open shape; 67 wall frags., closed shape, many ground-up Coarseware (106): 8 handles; 7 bases, jug; 8 rims; 83 wall frags. Very coarse ware (42): frags. Cooking stand (2): rims, cf. AgoraXII, no. 2016 (ca.575-540) Tile (1): frag. Other (2): 2 shoulder frags., imported coarseware jug Intrusion Coarseware (1): frag. white-slipped coarseware
(lot HH 193)
Greek sherds from Byzantine well T 19:5 (top to bottom), which partly intersected well T 19:1 (Fig. 16). Date: ca. 500 B.C., with one intrusion of 4th century B.C. 1 object, 79 sherds (1 miniature shape) Totalassemblage: OBJECT
Lamp (1): frag. rim, cf. AgoraIV, no. 76 (end of 6th century) EARLY WARE(7) EG-LG (7): 1 rim, small cup/skyphos; 2 bases, small cup/skyphos; 1 wall frag., skyphos, with concentric circles; 2 rim, large skyphos; 1 rim, storagejar ARCHAICWARE(41)
BF (4): 2 wall frags., large open shape; I rim, cup; 1 base and lower wall, olpe, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 247, 248 (575-550)
BG: Oinochoe, banded (2): 2 feet, cf. AgoraXII, no. 140 (ca.575) Oinochoe, ring-collar (2): 1 wall frag., cf. Agora XII, no. 91 (575-550); 1 handle Covered bowl (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1264 (575-550) Bowl, with outturned rim (1): 2 joining frags., rim
Skyphos, Corinthian type (4): 1 lower wall, 1 base, red-banded, cf. AgoraXII, no. 306 (575-550); 1 wall, 1 base, with lines, cf. Agora XII, no. 310 (530-500)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
126
Cup (3): Type C, concave lip: 2 rims, cf. Agora XII, no. 401 (525-500); 1 other lower wall Stemmed dish, convex and small (4): 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 966 (525); 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 968 (ca.500); 2 other feet Miniature (1): rim of dinos Other BG (19): 14 wall frags., open shape; 1 wall frag., closed shape; 4 handles HOUSEHOLD (30)
Lekane (1): foot frag. Tub (1): piece base, large tub Mottled brown/black-glazed ware (9): 6 wall frags., open shape; 3 wall frags., closed shape Banded vessels (7): 6 wall frags.; 1 handle Plain (9): 7 wall frags.;2 bases Intrusion Plate (1): frag., with rouletting, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1052 (375-350)
Storage amphora (3): rims 17. Debris from destroyed houses
(lot(0 23D)
Along the east side of the Temple of Triptolemos. Date: 6th century B.C., with Byzantine intrusion Totalassemblage: 3 objects, 59 sherds (4 miniature shapes) OBJECTS
Terracottas (3): 1 columnar figurine; 2 handmade plaque/trays EARLYWARE(9)
MH (1): lug handle, matt-painted Mycenaean (1): handle (LH IIIC) PG (1): body, krater/skyphos G (4): 1 composite rolled handle; 3 bases, cup/ skyphos LG (1): stand, high foot PA (1): neck-amphora ARCHAICWARE(16)
BF (1): wall frag., ivy pattern BG: Krater (1): body frag. 18. Temple of Triptolemos
Olpe, banded (1): body, cf. AgoraXII, no. 260 (ca.500) Skyphos, Corinthian type (4): 1 base, 2 wall frags., cf. Agora XII, no. 305 (575-550); 1 handle Small bowl (1): reserved flat bottom, most of profile Lekythos (4): bases Miniatures (4): 1 cup, 3 skyphoi HOUSEHOLD (34)
Cooking ware: many wall frags. Lekane (5): 3 rims, 1 base, 1 handle Other coarseware: 2 large handles; assorted body frags. (one likely Byzantine)
(lot0e 23A)
Debris on foundations and core of the Temple of Triptolemos. Date: 5th century B.C., with intrusionsof 4th century B.C. and Ottoman period 4 objects, 195 sherds Totalassemblage: OBJECTS
Terracotta (1): columnar figurine Stone button (1) Cut disk (1) Lamp (1): Type 21A, cf. AgoraIV, no. 156 (end 6th century) EARLYWARE(9)
Gray Minyan (3) Mycenaean (1): deep bowl (LH IIIC) LG (2): bowl; skyphos rim Ray-based kotyle (7th century) (1): wall frag. PA (2): skyphos;wall frag., amphora ARCHAIC WARE(19)
BF: 5 frags. RF: 2 frags. (rim of column krater) White-ground (1): wall, lekythos
BG: Skyphos, Corinthian type (2): cf. AgoraXII, nos. 305, 306 (575-500) Cup (1): Type C cup, stem Stemless cup (1): handle, cf. AgoraXII, no. 454 (ca.480) Saltcellar,concave wall (1): cf. AgoraXII, no. 921 (ca.525) Small bowl (1): reserved flat bottom (Pit-type) Lekanis(1): covered bowl, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1269
(500-480) Other BG (4): 4 wall frags. HOUSEHOLD (160)
Cooking ware (159): wall frags., handles, rims, hydria/kados/jug Lekane (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1792 (ca. 470460)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS Combed ware (1): wall (6th century A.C.) Brown-spatterglazed (2) Turkishjug (1) Yellow and brown ware (1)
Intrusions (7) Cup-kantharos (1): spur, cf. AgoraXII, no. 703 (ca.320) Plemochoe (1): rim, pierced 19. Temple of Triptolemos
127
(lot ee 23B)
Inside the north foundations of the Temple of Triptolemos. Date:late 6th century B.C.,with intrusions (Ottoman period) 1 inventoried item, 220 sherds Totalassemblage: ITEM INVENTORIED
P 25351 = AgoraXXIII, no. 42, joins P 26742: BF satyrs, (ca.550) (found in lot EA 5, CPD 25E) EARLYWARE(7)
Gray Minyan (2): wall frags. LG (1): body, krater PC (1): shoulder,flat oinochoe with narrow neck PA(1): handle, egg-krater,cf. CVA,Berlin1 [Deutschland 2], pl. 8, A18 LPA (1): wall, neck-amphora, winged creature, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 590 (3rd-4th quarter 7th century) LPA(1): rim, spouted bowl, cf. AgoraVIII, nos. 103, 104 (2nd half 7th century) ARCHAICWARE(23)
BF: 7 frags. (late 6th century) RF: 2 frags. (early-mid 5th century) BG: Ray-based amphora (1): lower body Oinochoe (1): body frag. Skyphos (2): Corinthian type (1): cf. AgoraXII, no. 312 (480-470); Attic type (1): cf. AgoraXII, no. 338 (500-480) Cup (5): 1 stem, Type C cup, cf. AgoraXII, no. 413 (480-450); 1 concave lip, Type C cup, cf. AgoraXII, no. 409 (500-480); 1 stem, cup 20. Temple of Triptolemos
with high foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 396 (ca.550); 1 Lip-cup, frag., RCS.21; 1 frag., Band-cup, RCS.25 Bowl, outturned rim (1): base, outturned rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 777 (ca.500) Stemmed dish (1): stem, cf. AgoraXII, no. 962 (ca.460) Small bowl (1): reserved flat bottom (Pit-type) Saltcellar (1): cf. AgoraXII, no. 923 (ca. 500) Stand (1): pierced HOUSEHOLD (181)
Cooking ware (178): wall frags., handles, hydria/ kados/jug Lekane (3): 1 rim, 2 body frags. Intrusions (9) Micaceous waterjar (1) Brown and white glazed (1) Blue-, white-, brown-glazed swirls (1) Yellowglazed (1) Green and brown glazed (1) Brown-spatterglazed (1) (9th-10th century) Green glazed (1) Combed ware (1) (6th century A.C.) Wavy-groovedjug (1)
(lotee 23C)
Inside the south foundations of the Temple of Triptolemos, clay fill. Date:late 6th century B.C.,with intrusions 3 inventoried items, 2 objects, 137+ sherds Totalassemblage: ITEMS INVENTORIED
T 1486: terracotta head of horse P 10159: ostrakon? APIETION P 10160: BF frag., closed shape, not in AgoraXXIII OBJECTS
Terracotta (1): frag. plaque Loomweight (1) EARLYWARE(8)
Gray Minyan (1): frag. PG: 1 skyphos, wall frag. LG: 1 skyphos, 1 krater,frags. PC (2): skyphos, wall frags. Imitation Corinthian (2): skyphos,wall frags.
WARE(8+) ARCHAIC BG: Column krater (1): stepped high foot, glazed inside and out, cf. AgoraXII, no. 55 (ca.500) Skyphos, Corinthian type (5): 2 bases, 2 rims, 1 handle, cf. AgoraXII, no. 305 (575-550) Small bowl (1): reserved flat bottom (Pit-type) Other BG: assorted frags. HOUSEHOLD
Cooking ware: wall frags., handles, hydria/kados/jug Lekane (1): base Other coarseware: assorted frags.
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
128
Intrusions (2) Lamp (1): patterned disk, leaves, cf. AgoraVII,
Brown-spatterglazed (1) (9th-10th century)
no. 1641 (1st half 4th century A.C.)
21. Tpmple of Triptolemos
(lot8e 23E)
Fill on the west side of the Temple of Triptolemos, packing behind the north extension of peribolos wall. Date:early 5th century B.C.,with intrusions Totalassemblage: 209 sherds (two miniature shapes) EARLY WARES (7) PG (1): reflex handle from bowl G (1): meander pattern, neck (850-750) LG (5): 1 oinochoe; 1 kalathos; 1 banded-neck amphora; 3 shallow skyphos ARCHAICWARE(6+)
BG: Krater, column (1): foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 54 (500-480) Smalljug (1): handle
Cup (2): handle, Type C cup; 1 foot, Class of Athens 1104, cf. AgoraXII, no. 378 (575-550) BG miniatures (2): 1 cup, 1 small bowl Other assorted BG frags. HOUSEHOLD
Cooking ware: 2 handles, 1 rim, body frags.;other assorted frags. Intrusions Yellow-greenware (1) Wavy-pattern coarseware (1) (7th-8th centuries A.C.)
22. Temple of Triptolemos
(lot G0 24A)
Fill west of Temple of Triptolemos, and related to extension of peribolos wall; below ground level of temple. Date:early 5th century B.C.,with intrusions 93 sherds Totalassemblage: OBJECT
Terracotta figurine (1): seated female, moldmade? EARLYWARES(12)
Mycenaean (1): skyphos, body frag., Close-style PG (2): cut disk, amphora rim G (2): base, rim skyphos PG-LG (4): 4 wall frags., cup/skyphos Large ray-based, closed shape (2) PA (1): skyphos rim ARCHAIC WARES (18+) BF: 2, RF: 1 kraterrim BG: Amphora (1): rim, a little later than AgoraXII, no. 1 (575-550) Small oinochoe (1) Jug (1): neck 23. Archaic peribolos wall
Skyphos, Corinthian type (9): bases, rims, body frags. One-handler (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 731 (ca.500) Lekanis (1): lid, a little earlier than AgoraXII, no. 1234 (ca. 480) Other BG: assorted body frags. HOUSEHOLD
Cooking ware: many wall frags., 3 handles, hydria/kados/jug Lekane: body frags. Intrusions (5) Green glazed (2): wall frags. (late Byzantine) Waterjugs (2): rims (Byzantine) Wavy-patternedcoarseware (1): body frag.
(lot 00 24C, plus envelope from hole in bedrock)
Packing on foundation of the Archaic peribolos wall, west of the Rocky Outcrop. Date: early 5th century B.C.,with 3 intrusionsof later 4th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 73 sherds (3 miniatures) EARLY WARE (9)
EG (1): 1 rim, 2 wall PG-G (3): lid frag.;wall frags., amphoras LG (1): skyphos LG (4): 2 cups, 2 bases, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 177 (mid 8th century) ARCHAICANDCLASSICAL WARE(22)
BF (1)
BG:
Skyphos (6): Corinthian type (1): wall (redbanded);Attic type (3): BG all-blackAttic skyphos, profile as AgoraXII, no. 361 (480-450); 2 bases Cup (1): Type C, concave lip, cf. AgoraXII, no. 398 (ca. 525)
Miniature (3): handles of cups, glazed and plain
129
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS Intrusions (4)
Other BG (11): 1 handle (Corinthian-type skyphos), 8 wall frags.
WARE(4) LATECLASSICAL
Plemochoe (1): pierced flange Cup-kantharos (2): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 676 (ca.325); wall, cf. AgoraXII, no. 663 (350-325) Glass (1): piece
HOUSEHOLD (38)
Lekane (3): handle, 2 rims Other coarseware (35): 1 rim, 34 various body frags. 24. Archaic peribolos wall
(lot EA 116)
From packing beside foundation of Archaic peribolos wall at north, near its easternmost part. Sherds plucked from face of scarp, overlaid by modern street. Date: ca. 500 B.C.
4 sherds Totalassemblage: ARCHAICWARES
BG: Cup-skyphos (1): rim and upper wall, cf. Agora XII, no. 565 (ca.520) Skyphos, Geometric survival (1): rim and upper wall, cf. AgoraXII, no. 368 (ca.550)
Stemmed dish (1): foot and lower wall, cf. AgoraXII, no. 964 (ca.500) Other BG (1): wall frag., with red band (open shape)
25. Fill between temple and west peribolos wall
Figs. 14, 17
WEST WALL OF TEMPLE
H H HH HI
_
I
I_|_
I _'^__
I
FIG.17. Section C-C'
I
ELEV. 76,00
W.B.D.,JR.-1983 rca 1997
This section illustrates the layers excavated on the west side of the Temple of Triptolemos at its north end, between its foundations and the west peribolos wall (which was incorporated into the Post-Herulian Wall, section C-C'). The upper part of the section shows layers associated with the construction of the temple. The lower layers, closer to bedrock, include walls, postholes, and levels of domestic use of the area prior to the construction of the temple. 25A. Layer I
(lot EA 1)
Fig. 17
Debris from the construction of the Temple of Triptolemos. Dug bedrock, with some working chips from the temple, accumulated between the temple and the west peribolos wall. Date:early 5th century B.C.,with one likely intrusion (plemochoe) Totalassemblage: 3 inventoried items, 2 objects, 1 bone, 143 sherds (3 miniature shapes)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
130 INVENTORIEDITEMS
P 26629 = AgoraXXIII, no. 637: shoulderedhydria, warriorsfighting (ca.530-520) P 26753 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1893: closed vase, shape uncertain, chariot with figure (last quarter 6th century) P 26740 = plemochoe, rim frag. with triangular cutouts OBJECTS
Terracottas (2): 1 bottom frag., columnar figurine (thin white paint); 1 side frag., seated female Bone (1) EARLYWARE(18)
Neolithic (1): wall frag., red-burnishedware Gray Minyan (1): wall frag. Mycenaean (2): wall frags., skyphos (LH IIIC) PG-LG (10): 3 bases, 1 rim, cup/skyphos; 1 rim, deep bowl; 3 banded wall frags.; 1 cut disk; 1 rim, storage amphora PA (3): foot, "egg krater,"checkerboard pattern; 1 kotyle, Corinthian import; 1 wall frag., raybased bowl Miniature (1):jug, body and mouth, Subgeometric (7th century) ARCHAICWARE(71)
BF: 3 wall frags., closed BG: Oinochoe (2): 1 trefoil rim; 1 handle Skyphos, Corinthian type (16): 3 bases, 3 lower wall, 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 305 (575-550);
25B. Layer 2
9 body sherds, cf. AgoraXII, no. 304 (early6th century) Cup (6): base cup, cf. AgoraXII, no. 397 (550525); 1 base, Type A, Class of Athens 1104, cf. AgoraXII, no. 379 (575-550); 2 bases, 1 shoulder, Type C cup, concave lip, cf. Agora XII, no. 406 (ca.500); 1 wall frag., stemless cup Cup-kantharos (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 572 (ca.500) Stemmed dish (2): 2 bases, cf. AgoraXII, no. 958 (ca.500) Miniatures(2): base, Type C skyphos;lower wall, closed round footed shape Other BG (38): 6 handles, 14 wall frags., closed; 18 wall frags., open 1 shoulder fragment, import (?) HOUSEHOLD(54)
Plain olpe (1): base Plain oinochoe (1): 5 frags., same pot Storage amphora (3): 2 rims, 1 handle Pithos (2): rims Lekane (5): 4 rims, 1 body frag. Amphora (4): handles Cooking ware (17): 4 handles, 7 rims, 1 base, 5 wall frags. Other (21): 4 open mottled brown/black-glazed ware; 17 wall frags., closed
(lot EA 2)
Fig. 17
Debris from the construction of the Temple of Triptolemos. Includes numerous chips and crystals of red Akropolis limestone. Date: early 5th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 1 inventoried item, 104 sherds ITEM INVENTORIED
P 26741 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1838: late BF kylix, Dionysos (early 5th century) EARLY WARES (14) Gray Minyan (1): 1 flat strap handle Mycenaean (1): rim cup, ground-up PG-LG (11): 1 wall, deep bowl; 1 rim, banded bowl; 1 cut disk, black mottled; 2 rims, cup/ skyphos, 3 banded wall frags., 3 other wall frags. LG (1): wall of bowl, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 97 (late 8th century) ARCHAICWARES(53)
BF (6): 4 closed, 2 open wall frags. (neck-amphora, horses' rein, other) (late 6th century) BG: Oinochoe (1): body frag. with red ring, cf. Agora XII, no. 91 (ca.575-550)
Skyphos, Corinthian type (4): 3 bases, 1 lower wall frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 305 (575-550) Other BG body frags. (40) (ground-up): 4 handles; 14 wall frags., closed; 22 wall frags., open Import (?): 2 thin-walled vessel frags. with white glaze inside HOUSEHOLD(37)
Cooking ware (11): 3 bases, 2 handles, 4 wall frags., 2 thick wall frags. Lekane (3): 2 foot frags., 1 rim Other (7): 6 plain wall frags., 1 strap handle Other coarseware (16): 6 open, 10 closed wall frags., mottled brown/black-glazed ware
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS 25C.
Fig. 17
(lot EA 3)
Layer 3
131
Debris from the construction of the Temple of Triptolemos. Numerous hard, thin layers. Date: to ca. 500 B.C. Totalassemblage: 2 inventoried items, 2 objects, 161 sherds WARE(12) ARCHAIC
INVENTORIEDITEMS
P 26632 = AgoraXXIII, no. 47: (representation of temple), one-piece amphora, 560-550 B.C.; (with P 26651, joining fragments in lot EA 22 [CPD 27D] and lot EA 16 [CPD 26B]) P 31828: BG frag., shallow dish, cf. AgoraXII, no. 927 OBJECT
Terracotta (1): torso, columnar figurine EARLYWARE(24)
Gray Minyan (1): wall frag., ridged Mycenaean (5): 1 base skyphos, 1 handle, 3 wall PG-LG (16): 4 rims, cup/skyphos; 1 rim, deep bowl; 11 banded wall frags. Imports (2): wall frags., yellow fabric
BF frags. (4): 1 LPA siren wing, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 590 (2nd half 7th century); 1 rim, Type C cup, 2 closed wall frags. Band-cup (1): rim BG: Skyphos (1): rim Cup (3): Type C cup, cf. AgoraXII, no. 401 (525500) Stemmed dish (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 966 (ca.525) Black-bodied lekythos (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1115 (ca.500) Disk (1): edge, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1323 (ca.550) HOUSEHOLD (126)
3 handles, 2 bases of jugs, 1 base, 1 lekane, other assorted body frags.
25D. Layer 4
Fig. 17
(lot EA 4)
Debris from the construction of the Temple of Triptolemos. Includes working chips, thick and very numerous. Date: 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 19 sherds, one stone EARLYWARE(1)
LG (1): wall frag., cup ARCHAICWARE(8)
Other BG (5): 1 handle, 4 wall COARsEWARE (10) 8 body frags., 1 rimjug, 1 other
BF: 2 frags: cup rim, kraterbody frag. BG: Amphora (1): wall 25E. Layer 5
(lot EA 5)
Fig. 17
Debris from the construction of the Temple of Triptolemos. Dug bedrock and earth, a thick layer with few sherds;ran right up against course 7 of temple and cut by peribolos wall on west side. Date: to ca. 500 B.C. Totalassemblage: 4 inventoried items, 2 objects, 2 bones, 151 sherds INVENTORIEDITEMS
T 3642 = N 219: terracotta figurine, early stylized seated figure (710-610) T 3643 = N 339: terracottacolumnarfigurine,later stylized goddess, standing (610-480) MC 1076: loomweight, pyramidal, with graffito ("E") P 26742 = AgoraXXIII, no. 42: BF arm of a satyr (ca.550) (anotherpart of same, P 25351, found in lot e6 23B [CPD 19])
OBJECTS
Lamp (1): Type 12 variant, cf. AgoraIV, no. 79 (late 6th century) Architecturalpiece (1): edge of terracotta tile, flat, coarse Bones (2) EARLYWARE(34)
Gray Minyan (2): wall frags. Mycenaean (2): decorated wall frags. PG (1): krater,rim frag.
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
132
Other BG (41): 21 frags., open shape; 10 nonjoining, prob. from same closed vessel; 10 other wall frags., closed shape HOUSEHOLD(61) Plain and banded (19): 2 handles; 5 bases, one imported fabric; 2 rims, 4 wall frags., closed shape; 6 wall frags., open shape Large oval jar (late 6th century) (1): toe Pithos (1): very large, very coarse storage vessel (1): rim frag. Lekane (9): base, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 1753 (undersurface) (ca. 525-500), 1781 (foot) (context ca. 520480); 2 other frags. feet; 4 rims, one, cf. Agora XII, no. 1753 (ca. 525-500); 1 handle, 1 wall frag. (3 joining pieces) Cooking ware (5): 4 handles, 1 base Hydria (1): rim and upper handle, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1591 (ca.575-550) Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (25): 12 frags., closed shape; 12 frags., open shape; 1 rim
EG (1): oinochoe, neck frag. G (1): body frag. Pared-warearyballos(1): neck (8th century)(Argive monochrome ware) EG-LG (25): 1 rim, 1 handle, deep bowl; 8 banded wall frags.;5 decorated wall frags.; 1 rim, 1 base, 1 handle, cup/skyphos; 7 wall frags. PA (1): rim, ribbon-handled cup WARE(56) ARCHAIC 3 BF (3): PA, 2 frags., closed shape; 1 skyphos rim with ivy,more precise than AgoraXXIII, no. 1588 (ca.500) BG: Oinochoe, Shape 3 (chous)(2): wall frags.,cf.AgoraXII, no. 105 (ca.525) Skyphos, Corinthian type (4): 2 bases, 2 handles, cf. AgoraXII, no. 306 (575-550) Cup (5): Type C cup, handle, cf. AgoraXII, no. 416 (525-500); 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 331 (ca.550), 3 body frags. Lekanis, lidded (1): rim frag.
25F. Layer 6
Fig. 17
(lot EA 6)
Debris from the construction of the Temple of Triptolemos. Intermediate level, not hard and even; at bottom was strosis of pretemple (layer 7); some intrusions, probably from western area, where Post-Herulian Wall was inserted. At east end of layer,a pocket of chips was found against the foundation of the temple, where the block of the temple was set in place. Date:late 6th century B.C.,with intrusionsof Byzantine period 1 inventoried item, 2 objects, 152 sherds Totalassemblage: INVETORIEDITEM
P 26743 = AgoraXXIII, no. 22: BF frag.,horsehead (probably 2nd quarter 6th century) OBJECTS
Terracotta (1): columnar figurine, upper torso Stone whorl (1): MH purple steatite, cf. AgoraXIII, no. III-23 EARLY WARE(53) Gray Minyan (2): wall frags. Mycenaean (2): decorated wall frags. (LH III) PG (1): wall, amphora EG (1): wall, amphora LG (4): wall frag. EG-LG (38): 3 bases, 8 wall frags., 12 rims, cup/skyphos; 1 rim, cup/skyphos with zigzag pattern; 1 base, 1 rim, 1 handle, deep bowl; 10 banded wall frags.; 1 base, closed shape Corinthian (4): wall frags., one ground-up PA (1): shoulder piece of neck-amphora ARCHAICWARE(47)
BF (5): wall frags. (last quarter 6th century) BG: Pelike (1): foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 13 (ca.525)
Oinochoe, ring-collar(1): shoulder,cf. AgoraXII, no. 90 (575-550) Skyphos(6): Corinthian type (4): 2 bases, 2 lower wall red-banded, cf. AgoraXII, no. 309 (550540); Attic type (2): 1 rim, 1 base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 311(530-500) Cup (1): frag. of stem with red fillet, Type A cup Lekanis (1): base frag. Aryballos(1): rim-flange,decorated with rosettes Other BG (31): 1 base frag.; 1 handle; 23 wall frags., open shape; 6 wall frags., closed shape HOUSEHOLD (48)
Plain and banded (4): 4 rims, lekane, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1783 (context ca. 500) Cooking ware (12): 7 wall frags., 2 handles, 3 rims Other coarseware (7): 4 other rims, 2 bases, 1 rim Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (25): 7 wall frags., open shape; 18 wall frags., closed shape Intrusions (4) Brown-spatterglazed (1) (9-10th century A.C.):wall Cooking pot, Byzantine (1): wall Deep bowl (2): wall frags. (4th century B.C.)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS (ot EA 7)
25G. Layer 7
133 Fig. 17
Domestic use of area. Pretemple level, with postholes. Date: mid 6th century
B.C.
Totalassemblage: 1 inventoried item, 1 object, 42 sherds (1 miniature shape) BG: ITEM INVENTORIED Krater (1): inner rim frag. with added red P 26642 = AgoraXXIII, no. 342: amphora, BF, 7th head on chariot century) Skyphos, Corinthian type (2): 1 base, 1 body, cf. (lastquarter serpent AgoraXII, no. 305 (575-550) OBJECT 5 to no. cf. 30, Type (middle Cup (3): Type C cup, concave lip, 1 rim, cf. AgoraIV, Lamp (1): 3rd quarter 6th century) AgoraXII, no. 398 (ca. 550-525); other cups: 2 lower wall frags. EARLYWARE(11) Miniature (1): base skyphos, Corinthian type Corinthian (1): wall, krater(4 frags. from same) Other BG (10): 5 frags., open shape; 5 frags., EG-LG (8): 1 rim, cup/skyphos; 1 stem frag., closed shape footed skyphos; 1 wall frag.; 1 rim, deep bowl; HOUSEHOLD(11) 4 banded wall frags. Pithos (1): 1 rim, large PA (2): wall, neck-amphora ARCHAIC WARE (20) Cooking ware (6): 2 rims, 2 handles, 2 wall frags. Other (4): 1 wall frag., open shape; 1 plain wall BF (2): 1 wall frag., 1 rim White-ground (1): frag., open shape frag.; 1 handle; 1 wall frag.,closed shape, mottled
25H. Layer 8
(lots EA 8, 91)
Fig. 17
Domestic use of area. Pretemple layer to sandy level. This layer contained postholes. Date: 3rd quarter 6th century B.C. 1 inventoried item, 2 objects, 3 bones, 1 shell, 145 sherds (5 miniature shapes) Totalassemblage: INVENTORIED ITEM Skyphos,Corinthian type (8): 2 bases with added T 3653 = N 335: terracottacolumnarfigurine, later red in lower zone, cf. AgoraXII, no. 306 (575550); base, with lines, cf. AgoraXII, no. 305 stylized goddess, standing (610-480) (575-550); 2 rims, cf. AgoraXII, no. 304 (early OBJECTS handmade 6th); 2 lower wall frags., added red; 1 handle Large object (figurine?) Obsidian (1): piece Cup-skyphos (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 567 Bones (3) (ca.500) Shell (1), worn Cup (1): foot, Type A EARLY WARE(35) Miniatures (5): unglazed: 1 rim, cup, 2 other Late Neolithic (1): red-burnished,closed shape frags.; 1 BG cup foot, like Class of Athens 1104; 1 BG cup Gray Minyan (5): 2 wall frags., 3 rims Other BG (12): 1 lower wall cup; 8 other wall Mycenaean (4): 2 decorated wall frags.; 2 kylix stems (LH IIIB) frags., open shape; 3 wall frags., closed shape PG (1): body frag. HOUSEHOLD(75) EG-LG (24): 1 neck frag.,banded neckjar; 2 bases, Coarseware wall frag. with stamped spiral, cf. Ago1 handle, 3 rim, 4 wall frags., cup/skyphos; 1 rim, raXII, no. 1511 (context ca. 575-535) deep bowl, 12 banded body frags. Cooking ware (16): 3 bases, 5 rims, hydria/ ARCHAIC WARE (35) kados/jug; 8 wall frags. BF (6): 1 wall, Band-cup; 1 wall, with offset lip, Lekane (2): 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1839 (context Siana cup, cf. AgoraXII, no. 387 (ca.550); 2 cup ca. 600-570); 1 wall frag.; 1 rim wall frags., 1 other; 1 outer edge frag., lid Mottled red slip/glaze (10): body frags. BG: Mottled brown/black-glazed ware (5): body frags. Ray-based item (1): wall frag., closed shape Unglazed, fine ware (3): body frags. Table amphora (1): rim frag., profile like AgoOther (38): 1 wall frag., thick-walled closed vessel; raXXIII, no. 96 (ca.520) other with wash: 10 closed shape, 3 open shape; 6 handles; 17 wall frags., plain; 1 plain knob
134
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS 251. Layer 9
Fig. 17
(lots EA 9, 92)
Domestic use of area. Sand under pretemple strosis. Date: 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 1 inventoried item, 1 object, 138 sherds (6 miniature shapes) Skyphos,Corinthian type (9): 2 bases with added red, cf. AgoraXII, no. 306 (575-550); 3 lower wall, 2 rims, 2 body frags. Pyxis (1): small decorated lid Miniatures (6): 3 bases, 2 handles, Corinthiantype skyphoi (1 red-banded; 1 with rays); lid, decorated with dots Other BG (24): 3 handles, 1 foot frag., 7 closed shapes, 12 open shapes; 1 cup handle
INVENTORIED ITEM
P 31829: 1 graffito, retrograde THEA on small Corinthian-type skyphos OBJECT
Loomweight (1) EARLYWARE(50)
MH (1): matt-painted body frag. Gray Minyan (1): body frag. (MH) PG (2): body frags. LG (2): banded amphora frags., cf. AgoraVIII, no. 8 (3rd quarter 8th century) LC (2): body frags., ray-based kotyle PG-LG (38): 7 bases, 8 rims, cup/skyphos; 2 rims, deep bowl; 1 largejar rim, 1 handle, 6 decorated body frags., 13 banded body frags. Pithos (1), frag. with incised decoration, cf. Agora VIII, no. 611 LPA (3): body frags., decorated
HOUSEHOLD(41)
Storage amphora (1): rim Cooking ware (10): 4 rims, 6 wall frags. Lekane (7): 2 rims, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1751 (context ca. 575-525); 1 foot; 4 handles Plain (7): 2 unglazed rims; 1 wall frag., 4 handles Mottled glazed ware (11): 6 frags., open shape; mottled black-glazedware: 5 closed shape Other (5): 5 coarseware wall frags.
ARCHAICWARE(47)
BF (6): body frags. BG: Olpe (1): base and lower wall, flat-bottomedfoot, profile as AgoraXII, no. 239 (ca.575)
25J. Layer 9bis
(lot EA 93)
Fig. 17
Domestic use of area. To bedrock in deeper northern part. Date: early 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 5 objects, 173 sherds (1 miniature shape) OBJECTS
Terracottas(2): 1 columnar figurine, feet and legs; 1 small dish on a pedestal Sherd with graffito EY Smooth stone (1) Lamp (1): Type 9 (3rd quarter 7th century to ca. 600), cf. AgoraIV, no. 62 (3rd quarter 7th century) EARLY WARE(59) Gray Minyan (3): 1 goblet base, 1 rim, 1 body (MH) Mycenaean (6): 1 kylix stem (LH IIIB); 1 hydria neck (LH IIIC); 1 White Ware body frag. (LH); 1 carinated bowl, side and rim (LH IIIC); 1 deep bowl with handles, pierced handle; 1 skyphos, swirl pattern, body frag. PG (4): 2 deep skyphos, 1 with 3 circles,body frags.; 1 handle, decorated PG-LG (26): 1 neck, oinochoe; 6 rims, cup/ skyphos; 1 rim, deep bowl; 2 bases, cup/skyphos; 7 decorated small handles; 1 handle, spouted bowl; PG-LG utility ware: 1 decorated rim,
2 body frags., 2 incised coarseware; 1 rim, large amphora; 2 rims, utility LG (2): rims, cup/skyphos; 1 ladder small handle, 1 open shape, meander pattern; 5 body frags., large amphora, decorated; 9 banded body frags.; 7 mottled glaze; 1 unglazed rim, deep bowl PA (5): body frags., decorated LPA (9): 2 plate frags.; 1 rim, louterion/dinos; 1 base, 3 rims, cup/skyphos; 1 rim, kotyle; 1 rim, deep bowl LC (4): 3 body frags., 1 kotyle body frag. ARCHAIC WARE(79)
BF (4): various frags. BG: Oinochoe (4): 2 rims, trefoil; 1 handle; 1 base Skyphos, Corinthian type (38): 6 bases, redbanded, cf. Agora XII, no. 306 (575-550); 2 bases, lined, cf. AgoraXII, no. 303 (early 6th century); 1 rim with handle, 3 handles, 7 rims, 6 lower body, 11 wall, 2 bottoms
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS Cup (1): BG foot, Band-cup in profile, with unturned foot (flat):unfinished? Miniature (1): cup-skyphos Other BG (31): 8 wall frags., closed shape, 21 open shapes; 2 very large BG handles
25K. Layer 10
135
HOUSEHOLD (35)
Plain and banded (35): 2 rims, hydria;3 rims, large basins, cf. AgoraVIII, nos. 123, 124 (3rd quarter 7th century);30 other coarseware
Fig. 17
(lot-EA 10)
Domestic use of area. Below pretemple strosisto bedrock. Date:first half 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 3 inventoried items, 1 object, 2 bones, 207 sherds (2 miniature shapes) ARCHAICWARE(89)
INVENTORIED ITEMS
P 26744: Corinthian skyphos, head of a goat, filler, rays P 26643 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1739: Band-cup frag. (3rd quarter 6th century) P 26644: lid, Corinthian, BF frag., neck of a longnecked bird OBJECTS
Cut disk (1) Bones (2) EARLY WARE(71) Gray Minyan (1): wall frag., with carinations Mycenaean (2): decorated wall frags. LG (14): 4 wall frags., banded amphora, cf. Agora VIII, nos. 8-10 (3rd to last quarter 8th century); 1 handle, spouted bowl; 1 rim of neck amphora, stepped zigzag pattern; 1 other rim, amphora; 3 other banded wall frags., 1 closed shape, 3 open shape PG-LG (38): 11 rims, 3 bases, 4 handles, cup/ skyphos; 1 rim, 3 handles, deep bowl; 1 rim, 1 neck frag., oinochoe; 4 decorated wall frags.; 10 other wall frags., open shape Subgeometric (1): skyphos, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 140 (1st quarter 7th century) Kotyle, imitation EC (2): 1 base, 1 wall frag.,cf. Agora VIII, no. 168 (last quarter 7th century) Other (13): imported wall frags.
25L. Layer 11
BF (4): Polos Painter frag., open shape, other BF (2 closed, 1 open shape) BG: Ring-collar oinochoe (1): cf. frag., AgoraXII, no. 90 (575-550) Banded olpe (8): at least 5 different vessels, cf. AgoraXII, no. 236 (600-575) Skyphos,Corinthian type (23): 4 bases with lines, 11 lower wall frags., 3 rims, cf. AgoraXII, no. 305 (575-550); 3 bases added red, 2 lower wall frags., cf. AgoraXII, no. 306 (575-550) Lekanis(1): rim frag.with ribbon handle, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1210 (ca.550) Amphoriskos (1): foot and part of lower body, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1147 (early 6th century) Miniature cups (2): 1 base, 1 rim Other BG (49): 25 wall frags., open shape; 17 wall frags., closed shape; 1 rim; 6 handles HOUSEHOLD(47)
Storage amphora (13): wall frags., closed Pithos (2): wall frags. Cooking ware (8): 3 bases, 2 rims, 3 handles Lekane (4): foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1751 (context 575-525) Other (20): 5 mottled red/brown, open shape; 15 other
(lot EA 11)
Fig. 17
Constructionof peribolos wall. Sand, near periboloswall. This layerrepresentsfill deposited when the peribolos wall was extended. Date: early 5th century B.C.,with 2 intrusionsof Ottoman period 4 inventoried items, 2 objects, 1 bone, 240 sherds Totalassemblage: INVENTORIEDITEMS
P 26747 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1727: Band-cup, ithyphallic satyr (3rd quarter 6th century) P 26748 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1748: Droop cup (550540) P 26749 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1654: skyphos, youth (head and shoulder to right) (5th century) B 1248: bronze arrowhead
OBJECTS
Loomweight (1): four-sidedpyramidal Spindle whorl (1): added red decoration Bone (1): frag. WARE(32) EARLY Gray Minyan (1): wall frag., cup Mycenaean (2): 1 stem, kylix (LH IIIB); 1 stem, kylix (LH IIIA)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
136
PG (4): 2 rims, deep bowl; 1 wall frag., shallow bowl; 1 wall frag., krater LG (2): 1 rim, 1 wall frag., skyphos PG-LG (21): 2 rims, 4 bases, cup/skyphos; 1 base, deep bowl; I handle; 7 bandedwall frags.;6 other wall frags. PA (2): 1 handle, deep bowl; 1 ray-based, closed shape ARCHAICWARE(100)
BF (8): 5 frags., open shape; 2 frags., closed shape; 1 frag., base of stand BG: Table amphora (1): 1 rim, Type IIC (Shapesand Names) Krater,column (2): rims (large,prob. BF) Oinochoe, trefoil (1): rim frag. Skyphos, Corinthian type (6): 2 bases with lines, 1 base with added red; 3 rims, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 305, 306 (575-550) Cup (13): 5 feet, Type A, Type C; 5 rims, Type C, concave lip; 2 other rims, 1 lower wall frag. Covered bowl (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1268 (ca.500)
25M. Footing trench
Stemmed dish (1): foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 959 (ca.500) Lidded dish (5): 2 lid frags.; 2 rim frags.; small lidded dish, 1 rim frag. BG cylindrical object (1): with fine bands of black glaze, bordered by thin red lines, Diam. ca.0.055 m.: lamp stand? Other BG (61): 1 wall frag., closed shape, with hole for repair; 38 wall frags., open shape; 15 wall frags., closed shape; 7 handles HOUSEHOLD (106)
Pithos (2): frags. Cooking ware (23): 14 rims, hydria/kados/jug; 4 bases; 10 handles; 5 wall frags. Lekane (12): 5 feet, 1 rim, 1 handle, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1753 (context ca. 525-500); 5 other rims Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (33): 20 wall frags., open shape; 13 wall frags., closed shape Plain ware (36): 3 bases, 2 rims, 12 handles, 19 wall frags. Intrusions (2) Green glazed (1): wall White coarseware, with hole (1): 1 wall; 1 rim of bowl Fig. 17
(lot EA 12)
Construction of peribolos wall. Footing trench for west peribolos wall extension, labeled "M" in Fig. 17. Date: to ca. 500 B.C. Totalassemblage: 1 object, 95 sherds (ground-up) OBJECT
Terracotta (1): frag. columnar figurine EARLYWARE(15)
Gray Minyan (1): wall frag. Mycenaean (1): decoratedwall frag., kylix(LH IIIB); 1 other decorated wall frag. PG-LG (13): 3 bases, 1 rim, cup/skyphos; 1 base, 2 rims, deep bowl; 1 rim,jar; I banded wall frag.; 4 other wall frags. ARCHAIC WARE(18) BF (1): wall frag., Little Master cup BG: Cup (2): 1 rim, Type C cup, concave lip, cf. Agora XII, no. 401 (525-500), SGW.2 (520-510); 1 wall frag. 25N. Layer 12
Bowl (1): rim somewhat like AgoraXII, no. 777 (ca.500) Other BG (14): 7 wall frags., open shape; 5 wall frags., closed shape; 1 other; 1 handle HOUSEHOLD (62)
Transportamphora (1): lower wall Storage amphora (1): part of lower wall and foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1501 (context ca. 600) Cooking ware (22): 21 wall frags., 1 handle, hydria/kados/jug Mottled glazed ware (8): 5 wall frags., open shape; 3 wall frags., closed shape Other coarseware (30)
(lot EA 13)
Fig. 17
Construction of peribolos wall. Below sand of layer 11, near west peribolos wall. Date: 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 2 inventoried items, 3 objects, 205 sherds INVENTORIED ITEMS
P 26751: rim of BF plate with red and black tongue P 26752: semiglazed bowl, banded with wavy line in handle zone (EG-PG)
OBJECTS
Terracotta (1): columnar figurine, lower torso Cut disk (1) Obsidian (1)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS EARLYWARE(34)
Mycenaean (1): kylix, decoratedwall frag.(LH IIIB) LG (1): banded jug, neck frag. PG-LG (30): 4 bases, 7 rims, 1 decorated wall frag., cup/skyphos; 1 base, 7 rims, deep bowl; 1 decorated handle; 3 other handles; 6 banded wall frags. PA (2): 2 kotyle, Corinthianizing, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 164 (1st half 7th century) ARCHAICWARE(50)
BF (2): 1 rim cup; 1 frag., large closed shape BG: Oinochoe (2): neck frags. Skyphos, Corinthian type (2): 1 base with lines, cf. AgoraXII, no. 305 (575-550); 1 base, redbanded, cf. AgoraXII, no. 306 (575-550) Cup (1): foot, Type A
250. Layer 13
137
Lekythos (1): neck, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1099 (575550) Other BG (42): 4 rims, 19 wall frags., open shape; 12 wall frags., closed shape; 7 handles HOUSEHOLD (121)
Storage amphora (2): rims Cooking ware (31): 7 rims, 2 handles, 24 wall frags., hydria/kados/jug Lekane(6): 1 spout, cf.AgoraXII, nos. 1749 (context 6th century), 1753 (context ca. 525-500); 3 rims, 2 handles Mottled ware (62): 16 wall frags., open shape; 46 wall frags., closed shape Plain (1): base,jug Other coarseware (19): 4 very thick wall frags.; 15 nondescript coarseware wall frags.
(lot EA 14)
Fig. 17
Construction of peribolos wall. To bedrock near west peribolos wall. Date: early 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 1 inventoried item, 61 sherds INVENTORIEDITEM
T 3652 = N 15: Mycenaean columnar figure with raised arms EARLYWARE(15)
Mycenaean LH IIIB (1): handle of deep bowl, pierced G (1): lip of bowl PG-LG (13): 1 base, footed cup; 2 decorated wall frags.; 2 bases, 1 rim, cup/skyphos; 4 rims, deep bowl; 3 other wall frags. ARCHAIC WARE (24)
BF (4): probablyfrom same vessel, 3 joining, 1 nonjoining, ray-based closed shape 26. Temple of Triptolemos,
north side
BG: Skyphos, Corinthian type (3): 1 lower wall, redbanded; 2 rims Cup (2): 1 rim, Class of Athens 1104, cf. AgoraXII, no. 380 (575-550); 1 other rim Other BG (18): 11 wall frags., open shape; 7 wall frags., closed shape HOUSEHOLD(22)
Cooking ware (12): 3 rims, 6 wall frags., 3 handles, hydria/kados/jug Plain (2): rims, deep bowl Mottled brown-glazed ware (8): 2 wall frags., open shape; 6 wall frags., closed shape
Figs. 14, 18
The fill in these layers had been left as a baulk by the excavators in 1936 and was dug in 1959. The layers stretched between the north end of the Temple of Triptolemos, toward its west side, and the north retaining wall of the sanctuary (section B-B'). The upper levels consisted of construction debris from the temple. The lower levels preserved walls and levels used by inhabitants of the area before the temple was built. The section also shows construction levels inside the north foundationsof the Temple of Triptolemos. The layers in this section are similarto those of section E-E' (CPD 27), except that these abut the north end of the temple near its west side, where the foundations were always left as they were originally built, without subsequent modification. 26A. Layer 1
(lot EA 15)
Fig. 18
Debris from the construction of the Temple of Triptolemos. North end, west of center: layer slightly above course 6 of the north foundations of the temple; fill was soft and loose and rested on a firmly packed strosis with chips of red limestone. Date: end of 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 45 sherds (1 miniature shape)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
138
s
N
0 I H-l
5
I H t
I
I
I
1983 W.B.D.,JR.rc a 1997
FIG.18. Section B-B'
EARLY WARE(8) Gray Minyan (1): wall frag. LG (1): neck, SOS storagejar, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 23 (late 8th century) PG-LG (6): 1 base, 3 rims, 1 wall frag., cup/ skyphos; 1 decorated wall frag., deep bowl ARCHAICWARE(17)
BF (4): 1 wall frag., closed shape; 2 wall frags., open shape; 1 rim, plate BG: Oinochoe, small (1): foot frag.
26B. Layer 2
Cup-skyphos (1): 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 563 (ca.550) Lekanis, lidded (1): rim frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 1216 (525-500) Miniature (1): Corinthian-type skyphos Other BG (9): 6 wall frags., open shape; 3 wall frags., closed shape HOUSEHOLD (20)
Cooking ware (5): 1 handle, 4 wall frags. Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (6): 6 wall frags., closed shape Other coarseware (9): nondescript frags.
Fig. 18
(lot EA 16)
Debris from the construction of the Temple of Triptolemos. North end, west of center: layer with sand, dust, and many red limestone chips. Date:early 5th century B.C. 3 inventoried items, 29 sherds (ground-up) Totalassemblage: INVENTORIEDITEMS
P 26649 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1837: late BF kylix, woman, leafless cup (early 5th century) P 26651 = AgoraXXIII, no. 47: one-piece amphora, frag. with column capital, joins roof fragment P 26632 in lot EA 3 (ca. 560-550) (CPD 25C) and lot EA 22 (CPD 27D) P 26650 = AgoraXXIII, no. 90: amphora, birth of Athena (ca.520) EARLYWARE(3)
Mycenaean (1): kylix stem (LH IIIB) PG-LG (2): 1 base, 1 wall frag., cup/skyphos
ARCHAIC (5) BF (1): frag., closed shape Other BG (4): 3 wall frags.,open shape; 1wall frag., closed shape HOUSEHOLD(21)
Cooking ware (3): 3 wall frags. Lekane (2): 1 projecting rilled rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1743 (context ca. 500); 1 other Mottled ware (2): 2 wall frags., open shape Other coarseware (14): 2 thick wall frags.; 12 nondescript frags.
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS 26C. Layer 3
139 Fig. 18
(lot EA 17)
Debris from the constructionof the Temple of Triptolemos. North end, west of center: layer of dug bedrockand masses of red limestone chips, some large; includes light strosisat top of course 7 of foundations of temple (layer3A). Date:Archaic period 1 inventoried item, 13 sherds, ground-up Totalassemblage: ITEM INVENTORIED
P 26754: Corinthian, large, open shape, rosette and tail of animal EARLYWARE(2)
Mycenaean (1): wall frag., bowl with spiral pattern (LH IIIA) PG-LG (1): wall frag.
26D. Layer 4
WARE(1) ARCHAIC BG (1): 1 fired red, open shape COARSEWARE(10)
Cooking ware (3): 2 bases, 1 neck frag., hydria/ kados/jug Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (4): 2 wall frags., open shape; 2 wall frags., closed shape Other coarseware (3): nondescript frags.
(lot EA 18)
Fig. 18
Debris from the construction of the Temple of Triptolemos. North end, west of center: layer of dug bedrock to pretemple level. Pretemple level contained rubble walls. Date: late 6th century B.C.
1 object, 90 sherds Totalassemblage: OBJECT
Lamp (1): frag.,Type 6B (mid6th to end of century), unglazed exterior body, cf. AgoraIV, no. 45 for profile EARLY WARE (10)
PG-LG (10): 3 rims, cup/skyphos; 1 rim, deep bowl; 3 banded wall frags.; 1 rim, 1 neck, storage jar; 1 cup frag., cf. AgoraVIII, no. 191 (late 8th century) ARCHAIC WARE (18)
BF (1): wall frag., open shape BG: Skyphos, Corinthian type (1): base, red-banded, cf. AgoraXII, no. 309 (550-540) 26E. Inside foundations
Other BG (14); 9 wall frags., open shape; 4 wall frags., closed shape; 1 handle Yellow import (2): from same vessel; East Greek? HOUSEHOLD (62)
Cooking ware (14): 3 frags., trefoiljug, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1636 (context ca. 575-550); 2 bases, 2 other rims, 1 handle, 6 wall frags. Lekane (2): base frags. Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (7): 4 wall frags., open shape, 3 wall frags., closed shape Other coarseware (39): 2 very coarse chunks; 37 other nondescript frags.
(lot EA 26)
Fig. 18
Debris and packing from the construction of the Temple of Triptolemos. At north end, all levels (A-F). Layers of working floors interspersed with working chips, in a wide footing trench inside the north wall of the temple; ca. 1.60 m. wide. Lowest course of the foundation was widened with two additional blocks of Akropolislimestone. Date: to ca. 500 B.C.
Totalassemblage: 1 object, 39 sherds OBJECT
Spindle whorl (1): red coarse fabric EARLYWARE(9)
Gray Minyan (1): rim of goblet PG-LG (7): 2 rims, cup/skyphos; 3 handles, deep bowl; 1 foot frag., footed cup/skyphos; 1 piece neck, amphora LG (1): bottom offlat-bottom, handmadearyballos, with pared sides
ARCHAICWARE (13)
BF: Lekythos, (1): shoulder, 2 nonjoining frags. BG: Cup (1): bottom (no foot), Type C Saltcellar,concave wall (1): cf. AgoraXII, no. 923 (ca. 500) Other BG (10): 1 base frag., open shape; 7 wall frags., open shape; 2 wall frags., closed shape; 1 base, closed shape COARSEWARE
(17)
Storage amphora (3)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
140
Other (6): 4 plain, nondescript frags.;2 wall frags., closed shape, mottled ware
Cooking ware (7): 1 base, 1 rim, 1 handle, 2 wall frags., hydria/kados/jug; 2 jug frags. Lekane (1): foot 26F. Inside foundations
(lot EA 27)
Debris and packing from the construction of the Temple of Triptolemos. At north end: upper layers on east side. Similar to layer (CPD 26E) described above. Date:to ca. 500 B.C.,with 1 intrusion Totalassemblage: 92 sherds Cup (1): foot, Type C, cf. SGW.1 (525-500) Other BG (18): 1 base, closed shape; 10 wall frags., closed shape; 7 wall frags., open shape
EARLYWARE(23)
Gray Minyan (5): 1 rim, 2 shoulder frags., 2 wall frags. Matt-painted (1): decorated wall frag. (MH) Mycenaean (2): foot, stemmed goblet; base, cup/ skyphos PG-LG (15): 1 base, 2 rims, cup/skyphos; 1 rim, deep bowl; 2 handles; 4 banded wall frags.; 5 other wall frags.
COARSEWARE(46)
Storage amphora (1): handle Cooking ware (16): 2 handles, 2 bases, 1 rim, 11 wall frags., hydria/kados/jug Coarseware lekane, large (1): base frag. Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (7): 2 wall frags., open shape; 5 wall frags., closed shape Plain (4): 1 handle, 1 rim, 2 bases Other (17): nondescript frags. Intrusion LR gray and combed coarseware (1)
ARCHAICWARE(22)
BG: Oinochoe, banded (2): wall, base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 106 (ca.500) Skyphos, Corinthian type (1): 1 lower wall frag., red-banded, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 306, 308 (575550) 27. Temple of Triptolemos
(lots EA 19-25)
Figs. 14, 19
N
S
RETAINING WALL I I Il II
I I
0
1
L..I
rca
1/97
2
3 |
4
I
5m t
FIG.19. Section E-E' This section illustrateslayers between the north end of the Temple of Triptolemos and the north retaining wall, near the east side of the temple (section E-E'). The findings and stratigraphyare similar to those of section B-B', but this section included levels abutting the addition to the foundationson the east side of the temple, which were built of a differentmaterial and reused blocks. The upper levels representconstructionfill for the temple, and the lower levels were deposited by people living in the area before the temple was constructed.
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS 27A. Layer 1
141 Fig. 19
(lot EA 19)
Debris from the construction of the Temple of Triptolemos. North end of Temple of Triptolemos, east of center: between the temple and the retaining wall. The fill consisted of dug bedrock and limestone chips. Date: end 6th century B.C.
79 sherds Totalassemblage: EARLY WARE(8) PG-LG (7): 1 base, 1 rim, deep bowl; 1 handle; 4 banded wall frags. Corinthian (1): wall frag., closed shape ARCHAICWARE(21)
BF (7): 2 wall frags., open shape; 4 wall frags., closed shape; 1 wall frag.ray-based,closed shape BG: Cup (3): 1 rim, Type C, concave, cf. AgoraXII, no. 398 (ca. 525); SGW.6 (520-510); 1 foot, SGW.4 (520-510); 1 foot, Type A
27B. Layer 2
Other BG (11): 9 wall frags., open shape; 2 wall frags., closed shape HOUSEHOLD (50)
Cooking ware (8): 1 rim, 1 handle, 6 wall frags., hydria/kados/jug Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (14): 6 wall frags., open shape; 8 wall frags., closed shape Other coarseware (28): 3 thick wall frags.; 25 nondescript frags.
(lot EA 20)
Fig. 19
Debris from the construction of the Temple of Triptolemos. North end of Temple of Triptolemos, east of center: northern area, near retaining wall, down to level of course 7 of foundations of temple (disturbed, 5 sherds of Roman period). Date: ca. 500 B.C.,with intrusions Totalassemblage: 1 inventoried item, 1 object, 121 sherds (1 miniature shape) INVENTORIEDITEM
P 26647 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1480: BF skyphos,men (530-520) OBJECT
Lamp (1): frag., Type 5, cf. AgoraIV, no. 32 (late 6th century to ca. 500) EARLY WARE (13)
Gray Minyan (1): wall frag. PG-LG (12): 1 handle, 1 base, 1 rim, cup/skyphos; 2 rims, deep bowl; 5 decorated wall frags., closed shape; 1 handle; 1 banded frag. ARCHAIC WARE (66)
BF (9): 5 frags. lekanis; 3 wall frags., open shape; 1 wall frag., closed shape BG: Krater (1): foot with red bands Skyphos, Corinthian type (7): 1 wall frag. with fine rays; 1 base, 2 lower wall frags., 2 rims, cf. AgoraXII, no. 308 (ca. 550), 309 (ca. 550540); 1 other frag.
27C. Layer 3
(lot EA 21)
Stemmed cup (2): frags. lower wall Cup (3): 1 foot, Type C, cf. SGW.1 (525-500); 2 other rims Covered bowl (1): rim frag., somewhat like AgoraXII, no. 1267 (ca.525-500) Miniature (1): frag. cup Other BG (42): 27 wall frags., open shape; 12 wall frags., closed shape; 3 handles HOUSEHOLD (42) Pithos (1): wall frag.with impressed design Cooking ware (9): 3 rims, 3 handles, 3 wall frags., hydria/kados/jug Lekane (2): rims Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (21): 10 wall frags., open shape; 11 wall frags., closed shape Other coarseware (9): nondescript frags. Intrusions (5) Red-ware, Roman (1): wall frag. Coarseware, Roman (4): handle
Fig. 19
Debris from the construction of the Temple of Triptolemos. North end of Temple of Triptolemos, east of center: northern area, near retaining wall. This layer covered rubble house walls below it, visible in section E-E'. Date: ca. 500 B.C.
Totalassemblage: 2 objects, 1 tile, 54 sherds (1 miniature shape)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
142
OBJECTS Lamp (1): rim frag.,Type 6B (middleof 6th century to end of century), cf. AgoraIV, no. 45 (end of 6th century) Architecturalpiece (1): roof tile EARLYWARE(13)
PG-LG (11): 2 rims, 1 handle, cup/skyphos; 1 rim, deep bowl, 1wall frag.,banded amphora, 1 shoulder frag., SOS amphora; 1 wall frag., incised coarseware; 1 decorated wall frag., closed shape; 3 banded wall frags. (2 closed, 1 open shape) PA (1): 1 lower wall frag., ray-based amphora Corinthian (1): wall frag., miniature aryballos, net pattern
Stemmed dish (1): 1 rim, AgoraXII, no. 969 (ca.500) Other BG (12): 2 wall frags., closed shape; 9 wall frags., open shape; 1 handle HOUSEHOLD (25) Cooking ware (9): hydria, lower handle; 2 other handles; 1 base, 2 rims, 3 wall frags., hydria/ kados/jug Tub (1): base Mottled black/brown ware (8): 3 wall frags., open shape; 5 wall frags., closed shape Other (7): 1 thick coarse handle; I coarse cut disk; 5 plain frags.
ARCHAIC WARE (16)
BG: Skyphos, Corinthian type (3): 1 rim, 1 redbanded lower wall frag., 1 lower wall frag.with lines, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 308, 309 (ca.550-540) 27D. Layer 4
(lot EA 22)
Fig. 19
Debris from the construction of the Temple of Triptolemos. North end, east of center: southern side, near temple to level of pretemple strosis. Date:to ca. 500 B.c. Totalassemblage: 1 inventoried item, 1 object, 112 sherds INVENTORIEDITEM
P 26651 = AgoraXXIII, no. 47: one-piece amphora (ca. 560-550); other pieces of same found in lot EA 3 (section C-C', layer 3, CPD 25C) and lot EA 16 (section B-B', layer 2, CPD 26B); all pieces thus in construction fill OBJECT
Lamp (1): rim frag., Type 8 (to late 6th century), cf. AgoraIV, nos. 56, 57, 59 EARLY WARE (13)
PG-LG (13): 2 rims, 1 wall frag.with handle stump, cup/skyphos; 1 neck frag., closed shape; 2 decorated wall frags.; 4 banded wall frags.; 3 other wall frags. ARCHAIC WARE (38)
BF (5): wall frag. with winged sphinx, open shape; 1 lid frag.;2 wall frags., closed shape; 1 wall frag., open shape
BG: Krater (1): foot frag. Skyphos, Corinthian type (1): 1 lower wall frag., red-banded, cf. AgoraXII, no. 306 (575-550) Cups (2): 1 rim, cup-skyphos, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 565 (ca.520), 572 (ca.500); 1 rim, Type C, concave lip, cf. AgoraXII, no. 403 (525-500) Other BG (29): 23 wall frags., open shape; 5 wall frags., closed shape; 1 handle HOUSEHOLD (61)
Cooking ware (15): 1 rim, 13 wall frags., 1 handle, hydria/kados/jug Lekane (1): rim frag. Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (15): 2 wall frags., open shape; 13 wall frags., closed shape Other (30): 18 coarseware, nondescript frags.; 8 frags.plainware; 4 handles
27E. Layer 5 (lot EA 23)
Fig. 19
Debris and packing from the construction of the Temple of Triptolemos. North end, east of center: near foundations of temple, fill at lowest level of temple. Date: to ca. 500 B.c. Totalassemblage: 2 objects, 85 sherds OBJECTS
Lamps (2): 1 frag., Type 12A, cf. AgoraIV, no. 72 (2nd quarter 6th century); 1 rim, Type 5, somewhat like AgoraIV, no. 33 (ca.575-535)
EARLYWARE(11)
Gray Minyan (1): 1 rim of stemmed goblet, somewhat like AgoraXIII, no. 274 (MH) (2nd quarter of 4th century) Mycenaean (1): wall frag., closed shape
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
G (1): neck of amphora PG-LG (8): 1 base, 1 rim, 1 wall frag., 2 handles, cup/skyphos; 1 decorated strap handle; 2 banded wall frags.
Stemmed dish, rim, AgoraXII, no. 976 (ca.500) Lekanis (1): lid frag. Other BG (13): 6 wall frags., open shape; 5 wall frags., closed shape; 2 handles HOUSEHOLD (53)
Storage amphora (1): piece neck Cooking ware (20): 2 rims, 17 wall frags., 1 handle, hydria/kados/jug Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (20): 4 wall frags., open shape; 16 wall frags., closed shape Other coarseware (12): nondescript wall frags.
ARCHAICWARE(21)
BG: Krater (2): 1 rim, 1 wall frag. Oinochoe, base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 90 (575-550) Skyphos, Corinthian type (3): 1 base with fine lines, cf. AgoraXII, no. 305 (575-550); 1 base, red-banded, cf. AgoraXII, no. 306 (575-550); 1 rim frag. 27F. Layer 6
143
(lot EA 24)
Fig. 19
Domestic use of area. North end of Temple of Triptolemos, east of center: north side, cleaning around rubble wall. Date: 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 53 sherds (2 miniature shapes) EARLY WARE(6) PG (1): wall frag. with concentric circles, closed shape PG-LG (5): 1 rim, 1 base, cup/skyphos; 1 base, deep bowl; 2 banded wall frags.
Other BG (16): 7 wall frags., closed shape; 8 wall frags., open shape; 1 handle HOUSEHOLD(25)
Storage amphora (1): lower wall frag. Pithos (2): wall frags. Cooking ware (10): 4 rims, 5 wall frags., 1 handle, hydria/kados/jug Plain ware (6): 1 base, 1 handle, 4 wall frags. Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (6): 2 wall frags., closed shape; 4 wall frags., open shape
ARCHAICWARE(22)
BF (2): wall frags., closed shape BG: Oinochoe (1): base frag. Cup (1): rim frag. Miniatures(2): bases, one with lines, Corinthiantype skyphos 27G. Layer 7
(lot EA 25)
Domestic use of area. North end of Temple of Triptolemos, east of center: north side, beside rubble wall, to bedrock. Date:mid 6th century B.C.,with one piece to late 6th century 1 Totalassemblage: 1 inventoried item, 98 sherds ITEM INVENTORIED
P 26759: BG cup, Type C, concave lip EARLYWARE(8)
Gray Minyan (1): wall frag., stemmed goblet Mycenaean (1): base of cup, decorated somewhat like AgoraXIII, no. XVIII, no. 2 (LH IIIA:2) PG-LG (6): 1 rim, 2 bases, 1 handle, cup/skyphos; 2 banded wall frags. ARCHAIC WARE (24)
BF (2): 1 wall frag., palmette from Little Master cup; 1 wall frag., krater BG cup (2): band-cup rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 389 (ca. 550); 1 other rim
Other BG (20): 7 wall frags., closed shape; 5 thin frags., open shape (cup);4 other wall frags., open shape; 1 base frag.;2 handles; 1 plain lid frag. HOUSEHOLD(66)
Pithos chunks (4) Cooking ware (29): 4 rims, 1 base, 23 wall frags., 1 handle, hydria/kados/jug Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (13): 2 wall frags., open shape; 11 wall frags., closed shape Other coarseware (20): 2 handles; 16 plain coarse; 2 odd pieces from same
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
144
Figs. 14, 20
(lots HH 35, 36)
east side
28. Temple of Triptolemos,
EAST EXTENSION of TEMPLE FOUNDATION -Course 7 block upturned to become part of Byzantine wall
w
CHIPS and DUST
E
LATE PITHOS) Mud brick fragments
COURSE 7 COURSE 8 COURSE 9
76.00m
0
1 I
2 I
3 I
4
5m
I
I
rca 1/97 FIG. 20. Section F-F'
Deposit T-U 19:1: patch of undisturbedfill on the east side of Temple of Triptolemos, near the north end, over bedrock (section F-F'). The fill consisted of a layer of working chips of Kara limestone above a layer of mud brick. Date:last quarter 6th century B.C. 28A. Layer
Fig. 20
(lot HH 35)
Fill above mudbrickdebris, consisting of chips and dust of Kara limestone from the construction of the temple. Date:to end of 6th century B.C. 1 object, 144 sherds Totalassemblage: OBJECT
Architecturalpiece (1): roof tile frag. EARLYWARE(9)
Yellow Minyan (1): wall frag. LG (6): skyphos rim, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 131 (last quarter 8th century); aryballos, decoration cf. AgoraVIII, no. 143 (3rd quarter 8th century); other assorted LG Imitation PC (1): decorated wall frag., multiple brush, kotyle (early 7th century) PA (1): body frag., nippled jug ARCHAICWARE(10+)
HOUSEHOLD (11+)
BG: Amphora (1): base Ray-based amphora (1): base and body frags. (6th century) 28B. Layer 2
Cups (3): 2 feet, Cracow Class cups, cf. Agora XII, no. 392 (ca. 550-525); 1 foot, Type C cup, cf. AgoraXII, no. 416 (525-500) Phiale (1): 1 boss (omphalos), cf. AgoraXII, nos. 518 (late 6th century), 519 (ca.500) Bowl, outturned rim (1): 1 base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 777 (ca.500) Stemmed dish (1): 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 979 (ca.500) Painted palmette plate (1): center of bottom Other assorted BG body frags. Transportamphora (1): rim frag. (6th century) Cooking ware (4): 4 wall frags. Lekane (5): 1 rim, 4 base frags. Other coarseware: 1 cut disk, other body frags., nondescript frags.
(lot HH 36)
Fig. 20
Mudbrick debris, green earth fill with fragments of mud brick, evidently from the walls of houses destroyed before the construction of the Temple of Triptolemos. Date:to 3rd quarter 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 2 objects, 93 sherds (mostly small, ground-up, coarse)
145
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
550); Attic type (2): 1 rim, 1 base, fired red, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 335 (ca. 525), 331 (ca.550)
OBJECTS Loomweight (1) Cut disk (1) WARE(4) EARLY LG (4): 1 bridge-spouted bowl, 1 bottom of pyxis, 3 coarseware with incised decoration WARE(8) ARCHAIC BF (3): wall frags. BG: Skyphos (5): Corinthian type (3): 2 bases, 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 310 (530-500), 305 (57529. Construction
fill and domestic debris
HOUSEHOLD (81)
Cooking ware (3): 3 wall frags. Lekane (3): 1 foot frag., 1 handle, 1 wall frag. Other coarseware (75): small, ground-up, nondescript frags.
(lots EA 100-103)
Figs. 14, 21
S
N LATE PIT
BAULK
I
MODERN BASEMENT
I
79.OOm
0 rca
1I 1/97
2I
r
3I
4I
5m I
FIG.21. Section G-G' This section shows an area of fill ca. 3.5 m. east of the Temple of Triptolemos, about midway along its side (section G-G'). The upper layers represented construction debris for the temple; the lower layers covered a rubble house-wall used prior to the construction of the temple. This is a northern continuation (not contiguous) of the layers in section D-D', which include the Archaic peribolos wall. 29A. Layer 1
Fig. 21
East side of Temple of Triptolemos: a thin layer that yielded a few sherds of the late 6th century. Discarded. 29B. Layer 2
Fig. 21
East side of Temple of Triptolemos: a layer with many working chips from the temple; a few sherds of the late 6th century. Discarded. 29C. Layer 3
(lot EA 100)
Fig. 21
East side of Temple of Triptolemos: another thin layer. Date: 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 27 sherds (1 miniature shape) EARLYWARE(6)
PG-LG (6): 3 rims, 1 base, cup/skyphos; 1 decorated rim, amphora;olpe (3joining, 1 nonjoining frags.): rays descending around neck, lower half glazed (thin wash)
ARCHAIC WARE(3)
BG: Olpe, red-banded (1): wall frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 236 (600-575)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
146
Other BG (1): closed shape Miniature (1): unglazed oinochoe HOUSEHOLD (9+)
Storage amphora (1): body frag. 29D. Layer 4
Lekane (1): frag. of foot Other (7): 1 banded body frag., open shape; 1 wall frag., cooking ware; 1 unglazed handle; 4 other nondescript frags.
(lot EA 101)
Fig. 21
East side of Temple of Triptolemos: layer of dug bedrock, 0.15-0.30 m. thick; wall appeared beneath layer. Numerous terracotta figurines. Date: 6th century B.C.
13 objects, 52 sherds Totalassemblage: OBJECTS
Terracottas (12): columnar figurines, 10 feet and lower legs; 1 piece legs; 1 head and arms Loomweight (1) EARLY WARE (21)
Mycenaean (3): 1 lug handle; 1 neck frag.; 1 body frag. PG-LG (18): 1 rim, 4 bases, cup/skyphos; 1 handle, spouted bowl; 1 rim, amphora; 2 handles; 9 banded body frags.
29E. Layer 5
WARE(6) ARCHAIC BG: Bowls (2): plain rims Pyxis (1): lid, with rays, spirals(early6th century) Other BG (3): body frags., one with added red band HOUSEHOLD (25)
Cooking ware (6): 1 handle, 5 wall frags., hydria/kados/jug Mottled black-glazed ware (8): 5 wall frags., open shape; 3 wall frags., closed shape Other (11): small body frags.
(lot EA 102)
Fig. 21
East side of Temple of Triptolemos: a layer of packed earth from top of rubble house-wall to next layer,north of wall. Date: 6th century B.C.
Totalassemblage: 18 sherds HOUSEHOLD (15)
OBJECT
Terracotta (1): figurine frag., leg (?) ARCHAIC WARE (3)
BG: Cup (1): foot, Type A Skyphos, Corinthian type (1): lower wall, redbanded, cf. AgoraXII, no. 306 (575-550) Other BG (1): wall frag., open shape 29E Layer 6
Mottled black-glazed ware (3): 1 wall frag., closed shape; 2 wall frags., open shape Cooking ware (5): 3 wall frags., 1 base, 1 handle, hydria/kados/jug Other (7): body frags.
Fig. 21
East side of Temple of Triptolemos: fill on south side of rubble house-wall, yielded a few sherds, 6th century and earlier. Discarded. 29G. Layer 7
(lot EA 103)
East side of Temple of Triptolemos: a layer north of house-wall, at bottom of Ottoman/modern pit; pottery overlying bedrock and packing of smooth rounded stones. Date: 1st half of 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 7 objects, 65 sherds (1 miniature shape) OBJECTS
Terracottas (2): figurines: 1 feet and lower legs; 1 large head Lamps (5): 1 nozzle and part of bottom, Type 5 (2nd quarterinto 4th quarter6th century),cf.Agora IV, no. 35; 1 side and nozzle, Type 2B (late
7th-late 6th century), cf. AgoraIV, no. 19; 1 side and nozzle, 1 nozzle, Type 2B, cf. AgoraIV,no. 16 (to ca. 600); 1 other WARE(21) EARLY PG-LG (21): 5 rims, cup/skyphos; 1rim, decorated lekanis with ribbon handles; 2 decorated body
I
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS frags.; 2 banded body frags.; 1 rim, oinochoe; 1 handle (double);mottled black glaze (9): 1 wall frag., open shape, 6 wall frags., closed shape; 2 small handles
HOUSEHOLD (31)
Amphora (1): rim Lekane (3): 1 handle, 2 feet Red wash (2): open body frags. Mottled black-glazed ware (9): 5 closed, 1 open shape; 3 coarse body frags. Other coarseware (16): 8 handles; 5 rims; 3 body frags.
ARCHAICWARE(13)
BF (1): closed shape (early 6th century) Miniature louterion/dinos (1): rim (red glaze) Other BG (11): 6 nonjoining body frags., prob. of one open shape; 3 other open (1 near base); 1 closed shape; 1 handle 30. Household debris
147
(ot EA 99)
Figs. 14, 22
w
E
TEMPLE FOUNDATION EAST SIDE NEAR CENTER
MASS OF POTTERY
,CH I PS
X
COURS
78.00 m0 rca 1/97
1
2
3m
F
.
FIG.
22. Section H-H/
Section
Two meters east of Temple of Triptolemos: this section shows a dump of fill found mixed with dissolved mud brick and dug bedrock, found east of the east side of the Temple of Triptolemos, evidently the remains of a house that occupied the area at the time construction began on the temple (section H-H'). Date:late 6th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 102 sherds EARLY WARE(16) P-LG (16): 2 rims, 3 bases, cup/skyphos; 1 base, shallow bowl; 3 joining frags., rim and handle, deep spouted bowl, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 100 (3rd quarter 7th century); 1 handle, decorated; 1 neck frag.; 1 plate, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 116 (end 7th century); 1 rim, storage amphora; 3 banded body frags. ARCHAICWARE(9+)
BF (1): wall frag., closed shape BG: Oinochoe, banded round-mouth (5 joining, 4 nonjoining frags.): much of body, cf. Agora XII, no. 141 (ca.575) Olpe (5 nonjoining frags.): upper half reserved; 2 red bands below greatest circumference; lower half BG; profile as AgoraXII, no. 250 (ca.550)
Cup, Type C (1): (4 joining frags.) foot, cf. Agora XII, no. 401 (525-500); (4 joining frags.) stem, prob.joins; 1 rim, prob.joins Stemmed dish (2): foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 976 (ca.500) Lid (1): small knobbed lid for pyxis Other BG (2): open shape HOUSEHOLD(67+)
Storage amphora (1): lower wall, 3 joining frags. Pithos (1): frag. Cooking ware (7): 1 kados, normal, rim, cf. Agora XII, no. 1598 (context ca. 575-540); 4 rims, hydria, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 1591, 1592 (context ca. 575-550); 1 handle and neck, hydria; 1 rim, neck, handle (2 joining pieces), chytra, cf. Agora XII, no. 1924 (context ca. 525-524) Lekane (4): 1 cooking ware, rim and handle, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1740 (context ca. 520-490); 1 rim and
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
148
handle, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1784 (context ca. 520490); AgoraXII, no. 1766 (ostrakon,486); 2 other rims Cooking stand (1): handle, vent hole; cylindrical; cf. AgoraXII, no. 2016 (context ca. 575-540) 31. Monument Base
Other coarseware(53): 1wall frag.;mottledbrown/ black glaze: 12 open shape (8 prob. join); 21 closed shape (4 prob.join); 27 coarse body frags.
(lot EA 55)
East of the Temple of Triptolemos: soft yellow poros foundation for monument: fill in footing trench. See Fig. 8, Plan 2 ("Monument Base"). Date:to 3rd quarter 5th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 1 object, 65 sherds (1 miniature shape) Other BG (12): 3 cup handles; 5 wall frags., open shapes; 4 wall frags., closed shapes
OBJECT 1 handmade object (mold?) ARCHAIC-CLASSICAL (19)
HOUSEHOLD (46)
BG: Oinochoe, shape 5(1): shoulder(2joining pieces), cf. AgoraXII, no. 175 (480-450) Imitation LC kotyle (early 6th century) (1): wall frag. Cup-skyphos(1): wall frag.,cf. AgoraXII, no. 578 (ca.480) One-handler (2): foot and lower wall, cf. AgoraXII, no. 741 (475-450); wall frag. Lekanis (1): base Miniature (1): Attic skyphos 32. West side of temenos:
adjunct shrine
Cooking ware (2): 2 handles Lekane(2): 1 rim, somewhatlikeAgoraXII, no. 1805 (context ca. 435-425); 1 base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1778(482) Basin, very large (1): 1 foot, in 3 painted rolls Lopas (1): 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1971 (context ca. 470-460) Mottled reddish glaze (3): wall frags., open shape Mottled black glaze (1): wall Other coarseware (36): 2 plain handles; 1 small handle; 33 body frags.
lot EA 65)
West of the Temple of Triptolemos: cleaning in the area of the northwestcorner of the peribolos wall. This part of the wall may have been used for an adjunct shrine. Date: ca. 340 B.C.
Totalassemblage: 2 objects; 75 sherds OBJECTS
Loomweight (1) Lamp (1): frag., Type 21B, cf. AgoraIV, no. 168 (430-420) EARLYWARE(1)
PG-LG (1): base of bowl CLASSICAL WARE(39)
BG: Oinochoe (1): Shape 3, cf. AgoraXII, nos 127129 (350-325) Stemless cup (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 454 (ca.480); rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 475 (ca.450) One-handler (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 755 (ca.400) Bowl, outturned rim (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 779 (ca.430) Bowl, small (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 885 (375350) Bowl, convex and small (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 953 (500-480) Plate (1): base, rouletted, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1039 (ca. 375)
Pyxis lid (1): knobbed Flared cone (1): funnel? Other BG (30): 2 rims, 3 handles, 25 body frags. HOUSEHOLD (25+)
Stamped amphora handle (1): Thasian, cf. SS 10988 and A. Bon and V. Grace, Les timbres de Thasos[ttudes thasiennes amphoriques IV] (Paris no. 157, p. 96 (before 340) 1957), Amphora toe (1) Cooking ware (3): 1 rim, 2 handles, hydria/ kados/jug Bowl (2): 7 bowl frags. (6 prob. from one piece) Lekane (1): foot Basin (1): piece, unglazed exterior, thin wash interior Large basin (1): rim, Corinthian tile fabric, overhanging with 6 rolls, thin red glaze Lopas (3): shoulder,cf. AgoraXII, no. 1963 (context ca. 375-350) Other coarseware (12): 4 handles, 4 wall frags., 2 rims, 1 lid, 1 base
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS 33. Adjunct shrine: Panathpnaic Way
149
(lot EA 66)
Under the paving of the PanathenaicWay and over the peribolos wall. This fill may representthe time when this of part the wall was abandoned (possibly related to the adjunct shrine). Date: 2nd quarter 4th century B.C. 99 sherds Totalassemblage: CLASSICAL WARE(23+) BG: Trefoil oinochoe (2): mouth and handle Cup-kantharos,BG (2: 1 in 10 frags.;small frag. of 2nd base): rouletting and stamped palmette in interior,with excellent glaze, profile,cf. Agora XII, no. 655 (ca. 375); base frag., cf. Agora XII, no. 651 (ca. 380) Rilled-rim saucer (1): base, with stamped palmettes and rouletting, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1033 (400-375) Other BG (15, small and ground-up): 3 handles, 1 plate frag. with stamped palmettes, 1 rim, 34. Deposit T 21:2
3 wall frags., 1 lekanis lid, 2 bases of bowls, 1 stem, 1 fish-plate Plemochoai (3): 1 base, 2 flange frags. HOUSEHOLD(76)
Pithos (1): piece Cooking ware (1): rim Lekane (1): rim Tub (1): piece Mottled glaze (6): wall frags. Other coarseware (66): 4 rims, 7 handles, 2 bases, 53 wall frags.
(lot EA 57)
Deposit of plemochoai, found in a pocket on the line of the early (Archaic)peribolos wall at entrance on the south side, west end. Lot EA 57 = Pollitt, "Kernoi,"catalogue deposit XXVI, pp. 219-220. Date:to 3rd quarter 4th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 4 inventoried items, 4 objects, 215 sherds, 186+ frags. plemochoai (3 miniatures) INVENTORIEDITEMS (410-400); 1 body, unglazed, between AgoP 26515: plemochoai frags. (Pollitt, XXVI, no. 1, raXII, nos. 1139 (375-350), 1140 (350-325) Miniatures (2): 2 lids, with knobs, unglazed pl. 68:a; P1. 18) P 30161: kotyliskos(Pollitt,XXVI, no. 2, pl. 69:b) Other BG (5): 2 handles, 1 plate frag., 1 rim, T 3603: terracotta torch 1 floor frag. P 26516: RF palmette lekythos PLEMOCHOAI(186) OBJECTS "Cooking" type (coarseware fabric) (8): 2 handles Handmade object, pale clay (1) (with part of body, 1 hole each), 1 part of body, Other handmade objects (2) 5 other handles Bronze object (1) Plain type (177): 27 flanges, 29 rims, 11 lids, 1 base, WARE(4) CLASSICAL 104 wall frags.; 5 frags. of miniature unglazed BG: cups (for flange) Miniature (1): bottom, plemochoe Mug (3joining pieces): wall and lip, cf. AgoraXII, no. 202 (ca.450) HOUSEHOLD(25) Rilled-rim plate (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1029 Pithos (1): frag. Other coarseware (24): 23 wall, 1 base (ca.400) lower with half, Squat palmette lekythos (2): palmette and ring foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1137 35. Deposit T 21:3
(lot EA 58)
Deposit of plemochoai, found while cleaning bedrock on the line of the early (Archaic)peribolos wall, east of entrance on south side, west end. Date: early 2nd century B.C. Totalassemblage: 50 sherds, 83 frags. of plemochoai CLASSICAL WARE(1)
Squat lekythos (1): half of body, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1139 (375-350), miniature
PLEMOCHOAI(83)
9 bases, 14 flanges, 11 rims, 5 lids, 38 wall frags., 1 cup, attached to flange, 4 handles with
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
150
HOUSEHOLD (48) Tub, with red wash (2): frags. Mottled glaze (2): wall frags. Other coarseware (42): 27 wall frags., 4 rims, 11 handles Roof tiles (2)
attached flange, "cooking" type, 1 other handle ("cooking") HELLENISTICWARE (1)
Lagynos (1): wall frag. above angular shoulder (early 2nd century), cf. O. Vessbergand A. Westholm, SwedishCyprusExpeditionIV (Stockholm 1956), figs. 20-22 (lot EA 62)
36. Deposit U 20:1
Deposit of plemochoai found on the eastern edge of section, north of the early (Archaic)peribolos wall. Firm fill over bedrock. 4th century. Lot EA 62 = Pollitt, "Kernoi," catalogue deposit XXVII, p. 220 (incorrectly said to be from lot EA 63). Date: 3rd quarter 4th century B.C. 4 inventoried items, 10 sherds, 30 frags. of plemochoai (3 miniature shapes) Totalassemblage: Other BG (1): lip, cup Miniature shapes (2): 1 cup, 1 thymiaterion lid, pierced
INVENTORIED ITEMS
ST 685: frag. Pentelic marble bowl, traces of red and perhaps yellow P 26518: plemochoe frag. (Pollitt,XXVII, no. 1) P 26519: unglazedbowl on tall stand (thymiaterion) P 26520: mouth of unglazed oinochoe WARE(5) CLASSICAL BG: Skyphos (1): foot and lower wall, lower zone cross-hatched; profile like AgoraXII, no. 327 (ca. 325) Kantharos (1): spur (mid 4th century)
PLEMOCHOAI (30)
7 rims; one body and flange, 3 joining pieces; 10 frags., flanges, one pierced; 9 body sherds; one miniature, pierced HOUSEHOLD (5)
Handles, large (2): transportamphora; waterjar? Storage jar (1): wall frag., mottled glaze, closed shape Other coarseware (2): wall frags.
37. East side of sanctuary, fill around entrance
(lot EA 63)
In trench for the south line of the early (Archaic)peribolos wall, where a gap and a cutting in the bedrock indicate a second entrance. The excavator noted a layer above this one, with sherds dated to the 2nd century B.C., discarded. Date: 4th century B.C. 41 sherds (of which 18 are frags. of plemochoa Totalassemblage: HOUSEHOLD (22)
CLASSICALWARE (1)
Knob (1) PLEMOCHOAI(18)
8 rims, one with part of flange with two pierced holes; 2 flanges with holes; 1 kotyliskos;2 handle frags.;5 body frags. 38-40.
Large bowl (1): rim Cooking ware (2): wall frags. Other (19): 17 nondescript body frags.; 1 rim, unglazed plate; 1 wall frag., closed shape, with mottled wash
Propylon
These fills around and against the foundations of the Propylon date it to the 2nd century B.C.Deposit T 21:1 (CPD 39) is notable for the many fragments of plemochoai. 38. Propylon
(lot 0( 21C)
Side of cutting for the early (Archaic)peribolos wall on south side, near Propylon. Hard clay fill with working chips from stoa. Workingchips noted and kept from fill. Date:Late Hellenistic period Totalassemblage: 16 sherds, 14 marble chips
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS OBJECTS
Marble chips (14): 6 Pentelic, 8 Hymettian HELLENISTICWARE
Rolled-rim plate (1): rim, Late Hellenistic (after Group E, post-1 10 B.C:)
39. Deposit T 21:1
151
Mottled brown/black-glazed ware (5): 1 rim, open shape; 3 body frags., open shape; 1 base frag., closed shape Coarseware (10): 2 cooking; 8 body frags. Plemochoe frag. noted, not present
(lot ee 21D)
Fill around the upper block of the southwest corner of the early (Archaic)peribolos wall, south of the Propylon, and hard fill at the side of a trench for a modern wall. Date: 2nd century B.C. 1 coin, 1 inventoried item, 3 objects, 1 bone, 181 sherds (of which 49 are fragments of plemochoai) Totalassemblage: INVENTORIEDITEMS
P 10725: plemochoe (Pollitt,XXXVIII, no. 10) Coin: 00 144, Athens, 3rd century B.C. OBJECTS
Astragal, tiny (1) Lamps (2): 1 bottom and lower wall, Type 15, cf. AgoraIV, no. 90 (end of 6th century); 1 top, Type 48A, cf. AgoraIV, no. 624 (late 3rd quarter into last quarter 2nd century) Bone (1) EARLYWARE(2)
PG-LG (2): 1 rim skyphos, 1 banded body frag. WARE(31) ANDHELLENISTIC ARCHAIC,CLASSICAL,
BF(1) BG: Oinochoe, small (1): base frag. Skyphos, Corinthian type (1): upper wall 40. Propylon
Kantharos (1): foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 722 (350325) Plate (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1030 (ca.400) Other BG (24): 1 rim, 1 handle, 22 other Molded bowl (1): wall frag.,figured,with ovolo and spiral, cf. AgoraXXII, no. 263 (ca.225-175) Unglazed plate (1): rilled rim PLEMOCHOAI(49)
5 bases, 7 flanges, 2 rim, 33 other; 11 frags. (probably joining) of soft terracotta miniature plemochoai; 10 frags.(probablyjoin), gray-typecoarseware plemochoe HOUSEHOLD(99)
Pithos (1): rim Cooking ware (3): 1 rim hydria;2 handles Coarseware (95): 47 very small ground-up frags.; 41 body frags.; 7 other small coarse
(lot eE 21B)
Fill around the southeast corner of the Propylon. Date: 2nd century B.C. with 3rd century A.C. intrusions
Totalassemblage: 83 sherds (8 miniature shapes) ARCHAIC AND CLASSICALWARE (26)
BG: Skyphos, Corinthian type (1): lower wall frag., red-banded, cf. AgoraXII, no. 306 (575-550) One-handler (2): base frags. Plate (1): base frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 1024 (ca.425) Lekanis (1): rim, with ribbon handle, cf. Agora XII, no. 1221 (ca.425-400) Miniatures (8): cup frags. Other (13): 2 bases, ground-up; 11 body frags. HELLENISTICWARE (4)
West Slope Ware (2): 1 wall with net pattern (24086); 1 wall with added white (3rd century) Molded bowl, long-petaled (2): wall; rim and wall (after 150);cf. AgoraXXII, no. 329 (ca. 145-100) Plemochoe frag. noted, not present HOUSEHOLD (43)
Plain and banded (19): 2 handles, 1 rim, 16 other
Cooking ware (4): 2 rims, 2 wall frags. Incised coarseware (1): frag. Other coarseware (19): 1 small handle; 1 mottled brown wall frag.; 17 body frags. Wall plaster (1): piece Intrusions ROMAN WARE (10)
Lamp (1): solid grooved handle, somewhat like Agora VII, no. 1651 (1st quarter 4th century A.C.)
Body frag. (1): fine grooved wall, 1st century B.C. (cf. AgoraV, no. F22) Body frag.(l): Samian (1st century B.C.-lst century A.C.)
Grooved coarseware frags. (6): cf. Agora V, nos. K81, K108, M176 (mid 3rd century A.C.), J55 (late 2nd-early 3rd century A.C.)
Bowl, grooved rim (1): cf. AgoraV, no. K20 (mid 3rd century A.C.)
Stoa Terrace -,ME%~~~~~~~~~~~~~
STOA
B
BYZANTINE "N.E. ALLEY"
N
TERRACE (robbed)
Stylobate of STOA
ARCHAIC Peribolos
foundation _
_~~~~.C
Packing orthostat
0! rca
I
I
I
5
10
I
I
2/97 FIG.23. Section M-M'
15m I I
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS 41-49.
153
Stoa
Layers and fills relevant to the history of the Stoa in the Eleusinion (section M-M'). 41. Stoa
(lot EA 106)
Figs. 14, 23
Packing behind back wall (section M-M'). Date: 2nd century B.C. 1 object, 9 sherds Totalassemblage: OBJECT
Terracotta (1): leg frag. of figurine FINEWARE(5) BG (2): 1 open shape, 1 base frag. Corinthian-type skyphos (1): rim 42. Stoa
Cup with offsetlip (1): rim (3rdquarter6th century) Molded bowl (1): wall frag., 2 rows imbricate small ferns, cf. AgoraXXII, no. 262 (ca.200-150) HOUSEHOLD (4)
Coarseware (4): 1 frag. red wash; 3 wall frags.
(lot EA 69)
Fig. 23
Under sloping ramp and above the floor of the Stoa (section M-M'). Date: 5th-6th century A.C. Totalassemblage: 3 objects, 29 sherds OBJECTS
Lamps (3): 2 frags.; 1 frag., part of handle and upper surface, somewhat like AgoraVII, no. 714 (late 4th-early 5th century A.C.) FINE WARE (8)
Early (3): 1 rim, local red ware, cf. AgoraV, no. F37 (1st century); 1 frag. foot, plate or shallow bowl, local red ware; 1 rim cup, Pergamene ware 43. Stoa
Beaker (1): rim LR C Ware(4): 2 rims(different),cf. Hayes Form3.7 (late 5th century A.C.);2 other rims COARsEWARE(21)
Jars (4): various rim frags. Combed ware (4): body frags. (6th century A.c.) Other coarseware (13): 8 wall frags., 5 handles
(lot EA 70)
Fig. 23
Under ramp of the northeast alley; last fill over bedrock, which served as floor of Stoa (section M-M'). Date:6th century A.C. 4 objects, 90 sherds Totalassemblage: OBJECTS
Lamps (4): 1 handle and part of body, cf. AgoraVII, no. 1510 (2nd half 4th century A.C.);1 bottom frag., LR lamp; 1 grooved handle frag.,LR lamp; 1 top disk frag.,yellow bufffabric, head of animal facing right CLASSICAL-HELLENISTICWARE (2)
BG (1): wall frag. Moldmade object (1): frag. ROMAN WARE(20) LR C Ware(3) [Hayes Form3]: 6 pieces rim of same vessel, cf. Type E. 16 (early 6th century A.C.); 2 pieces rim, same vessel, cf. Type H.28; 1 rim, cf. Type H.29 (6th century A.C.) Samian B Ware (1): rim Bowl (1): rim, cf. AgoraV, no. K42 (mid 3rd century A.C.)
Plate (1): rim, cf. AgoraV, no. K13 (mid 3rd century A.C.)
Painted Ware (2): 1 rim, bowl, cf. AgoraV, no. K22 (mid 3rd century A.C.);1 wall frag. African Red Slip Ware (7): 5 wall frags., one with stamp; 7 frags., same vessel; 1 rim, dish, cf. Form 14.5 LR D Ware (1): rim bowl, cf. Form F2 (mid-late 6th century A.C.)
Brazier (1) rim frag. Lopas (1): nozzle Small bowl (1): unglazed base Micaceous jar (1): wall frag. COARSEWARE (68)
Grooved vessels (3): wall frags. (6th century A.C.) Basin (30): frags. of same vessel, thin white slip, ridged outside Cooking ware (1): lid frag. Mottled black-glazedware (1): wall frag. Other coarseware (33): 18 wall frags., nondescript; 6 wall frags., ridged; 3 rims; 6 handles
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
154 44. Stoa
(lot EA 60)
Fig. 23
Area in front of Stoa; layer covering early (Archaic)peribolos wall. Soft earth, not hard packed; at level of euthynteria of Stoa (section M-M'). Date: 3rd-4th century A.C.(could be Herulian, not definite) Totalassemblage: 1 object, 50 sherds OBJECT
Terracotta(1): moldmade (hollow)figurine,unidentifiable FINEWARE(18) Hemispherical bowl, flanged rim (1): local Roman red ware (3rd century A.C.)
Gray-wareplate (1): rim, 2 joining frags. Unglazed plate (2): rims Deep bowl (3): rims Jug (1): rim Pergamene Ware (Eastern Sigillata A) (1): base, hemispherical cup, cf. AgoraV, no. G13 (1st half
Red wash (3): wall frags. Other (4): lightly grooved wall frags., as in AgoraV, nos. G188, G192 (late Ist-early 2nd century A.C.) HOUSEHOLD (32) Amphora (10): 1 narrow neck, part of handle, cf. AgoraV, no. F72 (1st century); angular handle; 3 toes, 4 handles; 1 rim; 1 wall Storage amphora (1): neck, cf. AgoraV, no. G197 (lst-2nd century A.C.)
Jars (2): neck frags. Basin (2): 1 rim, 1 base frag. Tile (1): corner, with relief decoration Other (6): 2 micaceous wall frags.; 3 other wall frags.; 1 leg brazier
1st century A.C.)
Samian A Ware, bell cup (2): wall frags. 45-47.
Modifications
of Archaic peribolos wall
Layers in and over the trench cut in bedrock for the Archaic peribolos wall on its south side, approximately parallel with the foundations for the Stoa. 45. Over peribolos wall
(lot EA 61)
In trench over the early (Archaic)peribolos wall, at center. Date: 2nd century B.C., with one intrusion
Totalassemblage: 38 sherds (1 miniature shape) OBJECT
Handmade object (1): unidentifiable PLEMOCHOAI(5)
1 piercedbase, 1 other base; 2 piercedflanges; 1 side of flanged bowl FINEWARE(9)
Chous, shape 3 (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 128 (350-325) One-handler (1): rim frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 757 (ca. 375) Bowl, incurving rim (1): rim frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 832 (350-325) Plate (I): flat-bottomed plate frag., banded, fired red, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1080 (ca.500) Miniature (1): base cup
Unglazed ware (4): 3 joining pieces, foot and lower wall of bowl, in profilesimilarto 2CHP.D17 (after mid 2nd century); 1 handle, small jug; 2 rims, plates HOUSEHOLD (23)
Pithos (1): rim Storagejar (3): 2 wall frags.; 1 rim Lekane (1): rim, cf. 2CHP.A78 (ca. 260) Grooved jar with ridges (1): wall frag.; in profile similar to 2CHP.D17 (2nd half 2nd century) Other coarseware (17): 3 handles, 14 wall frags. Intrusion(1) Micaceous water jar (1): wall frags., ribbed on outside (2nd century A.C.)(Hayes:jar not earlier
46. Baulk over south line of the early (Archaic) peribolos
than 2nd century A.C.)
Layer 1
(lot EA 104)
This baulkwas a small area left unexcavatedin 1939 and dug in 1959. It had four layers: the top two contained a few Late Roman sherds,which were discarded,except for P 26513, a mug dated to the Roman period. The lower two layers both dated to the 2nd century A.C.; the excavator noted that the fills were very shallow. Its location seems to have been west of the center of the excavatedportion of the Stoa and thereforein the vicinity of the foundationsfor monuments (and altars?) in the area between the Propylon and the terrace wall in front of the Stoa. Date: 2nd century A.C.
Totalassemblage: 20 sherds
155
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS Lamp (1): cf. AgoraVII, no. 259 (1st half 2nd century A.C.) Coarseware: amphora (Spanish garum) (2): large
Other coarseware (17): various body frags. (1 rim, rest wall)
double handle; rim (2nd century A.C.)
47. Baulk over south line of the early (Archaic) peribolos
Layer 2
(lot EA 105)
This fill, under the preceding fill, was the lower of the two preservedin the trench. Date: early 2nd century A.C.
34 sherds Totalassemblage: HELLENISTIC WARE(1) Plemochoe (1): flange, pierced FINEWARE(3) ROMAN Local ware plate (1): wall frag. (early 2nd century A.C.)
Cup (1): cf. AgoraV, no. F9 (Ist century) Deep bowl (1): base, cf.AgoraV,no. F61 (Ist century) 48. Hypapanti Street
HOUSEHOLD (30)
Basin (1): base, cf. AgoraV, no. G187 (1st half 1st century) Coarseware (28): 18 wall frags.; 1 unglazed neck of jug; 1 amphora neck; 2 rims; 4 unglazed bases; 2 handles (no ribbing on coarseware) Cooking ware (1): lower wall frag.
(ot EA 73)
Plan 3
Behind Stoa and east of gate in Post-HerulianWall, pit in bedrock that served as surface of street. Date:Hellenistic-Augustan periods Totalassemblage: 3 objects, 35 sherds OBJECTS
Lamps (2): part of top, Type 52E, cf. AgoraIV, no. 737 (3rd quarter 1st century B.C.into early 1st century A.C.); part of top, Type 52B, cf. Ago-
ra V, no. 712 (last quarter 1st century B.C.into early 1st century A.C.)
Handmade object (1): unidentifiable HELLENISTIC FINEWARE(13)
West Slope Ware (1): amphora (late 2nd-early 1st century), cf. 2CHP.E59 (ca. 110) Lekythos (2): wall frags., palmette Gray-brittleware (1): wall frag. BG (9): 2 feet, 6 wall frags., 1 handle 49. Stoa
ROMAN FINEWARE(4) Samian A Ware (3): 1 rim, small plate; 2 wall frags. Western sigillata (1): wall frag. COARSEWAREAND PLAIN WARE (18)
Lekanis (1): rim, ridged, cf. 2CHP.B41 (ca. 240) Micaceous waterjug (2): wall frags. Mottled glaze (3): wall frags. Unglazed (6): 3 rim, plate frags.; 1 base; 1 foot, 1 rim, jug Other (6): 2 handles, 4 wall frags.
(lot ee 30)
Destruction fill over northwest corner. A very thick layer of red fill full of bits of broken plaster and powdered mortar, clearly a destruction fill. The red color may be due to fire, although there is no carbon or ash. The red fill rested over the blocks of the northwest corner. Date:mid 4th to later 4th century A.C. Totalassemblage: 8 objects, 112 sherds, 8 pieces of roof tiles OBJECTS
Architectural pieces (8): roof tiles: 5 pieces, with edges; 3 broken all around EARLIERWARE(4)
BG (4): 2 worn wall frags., open shape; 1 wall frag., closed shape; 1 rim, cup ROMANWARE(9)
North African Red Ware (6): 5 frags. same plate (Hayes Form 50, Type B); I other stamped plate, local ware, mid-late 4th century (A.D.340-400)
Painted Ware bowl (1): 3 joining frags., profile somewhat like AgoraV, no. K41 (mid 3rd century A.C.)
Unglazed beaker (1): rim frag. Red-wash beaker (1): rim frag. COARSEWARE AND PLAIN WARE (99)
Pithos (8): 1 rim, 7 wall frags. Cooking ware (7): 2 rim frags., nonjoining (4th century A.C.); 1 handle, 1 rim, 4 wall frags.
156
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (6): wall frags., 2 closed, 4 open Coarseware with exterior ridges (5): wall frags.
50. Panathenaic
Way
Other coarseware (56): 1 handle; 1 foot; 21 thick wall frags.; 33 wall frags., nondescript frags. Other (17): 2 thin wall frags.; 2 base frags.; 13 handles
Deposit S-T:20
Exploration of packing below paving blocks of PanathenaicWay. 50A. Panathenaic Way
(lot EA 107)
Packing below paving blocks. Date: 1st century A.C.
Totalassemblage: 1 inventoried item, 2 objects, 66 sherds INVENTORIED ITEM
P 26793: Sigillata frag.: frag. foot of small open bowl with low ring foot; circular stamp SERENI OBJECTS
Spindle whorl (1) Marble leg, small (1) CLASSICAL-HELLENISTIC (5)
BG: Deep bowl (2): outturned rim, cf. 2CHP.E50 (ca. 110); wall frag. Small jug (1): handle Plate (1): 4 joining frags., with rouletting and palmettes, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1059 (ca. 325); 1 frag. of foot RED WARE(18)
3 quartersof 1stcentury B.C.);1 foot frag.;2 other wall frags. Samian A ware (10): 1 base and lower wall frag., cup; 1 base frag.; 1 rim plate; 1 rim plate somewhat like AgoraV, no. G25 (lst half 1st century A.C.);6 other HOUSEHOLD (43)
Jug (1): 3 joining pieces, base and lower wall Lekane (1): flat, ridged rim Lopas (1): rim, with inner flange, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1964 (context ca. 350-320) Mottled glaze (9): wall frags. Other (31): 3 bases, 6 rims, 2 handles; 2 twisted handles, 18 wall frags.
Pergamene (Eastern Sigillata A) (8): 2 frags. from plates; 2 rims of plates; 1, cf. AgoraV, no. F2 (last 50B. Panathenaic Way
(lot EA 108)
Road metal over bedrock. Date: 1st century B.C.
Totalassemblage: 5 inventoried items, 43 sherds INVENTORIEDITEMS
L 5405: lamp Type 52C, cf. AgoraIV, no. 718 (ca. 75-25) P 26806: bowl with stamped decoration, cf. AgoraV, no. F29 (last 3 quarters 1st century) P 26807a, b: Roman relief bowl P 26808: large amphora, mouth SS 14402: SAH Knidian EARLIER WARE (9)
BG: Skyphos, Attic type A (1): foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 349 (400-375) Plate (5): 1 rim, cf. 2CHP.E1 (ca. 110); 1 other rim; 1 base; 2 wall frags. Fusiform unguentarium (1): foot, cf. 2CHP.A64 (ca. 260) Other BG (1): strap handle
Unglazed plemochoe (1): rim, with downturned flange: lid of plemochoe, cf. Pollitt, "Kernoi," pl. a.XL:2 RED WARE (8)
Samian A ware (5): 2 wall frags., thin beaker; 2 other wall frags.; 1 rim, bowl Pergamene (Eastern Sigillata A) (3): 1 rim, plate; 1 foot, small cup; 1 other wall frag. HOUSEHOLD(26)
Basin (1): grooved rim, 2 joining pieces, cf. AgoraV, no. F62 (last 3 quarters 1st century) Lekane (1): rim, cf. 2CHP.C62 (2nd quarter 2nd century); 1 other rim Lopas (1): rim, cf. 2CHP.E141 (ca. 110) Unglazed (6): 2 bases; 4 rims Other (17): 2 thin wall frags.; 2 base frags.; 13 handles
157
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS 51-57.
Fig. 24; Plan 2
Lower Terrace
These layers and fills illustratethe history of grading in the lower terrace, the area to the north of the Temple of Triptolemos. Two wells with household debriswere sunkhere, T 18:1 (500 B.C.and earlier)and T 18:2 (575-550 B.C.). Deposits T 18:3 and T 18:4 probably representdebris discarded after the Persiandestruction of Athens in 479 B.C.A cistern was built in the mid 4th century B.C., T 18:5. 51. Lower Terrace, West side
Figs. 14, 24; Plan 2
This section (section K-K') is taken across storeroom 2 (defined by walls of the Roman period), in the lower terrace beneath the sanctuary. The uppermost layers represent widespread fill and grading in the Roman periods. The lower levels were accumulated in the lower terrace, formed by standing water. Nearby is well T 18:1, dated to ca. 500 B.C.;levels of habitation that would have been associated with the well were destroyed by the grading in the Roman period. 51A. Within storeroom 2
(lot HH 2)
Fig. 24
Fill of black earth west of concrete wall. Date: mostly 6th century B.C.,some sherds of the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman periods Totalassemblage: 1 object, 101 sherds HELLENISTIC WARE(16)
OBJECT
Cut disk (1) EARLYWARE(1)
PG-LG (1): rim frag., cup/skyphos ANDCLASSICAL WARE(25) ARCHAIC BF (2): wall frags. BG: Table amphora (1): foot frag. Krater (1): rim frag. Skyphos, Corinthian type (3): 1 handle, 1 foot, 1 lower wall frag. Cup, Type C (2): 1 upper part of stem; 1 rim, concave lip Lidless lekanis (1): handle Other BG (15): 12 assorted wall frags.; 1 foot frag.; 2 rims
51B. Within storeroom 2
(lots HH 4, 5)
Plate (7): 2 feet; 5 wall frags., ground-up Plate (1): rim, cf. 2CHP.E1 (ca. 110) Molded bowl (8): 4 wall frags., long-petaled bowl; 2 wall frags. long-petaled, jeweled; 2 other wall frags. (ca. 146-86) ROMANRED WARE(2)
Samian A Ware, cup (2): frags. bases HOUSEHOLD(57)
Cooking ware (9): 6 wall frags.; 2 handles; 1 rim Lekane (1): frag. foot Micaceous fabric (2): wall frags. Unglazed (2): bases Mottled red-glazed ware (6): assorted wall frags. Mottled black-glazedware (10): assortedwall frags. Other coarseware (27): 24 assorted wall frags.; 1 handle; 1 rim; 1 base Fig. 24
Firm greenish fill. Cutting observed within green fill. Date: mostly 6th century B.C.and earlier;some Hellenistic and Early Roman; the fill contained many earlier sherds and seems to represent grading Totalassemblage: 1 inventoried item, 7 objects, 606 sherds INVENTORIEDITEM
P 8878: Little Master cup, frag. OBJECTS
Terracotta (1): columnar figurine, torso Lamp (2): bottom frag., Type 16, cf. AgoraIV, no. 111 (2nd half 6th century); bottom frag., Hellenistic type Cut disks (2) Architecturalpieces: Roof tile (1): frag. Pipe, coarse (1): frag. EARLY WARE (64)
Gray Minyan ware (2): wall frags.
Mycenaean (15): 2 stems kylix, cf. AgoraXIII, no. XXII. 1 (LH IIIA); 2 frag. wall, deep bowl/ skyphos; 1 rim, krater;2 rims, deep bowl; 1 wall frag., belly-handled amphora; 1 rim, cup/ skyphos;2 other wall frags.;4 handles MG (5): 1 rim, krater; 3 wall frags.; 1 frag., closed shape LG (5): 1 rim, bowl; 2 wall frags., open shape; 2 decorated wall frags., closed shape PA (3): 1 frag. neck, neck-amphora; 2 decorated wall frags. PG-LG (32): 6 bases, cup/skyphos; 1 rim, cup/ skyphos; 13 banded wall frags., open shape;
POST
HERULIAN WALL "ROOM
RUBBLE and MORT (CONCRETE) WAL
2"
WEL
I
I
Layers deposited running water
T18
by
4 approx.
W 0
1
1a
as
5aa
10m I
rca 2/97
(Well cav on south FIG.24. Section K-K'
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS 10 banded wall frags., closed shape; 2 decorated handles Protocorinthiankotyle (2): rim frags. ARCHAICANDCLASSICAL WARE(100)
BF (12): 2 frags. rim, cup; 1 rim, lekanis lid, frag.; 2 frags., other lid; 7 other wall frags. BG: Ring-collar oinochoe (2): 1 neck frag., with hole for repair; 1 other neck frag. Oinochoe, trefoil (1): rim frag. Oinochoe, shape 2 (1): base frag. Oinochoe, shape 3 (4): 1 wall frag.;2 lower wall; 1 foot Olpe (1): rim frag. Skyphos, Corinthian type (12): 5 bases, redbanded; 1 rim; 4 handles; 2 lower wall frags. Band-cup (1): 2joining wall frags. Cup, Type C (2): rim, concave lip, frags.;Type A (1): foot Stemless cup, delicate class (1): wall frag.,cf. Agora XII, no. 490 (ca.430) Bowl, outturned rim (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 777 (ca.500) Lidded lekanis (2): rim frags. Lekanis lid (5): 3 joining frags., ray design; 4 other frags. Lid (2): frags. Cup (4): rim frags. Other BG (49): 9 handles, 22 wall frags., open shape; 17 wall frags., closed shape; 1 nondescript frag. HELLENISTICWARE (25)
Lekythos, small and late (1): neck and rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1141 (325-300) Outsized tray,upturned rim (1): rim frag. 51C. Within storeroom 2
159
Plemochoai (2): 1 flange from wall; 1 pierced base Plate (11): 7 rim frags.;4 wall frags. Bowl (3): 2 wall frags.; 1 base Molded bowls (7): 2 long-petaledwall frags.; 1 longpetaled, jeweled wall frag.; 1 rim frag.; 2 other wall frags.; 1 figured bowl, idyllic, frag., cf. AgoraXXII, nos. 108, 151 (225-175) HOUSEHOLD (416)
Storage amphora, small (2): rims, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1504(482) Pithos (3): 1 rim, decorated with impressed design; 1 neck frag.;7 wall frags.; 1 other rim Cooking ware (67): 3 rims, hydria; 3 rims, chytra; 4 rims, kados; 3 other rims; 9 handles; 1 nozzle (solid) from lopas, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1968 (context ca. 375-325); 1 rilled rim from large vessel (Hellenisticperiod); 41 other wall frags.;2 bases Lekane (13): 10 rims, 1 cf. AgoraXII, no. 1757 (482), 1 cf. AgoraXII, no. 1753 (context ca. 525-500); 1 cf. AgoraXII, no. 1820 (context ca. 320-290); 3 feet Brazier (1): leg, from tripod support Mortar (1): rim, cf. 2CHP.E.124 Unglazed (8): bowl, 3 frags. from same vessel; 1 base; 1 handle; frag. plate with broad rim; 3 other wall frags. Mottled black glazed (64): 36 wall frags., open shape; 28 wall frags., closed shape Mottled red glazed (53): 21 wall frags., open shape; 32 wall frags., closed shape Other coarseware (204): 20 handles; 1 wall frag.; 6 bases; 1 small toe; 6 thick wall frags.; 169 other wall frags.; 1 other nondescript frag. ROMANRED WARE(1)
Samian A Ware (1): foot frag., shallow bowl
(lot HH 6)
Fig. 24
Fill in cutting found in layer above. Date: 6th century and earlier,to early 5th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 1 object, 145 sherds (1 miniature shape) OBJECT
Lamp (1): bottom frag.,unglazed, close to Type 6B, cf. AgoraIV, no. 45 (end of 6th century) EARLY WARE (6)
Mycenaean (1): kylix stem, LH III LG (5): 2 decorated handles; 1 rim; 1 foot, bowl; 1 base, cup/skyphos IMPORTS(5)
Corinthian ray-basedkotyle (LC)(5): 2 joining wall frags.; 3 other wall frags. ARCHAIC WARE (26)
BG: Krater (1): foot frag. Cup, Type C, concave lip (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 401 (525-500)
Cup-skyphos (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 564 (ca.520) Stemless bowl (1): lower wall frag. Lekanis (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1211 (ca.525) Miniature (1): whole base of Corinthian-type skyphos Other BG (20): 1 handle; 15 wall frags., open shape; 3 wall frags., closed shape; 1 body frag., open shape, with repair HOUSEHOLD (108)
Pithos (1): wall frag.
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
160
Cooking ware (26): 1 foot, kados; 1 bottom frag., lopas; 24 wall frags. Unglazed ware (6): 1 foot frag., lekane; 4 frags. other feet: 2 handles, 2 rims
Mottled red/brown-glazed ware (12): 5 wall frags., open shape; 7 wall frags., closed shape Mottled black-glazed ware (7): 4 wall frags., open shape; 3 wall frags., closed shape Other coarseware (53): 53 wall frags.
51D. Layer 1
Fig. 24
Beneath the general fill listed above: a layer of gravel and sand across whole section, to Post-Herulian Wall HH 7, 8). (lots Date: 6th century B.C. and earlier,with intrusionsof Hellenistic and Roman periods 1 inventoried item, 1 object, 280 sherds (2 miniature shapes) Totalassemblage: INVENTORIEDITEM
P 25344, plate frag., BF = Agora XXIII, no. 1405 (2nd quarter 6th century) OBJECT
Cut disk (1)
HOUSEHOLD (201)
EARLYWARE(38)
Mycenaean LH IIIC (6): 2 base and lower wall frags., deep cup, with spirals, cf. AgoraXIII, nos. 23 (LH IIIB-C1), 474 (LH IIIC:1); 3 handles; 1 other wall frag. EG-LG (14): 1 wall frag., concentric circles; 4 banded wall frags., open shape; 3 banded wall frags., closed shape; 6 rims, cup/skyphos PA (1): decorated wall frag., krater Other banded frags. (16): 3 wall frags., open shape; 12 wall frags., closed shape; 1 handle Corinthian import (1): wall frag., ray-basedkotyle ARCHAIC AND CLASSICALWARE (31)
BF (6): 1 frag., neck-amphora,floral pattern; 2 wall frags., krater;2 wall frags., amphora; 1 wall frag., closed shape, with bee (4th quarter 6th century) BG: Table amphora (1): foot frag. Oinochoe, ring-collar (1): neck frag. Oinochoe, Shape 2, trefoil (1): neck frag. Skyphos, Corinthian type (6): 2 feet, cf. Agora XII, no. 310 (530-500); 1 rim; 2 handles, 1 lower wall, red-banded Stemless cup (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 446 (500480) Stemmed dish (1): foot frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 979 (ca. 500) 51E. Layer 2
Lekanis (1): lid frag. Miniatures (2): 1 base, Type A cup; 1 base, cup Other BG (11): 5 frags., open shape; 5 frags., closed shape; 1 handle Storage amphora (1): foot Pithos (10): very coarse wall frags. Cooking ware (56): 6 wall frags.; 3 rims; 1 foot; 3 handles; 43 body frags. Hydria (2): rim, 2 joining frags. Lekane (4): 2 rims, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1784 (context ca. 520-490); 2 feet Mottled brown/black-glazed ware (26): 17 wall frags., open shape; 9 wall frags., closed shape Mottled red/brown-glazed ware (22): 9 wall frags., open shape; 13 wall frags., closed shape Unglazed (4): 1 foot; 3 bases Other (1): rim, large vessel Other coarseware (75): 69 wall frags.;6 handles Intrusions HELLENISTICWARE (8)
Plemochoe (2): 1 rim frag.; 1 flanged wall frag. Saltcellar (1): intact Gray ware (1): rim frag. Other (4): wall frags. ROMAN RED WARE (2)
Pergamene Ware (Eastern Sigillata A) (1): wall frag. Samian A Ware (1): foot, plate, profilecf. AgoraV, no. F41 (last three quarters 1st century B.C.)
(lot HH 9)
Fig. 24
A layer of fine sand, across whole area (west of concrete wall), deposited by running water. Date: 6th century B.C. and earlier
Totalassemblage: 137 sherds WARE(32) EARLY Mycenaean LH IIIC (5): 1 rim, krater,with pair of rope/bands beneath rim; 2 spiraliformdecorated body sherds; 1 wall frag., deep bowl; 1 wall frag., banded closed vessel
EG-LG (25): 1 wall frag., concentric circles; 4 banded body frags., open shape; 10 banded body frags., closed shape; 4 handles; cup/ skyphos: 4 rims, 2 bases PA (1): lower wall frag., ray-based skyphos
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS Other (1): hollow stem of vessel ARCHAIC WARE(10) BF (1): wall frag., closed shape BG: Oinochoe (1): wall frag. Skyphos, Corinthian type (2): 2 lower wall frags., red-banded Band-cup (1): wall frag. Other BG (5): 1 strap handle; 2 wall frags., open shape; 2 wall frags., closed shape
51F. Layer 3
161
HOUSEHOLD (95) Pithos (5): coarse body frags. Cooking ware (28): 26 body frags.; 2 rims Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (9): 6 wall frags., open shape; 3 wall frags., closed shape Unglazed plain ware (53): 2 handles, 51 assorted wall frags.
(lot HH 10)
Fig. 24
A layer of mud with stones, across whole area, deposited by running water. Date: 7th century B.C.and earlier;one intrusion (Hellenisticplemochoe) Totalassemblage: 2 objects, 418 sherds OBJECTS
Cut disk (1) Loomweight (1) EARLYWARE(150)
Mycenaean LH IIIB-C (45): 5 decorated handles; 1 handle, 1 foot, kylix; 1 stem, kylix (LH IIIB); 3 stems, kylix (LH IIIC); 2 bases, 1 rim, deep bowl; 14 decorated wall frags., spiral pattern; 1 decorated wall frag., krater; 1 pierced handle, krater; 10 banded body frags., closed shape; 5 other PG (3): 1 rim, skyphos; 1 rim, krater; 2 joining frags., neck of neck amphora EG-LG (81): 2 lower wall frags., banded jug, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 87 (3rd quarter 8th century); 1 rim; 14 decorated handles; 11 banded body frags., open shape; 53 banded body frags., closed shape LG (20): 3 decorated body frags., cf. AgoraVIII, no. 339 (ca. 725); 6 rims, 6 bases, cup/skyphos; 3 rims, deep bowl; 1 plate frag.; 1 decorated handle PA (1): 1 wall frag., kotyle, imitation PC, cf. Agora VIII, no. 154 (ca. 725)
BG skyphos, Corinthian type (2): 1 wall frag., redbanded type, cf. AgoraXII, no. 304 (early6th century); 1 base Other BG (11): 1 handle, 4 wall frags., open shape; 6 wall frags., closed shape HOUSEHOLD (252)
Banded amphora (8): 2 feet, cf. AgoraVIII, nos. 34 (latest8th century), 36 (4th quarter 7th century); 6 rims SOS amphora (1): rim of neck, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 25 (late 8th century) Other large vessel (2): feet Cooking ware (10): 1 bottom, wheelmade; 2 rims, jug; 4 handles; 3 bases Unglazed (14): 3 rims, 11 bases,jugs Other coarseware(166): 136 body frags.;5 handles; 24 very coarse frags.; 1 with white slip Mottled red-glazed ware (30): 9 wall frags., open shape; 21 wall frags., closed shape Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (21): 11 wall frags., open shape; 10 wall frags., closed shape Intrusion Plemochoe (1): 2 joining pieces, pierced base (Hellenistic)
ARCHAIC WARE (15)
BF (2): wall frags., closed shape (early 6th century)
51G. Layer 4
(lot HH 11)
Fig. 24
A layer of sand, deposited by running water. Date: 7th century B.C.and earlier Totalassemblage: 68 sherds EARLYWARE(16)
Mycenaean LH IIIC (3): 3 decorated wall frags. EG-LG (13): 2 rim frags., deep bowl; 2 banded wall frags., open shape; 9 banded wall frags., closed shape
HOUSEHOLD(52)
Cooking ware (24): 3 handles; 1 rim, chytra; 1 other rim; 19 body frags. Other coarseware (28): assorted wall frags.
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
162 51H. Layer 5
Fig. 24
(lot HH 12)
Pits in bedrock with gravel fill. Date: 1st half of the 7th century B.C. and earlier 160 sherds Totalassemblage: EARLY WARE(30)
Mycenaean LH IIIC (6): 2 kylix stems; 2 handles; 1 rim; 1 painted body frag. EG-LG (22): 10 banded body frags., open shape; 4 banded body frags., closed shape; 6 decorated handles; 1 rim, deep bowl; 1 foot, cup/skyphos PA (2): 2 joining body frags.; 1 wall frag., cup/ skyphos
511. East of concrete wall
HOUSEHOLD (130) Pithos (1): wall frag. Cooking ware (34): 1 rim; 1 handle; 32 wall frags. Lekane (1): rim frag. Mottled red/brown-glazed ware (10): 7 wall frags., open shape; 3 wall frags., closed shape Unglazed ware (9): 3 handles; 3 rims; 3 bases Other coarseware (75): 1 handle; 1 base; 73 body frags.
Fig. 24
(lot HH 1)
Firm black earth above well T 18:1 (= CPD 52). Date: to Late Hellenistic and Early Roman period 1 coin, 2 objects, 140 sherds Totalassemblage: OBJECTS
Coin: HH 75 Athens, New Style, ca. 125 B.C. (two others, missing) White marble with worked surface (1): chip Glass (1): piece WARE(26) ARCHAICANDCLASSICAL
BG: Oinochoe (1): foot frag. One-handler (1): foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 726 (520-500) Cup-skyphos (1): foot, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 570, 571 (500-480) Plate (3): rim frags., ground-up Other BG (20): 17 wall frags., 2 closed, 15 open; 3 handles HELLENISTICWARE (18)
Plate (1): rim frag. Moldmade bowls (16): 3 rims; 2 wall frags., longpetaled bowl (ca. 146-86); 6 wall frags., longpetaled, jeweled (ca. 146-86); 2 plain wall frags.;
51J. Fill above well T 18:1
1 bottom medallion, long-petaled bowl; 2 other frags. with border motifs Plemochoe (1): flange frag. ROMAN RED WARE (10)
Samian A ware (5): 2 plate frags.;2 cup rims; I wall frag. Western Sigillata (2): plate frags. Pergamene (Eastern Sigillata A) (2): wall frags. Beaker,plain (1): rim HOUSEHOLD (86)
Lekane (3): 2 feet, 1 cf. AgoraXII, no. 1784 (ca.520490); 1 other rim, cf. 2CHP.A60 (ca. 260) Cooking ware (17): 13 wall frags.; 1 rim frag.;3 base frags. Mottled red-glazed ware (11): assorted wall frags. Mottled black-glazedware (10): assortedwall frags. Gray-brittleware, coarse (1): 3 pieces, same vessel Coarseware (44): 38 wall frags.; 3 handles; 2 rims; 1 foot
(lot HH 3)
Fig. 24
Hard greenish fill, with dug bedrock, over and in cutting to stones in mouth of well. Date:to Hellenistic and Early Roman periods, one intrusion of the Ottoman period Totalassemblage: 1 coin, 7+ objects, 224 sherds (1 miniature shape) OBJECTS
Coin: HH 76, Megara, 307-243 B.C. P 8877, molded bowl, frag. Chunks of stucco/cement Cut disks (3) Lamp (1): base frag., Type 6B, cf. AgoraIV, no. 45 (mid 6th century B.C. to end of century) Lamp, Roman (1): frag., unidentifiable
EARLIER WARE(8)
PG-LG: Plate (1): rim frag., LG Cup/skyphos (7): 6 rims, 1 base ARCHAICAND CLASSICALWARE (54)
BF (8): wall frags. BG: Dinos (1): rim, black-bodied
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS Ring-collared oinochoe (1): neck frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 93 (550-500) Olpe (1): rim frag. Skyphos, ray-based (1): lower wall Skyphos (5): Corinthian type (4): base frag., 3 joining pieces, cf. AgoraXII, no. 308 (ca.550); 3 handles; Attic-type skyphos (1): lower wall frag. Cup, Type C (2): 1 foot frag.; 1 stem frag. Cup-skyphos (2): 1 rim frag., 1 foot Stemmed dish (2): 2 feet, cf. AgoraXII, no. 963 (ca.500) Bowl (1): rim frag. Lidded lekanis (1): rim frag. Saltcellar (1): frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 934 (425400) Thymiaterion (1): foot frag. Miniature cup, Type C (1): foot frag. Other BG (26): 3 handles, 18 wall frags., open shape; 5 wall frags., closed shape HELLENISTIC WARE(20)
Fusiform unguentarium (1): wall frag.
52. Lower Terrace: Well T 18:1
(lots HH 180-188)
163
Molded bowls (4): 1 rim; 1 wall frag., plain; 1 wall frag., pine-cone bowl; 1 wall frag., imbricatepattern bowl Unglazed plate (1): rim Plemochoe (14): 4 bases; 5 sides with flange (1 with base for kotyliskos);3 rims; 2 wall frags. RoAN WARE(4) Samian A ware, cup (1): wall frag., hemispherical cup with flanged rim Samian B ware, beaker (3): 1 rim frag.;2 wall frags. HOUSEHOLD (137) Storage amphora (2): rims Cooking ware (25): 8 wall frags.; 5 rims, hydria; 3 handles; 4 bases; 5 other rims Lekane (13): 2 rims, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1806 (ca. 430-420); 9 rims, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 1757, 1766, 1788, 1793, 1806 (420-482); 2 base frags. Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (29): assorted wall frags. Unglazed (2): base frags. Other coarseware (66): 55 wall frags.; 9 handles; 2 rims Intrusion White ware (Ottoman period) (1): wall frag. Figs. 24, 25
This well is only ca.4.35 m. deep, with a top diameter of 1.00 m., bottom diameter 0.95 m. The bottom was very irregular,and in antiquity the sides had caved in. There was no period-of-use deposit; the period of use must have been brief. The well was probably abandoned and filled shortly after it was dug because of the friable bedrock. There were relatively few sherds, which were fragmentary,and no stratificationof the contents. The fill included mud brick and roof tiles, of which samples were kept. Most of the pottery comes from the upper fill. Near the bottom, masses of bedrock had broken away (but had been removed from the well before it was abandoned and filled). Date: 500 B.C. and earlier, with intrusions
Totalassemblage: 24 inventoried items, 27 objects, 1,685 sherds INVENTORIEDITEMS
P 7223 and P 7227 = AgoraXXIII, no. 95: BF onepiece amphora by the Amasis Painter (ca.520) P 26438 = AgoraXXIII, no. 356: BF amphora, type uncertain (2nd quarter 6th century) (two nonjoining pieces; the other is from T 19:1) P 14370 = AgoraXXIII, no. 434: BF column krater, frags. (ca. 550) P 7224 = AgoraXXIII, no. 803: BF lekythos (3rd quarter 6th century) P 14367 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1470: BF skyphos(mid 6th century) P 7095 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1789: BF cup (ca.510500) P 26437 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1796: BF cup (ca.500) P 14368 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1819: BF cup (3rdquarter 6th century) P 7230 = AgoraXII, no. 143: BG oinochoe (550525) P 7228 = AgoraXII, no. 1652: jug, unglazed (context ca. 550-525)
P 7229 = AgoraXII, no. 1653: jug, unglazed (context ca. 550-525) P 7049 = AgoraXII, no. 368: BG skyphos (ca.550) P 7050 = AgoraXII, no. 922: BG saltcellar (525500) P 7226 = AgoraXII, no. 1287: BG pyxis (550-525) P 14369 = AgoraXII, no. 1435: miniatureunglazed pitcher (550-500) P 7231 = AgoraXII, no. 1842: skyphos/lekane (oddity)(context ca. 500 and earlier) L 3643 = AgoraIV, no. 74: Lamp, Type 12A (2nd half 6th century) L 2175 = AgoraIV, no. 95: Lamp, Type 16B (2nd half 6th century) L 2176: Lamp, handmade, Type 2B (580-530) T 1053 = N 627: seated female, Rhodian (Archaic period) T 1075 = N 371: stylized seated goddess (610-480) MC 257: unglazed loomweight, rectangular MC 256: unglazed loomweight, pyramidal P 26444: amphora toe
-RETAINING WALL ARCHAIC PIT
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CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS 52A. Top fill among stones within cutting, disturbed
165
(lot HH 180)
3 objects, 68 sherds, 3 intrusions(Hellenistic plemochoai) Totalassemblage: Other BG (9): 1 small strap handle; 6 wall frags., OBJECTS open shape; 2 wall frags., closed shape Loomweight (1): four-sidedpyramidal HOUSEHOLD Lamp (2): base frags. (49) ARCHAICWARE(19) Amphora (1): 1 rim and handle, imported? BG: Tub, large (1): piece of wall Oinochoe (4): 1 rim frag., trefoil; 1 rim frag.; Cooking ware (11): 2 bases, hydria;9 wall frags. 1 shoulder,with hole for repair; 1 base frag. Plain (19): 19 wall frags. Mottled brown/black-glazed ware (17): 5 wall Cups (5): Type A: 1 foot frag.; cup-skyphos: 2 frags. concave rim; 1 handle; stemmed cup: frags., open shape; 12 wall frags., closed shape 1 bottom frag., type uncertain Intrusions Small bowl (1): frag. base Plemochoe (3): 2 flanged wall frags., 1 coarse 52B. Fill below stones in mouth of well
(lot HH 181)
Totalassemblage: 1 object, 87 sherds, 1 intrusion (Hellenistic) OBJECT
Loomweight (1): four-sidedpyramidal EARLYWARE(7)
Mycenaean (1): stem, kylix, somewhat like AgoraXIII, no. XXIII, no. 4 (LH IIIA) PG-LG (6): 1 rim, 1 base, 1 handle frag., cup/ skyphos; 1 rim, oinochoe; 2 wall frags., banded IMPORTEDWARE (1)
Corinthian (1): 1 decorated wall frag., closed shape ARCHAICWARE(21)
BF (6): 1 lower base frag., ray-based vessel, open shape; 1 base, ray-based vessel, closed shape; 2 wall frags., open shape; 2 wall frags., closed shape BG: Skyphos, Corinthian type (1): 1 base frag., redbanded, cf. AgoraXII, no. 306 (575-500) Cup (2): Type A: 1 base frag.; 1 base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 395 (600-550) 52C. To-1.25 m.
Stemmed dish (1): base frag., somewhat like AgoraXII, no. 959 (ca. 500) Other BG (11): 9 wall frags., open shape; 1 wall frag., closed shape; 1 handle HOUSEHOLD(58)
Table amphora (1): base, profile like AgoraXII, no. 1455 (jar in kados shape, ca. 520-480) Cooking ware (10): 2 rims, hydriai;8 assorted wall frags. Lekane (1): foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1784 (ca. 520490) Tub/basin (4): 4 wall frags. Mottled brown/black-glazed ware (9): 3 wall frags., open shape; 6 wall frags., closed shape Other coarseware (33): 23 wall frags.; 2 bases; 1 rim; 4 plain handles; 3 thick very coarse frags. Intrusion Plate (1): rim, with groove in wall below rim, somewhat like 2CHP.B5 (ca.240)
(lot HH 182)
Totalassemblage: 6 objects, 349 sherds (1 miniature shape) OBJECTS
Terracottas (5): 1 figurine, columnar type, base only, with 4 added red stripes;3 pieces of soft terracotta, unbaked; 1 piece with impressed circles Cut disk (1) EARLY WARE (18)
Gray Minyan (1): wall frag. Mycenaean (1): base, kylix (LH IIIC) PG-LG (16): 5 rims, 4 bases, 1 handle cup/skyphos; 1 rim, deep bowl; 3 banded wall frags.; 1 lid frag.; 1 wall frag., import?, white slip, both sides ARCHAIC WARE (76)
BF (7): 3 wall frags., open shape; 3 wall frags., closed shape; 1 rim cup BG: Krater (1): handle and rim frag.
Hydria(1): rim, with part of handle, cf.AgoraXII, no. 45 (ca.500) Oinochoe (4): 1 base, 3 shoulder frags. Olpe, small (1): base frag. Skyphos, Corinthian type (4): 2 base frags., redbanded; 1 base frag., with lines; 1 rim Cup (4): Type C: 1 base frag.; 2 rims, concave lip; 1 other bottom frag., stemmed cup One-handler (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 735 (ca.500) Stemmed dish (1): foot, with red fillet Miniature (1): lid frag. Other BG (51): 31 wall frags., open shape; 10 wall frags., closed shape; 10 handles HOUSEHOLD (255)
Plain vessel (5): 1 rim, 4 wall frags., pale clay
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
166
Plain oinochoe (9): base and 12 wall frags., same vessel; 3 other rims; 2 shoulder frags.; 3 handles Storage amphora (4): 1 handle; 3 rims Transportamphora (1): toe Large pithos (2): rims Lekane (10): 7 rims, 3 feet Cooking ware (69): 10 rims, 5 handles, kados/ hydria; 54 wall frags. Brazier (1): stump of leg 52D. To -2.00 m.
Mottled brown/black-glazed ware (39): 21 wall frags., open shape; 18 wall frags., closed shape Other coarseware (96): 9 thick wall frags.; 79 thin wall frags.; 2 rims; 3 bases; 2 handles; 1 strap handle Corinthian coarseware (1): 1 rim frag. Very coarse ware (18): 1 base (oinochoe?); I rim; 16 wall frags.
(lot HH 183)
5 objects, 250 sherds (2 miniature shapes) Totalassemblage: OBJECTS
Terracottas(2): 1 columnar type figurine; 1 leg(?) Loomweight (1): four-sidedpyramidal Cut disk (1): from bottom of BG stemmed cup Lamp (1): rim frag., Type 16B (late 6th century) EARLY WARE(13) Gray Minyan (1): 1 chunk Mycenaean (1): 1 base frag., skyphos, with swirl pattern PG-LG (9): 3 rims, cup/skyphos; 1 rim, 1 wall frag., deep bowl; 2 banded wall frags.; 1 other wall frag.; 1 handle, large krater LG (1): 1 decorated wall frag., with meander pattern PA (1): 1 decorated wall frag. IMPORTED WARE (1)
Corinthian (1): rim and upper wall, kotyle ARCHAICWARE(63)
HOUSEHOLD(173)
BF (17): 2 frags.with edge ofpanel, 1rim, amphora; 1 shoulder frag., oinochoe; 1 rim, 1 lower wall, cup; 1 base, Corinthian-type skyphos; 1 rim, krater, linked lotus pattern; 1 rim, skyphos; 2 other wall frags., open shape; 6 wall frags., closed shape BG: Table amphora (2): 2 joining pieces, lower wall, with ray-based decoration; 1 rim Lebes gamikos (?) (1): rim, with horizontal ribbing (probably BF), somewhat like AgoraXXIII, no. 512 (ca.520) Oinochoe (2): 1 base frag.; 1 handle, triple strand vertical 52E. To -3.00 m.
Olpe, footless (1): bottom, cf. AgoraXII, no. 264 (ca.500) Skyphos, large(?) (1): wall frag., with ray-based design Skyphos, Corinthian type (3): 3 bases, one redbanded, one with lines, one solid Cup (2): Little Master/Type A: 1 stem; other footed cup: 1 frag. bottom Bowl (1): rim frag. Lidded lekanis (1): 1 rim frag., with ribbon handle; 1 base frag., perhaps same vessel Saltcellar(1): half, profileexcept base; somewhat like AgoraXII, no. 921 (ca.525); glazed all over Miniatures (2): 1 kalathos; 1 flat-bottomed, lowwall shape Other BG (29): 17 wall frags., open shape; 8 wall frags., closed shape; 4 handles Plain (14): 1 rim, pitcher; 10 handles; 2 strap handles; 1 base, flat-bottomed vessel Pithos (1): rim frag. Lekane (8): 3 rims, 3 bases, 2 handles Cooking ware (37): 7 rims, 4 bases, 3 handles, kados/hydria; 21 wall frags.; 1 cut disk; 1 thick piece (brazier?) Mottled brown/black glazed (33): 10 wall frags., open shape; 16 wall frags., closed shape; 1 wall frag., amphora; 6 wall frags., open, with banded exterior Nondescript coarseware/plain (65): wall frags. Other coarseware (15): 4 very thick wall frags.; 11 thick wall frags.
(lots HH 184, 185)
Totalassemblage: 12 objects, 1 bone, 1 chunk mud brick, 1 roof tile, 612 sherds (3 miniature shapes) OBJECTS
Terracottas (4): 1 frag. of seated goddess with heavy necklace, pres. right arm and shoulder; 2 frags. lower torso, columnar type; 1 frag., unidentifiable Loomweights (3): four-sidedpyramidal Cut disk (1)
Lamp (2): bottom frag.,with raised base, Type 12B (late6th century);side frag.,Type 2B, cf. AgoraIV, no. 18 (late 7th-late 6th century) Bone (1): frag. Architecturalpieces (2): Mud brick (1): piece, impressed with straw and reeds
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS Tile (1): frag. EARLY WARE(41) Mycenaean (9): 1 base, cup/skyphos, with swirl decoration inside, ground-up; 1 decorated wall frag. (LH III); 1 stem kylix (LH IIIA); 2 stems kylix (LH IIIC); 3 handles, krater (1 pierced); 1 other decorated wall frag. PG-LG (32): 5 bases, 11 rims, 2 wall and handle, cup/skyphos; 1 wall frag.with concentric circles; 5 rims, 1 base, deep bowl; 6 banded wall frags.; 1 wall frag., uncertain WARE(3) IMPORTED
Corinthian (3): 1 base, kotyle; 1 lower wall, raybased kotyle; 1 ground-up frag. ARCHAICWARE(129)
BF (14): 1 rim, stemmed cup; 1 base, Type C cup, BF in tondo; 6 wall frags., open shape; 3 wall frags., closed shape (recognizable satyr; sphinx wing and rosette); 1 wall frag., undetermined but thick, ray-based vessel; 1 bottom frag., cup with eye; 1 wall frag., large closed vessel with raybased design BG: Table amphora (2): 1 foot frag., added red; 1 other base One-piece amphora (2): bases, cf.AgoraXII, no. 5 (late 6th century) Krater (5): 1 outturned rim frag., with hole for repair; 1 base, in degrees; 1 foot frag.; 2 foot frags., very large, probably BF Dinos (1): rim frag. Oinochoe (4): 1 trefoil rim frag.,with added red; 1 base frag.; 1 handle; 1 shoulder Olpe, small (1): base frag. Cups (15): Type A: 1 base; one-handler: 1 base, cf.AgoraXII, no. 731 (ca.500); Type C, concave 52F. To-4.00 m.
167
lip: 1 base (ca. 525); 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 40 (500-480), 5 other rims; 1 wall; banded cup: 1 lower wall; Class of Athens 1104: 1 base, somewhat like AgoraXII, no. 382 (ca. 550); 2 other rims; 1 splinter,foot of stemmed cup Bowl, footed (1): bottom (glazed)and upper foot frag., unglazed, added red fillet Stemmed dish (4): foot frags. Lekythos(2): 1 upper shoulder (BF?)frag.; 1 frag. near bottom Lid, lekanis/bowl (1): rim frag., with Doric leaf decoration Lidded lekanis/bowl (1): rim frag. Miniature(3): 1 skyphos,wall and handle; 1 plain bowl; 1 other handle Other BG (73): 2 large handles; 7 small handles; 46 wall frags., open shape; 18 wall frags., closed shape HOUSEHOLD(439)
Plain (29): 5 rims, deep bowls; 4 other rims; 2 bases, pitcher; 16 plain handles; 2 strap handles Storage amphora (2): 1 foot, 1 rim Pithos (4): rims Lekane (9): 3 rims; 3 feet; 3 handles Cooking ware (123): 15 rims, 11 bases, 21 handles, kados/hydria/jug/chytra; 76 wall frags. Mottled brown/black-glazed ware (87): 40 wall frags., open shape, 1 pierced; 37 wall frags., closed shape; 4 thick wall frag., closed shape; 4 thick wall frag., open shape; 1 handle Cut disk (1): coarse Other coarseware (35): 2 wall frags., very thick coarse; 26 wall frags., thick; 7 other Nondescript coarseware (149): wall frags.
(lots HH 186, 187)
Totalassemblage: 3 objects, 1 mud brick, 291 sherds OBJECTS
Cut disk (1): bottom of cup Lamp (1): rim frag.,Type 6B, cf. 4.49 (mid 6th century to end century) Architectural piece: 1 piece thick, coarse mud brick, with impressions EARLY WARE(9) Mycenaean (3): 2 stems kylix (LH IIIC); 1 rim, deep bowl LG (6): 1 rim and upper wall frag., krater; 1 rim, cup/skyphos; 1 rim, 1 base, deep bowl; 1 wall frag.; 1 banded wall frag. ARCHAICWARE(64)
BF (20): 1 base, Type C cup, with palm tree and weapons; 1 rim, palmette cup, Type C, in 2 joining pieces; 1 wall frag., large amphora; 1 rim, table amphora; 2 decorated lid frags.; 1 shoulder
frag.,amphora; 1wall frag.,lekythos;8 otherwall frags., open shape; 4 wall frags., closed shape BG: Krater (1): rim frag. Oinochoe (1): base Banded oinochoe (3): base and 10 wall frags., same vessel banded above foot; 1 other wall frag.; 1 other foot Olpe, small (3): 1 base; 2 rims Skyphos, Corinthian type (2): 3 joining pieces, body; 1 base frag., with fine lines Cups (8): Type A: 3 bases; Type C: 1 rim, concave lip; 1 base; high-footed cup: 1 stem; 2 lower wall, same vessel Stemmed dish (1): base Other BG (25): 13 wall frags., open shape; 8 wall frags., closed shape; 4 handles
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
168
HOUSEHOLD (218) Pithos (2): 1 rim, 1 wall frag. Amphora (3): 2 rims, 1 handle Large tub (1): rim, very coarse Cooking ware (85): 7 rims, 4 bases, 5 handles, kados/hydria/jug; 69 wall frags. Lekane (4): 2 bases, 2 rims, prob. same vessel Cut disk (1): coarse 52G. To -4.35 m. (bottom)
(ot HH 188)
Totalassemblage: 27 sherds EARLY WARE(2) Mycenaean (2): stem, kylix (LH IIIC); 1 decorated wall frag. ARCHAIC WARE(4) BF (1): rim with concave lip, cup BG: Oinochoe (1): base frag. Stemmed dish (1): base frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 969 (ca. 500) 53. Lower Terrace: Well T 18:2
Coarseware (5): thick frags. Plainware (18): 3 handles; 11 thick wall frags.; 4 other wall frags. Mottled brown/black-glazed ware (36): 15 wall frags., open shape; 21 wall frags., closed shape Coarseware (1): rectangularpiece Other coarseware (62): 58 wall frags.; 2 rims; 2 strap handles
Other BG (1): strap handle HOUSEHOLD (21)
Cooking ware (6): 5 wall frags.; 1 rim Lekane (4): rim frags. Plain (1): rim frag., smalljug Mottled brown/black-glazed ware (2): 1 wall frag., open shape; 1 wall frag., closed shape Other coarseware (8): frags., nondescript
(lots EA 87-90, not differentiatedby level)
Figs. 14, 25
The well is located 2 m. east of the storerooms on the lower terrace (Plan 2). It has a diameter of 1.10 m. and a depth of 6.00 m. Foot-holes were cut into the shaft at intervals of ca. 0.40 m. The fill consisted mostly of small stones, dug bedrock, and mud. There were relativelyfew sherds at the bottom, and no evident period-of-use deposit. It may have been a failureas a well and perhapswas replaced by T 18:1, 7 m. to the south. There were seven tins of pottery from the fill, but most of it was fragmentary and the bulk of it was discarded. Presumably what was kept is a proportional representation, except for coarseware. Notable is the high percentage (40 percent) of earlier pottery from the 8th-7th centuries and of Corinthian ware (9.7 percent). Section I-I'. Date: ca. 575-550 B.C. Totalassemblage: 20 inventoried items, 16 objects, 974 sherds INVENTORIEDITEMS
P 26622 = AgoraXII, no. 241: trefoil olpe (ca.550) P 26617 = AgoraXXIII, no. 455: column krater, handle plate frag. (2nd quarter 6th century) P 26619 = AgoraXXIII, no. 615: stand, foot frag. (4th quarter 7th century) P 26787 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1453: skyphos, Corinthian type (ca. 585-575) P 26788 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1454: skyphos,Corinthian type (ca. 580) P 26615 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1872: closed, shape uncertain (2nd quarter 6th century) P 26618 = AgoraXXI, no. D 17 (context 1st half 6th century): frag., with graffito P 26614: skyphos frag., with graffito P 26616: handle plate of Corinthian column krater P 26620: Corinthian ware frag. P 26621: BF Corinthian krater,frag. P 26786: Geometric ware frag. P 26789: frag., Early Corinthian skyphos P 26790: frag., Corinthian krater P 26791: frag., disk stand, semiglazed
P 26792: frag., Corinthian oinochoe, black polychrome P 26815: disk (Geometric) P 26816: disk L 5388: lamp frag., Type 8 A 2889: tile frag.,with relief decoration OBJECTS
Terracotta object (2): 1 altar (?); I unidentifiable object Loomweights (7): 6 four-sided pyramids, one stamped with rosette and 3 dots; 1 rough-cut Spindle whorl (1) Cut disk (2) Stone oval with drilled hole (1) Handmade (1): coarseware Lamps (2): 1 bottom, Type 5, cf. AgoraIV, no. 33 (ca. 575-535); 1 nozzle, Type 2B, cf. AgoraIV, no. 20 (mid 6th century) EARLY WARE(8) Gray Minyan (2): wall frags. Mycenaean LH IIIB kylix (6): stems
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS EG-PA (334) Neck-amphora (2): 1 neck frag., cf. AgoraVIII, no. 10 (LG);1 neck frag.,with swan, cf.AgoraVIII, no. 362 (3rd quarter 8th century) Ray-based vessels (3): wall frags., assorted Large oinochoe (1): neck frag.,cf. AgoraVIII, no. 41 (mid 8th century) Krater (1): rim frag. Assorted decorated wall frags. (56): 3, concentric circles; 11 thick, decorated LG wall frags.; 2, checkerboardpattern; 40 other, EG-LG Banded wall frags.(136): 90, open shape; 13, closed shape; 13, nondescript; 1 rim, amphora; 9 handles; 9 decorated handles; 1 base Cup/skyphos (99): 45 rims, cf. AgoraVIII, nos. 127, 130, 133, 138; 3 walls with handle; 46 bases; 5 wall frags. Plate (11): bases, cf. AgoraVIII, nos. 116, 119 (late 7th century) Oinochoe (11): 3 rims; 6 bases; 2 handle and wall, high-swung handle (LG) Skyphos (11): bases, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 147 (late 7th century) Bowl (1): base, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 97 (late 8th century) Banded aryballos (1): wall frag. Lekanis lid (1): frag. COAREASERE AND PLAIN WARE (52)
SOS amphora (11): 5 rims, cf. AgoraVIII, nos. 25, 28 (late 8th-late 7th century); 6 neck and wall frags. Storage jar (11): 1 shoulder frag.; 6 neck frags.; 4 other rims Lekane (3): rims Coarseware (27): 15 incised; 5 rims, 2 joining, 2 nonjoining, from same vessel, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 615; 1 handle; 8 body frags., cf. AgoraVIII, nos. 615, 616; 1 bottom with handle attachment: odd piece, incised on inner curve IMPORTED WARE(101)
Bucchero (7): wall frags. Corinthian (94): 11 wall frags., ray-based kotyle; 5 handles; 16 bases; 27 other wall frags., worn; 3 frags., alabastron; 8 decorated wall frags.; 1 body frag., banded aryballos, 1 neck frag., aryballos (MC); 1 lower wall, ray-based, decorated kotyle; 7 rims, kotyle, cf. CorinthXV, iii, no. 130 (EPC); 3 other handles; 3 rims, cup/skyphos; 8 nondescript wall frags. BLACK-FIGURED WARE(51)
One-piece amphora (5): 1 horse's head, cf. Agora XXIII, no. 14 (early 6th century); 1 winged creature, cf. AgoraXXIII, no. 33 (ca. 580-570); 1 feline; 2 other
169
Column krater (12): frags. from 2 vessels, top rim decorated with geometric pattern, animals in panel below, cf. AgoraXXIII, nos. 436, 437 (ca.550): 7 joining, 5 nonjoining; 10 other Ray-based kotyle (3): wall frags. Cup-skyphos(1): base, profile, cf. SGW.43 Lekythos (1): upper shoulder frag. Pyxis lid (1): frag. Other decorated wall frags. (28) ARCHAIC WARE(235)
BG: Krater (1): rim frag. Dinos (3): 3 upper shoulder and rim: 1 of 2 nonjoining pieces; 1 of 4 nonjoining pieces Oinochoe, ring-collar (2): neck frags., redbanded Oinochoe (5): bases Olpe (9): 3 wall frags. from different vessels; 2 neck frags.(one from 2joining pieces); 1 from 5 joining pieces, cf. AgoraXII, no. 236 (600575); 1 other wall frag.;2 bases, small olpe Skyphos,Corinthiantype (78): 1 base, ray-based, cf. AgoraXII, no. 303 (early6th century);3 raybased, lower wall; 14 bases, solid red band (cf. AgoraXII, nos. 304 [early 6th century], 306 [575-550]); 12 bases; 12 lower wall; 2 center of base; 20 wall frags.;6 rims; 8 handles Band-cup (1): wall frag. Cup, footed (1): worn stem Round-bottomed bowl, glazed interior,unglazed exterior (1) Conical piece, banded (1) Lidless lekanis (3): rims, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1209 (ca.550); AgoraXII, no. 1210 (ca.550) Knob, from large lid (1): hollow, 0.058 m. high Ring-stand (1): 3 joining pieces Other BG (128): 74 wall frags., open shape; 32 wall frags., closed shape; 8 nondescript; 1 center of mottled-glazed base; 13 handles ANDPLAINWARE(193) COARSEWARE
Storage amphora (5): 1 plain neck; 4 rims Pithos (2): grooved wall frags. Lekane (28): 8 foot frags.; 19 rims; 1 spout Cooking wares, chytra, hydria, kados represented (70): 7 base frags.; 16 rims; 43 handles; 3 wall frags; 1 stand: piece of side with handle Unglazed (17): 6 bases; 6 handles; 5 rims Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (54): 53 assorted wall frags.; 1 rim Mottled red/brown-glazed ware (3): 2 wall frags., open shape; 1 wall frag., closed shape Coarseware (14): 7 assorted wall frags.; 7 very coarse body frags.
POST- HERULIAN
RUBBLE and M (CONCRETE) W
WALL
h I I
"ROOM
I
3"
I
I
I
ARCHA PIT
T18
j
_L I :
1850's
surface
w (tunnel
0 rca
I
I
I
5I
approx
to NW)
10I m JI
2/97
ABORTIVE CISTERN SY
T18: 5 FIG. 26. Section L-L'
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
171
Lower Terrace: Section L-Lt, loose fill in storeroom 3 Fig. 26 T 18:3, tests of baulks, and pit T 18:4 outside of storerooms. These fills show that grading was carried out at various periods in the lower terrace (6th and 5th centuriesB.C.),even before the general grading of the Roman period. CPD 54B, 54C, and 54D represent stratigraphicaltests of the three storerooms made in 1959. This area has not been completely excavated. A pit (T 18:4)was foundjust to the east of the storerooms. The fill was also intersectedby a cistern of the mid 4th century B.C.,T 18:5 (CPD 56), notable for the many fragmentsof plemochoai (approximately one-fourth of kept sherds). 54-55.
54A. Deposit T 18:3 (lots EA 38, 39) Loose fill in storeroom 3 in lower terrace. Date:Mixed fill; mostly first half of 6th century B.C.and earlier,latest ca. 480 B.C.,with intrusionsof 4th century B.C. (probably from nearby cistern). Section I-I', Fig. 26, 'Archaic Fill";section L-L', T 18:3. Totalassemblage: 19 inventoried items, 25 objects, 614 sherds (6 miniature shapes, 20 intrusivesherds) INVENTORIEDITEMS
P 26636 = AgoraXXIII, no. 16: BF one-piece amphora (early 6th century) P 26532 = AgoraXXIII, no. 58: BF one-piece amphora (ca.550) P 26533 = AgoraXXIII, no. 67: BF one-piece amphora (ca.550) P 26530 = AgoraXXIII, no. 74: BF one-piece amphora (ca.550-540) P 26760 = AgoraXXIII, no. 345: BF amphora (late 7th century) P 26534 = AgoraXXIII, no. 367: BF amphora lid (2nd quarter 6th century) P 26537 = AgoraXXIII, no. 432: BF column krater (ca.560) P 26536 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1369: BF lid (1st quarter 6th century) P 26538 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1751: BF Droop cup (ca. 540-530) P 26531 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1788: BF stemless cup (ca.510) P 26762 = AgoraXII, no. 1516: stamped palmettes on pithos, context (ca.600-550) P 26539 = AgoraXXI, no. D23 (contextmid 6th century): sherd with graffito,Aristeides(ost. 483/2), "not an ostrakon because of context" P 26535: BF closed shape; head of bird P 26763: Corinthian skyphos P 26764: fragmentaryCorinthian closed shape BI 233: crushedcauldronwith dedication to Athena BI 778: bone stylus P 26761: terracotta object T 3608 = N 392: terracotta protome, Archaic period OBJECTS
Terracottas(5): columnar type figurine: 1 torso and feet, 2 torso, 1 legs, 1 legs and feet Loomweights (5) Spindle whorl (1) Disks (2): 1 BG/BF, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1322 (575550), profile like AgoraXII, no. 1323 (ca. 550); 1 storage amphora wall Handmade tray (1)
Lamps (11): 3 sides including nozzle; 2 nozzles, Type 2B (late 7th into late 6th century), cf. Agora IV, no. 20 (mid 6th century); 1 wall and rim, Type 6B, cf. AgoraIV, nos. 48, 50 (late 6thearly 5th century); 1 bottom, Type 6B, cf. Agora IV, no. 43 (mid 6th century); 1 half (side), Type 12A (2nd and 3rd quarters 6th century), cf. AgoraIV, no. 71; 1 half, Type 12B, cf. Agora IV, no. 78 (end of 6th century): wall nearly vertical; 1 handle and wall, Type 16 variant (last quarter6th century to ca. 480), profile somewhat like AgoraIV, no. 113, with diluted orange wash (ca. 500-480); 1 bottom, Type 24C, cf. AgoraIV, no. 258 (later 5th-first quarter 4th century) EARLY WARE(171) Gray Minyan (11): 1 rim, 2 stems, 8 body frags. (MH) Mycenaean (31): 24 kylix stems (LH IIIB); 1 kylix stem (LH IIIC); 1 handle; 2 rims, bowl; 3 decorated body frags. (LH IIIB-C) PG (5): decorated body frags., concentric circles PG-LG (103): 18 rims, cup/skyphos; 6 rims, deep bowl; 10 bases, cup/skyphos; 11 decorated body frags.; 1 bottom, aryballos; 44 banded body frags.; 1 mottled glazed body frags.; 10 decorated handles; 2 other handles LG (5): 1 base, kotyle; 1 wall frag., aryballos; 1 rim, kotyle; 2 other PA (10): ray-based kotyle: 1 base, 7 wall frags.; 2 neck frags., amphora, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 590 (3rd to last quarter 7th century) Imitation Corinthian (3): wall frags. (1st quarter 6th century) LC (3): wall frags. ARCHAIC WARE(357)
BF (81): early 6th-early 5th century Notable fragments of BF (20): One-piece amphora (2): neck panel (lotus-palmette festoon), cf. AgoraXXIII, no. 34 (ca.570560); neck-amphora(3): necks,cf.AgoraXXIII, nos. 152 (ca.580-570), 182 (ca. 530-520), 215 (ca.500) Column krater(2): rims, with ivy pattern
172
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS Dinos (1): rim, cf. AgoraXXIII, no. 611 (ca.570560) Skyphos (1): rim, cf. AgoraXXIII, no. 1509 (ca.490-480) Droop cup with palmettes (1): rim, cf. Agora XXIII, no. 1749 (3rd quarter 6th century); other palmette skyphos (5): wall frags. (Haimonian class, ca. 490-480) Skyphos (1): rim, cf. AgoraXXIII, no. 1490 (ca.500) Skyphos (1): wall frag., cf. AgoraXXIII, no. 1464 (ca. 550) Skyphos, BF (2): cf. AgoraXII, no. 332 (ca.500) Open shape (1): with goose, cf. AgoraXXIII, no. 1911 (ca. 600-590) Other shapes represented, BF (71): Amphora (7): 2 neck frags., 5 frags., one-piece amphora Krater (11): 10 rims, 1 large foot Large aryballos (2): rims Stand (1) Lekanis (3): 2 rims, 1 lid Other BF (47): 3 rims, 1 handle, 22 wall frags., open shape, 21 wall frags., closed shape BG: Table amphora (20): 5 rims, 15 foot frags. Ray-based amphora (13): 2 bases, 11 wall frags. Oinochoe (3): 2 base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 93 (550500); 1 base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 96 (ca.550) Ring-collar oinochoe (1): neck, cf. AgoraXII, no. 90 (575-550) Chous (3): 1 base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 107 (ca.500); 2 bases, cf. XII, no. 106 (ca.500) Olpe (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 254 (525-500) Skyphos (49): Corinthian type (42): 9 bases, redbanded, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 306 (575-550), 309 (550-540), 313 (ca. 480); 6 bases, thick lines above foot, cf.AgoraXII, no. 303 (early6th century); 14 bases, lines above foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 310 (530-500); 5 rims, 3 wall frags.;5 handles; Attic type (7): 4 bases, cf. AgoraXII, no. 336 (ca.500), 3 bases, cf. AgoraXII, no. 335 (ca.525) Skyphos,canted handles (4): 3 bases, cf.AgoraXII, no. 331 (ca.550); 1 base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 332 (ca.500) Cup (26): Type C, concave lip (5): 4 rims, cf. AgoraXII, no. 401 (525-500); 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 406 (ca.500); cup-skyphos(1): rim, cf. Agora XII, no. 563 (ca.550); stemless (10): 4 rims, cf. AgoraXII, no. 454 (ca.480); 3 rims, cf. Agora XII, no. 446 (ca. 500-480); 2 rims, cf. Agora XII, no. 398 (ca. 525); 1 wall, cf. AgoraXII, no. 454 (ca. 480); 2 other rim frags.; 8 wall frags. Cup (17): feet: 2 stems, high-footed cup (e.g., Band-cup, Droop); 1 foot, Little Master cup
(very small); 3 feet, Band-cup; 8 feet, Type A; I foot, Type C, cf. AgoraXII, no. 403 (525500); 2 feet, Akrocup, cf. SGW.20 (ca. 480), SGW.21(ca. 480); handles (24) BG larger handles (21) Stemmed dishes (15): 8 feet: 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 966 (ca.525); 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 959 (ca.500); 3 feet, cf. AgoraXII, no. 963 (ca.500); 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 969 (ca. 500); 2 feet, cf. AgoraXII, no. 960 (500-480); 7 rims: 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 963 (ca. 500); 2 rim, cf. Agora XII, no. 964 (ca. 500); 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 975 (ca. 500); 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 976 (ca. 500); 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 960 (500480); 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 973 (500-480) Saltcellar (1): wall frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 925 (520-480) Plate, thickened edge, unglazed (1): rim; somewhat earlier than AgoraXII, no. 1011 (ca.480450) Lekythos(4): upper shoulder,somewhat like Agora XII, no. 1102 (ca. 500); upper shoulder, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1116 (ca.500); 2 bottom and foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1115 (ca.500) Deianeira lekythos (1): neck, very battered, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1099 (575-550) Lekanis (2): 1 rim, 1 lid Covered bowl (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1265 (ca.525) Small pyxis lid (1) Louterion (1): rim Miniatures(6): 3 frags.,skyphos,Corinthiantype (BG, one with lines above foot); foot, Type A cup; 1 open shape, BG with added red, very fine; 1 lekane Other BG (85): 2 handles; 74 body frags.;9 other HOUSEHOLD (86)
Amphora (4): rims Transportamphora (1): neck Mottled black-glazedware (8): wall frags. Lekane (29): 1 handle rising from rim; 1 rim with handle, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1839 (context ca. 600-570); 1 rim, cf. 1825 (context ca. 520490); 17 other rims; rim and wall, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1555 (context ca. 425-400); 9 bases Large tub (2): body frags. (1 grooved, 1 with reels); 1 very large BG rim Cooking ware (33): 1 rim chytra; 13 rims hydria, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 1589-1592 (mid 6th century); 1 base hydria; 12 handles, 1 other rim; 5 other frags. Incised coarseware (3): 1 wall frag., with running spirals; 2 other, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 1507, 1508 (6th century) Coarseware frag. with graffito "K" Other coarseware (5): 1 very large handle; 1 rim; 1 wall frag.;2 mottled wall frags.
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS Intrusions (20) RF (1): wall frag. (very poor quality), open shape Plemochoai (4): 2 bases, 1 rim, 1 flange Lebes (1): rim Oinochoe (3): neck, cf. AgoraXII, no. 188 (ca.400); 2 rims Kantharos (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 713 (ca.325) Cup-kantharos (1): foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 651 (ca.380) Bowl, rouletted with stamped palmettes (1): base and lower wall, cf. AgoraXII, no. 808 (ca.310) 54B. Lower Terrace
173
Bowl (2): 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 783 (420-410); 1 base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 832 (350-325) Saltcellar,footed (1): base and wall, cf. AgoraXII, no. 945 (ca. 350) Saltcellar (1): upper wall, cf. AgoraXII, no. 942 (425-400) Lekanis (2): base; lid; 1 other rim Cookingware (12): 2 lopas (handleand rim), cf.AgoraXII, no. 1970 (context 2nd half 4th century)
(lot EA 43)
Within storeroom 2 of building: cut in baulk. Date: 6th century B.C. and earlier
9 objects, 191 sherds (1 miniature shape) Totalassemblage: Incised coarseware (1)
OBJECTS
Loomweight (1) Terracottas (7): 1 foot, 1 head, 1 body, 2 horse, 1 altar, 1 handmade item Stone handle EARLYWARE(116)
Gray Minyan (1) Mycenaean (11): 2 kylix stems (LH IIIB), 1 kylix stem (LH IIIC), 3 white ware (2 rims, 1 body) (LH IIIC); carinated bowl, Broneer Shape 10, FS 295, 1 rim (LH IIIC); 4 decorated body frags. PG (16): 1 high-footed cup, 4 cup/skyphoi, 1 amphora neck, 1 deep bowl, 2 large amphora handles, 7 decorated wall frags. PG-LG (81): 9 cup bases, 9 cup rims, 9 deep bowl rims, 9 jug rims, 2 large bowl rims, 2 large bowl bases, 3 strap handles, 2 large handles, 38 decorated wall frags. G (2): large closed shape, wall frag.; other closed shape PA (2): bases, ray-based kotyle Corinthian (2): 1 aryballos, 1 ray-based kotyle 54C. Lower Terrace
ARCHAIC WARE(75)
BF (14): 2 wall frags., Little Master or Band-cup; 1 rim, 1 wall frag., Little Master cup; 10 other BG: Ring-collaroinochoe (1): neckfrag.,cf.AgoraXII, no. 92 (550-525) Skyphos, Corinthian type (4): 2 bases (1 with fine lines in relief), cf. AgoraXII, nos. 305, 306 (575-550); 1 wall frag., 1 handle Stemmed cup (1): foot Cup-skyphos(1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 564 (520) One-handler, banded (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 725 (520-500) Kothon (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1339 (ca.500) Miniatures (3): 2 skyphoi, 1 stemmed BG cup in perfect detail (8 frags.) Other BG (45): 1 base, 2 rims, 7 handles, 35 wall frags. Plain and banded: (4): 1 base, 1 rim, 1 wall, 1 cut disk (coarse)
(lot EA 40)
Within storeroom 3 of building: silt overlyingstrosison bedrock. Date: 6th century B.C., 2nd half
Totalassemblage: 2 objects, 101 sherds (3 miniature shapes) OBJECTS
Lamp (1): nozzle L 5402 Terracotta (1): columnar figurine EARLYWARE(27)
Mycenaean (2): kylix stems, battered (LH IIIB) PG-LG (23): 5 cup bases, 2 skyphos bases, 2 skyphos rims, 3 deep bowl, 1 other base, 4 handles, 6 banded body frags. Corinthian kotyle (2): bases ARCHAIC(74)
BF (11): 1 frag. Little Master cup, 10 other frags.
Stamnos (1): foot, probably from figured piece, cf. ShapesandNames,fig. 64 (end of 6th century) Stemmed cup (2): foot, Type A, cf. ShapesandNames, fig. 162 (ca. 520); stem, of high-footed cup (e.g., Droop or Little Master) Pyxis (1): rim, probably from figured piece BG: Amphora (3): 2 rims, 1 foot Chous (1): foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 107 (ca.500)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
174
Skyphos, Corinthian type (10): 6 bases, cf. Agora XII, nos. 305, 306 (575-550); 2 handles, 2 wall Cup-skyphos (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 568 (ca.500) Stemmed dish (1); foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 975 (ca.500) Lekythos (1): lower wall frag. 54D. Lower Terrace
Lekanis (1): rim, projecting flange, added red on resting surfaced for lid Knob (1): probably from pyxis lid Miniatures (3): cup, jug, plate Other BG (11): 3 handles, 8 wall frags. Plain and banded (26): lekane, 2 rims; 7 feet, I neck; coarseware: 10 rims, 3 handles, 3 wall frags.
(lot EA 44)
Within storeroom 4 of building: cut in baulk. Date:primarily 6th, to early 5th century B.C. 1 inventoried item, 5 objects, 48 sherds Totalassemblage: ITEM INVENTORIED
P 26770 = AgoraXXIII, no. 597: woman to right, louterion (570-560)
ARCHAICWARE(24)
OBJECTS
Handmade object (1) Terracotta figurine (1): columnar, body and feet, painted with red stripes Cut disk (unglazed)(1) Lamps (2): side, Type 5 (2nd quarterinto 4th quarter 6th century),cf. AgoraIV,no. 33 (ca.575-535); nozzle and wall, Type 5-6A (mid-late 6th century), somewhat like AgoraIV, nos. 35, 39 EARLYWARE(24)
Mycenaean (3): 2 kylix stems (LH IIIB); 1 mattpainted body frag. (LH II) PG (1): body frag. PG-LG (13): 2 rims, 1 base, cups, 2 deep bowl rims, 6 decorated wall frags., 1 handle, 1 aryballos (upper body) 55. Deposit T 18:4
Imitation Corinthian (2): wall frags. Ray-based (3): 1 base, 2 wall (large closed shape) Ray-based kotyle (2): wall frags. BF (9) RF (1): palmette and ovolo, closed shape BG: Skyphos,Corinthian type (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 310 (530-500) Cup (1): stem, Type A Stemmed dish (3): 1 center ofstem; 1 foot, cf.Agora XII, no. 972 (500-480); 1 rim and wall, cf. AgoraXII, no. 977 (ca. 500) Lekythos (1): wall, globular body, banded with added red, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1100 (550-525) Other BG (8): 5 wall frags., 3 handles
(lots EA 46-48)
Figs. 14, 25, 26
Pit in bedrock, dumped fill outside of storeroom 3 (section L-L'). Date:early 5th century B.C. and earlier 14 inventoried items, 22 objects, 325 sherds Totalassemblage: INVENTORIEDITEMS
P 26540 = AgoraXXIII, no. 684: BF oinochoe, Aeneas and Anchises (ca. 530-520) P 26541 = AgoraXXIII, no. 469: BF column krater (last quarter 6th century) P 26542 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1862: BF closed shape (2nd quarter 6th century) P 26544 = AgoraXXIII, no. 628: BF hydria(ca.560) P 26545 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1298: BF lidded lekanis (early 6th century) P 26609 = AgoraXXIII, no. 790: BF lekythos (3rd quarter 6th century) P 26771 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1381: BF lid (ca.550540) P 26543: skyphos frag., with graffito, not in AgoraXXI
P 26611: water jug frag., with graffito, not in AgoraXXI P 26772: thymiaterioncover,cf. AgoraXII, no. 1344 (ca.525) L 5360: lamp, Type 16A L 5361: lamp, Type 5 T 3609 = N 423: terracotta protome, seated goddess (Archaicperiod) T 3610 = N 422: TC protome, seated goddess (Archaicperiod) OBJECTS
Terracottas (14): figurines: 3 columnar feet, 1 painted; 5 columnar torsos, 1 painted; 3 horse parts; 2 legs, 1 unidentifiable Handmade object (2) Large figurine (human) (1)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
Cups (19): feet: 1 stem, high-stemmed foot (e.g., Droop, Band-cup);4 feet, I floor frag.,Type A; 1 foot, Class of Athens 1104, cf. AgoraXII, no. 385 (ca.525); 5 feet, Type C, cf. AgoraXII, no. 398 (ca.525); 2 foot, Akrocup, cf. SGW.21 (ca. 480); rims: cup-skyphos(3): 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 570 (500-480); 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 564 (ca.520); 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 569 (500-480); Type C, concave lip (2): 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 398 (ca.525); 1 rim, cf. Agora XII, no. 404 (ca.500) Stemless (3): 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 448 (550480); 1 rim, cf. XII, no. 446 (500-480); 1 other BG rim Cup-skyphos (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 578 (ca.480) One-handler (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 725 (520-500) Small bowl (1): base Stemmed dishes (15): 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 966 (ca. 525); 2 feet, cf. AgoraXII, no. 972 (500-480); 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 959 (ca.500); 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 960 (ca.500480); 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 963 (ca. 500), 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 964 (ca. 500); 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 959 (ca.500); 1 foot, cf. Agora XII, no. 963 (ca. 500); 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 960 (550-480); 5 others, similar Aryballos (1): shoulder Amphoriskos(1): lower wall and part of foot Lekanis (6): 1 lid rim; 1 large frag., ribbonhandled; 3 feet, cf.AgoraXII, no. 1211 (ca.525); 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1216 (525-500) Pyxis (2): 1 lid rim; 1 bottom frag. Stand (integral),BG with added red (1): frag. Thymiaterion (1): flanged stem Ray-based vessels (18): 5 open shapes, 12 closed shapes, 1 base Other BG (36): 10 handles, 13 open shapes, 3 closed shapes; 6 small handles, 4 large handles
Lamps (5): 1 half, Type 2 variant, cf. AgoraIV, no. 22 (mid 6th-3rd quarter 6th century); 1 side, Type 6A, cf. AgoraIV, no. 41 (mid 6th century); 1 half, Type 6B, cf. AgoraIV, no. 49 (mid to end of 6th century); 2 bottoms, Type 12A (2nd-3rd quarters of 6th century) WARE(75) EARLY Gray Minyan (5): 1 goblet stem, 1 rim, 3 body frags. Mycenaean (5): 3 kylix stems (LH IIIB), 1 kylix stem (LH IIIC); decorated body frag. PG-LG (60): 5 rims, 3 base, cup/skyphos; 1 rim, 1 handle, deep bowl; 1 kraterrim; 1 conical knob, decorated; 1 aryballos;29 decorated body frags.; 11 incised coarseware; 1 handle; 1 miniature skyphos; 1 flat-bottomed aryballos; 4 banded body frags. LC (3): body frags. Imitation Corinthian (2): body frags. ARCHAICWARE(245)
BF: Oinochoe (1): mouth and neck, mouth not trefoil, decorationfiner than AgoraXXIII, no. 686 (ca.510) Cup (2): 2 body frags., eye-cup (Type A) Lekythos (4): 3 shoulders, BF; 1 base, cf. AgoraXXIII, no. 798 (ca.550-525) Louterion (1): rim, cf. AgoraXXIII, no. 606 (2nd quarter 6th century) Miniature (2): rim, BF lekanis with ribbon handles; basket (side and bottom), cf. AgoraXII, no. 1412 (early 5th); 1 rim and wall Other BF (90): body frags. BG: Neck-amphora (5): 4 necks; 1 neck and rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1445 (500-480) Amphora (2): rims Lebes/louterion (1): rim Louterion/dinos (1): rim Krater (4): rims Skyphos/krater (2): lower wall Oinochoe (6): 1 rim, 2 neck, ring-collar,cf. Agora XII, no. 92 (550-525); 1 base; 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 106 (ca. 500); round-mouth oinochoe (1): neck, somewhat like AgoraXII, no. 184(ca. 500) Olpe (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 105 (ca.525) Skyphos, Corinthian type (17): 4 wall and rim; 10 bases: 7 red-banded, cf. AgoraXII, no. 305 (575-550); 3 lined bases, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 308 (ca. 550), 310 (530-500); Attic type (3): bases, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 335 (ca.525), 338 (550-480) 56. Lower Terrace: Deposit T 18:5
175
HOUSEHOLD (5)
(lots EA 41, 42)
Plain and banded: Storage amphora (1): body frag. Collar-rimed amphora (1): neck, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 1520 (ca. 525-500), 1521 (early 5th century) Lekane (2): rims, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 1757 (482), 1784 (context ca. 520-490) Unglazed (1): flared ring-shaped base
Fig. 26
Fill in abandoned cistern, lower terrace. Excavation was stopped when water level in cistern was reached. Notable for numerous fragments of plemochoai. Lot EA 42 = Pollitt, "Kernoi,"catalogue deposit XXV, p. 219.
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
176 Date: mid 4th century B.C.
4 inventoried items, 4 objects, 189 sherds (3 miniature shapes) Totalassemblage: INVENTORIEDITEMS
Plemochoai: P 26765: flange with kotyliskoi (Pollitt, XXV, no. 1, pl. 67:c) P 26766: flange with kotyliskoi (Pollitt, XXV, no. 2, pl. 67:c) P 26767: upper body with kotyliskos (Pollitt, XXV, no. 3, pl. 67:c) P 26768: small kernos (Pollitt,XXV, no. 4) OBJECTS
Loomweights (3) Lamp (2 nonjoining frags.): Type 16 (last quarter 6th to ca.480), for profilecf. AgoraIV,no. 116 (late 6th century to ca. 500); extremely large (width of flattened rim, 0.048 m.); BG on rim and interior EARLYWARE(22)
Gray Minyan (2) PG-LG (20): 8 rims cup/skyphos, 3 bases cup/ skyphos, 1 handle cup/skyphos, 8 banded body frags. ANDCLASSICAL WARE(88) ARCHAIC BF (12): 3 wall frags.; 1 rim krater; 8 wall frags., cups BF (1): base, ray-based amphora BG: Amphora (4): 3 rims; 1 foot Column krater(2): rims Oinochoe (2): 1 neck frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 129 (ca.325); 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 90 (575-550) Skyphos (13): Corinthian type (10): 2 bases, red-banded, cf. AgoraXII, no. 309 (550-540), 2 wall; 2 joining rim and upper wall frags., cf. AgoraXII, no. 325 (ca. 350); 1 lower wall with relief lines, 1 other wall frag., 3 bases (1 red-banded),cf. AgoraXII, nos. 308 (ca.550), 310 (530-500); Attic type (2): 1 base, cf. Agora XII, no. 353 (ca. 320); 1 base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 352 (ca.330); Attic type B (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 361 (480-450) Cup (3): 1 stem, high-stemmed cup (e.g., Little Master); 1 foot, Type A; 1 foot, Type C, cf. AgoraXII, no. 415 (525-500) (firedred) 57. Lower Terrace
Cup (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 409 (500-480) Cup-kantharos (3): lower wall, cf. AgoraXII, no. 652 (ca. 380); 2 handles and wall, fired red, cf. AgoraXII, no. 654 (375-350), 1 spur, cf. AgoraXII, no. 714 (320-310) Bolsal (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 559 (380-350) Stemmed dish (1): foot, added red on fillet above foot Echinos bowls (3): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 876 (ca. 380); rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 835 (ca. 325); rim and base(?),cf. AgoraXII, no. 830 (ca.350) Fish-plate (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1071 (ca.350) Plate (2): 1 base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1030 (ca.400); 1 base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1006 (ca.500) Lekanis (lidded) (1): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1216 (525-500) Large pyxis (1): lid, edge Thurible (1): section of support column with two flanges, somewhat like AgoraXII, no. 1358 (425-400) Miniature kothon (1): bottom and wall, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1408 (500-480) Other BG (34): 1 rim, 2 cut disks, 27 body frags.; 4 handles Unglazed (1): base PLEMOCHOAI(63)
16 bases, 3 painted white; 10 bases (solid, small); 21 body (rim, flange); 3 flanges with attached kotyliskoi; 4 flanges; 1 handle; 2 miniatures; 5 other body frags., some painted white 1 coarse thymiateriontype HOUSEHOLD (16) Storage amphora (1): neck frag. Lekane (2): 1 rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1784 (context ca. 520-490), 1 rim cf. AgoraXII, no. 1766 (ostrakon,486) Cooking ware (4): 1 base, 1 rim, 2 wall frags., hydria/kados/jug Lopas (2): 1 handle and body; 1 wall frag. Plain (5): 1 unglazed lid frag., 1 handle, 4 rims Other coarseware (2): 1 toe, 1 handle
(lot EA 45)
Outside storerooms: a large area of loose fill. This fill indicates another period of grading and leveling of the lower terrace, in the 1st century A.C. Date: later 1st century A.C.
Totalassemblage: 1 inventoried item, 1 object, 43 sherds INVENTORIEDITEM
P 31940: side of RW beaker,angled side OBJECT
Lamp (1): frag. of top, cf. AgoraVII, no. 102 (2nd half 1st century A.C.)
EARLIERWARE (8)
BG (5): 1 foot frag., stemmed dish (late 6th centuryB.C.);1 frag.wall, open shape; 2 frags.,closed shape; 1 strap handle
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS Molded bowl (3): 3 wall frags., egg-and-dart pattern; ribbed pattern; long-petaled bowl (ca.225175) FINEWARE(18) ROMAN Arretine Ware (7): 1 rim, 1 base, 5 wall frags. Local red ware bowl (9): 1 rim, 1 handle, 7 wall frags. Bowl with egg and dart, impressed (1): side frag. Imported beaker (1): later 1st century A.C.
177
HOUSEHOLD (17) Amphora (2): handle and rim, plain amphora; 1 other handle Plain plate (1): rim frag. Deep bowl (3): rim frags. Plain (7): 4 handles, 1 base frag.,gray coarse saucer; 2 bases, plate Coarseware (4): wall frags.
58-59. East side of sanctuary: wells Two intersecting wells, on the east side of the excavated area. 58. Well U 19:2
(lots EA 49-52)
The well, located just north of the Classical Monument Base (Fig.8; Plan 2), dates to the early 5th century B.C., with a supplementaryfill dated mid 5th century B.C.(into the 3rd quarter). The well is ca. 1.10 m. in diameter and has a depth of 6.60 m. The shaft cuts through that of an earlier well (U 19:5, probably Late Geometric), adjacent on the northwest. A carefully laid stone lining, 0.80 m. thick, supported the juncture, from the top (disturbed until -2.00 m.) to the bottom. The fill of well U 19:2 consisted of clay to -3.00 m.; then fieldstones;then yellow clay mixed with fieldstones and chunks of wood. Fragmentsfrom a pithos used as a well-head were found in the fill. There was a series of toeholds cut along the shaft at intervals of 0.45 m. Some water collected at bottom. At +1.20 m. from bottom a large Late Geometric hydria was found built into the wall (P 26727), and together with other fragments in the wall it forms the deposit U 19:5 given below (CPD 59). Date: early 5th century B.C.,with supplementaryfill of mid 5th century B.C. 58A. Fill above well
(lot EA 49)
Near foundation of Classical Monument Base. Supplementaryfill. Date:mid 5th century B.C.(into 3rd quarter) Totalassemblage: 7 inventoried items, 4 objects, 210 sherds INVENTORIEDITEMS
P 26626 = AgoraXII, no. 1012: plate, unglazed (ca.450) P 26627 = AgoraXII, no. 1013: plate, unglazed (ca.450) P 26623: floor and wall of ribbed mug, with graffito P 26624: lid oflekanis P 26625: skyphos, Corinthian type P 26628: plate frags., glazed T 3641: relief plaque OBJECTS
Loomweights (2) Lamp (1): wall and handle, Type 5, cf. AgoraIV, no. 32 (ca.500) Architectural piece (1): frag. of roof pan tile, red wash EARLY WARE(9)
PG-LG (9): 5 handles, cup/skyphos; 4 rims ARCHAICWARE(177)
BF: Lekythos (2): shoulder frag., BF tongue design; lower wall frag. RF (5): skyphos wall frag., part of draped figure; wall frags., with leg, shoulder,other BG: Oinochoe (16): 3 handles, 12 wall frags., 1 rim
Chous (1): base, shape 3, cf. AgoraXII, no. 113 (450-425) Skyphos, Corinthian type (66): 25 rims, 9 lower wall, 9 wall, 10 handles, 13 bases: 2, cf. Agora XII, no. 314 (470-460), 1, cf. AgoraXII, no. 317 (ca. 450), 3, cf. AgoraXII, no. 313 (ca.480), 1, cf. AgoraXII, no. 312 (480-470), 2, cf. AgoraXII, no. 318 (450-430) Skyphos, Attic type A (19): 1 from 13 pieces, whole profile,cf. AgoraXII, no. 342 (470-460); 1 from 4 pieces, whole profile, cf. AgoraXII, no. 343 (460-440); 2 bases, cf. AgoraXII, no. 335 (ca.525); 1 base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 359 (480-450); 1 base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 358 (480450); other: 4 rims, 3 bases, 6 handles; Attic type B (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 361 (480-450) Skyphos (51): wall frags. Cup (1): stem from high-stemmed cup Cup (1): base, Subgeometric survival Stemless cup (5): 1 rim, 2 bases, cf. AgoraXII, no. 456 (480-470), 2 wall One-handler (6): rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 732 (ca.500), wall frag., 4 bases
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
178
Plate (1): rim, unglazed, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1013 (ca. 450) Pyxis (2): lid; knob (2 separate) HOUSEHOLD (24)
Transportamphora (3): 1 handle, 1 rim, 1 rim and neck, Chiote amphora (ca.450) Lekane (4): rims: 1, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1805 (context 435-425); 2, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1793 (context ca. 470-460); 1, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1806 (ca.430420) 58B. Fill in well
Cooking ware (2): rim, jug, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1659 (context ca. 500-480); base Eschara (5): rim frags., cf. AgoraXII, no. 2030 (context ca. 460-440) Cylindrical stand (2): rim frags. from 2 different stands, 1, cf., AgoraXII, no. 2017 (context ca.450) Other coarseware (8): 3 handles, smalljugs; 4 wall frags., 1 base
(lots EA 50-52)
This well was probably abandoned after the Persian sack of Athens in 479 B.C. Date:early 5th century B.C. Totalassemblage: 9 inventoried items, 8 objects, 53 animal bones, 157 sherds INVENTORIEDITEMS
P 26725 = AgoraXII, no. 4: Laconian BG amphora (ca.500) P 26726 = AgoraXXIII, no. 722: BF oinochoe, shape 1, type uncertain (early 5th century) P 26773 = AgoraXXIII, no. 770: BF oinochoe, shape 3, type uncertain (ca.520) P 26652 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1483: BF skyphos,Attic type (ca. 520-510) P 26648 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1498: BF skyphos,Attic type (late 6th century) P 26645 = AgoraXXIII, no. 1723: BF Band-cup (3rd quarter 6th century) T3645 = N 428: terracottafigurine,seated woman (Archaicperiod) T3646 = N 401: terracotta figurine, head (Archaic period) BI 784: Bone stylus OBJECTS
Terracotta (1): handmade, horse Loomweights (3) Spindle whorls (2) Lamp (1): whole profile except nozzle, Type 16B, cf. Agora IV; no. 111 (2nd half 5th century), SGW.395 (520-480) Lead ring (1): stand for round-bottom vessel ANIMAL BONES FROM ENTIRE FILL (lot EA 50)
Total:53 pieces Lower mandible, pig (6); teeth: 2 molars, 5 canine Lower mandible, sheep (1) Lower mandible, ovicaprid (7); teeth: 8 molars Astragals (2) Femur (1) Other (36) EARLY WARE(35) PG-LG (35): 1 krater, wall frag.; 1 rim, trefoil oinochoe; 1 foot, ray-basedkotyle, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 162 (last quarter 7th century); 9 rims, cup/ skyphos; 1 frag. wall, SOS amphora; 1 base LG
plate, cf. AgoraVIII, no. 118 (later 8th century); 1 rim, decorated amphora (LG);1 wall frag.,concentric circles; 1 wall frags., zigzag; 17 banded wall frags.; 1 handle, miniature cup ARCHAIC WARE(98)
BF (13): 1 wall frag., amphora; 1 rim, Type C cup with concave rim, ivy leaf design; 1 rim and 1 wall frag.,Little Master cup; 2 other wall frags., cups; 1 wall frag., closed shape, 2 wall frags., open shape; lekythos (3): 1 shoulder; 2 lower wall frags.; oinochoe (1): handle, palmette at base Loutrophoros-hydria(1): U-shaped handle with barred decoration, in shape similar to Agora XXIII, no. 375 (3rd quarter 6th century) Column krater (3): 2 rims; 1 frag. neck and shoulder with tongue design Cup, Type C, palmette (1) 1, whole profile, 8joining pieces, palmette around outer rim, profile cf. AgoraXII, nos. 415-417 (ca. 525-500) Other BF (5): frags. BG: Pelike (1): base, cf. AgoraXII, no. 15 (ca.500) Oinochoe (7): 1 rim, trefoil;5 wall frags.; 1 handle Oinochoe, banded round-mouth (6): wall frags. Oinochoe, chous, shape 3 (5): 1 upper shoulder frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 107 (ca. 500); 2 other rims; 1 wall frag.; 1 wall and shoulder,6joining pieces, cf. AgoraXII, no. 109 (ca.500) Oinochoe (1): base and lower wall, cf. AgoraXII, no. 93 (550-500) Oinochoe, unglazed (1): small, unglazed, handle and part of rim Olpe, trefoil(1): base and lowerwall, cf.AgoraXII, no. 243 (550-525) Olpe, banded (1): base and lower wall, cf. AgoraXII, no. 255 (ca.500) Skyphos, Corinthian type (8): 1 base, 5 handles, 2 rims
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS Skyphos, Subgeometric survival (2): 2 bases, cf. AgoraXII, no. 369 (525-500) Cup, Type C (5): 1 foot, cf. SGW:fig. 4 (Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, no. 95.33); 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 415 (ca. 525-500); 1 stem, cf. SGW.6 (520-510); 1 foot, Type C, concave lip, cf. AgoraXII, no. 398 (ca. 525), 1 rim, Type C with concave lip and offset rim on interior, cf. SGW.10 (no date), 11 (ca.520510) Cup (3): base [Akrocup] 2 other handles Other cup, BG (12): 4 handles, 3 wall, 4 rim, 1 base frag. Stemless cup (3): 2 rims, cf. AgoraXII, no. 446 (500-480); 1 base and lower wall, cf. AgoraXII, no. 453 (ca.480) Stemmed dish (2): bases, cf. AgoraXII, nos. 966 (ca. 525), 969 (ca.500) Plate (1): base frag., decorated interior Lekythos, black-bodied (2): 1 foot, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1115 (ca. 500); 2 joining frags., lower wall and foot, cf.AgoraXII, nos. 1115, 1116 (ca.500) Lekanis, lidless (1): flat rim frag., cf. AgoraXII, no. 1206 (early 6th century) 59. Well U 19:5
179
Lekanis, lidded (3): 1 rim; I rim frag., flange for lid; 4 joining lid frags., cf. AgoraXII, no. 1232 (500-480) Thymiaterion (2): 1 fenestrated lid with banded design, somewhat like AgoraXII, no. 1346 (ca.500); 1 BG lid Other BG (8): wall frags. HOUSEHOLD(24)
Storage amphora (1) rim, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1496 (context ca. 520-480) Transportamphora (8): 3 toes, 2 rims, 3 handles Pithos, coarseware (1): frag. near rim with incised wavy pattern Pithos, large (2): rim; wall, with incised patterns Jug, trefoil (1): rim and handle, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1641 (context ca. 520-480) Lekane (3): 2 bases, 1 very large (Diam. 0.257 m.), profilecf. AgoraXII, no. 1784 (520-490); 1 handle Cooking ware (1): rim and shoulder, cf. AgoraXII, no. 1594 (context ca. 520-490) Lopas (1): rim with inner flange, upturned handle Eschara (1): base, pierced with 8 holes Other coarseware (5): wall frag.; 2 handles, unglazed; 2 wall frags.
(lot EA 54)
Earlierwell northwest of well U 19:2 and cut by it; unexcavated;sherds and hydria gathered from party wall. Date:Late Geometric period 1 inventoried item, 26 sherds Totalassemblage: ITEM INVENTORIED
P 26727: LG hydria, built into lining of well EARLYWARE
Gray Minyan (1): looped vertical handle 60-68.
LG (25): amphora, 7 pieces (fromsame); 1 shoulder, banded amphora; 1 wall and foot, lekane with banded exterior, overfired; 1 banded body frag.; 14 coarsewarebody frags.; 1 mottledblackglazed
South of sanctuary: Circular Building
Plan 3
These layers, described in notebooks of 1936-1939, help provide the date of the construction of the Circular Building on the steep slope to the south of the Stoa. The Circular Building seems to have had two phases, first in the 2nd century B.C.and then in the 2nd century A.C.The evidence for the rebuildingis presented in CPD 69-76. (Some lots of pottery were lost because of vicissitudesduring WorldWar II, as noted in the text above, p. 82, note 24.) 60. Circular Buirlding, east Fill from a cut across the east line of the wall of the Circular Building, layer 2 (layer 1 not kept). Date:mixed fill, to end 1st or beginning 2nd century A.C. 1 inventoried item, 2 objects, 56 sherds Totalassemblage: ITEM INVENTORIED
SS 11182, SAH, Knidian OBJECTS
Revetment, frag. white marble (1) Lamp (1): frag. top, Alpha Gobule type EARLIERWARE (20)
Gray Minyan (1): wall frag.
Mycenaean ware (2): 2 decorated wall frags. PG-LG (10): 1verticalhandle, decorated;5 banded body frags.; 1 base, cup/skyphos; 1 decorated wall frag.; 1 wall frag., thin yellow importedware; 1 handle, deep bowl BG (8): 6 wall frags., open shape; 1 wall frag.,closed shape; 1 thick frag., large closed shape
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
180
Ovoid amphora (1): toe Largejug(2): 2joiningpieces, bottom (into 2nd century A.C.);1 other base Cooking ware (4): 1 base; 3 wall frags. Mottled red/brown-glazed ware (11): 7 wall frags., open shape; 4 wall frags., closed shape Other coarsewareand plainware (12): 1 rim lekane; 1 rim ridgedbowl; 2 smallbases;jug, 2 rims;plain plate, 1 rim; I handle; 4 other wall frags.
ANDROMANWARE(5) HETJ.T.NISTIC
West Slope Ware (3): shoulder frag., oinochoe, concentric rectangles;2 other frags., nondescript Plate, glazed (1): rim, cf. AgoraV, no. H.4 (Ist half 2nd century A.C.)
Qanderl Ware (Eastern Sigillata C) (1): wall frag., Form 3 (end 1st-early 2nd century),profilesomewhat like Hayes, LRP, fig. 63:b HOUSEHOLD (31) Pithos (1): wall frag. 61. Circular Building, east
Plan 3
(lot II 82)
Fill from a cut across the east line of the wall of the CircularBuilding, layer 3, a soft fill over the line of the wall. Date:Hellenistic period Totalassemblage: 1 object, 35 sherds HOUSEHOLD (27)
OBJECT Limestone chip (1)
Tile (2): chunks Large tub (1): rim Cooking ware (2): 1 wall frag., thick; 1 wall frag., thin Mottled red/brown-glazed ware (2): 1 wall frag., closed shape; 1 wall frag., open shape Other coarseware(20): 1 base, 1 rim, plain; 1 upper wall; 17 wall frags., nondescript
EARLIERWARE(1)
LG (1): 1 base, banded saucer CLASSICAL/HELLENISTIC WARE(7)
BG (6): 1 wall frag., small oinochoe (Hellenistic); 1 wall frag., plate; 1 other wall frag.; 1 wall frag., closed shape; 2 wall frags., open shape Plain saucer (1): rim frag. 62. Circular Building, east
(lot II 83)
Fill from a cut across the east line of the wall of the CircularBuilding, layer 4a, soft patch against the cutting for the wall. Date:early to mid 2nd century B.C. Totalassemblage: 15 sherds EARLIER WARE(2) LG (2): banded wall frags. HELLENISTIC WARE(11)
Plemochoe (3): 1 base, 2 wall frags., "cooking"type Jug, brownish glaze (1): base Molded object (1): ribbed design Molded bowl (1): 2 joining frags., with palmettes and erotes, somewhat like AgoraXXII, no. 97 (ca.225-175 B.C.) 63. Circular Building, east
Plate (1): base frag., Hellenistic Other BG (4): 2 wall frags., closed shape; 2 wall frags., open shape HOUSEHOLD (2) Large tub/pithos (1): 1 rim Coarseware (1): frag.
(lot II, envelope in lot 83)
Fill from a cut across the east line of the wall of the CircularBuilding, layer 5, fill above bedrock. Date: Classical period Totalassemblage: 9 sherds EARLY WARE(2) Mycenaean (1): 1 decorated wall frag. (LH IIIC) Corinthian import (1): 1 decorated wall frag., closed shape CLASSICAL WARE(2) RF (1): 1 wall frag., closed shape BG Krater (1): rim frag.
HOUSEHOLD (5) Cooking ware (1): 1 wall frag. Mottled red/brown-glazed ware (1): 1 wall frag., closed shape Other coarseware(3): 2 nondescript, I nondescript early wall frag.
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS 64. Circular Building, east
181
(lot II 84)
Fill in a cut across the east line of the wall of the Circular Building, further north, west of well U 22:2, said to be equivalent to layers 2-4. Date:primarily 4th century B.C.,into Hellenistic period 71 sherds Totalassemblage: EARLYWARE(25)
Gray Minyan (1): 1 wall frag., ribbed Mycenaean (1): base, small cup/skyphos Coarseware vessel (1): with inset neck, uncertain; 2 joining pieces EG (4): 2 handles, deep bowl; 1 neck frag., large oinochoe, decorated; 1 rim, cup/skyphos MG-LG (13): 7 banded wall frags.; 1 wall frag. with smallconcentric circles; 1 decoratedhandle; 1 rim, deep bowl; 1 base, cup/skyphos; 1 frag., large open vessel; 1 other wall frag., glazed, with plain flat base LG (3): 1 shoulder frag., large krater,with meander pattern; 1 frag., pale yellow import (Argive?); 1 neck frag., amphora PA (2): decorated wall frags. CLASSICAL/HELLENISTIC
WARE (17)
Smalljug, thin and brittle (1): rim frag. Corinthian-type skyphos (1): base, red-banded Saucer (1): 1 rim, outturned with grooves Plemochoe (4): 1 handle, 1 rim, 2 wall frags. with pierced flanges BG (9): 4 wall frags., closed shape; 4 wall frags., open shape; 1 handle HOUSEHOLD (29) Pithos (2): wall frags. Storage amphora (2): large pieces of wall Cooking ware (5): 1 base; 2 rims; 2 wall frags. Lekane (3): 3 joining pieces, wall of same; 1 other base; 1 handle Mottled ware (4): 3 wall frags., closed shape, 1 wall frag., open shape Plain and coarseware (13): 3 rims, 3 wall frags., 1 handle, 6 coarse nondescript frags.
Oinochoe, trefoil lip (1): rim frag. 65. Circular Blulding, east
(lot II 85)
Within the line of the east wall of the CircularBuilding,furthernorth, west of well U 22:2; this layer cuts through the fill from the second period of cuttings for the wall. Date:late 3rd-4th century A.C. Totalassemblage: 1 object, 29 sherds OBJECT
Lamp (1): handle, grooved and angular, cf. Agora VII, no. 921 (late 3rd-early 4th century A.C.) EARLIERWARE(LG-Hellenistic) (10)
LG (1): banded wall frag. Lagynos (2): 1 wall frag., 1 shoulder frag. (Hellenistic) Molded bowl (2): 2 wall frags., long-petaled bowl (145-100) Fusiform unguentarium (2): 1 rim, 1 wall frag. BG (2): 1 plate frag., with rouletting; 1 wall frag., open shape Plate (1): 1 rim, somewhat like E.1, 2CHP, fig. 116 (ca. 110) ROMAN WARE(3) Eastern Sigillata (1): wall frag., plate 66. Circular Building, east
Bowl (1): 1 rim frag.(late 3rd-early 4th centuryA.C.) Red ware bowl (1): rim (late 3rd-early 4th centuryA.C.)(deep verticalside bowl with wall moldings) HOUSEHOLD (16)
Ribbed amphora (1): wall frag. Amphora (4): 2 handle, 2 wall frags. Ridged coarse jar (1): wall frag. Small jug (1): 1 base frag., plain Deep bowls (2): 2 rim frags., plain Casserole (1): rim frag. Situla (1): handle, coarse household type, perhaps with plastic mask, now missing;cf. AgoraV, no. G 102 (1st century B.c.-lst century A.C.) Cooking ware (1): rim Other coarseware (4): 3 wall frags.; 1 plain handle
(lot II 86)
Packing into which the wall of the Circular Building was set, on the east side. Date:Hellenistic period; one sherd possibly Roman Totalassemblage: 2 objects, 51 sherds
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
182
OBJECTS Stucco in envelope from drum in CircularBuilding Lamp (1): small frag. base WARE(8) FINER Oinochoe (2): 1 bottom frag., small and plain; 1 shoulder frag. Other BG (5): 3 worn frags., open shape; 1 rim, plate; 1 wall frag., closed shape Fusiform unguentarium (1): wall frag. 67. Circular Bulilding, south side
HOUSEHOLD (43) Tile (1): frag. Amphora (2): handles Coarseware (37): 6 thick wall frags.; 31 thin wall frags. Cooking ware (2): wall frags. Possible Roman piece (1): wall frag., much worn, possibly ribbed
(lot II 87)
Fill from behind the east end of the preservedwall of the CircularBuilding, from the top of the second course to the top of lowest. Same fill as preceding, Late Hellenistic period. Date: 2nd century B.C.
116 sherds Totalassemblage: FINER WARE(14) Thin-walled, plain (2): wall frags. Brownish glazed, open shape (4): wall frags. Small bowl (2): 1 outturned rim, 1 wall frag. Black metallic glazed (1): 1 wall frag., open shape Fusiform unguentarium (3): 1 base, 2 wall frags. Molded bowl (2): 1 wall frag., imbricate bowl, fronds, spiral, cf. AgoraXXII, no. 31 (ca. 225175); 1 wall frag, long-petaled bowl, cf. Agora XXII, nos. 321, 329 (ca. 145-100) HOUSEHOLD(102)
Jug (1): flat-bottomed jug, base and lower wall; 1 wall frag. of same Cooking ware (21): 1 rim, lopas; 1 rim, chytra; 3 other rims; 1 handle, jug; 14 other wall frags., 1 base Plain (63): 2 bases, jugs; 2 rims, jars; 1 rim, deep bowl; 58 other wall frags. Mottled red/black-glazed ware (4): 3 wall frags., open shape; 1 wall frag, closed shape Coarseware (7): 7 wall frags., thick-walledcoarse Tile (1): frag.
Amphora (5): 4 handles, 1 toe 68. Circular Buril4ing, northeast
(lot II 39)
Fill on leveled bedrock for the wall of the CircularBuilding but no bedding. Date: 2nd century B.C.
Totalassemblage: 2 objects, 85 sherds OBJECTS
Lamp (2): 1 nozzle; 1 base frag. EARLIER WARE(21) BG (21): 1 wall frag.,with stamped palmette; 2 wall frags. small bowl, ground-up; 2 base frags., small bowl; 2 frags. rims; 14 wall frags. FINEWARE(7) Molded bowl (2): 1 wall frag., pinecone bowl, cf. AgoraXXII, no. 8 (ca.225-200); 1 wall frag.,with groove Plate (1): rim frag. Small bowl (3): rims 69-76.
South of sanctuary: Circular Building
Unguentarium (1): 1 wall frag., thin, gray and brittle HOUSEHOLD(57)
Jug (1): base, plain Cooking ware (12): 8 wall frags.; 1 rim; 1 strap handle; lopas: 2 differentrims, with handle Lekane (1): rim, cf. 2CHPA.77; 1 other rim; 1 base frag. Other plain ware (38): 1 rim, 1 handle; 7 thick wall frags.;29 nondescript Other coarseware (5): 5 thick coarse wall frags.
Plan 2
These layers help establish the rebuilding of the CircularBuilding in the 2nd century A.C. 69. Circular B,ildingg, northwest
(lot II 37)
Sandy fill, and dug bedrock, in bedding trench for wall.
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
183
Date: lst-2nd century A.C. 2 objects, 31 sherds Totalassemblage: HOUSEHOLD(27)
OBJECTS
Loomweight, conical (1) Lamp (1): nozzle frag. (EarlyRoman) FINEWARE(4) Sigillata B (1): flat-bottomed open shape Roman mug handle (1): lst-2nd century A.C. Gray thin brittle fabric (1): wall frag. BG (1): wall frag., closed shape 70. Circular Buliding, northwest
Knidian amphora toe (1): Hellenistic-Roman Coarseware (26): 1 base, small bowl; 2 rims, jug; 1 handle stump, amphora; 5 thick wall frags.; 14 other coarse and plain, nondescript from envelope (dug bedrock): 1 coarse handle, 1 small plain base, 1 wall frag.
(lot II 38)
Fill in the line of the trench for the wall of the Circular Building, furtherwest, with intrusions of the Byzantine period. Date: 2nd-3rd century A.C.,with intrusions Totalassemblage: 32 sherds, plus at least 6 intrusivesherds EARLY WARE (2)
HOUSEHOLD(26)
Mycenaean (1): LH IIIB kylix stem BG (1): rim, Hellenistic saucer HELLENISTIC-ROMAN WARE(4)
Large coarseware flat-bottomed vessel (1): bottom frag. Ridged amphora (1): wall frag. (2nd-3rd century A.C.)
Red ware, local imitation (2): wall frags.
71. Circular Building, northwest arc
Amphora (1): handle Smalljug (1): base frag. Cooking ware (1): wall frag. Red wash (1): 1 wall frag. Other coarseware (22): 1 handle, 1 rim frag.; coarsewareplate, 1 wall frag.; 19 wall frags. WARE(6) BYZANTINE Chafing dish, brown glazed (1): rim Coarseware (5): wall frags., mediaeval
(lot II 78)
Firm green fill below a burnt fill and over a soft pit. Date:late Ist-early 2nd century A.C.but consistently into 2nd half I inventoried item, 2 objects, 68 sherds;in two subsidiaryfills (A and B below): 2 objects, 13 sherds Totalassemblage: INVENTORIEDITEM
P 31941, thin walled beaker (cf. AgoraV, no. M.3) T 1648, terracotta mask fragment P 12296, shoulder and neck of storage amphora, with graffito L 3333, base of lamp OBJECTS
White marble chip (1) Lamp (1): side, red and white, cf. AgoraVII, no. 176 (2nd half 1st century-2nd century A.C.) FINEWARE(1) Other (1): 1 wall frag., finer ware
HOUSEHOLD(67)
Western amphora (1): 1 piece wall; handle stump; 2 other wall frags. Storage amphora (1): 1 rim, cf. AgoraV, no. M.54 (late 1st, lst/2nd century A.C.) Amphora (4): 3 handles; 1 neck Heavy stand (1): bottom frag. Jug (5): 3 rims, 2 handles Cooking pot (22): 1 rim; 18 wall frags.; 2 handles; 1 base frag. Other (33): 5 heavy wall frags.; 1 plain base; 3 handles; 24 nondescript wall frags.
A. Envelope A in lot 78: 1 object, 4 sherds Beside northwest arc of CircularBuilding, layer with burning (late 1st to 2nd A.C.). Alpha Globule lamp (1): handle Red ware (1): wall frag., local ware
Jug(l): rim Other coarseware (2): wall frags.
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS
184
B. Envelope B in lot 78: 1 object, 9 sherds Gravel fill in gully (ca.A.D.150). Coarsewarejug (1): wall frag. Saucer (1): rim, Hellenistic Other coarseware (4): frags., nondescript
Stucco, red (3): bits Red ware (1): frag. Deep bowl (1): rim Samian white (1): wall frag. (lot II 35)
72. Circular Building, southeast arc
Green sandy fill beside the wall of the CircularBuilding. Date: 2nd-3rd century A.C.,undefinable 1 object, 110 sherds Totalassemblage: OBJECTS
Stucco (2): 2 frags. EARLIERWARE(7)
BG (1): wall frag., open shape Hellenistic wares (2): 1 rim, beaker; 1 wall frag., molded bowl, grooved Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (2): 1 wall frag., closed shape; 1 wall frag., open shape Plemochoe (2): 1 bottom frag.,pierced base; 1 foot HOUSEHOLD (103)
Ribbed amphora (2): wall frags. (2nd-3rd century A.C.) Pithos (2): 2 wall frags. Waterjar (2): 1 base, 1 rim frag. Saucer (3): 2 bases, small and plain; 1 rim frag. Jug (2): rims, small plain jug Tile (1): frag. Other coarseware (81): 6 handles; 2 bases, 2 rim frags., deep bowl; I neck frag., large jar; 3 cooking-ware frags.;67 other wall frags.
Amphora (10): 1 rim and angular handle; 5 other handles; 1 other rim; 3 wall frags.(Romanperiod) 73. Circular Building, west
(lot II 36)
Broken bedrock fill in an irregular trench in bedrock, probably the trench for the wall on the west side of the building. Date:end 1st-beginning 2nd century A.C. Totalassemblage: 3 objects, 30 sherds HOUSEHOLD (24)
OBJECTS(6)
Bronze tack (1) Stucco (4): pieces Lamp (1): frag. FINEWARE(24) Oinochoe (2): 1 straphandle; 1 double straphandle Plate (1): rim, Hellenistic Plemochoe (1): bottom and lower wall frag. BG (1): 1 other handle Plain twisted handle (1) 74. Circular Building, southwest
North Africanamphora (1): side with handle stump Other amphoras (5): 3 handles; 2 wall frags. Coarseware vessel with flared base (1): part of bottom and base Small coarsewarejug (1): base Cooking pot (1): rim (lst-2nd century A.C.,cf. AgoraV, no. F80) Coarseware (15): 3 handles; 2 plain bases; 1 rim, jug; 1 rim, plate; 2 other handles; 6 wall frags.
(lot EA 82)
Loose dug bedrock, fill over southwest part of robbed foundations, to west of preservedwall. Date: 2nd-3rd century A.C.,not precisely datable Totalassemblage: 3 objects, 26 sherds OBJECTS
Lamps (3): 1 base, Alpha Globule lamp, cf. AgoraVII, no. 418 (mid 1stcenturyA.C.);1 base frag.; 1 nozzle frag., cf. AgoraVII, no. 427 (2nd half 1st century-early 2nd century A.C.)
WARE(4) FINER Unguentarium (1): 1 wall frag., cf. AgoraV, no. F49 (1st century) Gray-brittleware (1): neck frag.,jug Pergamene (anderll ware (1): rim (2nd half 2nd-early 3rd century A.C.)
CONTEXT POTTERY DESCRIPTIONS Jar with narrow neck (1): rim frag. Twisted plain handle (1) Deep bowl (1): foot frag., with cable design Cooking ware (2): 1 rim, 1 foot Other coarseware (9): wall frags., nondescript
Plemochoe (1): base frag., soft red fabric HOUSEHOLD (22)
Amphora (4): 2 wall frags., 2 handles Large coarsewarejar (1): grooved rim Small jug (3): 2 bases, 1 rim 75. Circular Buflding, southwest
185
(lot EA 83)
Packing in the bottom of the foundation trench in the southwest part of the foundations, where blocks had been removed. Date: 2nd-early 3rd century A.C. Totalassemblage: 52 sherds FINER WARE(2) Samian A ware (1): wall frag. BG (1): rim, krater,ground-up
Cooking ware (2): 1 rim, 1 wall frag. (Hayes: 2ndearly 3rd century A.C.)
HOUSEHOLD (50)
Pithos (1): grooved rim Amphora (4): wall frags., wheel-ridged (2nd3rd century A.C.)
Micaceous jar (1): wall frag. 76. Circular Building, central
Lekane (1): rim, ground-up Mottled black/brown-glazed ware (1): foot frag., ground-up Other (39): 3 handles, 36 assorted wall frags., nondescript Tile (1): frag.
(lot EA 84)
Fill from cleaning the floor inside the Circular Building. Date:mid Ist-early 2nd century A.C. Totalassemblage: 1 object, 22 sherds OBJECT
Lamp (1): bottom frag.,Alpha Globule lamp, worn, somewhat like AgoraVII, no. 426 (2nd half 1st century-early 2nd century A.C.) FINERWARE(5)
Fusiform unguentarium (2): feet (Hellenistic period) Italian Sigillata (1): frag. of plate (1st century A.C.) Mug (1): base frag., cf. AgoraV, no. J34 (early 3rd century A.C.)
Other (1): ground-up handle (Hellenistic) HOUSEHOLD (17)
Amphora (4): 2 ribbed wall frags. (2nd-3rd century A.C.) (undefined); 1 handle strap, Campanian (1st century A.C.); 1 handle frag., angular
Jug (2): 1 rim, I small base Mottled black wash (1): wall frag. Other coarseware (10): 1 base, flat-bottomedjar; 3 rims; 6 wall frags.
CATALOGUE I: INSCRIPTIONS I. Inscriptionsfound in the Agora Excavations,relevant to the Eleusinian cult A. Dedications 1-24 B. Decrees 25-38 C. Sacred Laws 39-43 D. Inventories and Accounts 44, 45 E. Confiscated Property 46-57 E Boundary Stones 58, 59 G. Related Cult Spots 60, 61 H. Other 62-66 II. Inscriptions found in earlier investigations,from the Eleusinion and nearby, relevant to the Eleusinian cult 67-80 The texts of most inscriptionsare provided here, but lengthy texts readily available in IG or other recent publications have been omitted. I. INSCRIPTIONS FOUND IN THE AGORA EXCAVATIONS A. DEDICATIONS 1
IG I3 953 (15484)
P1.27
Rectangular base of Pentelic marble, with cutting for upright piece, inscribed with dedication to Demeter by Lysistrate, priestess of Demeter and Kore; mentions entrance porch. Found on June 2, 1938, in west face of Post-Herulian Wall, south of Eleusinion (T 21). Ca. 450 B.C.
[A]pp5etoTeXeTrqnxp6toXoqaJ;, T6ixvLtAi1ot, xal 0uyatrp6bqpo0epo x6atov &ycXica 6r68e kaoTvaevoeyp&vo Aualarp&tyl,od itapc6vTov (pEtLCxat&XX 0oedt &(poovoqi5 SVva4Lv.
Ed. W. K. Pritchett (1940, no. 18, pp. 97-101, photograph p. 97); SEG X 321; discussed: AgoraXI, pp. 121-122; Clinton, SacredOfficials,no. 1, p. 69; noted: Shear 1939, p. 207; AgoraIII, no. 226, p. 82. 2
I 4393 + 13910 Three joining fragments of a statue base of bluish Pentelic marble, with dedication to Demeter and Kore. a) I 4393: i) + ii) foundJanuary 15, 1937, in wall of modern house over southern part of Eleusinion (T 19-20). b) I 3910: found April 1, 1936, in Byzantine context (R-S 17). Before mid 4th century B.C. 6 ] luoo[- c
' p[W..]
Mapa0xo[vLog] Atg)l[rpL]
5
xal K[6p)L].
Ed. B. D. Meritt (1957a, no. 26, p. 80, pl. 15 [ 4393 only]; 1967, no. 22, p. 94, pl. 26 [I 3910 added]); SEGXVI 171; SEG XXIV 222; noted: AgoraIII, p. 83.
INSCRIPTIONS
188 3
15802 P1.27 Part of a base of Pentelic marble for a portrait-statue,with dedication by priestess of Demeter. Found May 5, 1939, west of Post-Herulian Wall, southwest of Eleusinion (R 21). Before mid 4th century B.C. t?pcea Ajti.nT[po- ---] 'Entyivos .irrT4p'AXap.y[tE &vtO9xev]' [--- -]o 'ApLaoetbo&n[olracv].
Ed. B. D. Meritt (1957a, no. 25, pp. 79-80); SEGXVI 160; noted: AgoraIII, p. 83; Clinton, SacredOfficials, no. 3, p. 70. 4
I 4374
Block of Pentelic marble with dedication, Demeter and Kore not explicitly mentioned. FoundDecember 30, 1936, in modern house walls south of Eleusinion (T-U 20-21). 4th century B.C. MiXtlta SlV(Ao[voq] [&v]ie9lxev. vacat Ed. B. D. Meritt (1960a, no. 85, p. 57, pl. 16); SEGXIX 220. 5
I 4456 Fragment of Pentelic marble, with dedication to Demeter and Kore by generals and others. FoundJanuary 26, 1937, in modern context south of Stoa ofAttalos (P 12). 4th century B.C. x aLot [pa tYol -------] xal [AjiT.rp]t. Kpn[i------------x a v] [&] y i [9 [ot -----]t
Ed. B. D. Meritt (1960a, no. 45, p. 37, pl. 10);SEGXIX 188. 6
I6896 Part of statue base of Hymettian marble, dedicated to the Two Goddesses. Found May 20, 1959, in modern house on southwestern part of Eleusinion (U 20). 4th century B.C. ?otv O[eotv]
--PL.Xox&po[Uv Ed. B. D. Meritt (1963, no. 59, p. 45, pl. 13);SEG XXI 782; noted: Thompson 1960, p. 338. 7
1 4165
Facing-blockfor statue base of Pentelic marble, with dedication by Kleokrateia to Demeter and Kore of portraitstatues, and signed by Praxiteles. Found on May 21, 1936, in Early Roman wall on road leading northwest from the Agora square, at the north foot of Kolonos Agoraios, with smaller fragments from a nearby drain added (E 3). Possiblynot from Eleusinion, but from sanctuaryof Demeter noted by Pausanias(1.2.4). Ca. mid 4th century B.C. [A]t.[rjt]p xal K6pet [Eto]u[Bla<]
KXetoxprLeta
[--------]
5
nouexo
10
['AcpL]8[vatog]. vacat [-]vacatIIp[L]X[f vacat
oeV].
Te0paalou Ouy&Tr)p EnouSolo yuvr. Hpa4rSiXysiJotyaev.
189
DEDICATIONS
Ed. B. D. Meritt (1957b, no. 50, pp. 200-203, pl. 50); SEG XVII 83; noted: Shear 1937, pp. 339-342; Shear 1936, pp. 406-407; AgoraIII, p. 85; AgoraXIV, pp. 154-155; AgoraGuide,1990, p. 193. 1 6662
8
Fragment of a monument base of Pentelic marble, probably a dedication to Demeter and Kore. Similar to the dedication of the taxiarchs, 9. Found April 5, 1954, in gravel fill of the Panathenaic Way east of the Middle Stoa (Q 13). Mid 4th century B.C. ['Epex09l8o?]
----
]
[
[------] 5
[IIav8lov(l8o]
'Axa[tavTli8og]
A3[------]
[------
]
[----
[---]owvto
Ebp[------]
[-----
]
[------]
[.-----]8.t
[--------
[Ae vtBo<]
[Atyr)tboS
[ ] [------] [ ]---]
[Atavx8os]]
[KexpoiltBoS]
[-------
[---[----] [----
-----] [' Ioi,oov,wBo5]
[OtlvYL8oq]
] ]
[-[ ] [ --] [----] [ [] --]
[-------] [AvTLoX,(8oo]
[-] [? ..] [
]
Ed. B. D. Meritt (1963, no. 30, pp. 32-33, pl. 7); SEGXXI 669. 14659a + b
9
Two fragments from a tripod-base of Pentelic marble, with dedication to Demeter and Kore by taxiarchs. a) Found March 30, 1937, in wall of modern cellar, east of Post-HerulianWall (U 22). b) Found April 27, 1939, in Turkishwall, west of Post-HerulianWall (R 22). After mid 4th century B.C. v
xal K[6pnrt&v6Orlxov]' racLa[pXotol ti?----P- &pXovTogAkjiTrfpL] 'Epex07}?o? [IIav8sovl8o(] ['AxaVavxtl8os] [KexpoTiE8]o? -- ] [----[-AtXatso [-----]prl
nIac T
Altyitbo Ar)oWv 'EPXrLe
[--------]
[-------I
[--------]
[OtlV8oq]
[AeOtlvzto]
[-------]
[-----
[-----
[--------
]
['Ixxo0e(ovt8o]S
]
--------[---------
'Al[avst8o;]
A[-------] M[apaexvLoq] 'Av[stoxt8oq]
r[------At[yiXLe]
Ed. B. D. Meritt (1957b, no. 52, p. 206, pl. 52); SEGXVII 85; noted: AgoraIII, p. 225. 10
PI. 27 14568 Base of Pentelic marble for portrait-statue,signed by Praxiteles. Found March 6, 1937, in Byzantine wall south of Eleusinion, east of Post-HerulianWall (U 22). 350-325 B.C. [ A]Xpxtn:ivK[Xeo]Y?vou[S] [A]U;C)v6O< [9]uyaTEpa
1p NA[p]xtInxn 5
[K]oupaoy6pouAtSovox) &v9O[n]xev'
dtottoaev. IIHpacttrXs Ed. B. D. Meritt (1960, no. 46, pp. 37-38); SEG XVIII 85; noted: Shear 1938, pp. 329-330, photograph p. 330. 11
15407
Base of Pentelic marble for two portrait-statues,with dedication to Demeter and Kore; signed by Theoxenos of Thebes. Found April 29, 1938, in wall of Southwest Stoa, south side of Eleusinion (T 21).
INSCRIPTIONS
190 After mid 4th century
B.C.
(uonreq A7)lonteLO98ou
IIesttxp&TeLa 5
'Axapve6s
AiXtovo 'AXapVos;
Sq Axapveuq AltotceiLt87O(Tua)ro q xaol Ti 6y alrtpa t^u jnrtlpa AjrlrTxpL xal K6pet &v69rpxe
?e6levoq; orGatos :it67)aev Ed. B. D. Meritt (1957b, no. 51, pp. 203-206, pl. 51); SEG XVII 84; noted: Shear 1939, p. 207; AgoraIII, p. 83; AgoraXIV, pp. 153-154; AgoraGuide,1990, p. 194. 12
I5279 Epistyle block of Pentelic marble, with dedication to Demeter and Kore. Found March 2, 1938, in Post-Herulian Wall south of Eleusinion (T 22). End of 4th century
B.C.
A]yfirLT)p xal K6pTtL(v69,xge[v].
[----
Ed. B. D. Meritt (1957a, no. 27, pp. 80-81, pl. 16); SEGXVI 174; noted: Shear 1939, p. 207; AgoraIII, p. 83. 13 15213 Four fragments of base of Hymettian marble, with dedication to Demeter and Kore. I 5213 a): i) found February 12, 1938, in a modern house wall, between Eleusinion and Akropolis (T-U 23). + ii) found May 13, 1938, in the Post-HerulianWall north of Hypapanti Gate (T 21). I 5213 b): found May 19, 1938, in Post-HerulianWall, west of West Propylon, south of Eleusinion (T 21). + I 5213 c): found May 21, 1938, in Post-HerulianWall, west of West Propylon, south of Eleusinion (T 21). Ca. 300-250 B.C. [AT)Frtpt] xclt K6peL
[-[---[-------
- --]You
'AXaLt(o -----'A]X0aiLa lacuna -- Ye]v6Ji[e]voS
[-------------
]^E:
[------------1 Ed. B. D. Meritt (1957a, no. 28, pp. 81-82, pl. 17);SEGXVI 175; noted: AgoraIII, p. 83. 14
16140 Two fragmentsof small rectangularpillar of Hymettian marblewith series of inscribedwreathsarranged vertically. Privateinscriptioncommemorating honors for two Epimeletai of the Mysteries,probablyfather and son. One wreath lost between nonjoining fragments. First crown shows much sparser lettering than crown nos. 2 and 4, and could not contain as much data as editio princeps gives; crown no. 3 probablylikewise. [Previouslyconsidered an honorary decree, new interpretationfrom A. G. Woodhead,per.litt.] Same hand as 38 and 60. a) Found April 9, 1949, in Post-HerulianWall (O 9). b) FoundApril 14, 1949, in wall of 5th century A.C. east of PanathenaicWay,west of center of Stoa of Attalos (O 9). 196/5-169/8
B.C.
I
II
[P o,ouX5j] [6 5IAios] [--------]
[-------?-I
~fpouX5) 6 8ioos 10
III 15 [3 PouXt] [6 qtlo?]
-uaT7plgv i-1
[--------]
yev6 6Xr)T^v
[--------]
IV p3ouXr 6 .t~os 25
punptLW v i1l yev6 eXyr)vTv
191
DEDICATIONS 5
evov il Xaaevov
[----] [----
-
t vacat [ov]
(pL)XXouS; &PXOVToq
20
in Etvlxou &pXovTog
[-----] [----] [---]
Ed. B. D. Meritt (1957a, no. 30, pp. 82-83, pl. 15); SEG XVI 162; noted: AgoraIII, p. 84; Tracy, ALC,pp. 150, 156, note 10. 15 16605 Part of low base or plinth of Hymettian marble, with dedication, but probably not mentioning Demeter. Found April 17, 1953, in foundation of Byzantine wall west of Church of Holy Apostles (N 16). 2nd century B.C.(?) [A]rl7Tp[tO
-----
xn[67)aev] Ed. B. D. Meritt (1963, no. 67, p. 47, pl. 16); SEGXXI 793. I5299 + 15718 Four fragments of a rectangularbase of Pentelic marble, with dedication to the Two Goddesses. a) I 5299: found March 7, 1938, in wall of Church ofHypapanti (T 21). b) I 5718: found March 17, 1939, in Turkishfill, northwest of Church of Hypapanti (S 20). c) I 5299a: i) + ii): found March 7, 1938, in west and north walls of Church of Hypapanti (T 21). 2nd-lst century B.C.
16
[-----[----T6v
]---------------Eau]troi&8eXp6vratv Oeacv. vacat
Ed. B. D. Meritt (1957a, no. 32, pp. 88-89, pl. 17);SEGXVI 164; noted: AgoraIII, p. 83. 17
16909 P1.28 Small altar with incense bowl, of Pentelic marble,with dedication to Demeter and Kore, mentions priestess. Found May 27, 1959, in late fill under modern house in southeasternpart of Eleusinion (U 20). 2nd-lst century B.C. [Aiov]uCTla caxope6ou [a]a AT)pjptLxal K6p[)L] &VirOxev i[tl]
tepecta r[-]
5
ou.a[--
Ed. B. D. Meritt (1963, no. 48, pp. 42-43, pl. 12); SEG XXI 795; noted: Thompson 1960, p. 338; Clinton, Sacred Officials,p. 73; Tracy,ALC,p. 255. 14363 + 5715 +1 7304 Fragmentsof circular base of Pentelic marble for statue, dedicating hearth-initiate to Demeter and Kore. a) I 4363: found December 18, 1936, in modern house wall over southwesternpart of Eleusinion (S-T 20). b) I 5715: found March 15, 1939, in Turkishcontext west of PanathenaicWay, west of Eleusinion (S 20). c) I 7304: found May 14, 1971, in basement of modern house (S 14).
18
Ca. 115 B.C. xot --[-----Oeop]Xou 'AVXae[L O ov ouy[]rjp ?--------?--]a[------? t3v
----
vacat
.auh]Tvvacat
t une#]taav&Yp' vacat [Ouyaxrpa ta[]laoS[xcalxavT(cpoppacaa]av
INSCRIPTIONS
192
[t')v IIu6aclta -r&] 'AntXXcv[] -Thv[iv T)&
-cl ----]vacat
[&pXovTO?~vtauLT]LVA5j{[y]tp[LV xalv K6p1L &v6OT)xa]vvacat
5
vacat Ed. B. D. Meritt (1968, no. 29, p. 289, pl. 84 [I 4363 only]); Geagan 1983, no. 1, pp. 156-162, pl. 42; SEGXXXIII 197; discussed: AgoraI, pp. 54-61; Tracy,ALC,p. 252. 1 4360
19
Fragment of base of Pentelic marble, for a statue or herm, with dedication for Sophron, a hieronikes. Found on December 18, 1936, in modern house walls over southwesternpart of Eleusinion (S-T 20). Second half of 1st century B.C. [----].E
E6(ppov[a]
[---
T6]v tepovtxrlv vacat [-----1.
Ed. A. E. Raubitschek (1966, no. 4, p. 244, pl. 65); SEG XXIII 106. 15485 Rectangularbase of Pentelic marble, for herm of Epicureanphilosopher Phaidros,dedicated to the Two Goddesses by his pupil Appius Saufeius. FoundJune 1, 1938, in late wall beneath Church of Hypapanti (T 21). 20
1st century B.C.
['A7nnoqEo,qiLo 'A7]7clo[u] [ut6q alxSpovAuoL&]8ou [BepevL]x8)v v c6v auto0 [xa9OrY]p^volavOealv. Ed. A. E. Raubitschek (1949, no. 1, pp. 101-103, pl. 3); noted: AgoraIII, p. 83; AgoraXI, p. 127.
21
15450
Square base of Pentelic marble, for column or herm, with dedication of Demos honoring a hieronikes. a) I 5450: found May 20, 1938, in original fill of Post-HerulianWall, south of Eleusinion (T 21). b) I 4589: i) + ii) found March 9, 1937, in modern house wall south of Eleusinion, east of Panathenaic Way (T-U 22). Ca. 40 B.C.
6 8t.Lo4 [---
ca. 10----
)
E0up[SnV
[r6v le]povtxr)v&[per])qEvexac xatl &vSpeac. Ed. A. E. Raubitschek (1966, no. 3, pp. 243-244, pl. 65); SEGXXIII 105. 22 15323 Statue base of Hymettian marble, for agonothetes of Eleusinia. Found March 15, 1938, in apse floor of Church of Hypapanti (T 21). Late 1st century B.C.
/i pouX)xal 6 68foq [E6]v8po[LovKaXtxxpar8lou [ET]eLpLa &YdYvoO?eTOaavTa 'EXeua[LVI]
i&peTrESvexevxal [6E] [o]y &xT&vWSCov votac. Ed. W K. Pritchett (1942, no. 50, pp. 247-249, photograph p. 248); noted: Shear 1939, p. 207; AgoraIII, p. 84.
DECREES
193
1 562 23 Lower part of inscribed columnar base, dedicated to Demeter (and Koure Paphia); possibly for the Eleusinion. Found March 7, 1933, in a Late Roman context in the north part of the Libraryof Pantainos (R 13). Roman Imperial. A-rv xal Koupr)IIa-
qp)tr,el.eXT)l,ivov tpyov, Elvexev e6t? 'ypaczpv aep 'EptI6v).
5
On the flare of the drum: 'Epl L[6Vr) &v60rxev]. Ed.J. H. Oliver (1935, no. 25, pp. 61-63, photograph p. 61); noted: AgoraIII, pp. 50, 85. 15436 24 PI. 28 Statue of an eagle of Pentelic marble, on integral inscribed plinth with dedication to the Two Goddesses. Four fragments, found May 9, 1938, in Post-HerulianWall, north of Church of Hypapanti (T 21). 2nd or 3rd century
A.C.
O6Xtos;-'Eptooyv}s
xcratc 6eax;.
Ed. J. H. Oliver (1941b, no. 62, pp. 258-259, drawing p. 258); noted: Shear 1939, p. 208, photograph and fig. 6 p. 208; AgoraIII, p. 83.
B. DECREES IG I3 50 (AgoraXVI, no. 9) = I 3745 Two fragments of a large stele or block of Pentelic marble, with decree for building, possibly in the Eleusinion. a) Fragmentfound October 9, 1935, in wall of modern house south of Church of Holy Apostles (O 16). b) Fragmentfound March 13, 1935, in modern wall west of Odeion (K 10).
25
Ca. 434 B.C.
)eot.
5
10
"E8OXaEvXe[L poXet xal -TL 6tpoL ...8.... xputivEuE, .... . yp&Ypir uE], KaX0XaX c &v 6pLa0L xca] (?) Eti XauyypacaXS totiOv xa9O6TL Ipotvac6:e? [neasoT:e, I. upo0eL t6 ['EXeuatvLovhog &Xup6ca-rTa 5 hot itaT&Tcxa -Tc6 pyo ntcyeX^aoo]
(a)
v hog S&v i poX[ xplvet auvcttet&Xecr0at 8Ucta6roToxcalt6d; tJeXeT&?<xalt T6v &] 1 r _ _ _! -_------------------------------------PXt:TXTOVa[J aOaLhoov [----------------------------------------------------------------------] &YAL6b5 6[:6aov---LYPt[---oa[--
---------
----------------------------
--
-------------1
lacunanonminusquattuor versuum 15
pe
v
------
ov[----------------------
----------
(b)
rv hot[------------------------------------------------
vxept axO[ povrT 4[-------------------------------------
--] -------j --------
XaS caPa [-----
20
EXaep[--
-
xat[--------------
-----
---
----
--------------------
S xcad o[-------------------------------------
[.]ievo[--------------------------------------------------25
-----------------]
[.. .][------------------------------------[---------------------------------------------------
INSCRIPTIONS
194
Ed. B. D. Meritt (1945, no. 6, pp. 87-93, photographs of squeezes pp. 90, 91); IG I3 50; noted: AgoraIII, no. 220, p. 81; Duncan 1961, p. 187, pl. 31:c. 26 AgoraXVI, no. 48 = I 4384 + I 7259 Three fragments of pedimented stele of Pentelic marble, with decree concerning an infraction of the Sacred Truce of Eleusinian Demeter and Kore, and the mission of a keryx to the Aitolian League on the complaint. I 4384a: foundJanuary 17, 1937, in modern house over southern part ofEleusinion (T 19-20). + I 4384b: found April 26, 1937, in modern context in southwesternpart ofEleusinion (T 20). + I 7259: found April 2, 1971, in modern wall (Q21). 367/6 B.C.
e
(C)
5
[e] o t.
(a)
A r 6 (p Xoc; e p o K E a Xf X E6 Oev ypaoTD &Tx[e]ue. "E'oMevTT)L xal To[i] 8iVOL'OEv7lqs pOVXfL eOrpo KepaXBOe tputT&ve[u]E, A^V6qp9lXo; iTE Y&ypC.t.euev, (l[XL]7nco0ET)iaXtlnST ea'tTeL, [II]oXu6)iXog. [pX]e, KY9ao68oroSe AltoXov
[T]ou X[O]lVOU BEIatiW [a]S [a]7[o]v5a< Tf5 [V](OV TOI&V[U]aTTp6LTS n A)jA
[i?ev
10
?7e[L]8
xa -ci K6pnS Tob [n]Tpoosrs ['E]Xeuaotvl xct [] t7ayyeravraoS-Sq on7ov8as& E,tAoXntL 6v xal Knpxwov eU6xaol T[p]LXovef II Hp [6].aaxov xal 'Emty~vVvItap&a ToU v6ViouS T -TC po [o]UCxoL[v]o0S;TIoV'EXXTjvcv,XoOa6cL
15
i 'A0nvatov &in x/5puuxta [u]X)voa[l]Cxa &Xac
20
rvxrov6g['t]Li &i(x6.utevoq Tp6ST6 xoLv6v [to Al]T.C[X6v] .&[natlto6etTOG] &v.Scpacicpe .18 ...... 8LX]& ?LV [vaL] xal [ . .. [6]xosA av [.........22 .] . o[........... 1 AlXt
(b)
Ol
Etl To[..
.
. ............]
av ol &v T[. ........21.........
25
30
EuoX]
itcBa x[al Kfpvux .......17 .........6 as povX[ . ..] .......... ;aov[ 5...........] ou; ac,[ouo L(?) .......... ..........] i p6y68[ca T6v tcralav TOO?8.ou AAA spax] pat& x t[(OVxarXa t&cploti0aTa &vacaoxoViv] ov Tit [8bn1to. vacat(?) [vacat(?)]
Ed. E. Schweigert (1939, no. 3, pp. 5-12, photograph p. 6 [I 4384 only]); SEG XV 90; noted: AgoraIII, p. 84; I 7259 previously unpublished (text gives upper left of stele, confirms most restorations). AgoraXVI, no. 77 = I 4439 + I 6084 Right side of stele of Pentelic marble, with honorary decree of genos Kerykes, for Xenokles of Sphettos. Floral ornaments in pediment. I 4439: foundJanuary 29, 1937, among marbles from modern walls, southwesternpart ofEleusinion (S-T 20). + I 6804: found April 23, 1958, in PanathenaicWay,north of Eleusinion (T 18). Ca. 334-326 B.C. 27
(a)
[ .... ....e v] tEv 8 [86X0catKfpvu]tlv Tine:L
DECREES [= 2evoxnXl
5 (b)
195
E 5-]eEVLE8OS
[cprrtio &,vf]p,a[T]Lv&[y] [cx6o Tnept -"6]yv[oS] -T[ K] [kpuxov, ntot.]y [&el6][L &a] [v 8Gv7Tal&]ya96v,x(a)*[a] 01 [aTa9elq 8"]Tl TI B8o
10
15
20
[xQaei T:S 7]6Xeco?xaXo [5 xatl eoaep]rq itSpLae [v 'a eIt -6 t]epa&OoaaoC [r] [6 yrvoq 6c K])pO6xovxn[6] [p 'T TOo 8G?]]ou-oO 'AOlv [actovxaclbn],eproOy-v[o] [ Toi K7pux]cov, TncaLvt[a] [ai act6v xa]l Tocpavcoa [at XpuoLt aot]epavoL&n [6 XltCv 8p]aX4ov, xal e z [tvaot p6ao]8ov auO'tiL [p6S t6 y,vo or]6 KOpux[o] 12 ....] [v [v.1............]A[ ]^[
[---------Ed. B. D. Meritt (1941, no. 10, p. 42, photograph p. 42 [I 4439 only]; 1960a, no. 3, pp. 2-4, pl. 1); SEG XIX 119; noted: Meyer 1989, A108, p. 296. 28 AgoraXVI, no. 140 = I 6921 Part of stele of Pentelic marble, with end of decree; text states stele is to be set up in the Eleusinion (partly restored). FoundJune 12, 1959, in wall of revetted basin in southern part of Eleusinion (T 21). End of 4th century B.C. [------------------------------1
.. [.... !0.
, ,-v 8
v TCL'EXeuoV]vwL iv &
B0O [aTev ElES8U-T-V &vaypaphv TOv crrT]XMav 80 ou AAA 8PpaX]aq &x T [voat r6v :tatcOv toO TEOL 8i [ov xara TiapClaatla&vaXLaxotAvov]
5
[o
[?
............2..
t[.]
(:_-- --------------(?)]
Ed. B. D. Meritt (1963, no. 3, pp. 2-3, pl. 1);SEGXXI 344; noted: Thompson 1960, p. 338. 29 AgoraXVI, no. 123 = I 5228 Pedimented stele of Pentelic marble, with decree honoring taxiarchs for preservation of order in the sacred rites of Demeter; text (partly restored) states stele to be set up by (ip6b) the Eleusinion. Found February 14, 1938, in east face of Post-HerulianWall, south of Eleusinion (T 22). 302/1
B.C.
e o t. [o] &il 'Enl NtxoxXious &pXovToS t);s 'Axacav't?oq TeTc6pTrl<; ' :puTxavel IIXcoOeuq oaqfi Nixov EOeo86pou &yp 5
10
alxiaTeuev, IIuavoit&vos ExtELp.[e] T"elxd&8as,nitinteL xXalexoaoftL T dxxXrloatc'Tv Kpo[L] i xipuTravelasC' bpcov 7e?(jaypiev E60u8BxoS K(p[L] aoo8pou 'Avcayupaolo xal auu7np6 e8poL 98Oev TOL 8flUt)L'WvM4fvxv
INSCRIPTIONS
196 'AypLSvctoSetljiv 7ctE'
Mi5ovxoq
15
20
/ ol TacEapXotot itl NLxoxX6ouq xcxaq xxal(PXoxcL.osit &PXOVTOs eseX9)ji0acv
25
I'to
30
[laFara
vaXLCraxo,uvovT6c] 8VOL.
[ vacat ] Ed. W. K. Pritchett (1940, no. 20, pp. 104-1 11, photograph p. 106); noted: Shear 1939, p. 208; AgoraIII, no. 225, p. 82. 30 AgoraXVI, no. 206 = I 220 Two fragments of Hymettian marble, with decree in honor of board of Epimeletai. Decree is to be placed in the Eleusinion (pardy restored). Fragmentsfound April 18, 1932, in Great Drain in front of Metroon (I 9). Early 3rd century B.C.
[-..... [.]uwx[ [.]-ax[
?
............
[.]Lbo[ ..........
e[.[r.)a........ axpa[..............
10
.25...
] .] ]
?5.....]
.20 ............] ..........]
.... [ .]ION....... ....] [...... .......]r)?oT)t[ ........] ....... [..... ]o6 [ov . .5...] [.
..
15 ...... .
]l6a eoep[edaq E v]
[vexa tcq tipp64b Tro] OeoC4 xal [(piXoTL] -TV P3]ouXvxacl-[6v 8 vvU] [pEaSo x:fc;etc; 15
20
Exaoxov [ca6-covv] [,uov xal
[--------]
[---------------]-------Ed. B. D. Meritt (1934, no. 8, p. 7); Meritt 1946, no. 36, pp. 189-190 (reedited);noted: AgoraIII, p. 83.
197
DECREES
AgoraXVI, no. 220 = I 5791 Fragmentof stele of Hymettian marble with decree; text (restored)states stele is to be set in the Eleusinion. Found April 25, 1939, in marble pile, area south of Eleusinion (no grid). Between 261 and 229 B.C. 31
---- .
---&Y....
[1[
.
.
-dva]
8 T68e -6b 4 p(piao rtJ]6y[ypa:c.ara -6v xa]
[ypIac
cjrX]7) XtOflvriL x[cal atoiaaot v] etc 'EXeuavtcvLt tHL [xtL v] Oa[t]ev 8Ut-tV &va[YOypapv] [r< aotXvy)5.teptaat] r6v birl ret Btotx5a[eLt6 y] [ev6dcvov &v&Xiopa]. vacat0.10 m. t pouX5 [#)pouX5] i) pouX,5 6 8jos 6 b8fioS. [6 8fio
5
Ed. W. K. Pritchett (1946, no. 9, p. 149, photograph p. 149);noted: AgoraIII, no. 227, p. 82. AgoraXVI, no. 228 = I 4541 Fragment of stele of gray marble, with honorary decree; text (partly restored) states stele is to be set up in Eleusinion. Found February24, 1937, in modern context under AkropolisStreet, west of Post-HerulianWall (R 25).
32
Ca. 215 B.C.
[-- tIxaLv&ot ov]o e6[[a]ep[elac;vexaTxr S xp6qb] arr xal [1toC;Oeo?S (ptLXo]T-ylaq T[jq JtS
xxe&epov a]ojT,v 4[upptv7< aTcpyavLo]. [&ivacypIai8 Tr68] r6 ,([cpalotcaT6v ypa,ota] [-C6aT6v xa-cva PTpurav]eLav XLOLVV)L] i[V aGT5X)t
5
[xar atiao-tL7np6?TiL 'EXe]uaL[vlot ...
.! ....]
Ed. B. D. Meritt (1957a, no. 12, p. 57-58, pl. 12); SEG XVI 72 and XXXII 126; noted: AgoraIII, no. 223, p. 81; Tracy,ALC,pp. 48, 54 (same hand as 71). AgoraXVI, no. 239 = I 4260 + I 5322 Two nonjoining fragments of a stele of Hymettian marble, with a decree granting citizenship; text states stele is to be set up near (Tcp6;)the Eleusinion. Fragment a (I 4260) preserves part of left edge and face, otherwise broken all around. FoundJune 8, 1936, in a late fill (N 15). Fragment b (I 5322) preserves part of right edge and face, otherwise broken all around. Found March 14, 1938, in the east wall of Church of Hypapanti (T 21). Before end of 3rd century B.C. 33
-[-?? [[-
[ ---a. 5
(a) 10
--------
I--ca. 19 - ca. 19
19
---
-
]Ao[3 .]E[ca 4.] [3 5]. A[2] T[-
]O[.]
--
-
NHN[- -C9--]IAS[---
a. 25 25
. 18 -
--
]
-
-]
[xal atcpavoxaXL ExaTtj]o9vxacT [v pupplv]r) a[Ce]piv [-------] 19 xal 8 oS] u l [ a-ypY [a4]9a[ pu] ppaTp[Laj co xlxa] iEl XvLaelt Tb6tpuTavetzov [&v aoTol pAouovrwL xxan], 8"&v oiv 6 &elt xacl 8xCS [1(; a5pLovrToV[&v] 8i)os tiei]vrdvoq pavlvr)TamL toi; xtp6repov Xp6y[otS tvepyT9O]e[vctv e]IS a6czbvxaclTa(lg&aca exa&[a] etvaC eOlS] UlotZ [aodrCv tapc&]eroU85[ou xoX[t] [{a}]XeotL&iob88ou Xa[pLaOaq, xacl68ou x[alt] telav, xal etvat auT'co[LtS Y[p]&6aaOCatyuXPAf 8oxLLr(JELCa]L
(b)
INSCRIPTIONS
198
[v]cayp&6atbi t68e tr6 ((pLao[La] (ppacrp(lcz &vExa[caco
34
[-------------....----.---------------[.f.:.6..]oev[....].o[------
---------
]
] 6*]. ....][.---... .]X[....[-----------------[.. .].[ ---------] [..:.6. [. &y]Y[eX]Xo[]VOLSnt6 [---------------[uao]TLxote[poz? -------------] [...] .0lS [...C 9.. .]ov ao ------------] [6itoS v] [..] xal Teplticvtov [-----------TOir ~L [oiv] p&itlXXo[v (plXoTl4oulVOlo ------]
5
0
[..a . .]
8[------------------------
[-----------------------------------] Ed. B. D. Meritt (1947, no. 56, p. 160, pl. 29); noted: AgoraIII, p. 83; Tracy,ALC,p. 251. P1.28 AgoraXVI, no. 277 = I 5165 Pedimented stele of Hymettian marble, with decree in honor of Satyra, priestess of the Thesmophoroi, for repairs of temples in Eleusinion; mentions [temple] of Demeter and Kore; pictures of priestesses in the Temple of Demeter and Kore; text states stele is to be set up [by the Eleusinion] (restored). FoundJanuary24, 1938, in modern wall west of Panathenaic Way,west of Eleusinion (R 19). Early 2nd century B.C. 35
eaio(6 x]X;ou5 CEt :E) i) el teVta o 8biot'rv, Eaxupa, KpaOrou MeXTxOq Yuv[M], [pov tpOxexpLtvlrV 6b6b t'v] it&aaoT&?xa0)Xxouoaao [9ouaov 6nEp COv ntotjv xcaXo]SxcaleSa37epGcS & ot ot e xal TOU
5
a:.!8.......
ivILauvr6v, &ya0setT'uL 6866 [X&as etST'& Ouatao 'Ca&ytyLYVoIvM] xaO" TOVE[e]apjioy6pwv EaLTupa(v) Tro0ZMeXLTMOaL, t%Lv&aCl T'?)V t]pELMav [XOO9L
xal aTe]([a]y6aat acCT^vuppLvgLaTeyP9 [Kpartou MeXLrToxyuvcaxaO 10
15
V xaO 0s& l T6v ST68tov T6v [voL Ovolac; Evexa Xcl uEePEEaL T7q E;S T&a]S U xal 8oOvaLt tLvaxt, &]v&Oeasv esx6voq Ev aOlCt) [MeXskc ov, xaO&ite(p) tEpELcat;v T&t vact] Tl); A' xynTpoc xal Tf'; K6pr)[?]. [80oratc xalt &XXaXL; Vv atCXeLX[L] [&vaypiatC Ub T685 T6b (payoPa Tbv taltav] TUV8T)OTCOv TOL V T6 a xatl &iv6Xoi [9LvEL trOjaLT x7p6q U] 'EXeua:vLo) ]e[pE] etI WaOra [Caa ExT-CqxoLVfj; 8oixOyaje;].
Ed. 0. Broneer (1942, no. 51, pp. 265-274, photograph p. 266); discussed: Clinton 1996; noted: AgoraIII, no. 224, pp. 81-82; Tracy,ALC,p. 253.
199
DECREES
AgoraXVI, no. 284 = I 5761 Fragment of a stele of dark Hymettian marble, with honorary decree for Epimeletai of the Mysteries. Found April 6, 1939, west of Panathenaic Way,southwest of Eleusinion (S 21). 36
Early 2nd century
5
10
B.C.
&pXovTroinxtT-c IIToXei,al80to8ex&TvC] ['Eixl 'AX)Tstbos 8?i.ou (T)plaVtcaMouVLXL&VO; [i]pu[Tave1(acc &v8e] x&te[Lxacx&0e6v, 6y86et xatl 8ex&t'LTi5 rpUtavectO ' ix] xX)qta x[upt(la v trL Oe6.TpO,'T&OVTpoSptOv intep)tLCV It] Xoatoq;Aloy[uoo ..ov..?: 5. xal aouFp6E8pot 8oSev] t T .oL e pouX tt xa4L. ' ......:............c ] TsV MuarT)ptov otl it 'AXe] EiTcEVt&TCEL8[ol XTCLyeXToalt Tact outactac;iv tpeY.T&i) MuaTcj] tbo; &pXOVTOC; [Ouacrav xov xcal ov zot xcaOExouLt] plov Ttp6[;"AypacvMuorT)pptlov iv ....... .2. ........ Xp6votLS O"6&v&.Tp[tov xa] XCg xalt YpXoTlo.u(;'f0u[acav 56 xat t '-re ATnr)VtLptxat Tet K6] pet xal xot i &XXotL0eo[ts ot[ TC&tpLov hv' 7poO6u')qS8 &tacv] v Tra7texpiXota &p" 6YLe?[aOt xcal aor))plaXt tfS T'e ouXf]c] xal xat yvcv,=xv xal] yvaxo [xal] TOU8jiov ;toU 'AOOnvax(t[vxat
15
[tiv auV]xov,
xt&alit5vye[v
----------------
Ed. B. D. Meritt (1947, no. 61, p. 163, pl. 30); SEG XVI 92 and XXI 450a; Meritt 1960b, p. 417 (improvedtext); Stamires 1957, pp. 38-39; noted: AgoraIII, p. 84; Tracy,ALC,p. 103, 235.
AgoraXVI, no. 328 = I 4377 Fragmentof stele of Pentelic marble, with honorary decree, mentions initiates. The names of the honorands were inscribed within olive wreaths. Found December 18, 1936, in modern house wall over south part of Eleusinion (T-U 20). 37
2nd century B.C.
[ --.----.----
.._-----(p]
[vc]aac tExa4[--ov ca
v -----
---------------------[..]v TXeavo[v [...] ToO; &yAou &vpa . vaat [
5
------] vacat
]
(in coronaoleaginea) 'H pouvX 6 5fj0o4 OapaoT[av] ['Tnep6v1O[UqI1
'Anxe[paZov]. Ed. B. D. Meritt (1960, no. 26, p. 20, pl. 6); SEGXIX 105; Tracy,ALC,p. 252.
AgoraXVI, no. 306 = I 4389 + I 5556 Three fragmentsof Hymettian marble stele, with honorarydecree of genos Eumolpidai in honor of the Hierophant Aristokles;mentions ancient records and stelai in the Eleusinion. Same hand as 14 and 60. I 4389: i) foundJanuary 18, 1937, in wall of modern house over southwesternpart of Eleusinion (S-T 20). + ii) found March 3, 1937, among marbles from Eleusinion (no grid). I 5556: September 12, 1938, in wall of modern house (Q-R 20). 38
INSCRIPTIONS
200 148/7 B.C.
'ExttAuaO&tou&pXoVTxo,I[uavo]l4Ivos Nx[Xte i&tl] 8xxa xa-t&0e6v, xax& bt &p[xovT]ta TlcIret [t1xaa]
(a)
5
15
20
. ]vBlovt Ev [. ca.. .tvou' &yopao xupctat 'A.uav[6HcXos] 6 E6xXVou 'AX0ae6C e[tNev' ixe]ti] tlpocp&[vTy)] 'ApLatoxX)i HepLo0E8[)Sce?VOu]q TE6v 8LaT[eXet] xaO"t8ltav bx&oT)L xa[l xoLVlTc) ]atv ECioXn[tl8at], &pXOvTOS;] xatrca9a'cOeltq lepo[(p&vtr); i t]l 'Ep,oyv[ou Iv TOO [... ?.....]. &veve6aoc6Trect[v avcaypcacpy]v &xT&Vi&pXcalvYpa[Va0e]]t<>v[Tx]1v v t[iCL 'EXEUoLVL] 10 xa,e",v g8ae T6v [d&eltep]o(pavT[oG]yT[a.. .c. 10....] xal xcrr& 6b] auvvypaacxv EOi?[oXi]T8at x8tL&[86vat(?), &XXa xal xacra c7(platczara] T[& <4Xov[au]Tou (cpiaLaoia Tou 8yvou -T&e[aca]y6yeac xcaXs; t[p&Tte 86acz ft&] xal iapal [e-ta nIa)s E6voX7i86v [X]O-Ve-raaX6v-[w]v [taoveyxev [ox]eufS xact XpioTlr,cat, (pao[x&Te '] e[ [va &]vaypa[yPfL]1*etaaYOYS) &va-t5X[LXlOTv7)Iiv] [tCj 'E]Xeua[Lv]Llo, ~xXeXeIVtvO~v [b8 toXX7v OUvoiv] 8?a -OUS xaCtp[o0S,v XcexaoTiL] [8t"&T]C,v[Jn]X?L6vc)v [-OL vLOIa]UTcovOuc6v-e ark6S, [xal vvv(?) 7p6ao8ov] T'*vpouX^vx[. 45 . v(cp&vLaov] itp6? [itoLt)a]&6vos t Cv xal [tep]l ao ()atpLToLa &?xep[Ooev tvca poa68wv] yLVOLvv EtS [T&tep& at OWlaL auvTeX)vTacL] [ioX]XhCv --------Oeoti xaCaT t& [ToiL] [t&TPLta
[xa].plou dyovy[o----
25
(b)
------------
-------------------[...]O NK[-----[-------------------------------------]
(c)
]
Ed. B. D. Meritt (1942, no. 58, pp. 293-298, photograph pp. 294, 296); Meritt 1960a, p. 417 (new readings); SEG XXII 124 and XIX 124; Clinton, SacredOfficials,no. 11, pp. 24-27 (new text); noted: AgoraIII, no. 222, p. 81; Tracy,ALC,pp. 150, 155-156.
C. SACRED LAWS IG I3 231 = I 2470a-c, 14721c, 14724 PI. 29 Six fragments from altar of Pentelic marble, with sacred law in boustrophedon concerning Eleusinian mysteries and perquisitesof priesthoods. Found: a) I 2470a: February21, 1935, in modern context southeast of Odeion (N 12). + (joining a) October 13, 1938, from wall of modern house, west of Post-HerulianWall (S 22). + I 2470b: February 22, 1939, from modern wall west of Post-Herulian Wall southwest of Eleusinion (T 21). b) I 4724: April 16, 1937, from surface fill southwest of Eleusinion, in line of Post-HerulianWall (T 20). c) I 2470c: March 20, 1939, from modern cesspool wall west of Post-HerulianWall (S 21). d) I 4721c: April 17, 1937, from surface fill (T 20). 39
Ca. 510-500 B.C.
Edd. L. H.Jeffery (1948, no. 66, pp. 86-111, pi. 29 [= SEGXII 2]); F Sokolowski(1962, no. 2 [= SEGXXI 3]); B. D. Meritt (1968, no. 18, p. 282 [= SEG XXV 1]); IG I3 231; discussed: LSAG2, no. 44, pp. 75-76; Clinton, Sacred Officials,pp. 10-13, 69; noted: AgoraIII, p. 84. IG I3 232 = I 4390, I 2253, I 4432, 4390, 1 4721d-l, I 5033, I 5318, I 4800 et al. P1.29 of an altar of Pentelic with in sacred law marble, Twenty-four fragments boustrophedon, concerning sacrifices at festivals. 40
SACRED LAWS
201
Found: a) I 4721g: i) March 14, 1939, in modern wall, area ofEleusinion (S 20). + ii) May 23, 1938, from east wall of Church of Hypapanti (T 21). I 4721h: February26, 1938, from modern wall south of Church ofHypapanti (T 22). b) IG I2 from Athens, now in British Museum, no. 74. 839: c) I 4721m: d) April 29, 1939, from Byzantine fill, west of Post-HerulianWall (R 20). I 4721e: e) April 23, 1937, from late wall at south ofEleusinion (T 20). I November 19, 1938, from modern house west of Post-HerulianWall (Q22). 5318c: f) I4721f: g) May 12, 1937, in modern context, south ofEleusinion (U 20). I2 IG 838: seen by Ross before 1835 in wall in Athens, now lost. h) Provenance unknown, EM 101. i) I 5318b (three frags.): October 6, 11, 1938, from modern house walls, west of Post-HerulianWall (R-S 21-22). j) I March 20, 1939, from Turkishfill, west of Post-HerulianWall, southwest of Eleusinion (T 20). 47211: k) I 4390: 1) January 17, 1936, from modern house, south part ofEleusinion (T 19-20). I 4432: m) January 26, 1937, from debris of modern house at south of Eleusinion (T-U 20-21). I December 2253: 22, 1934, from modern house over east end of Middle Stoa (O 14). n) I 5318a: March 14, 1938, from east wall of Church of Hypapanti (T 21). o) I 4721b: p) April 16, 1937, in surface fill in line of Post-HerulianWall (T 20). + I 4721d: April 20, 1937, in sand fill, late context (T 20). q) I 5033: November 3, 1937, from modern house west of PanathenaicWay (R 19). r) I 4721k: February24, 1939, in Turkishfill, west of Post-HerulianWall (R 22). s) I 4721j: February9, 1938, in modern context, west of Eleusinion (R 19). t) I 4721i: April 6, 1938, in modern fill, west of Post-HerulianWall (R 17). u) I 4721a: April 15, 1937, in surface fill in line of Post-HerulianWall (T 20). v) I 4800: May 6, 1937, from modern wall, south of Eleusinion (T 20). Ca. 510-480 B.c.
Edd. L. H.Jeffery (1948, no. 67, pp. 86-111, pl. 30-32 [= SEG XII 2]); F. Sokolowski 1962, no. 1 (= SEG XXI 3); B. D. Meritt (1968, no. 18, p. 282 [= SEG XXV 1]); IG I3 232; discussed: L&4G2,no. 44, pp. 75-76; Clinton, SacredOfficials,pp. 10-13, 69; noted: AgoraIII, p. 84.
IG I3 6 = I 2907a, b + I 3322a, b + IG 12 9 + EM 576 + IG I2 6 Seven fragments of Pentelic marble, with laws concerning Eleusinian Mysteries, perquisites of priesthoods, treaty with foreigners. Found: a) I 3322b: February 12, 1936, in modern context, west of Eleusinion (S 19). b) I 3322a: February8, 1936, in modern context, north of Eleusinion (T 17). c) I 2907a: June 24, 1935, in Byzantine context, east end of Middle Stoa terrace (O 12). d) I 2907b: April 19, 1937, in line of Post-HerulianWall, southwest of Eleusinion (T 20). e) IG I2 9: found near Church of Hypapanti, reported by Pittakys,Eph 1853, no. 1402 (now lost). f) EM 576: provenance unknown. + IG I2 6: quadrangularmarble block found near "Theseum," now in British Museum, no. 309. 41
Before 460 B.C.
Ed. B. D. Meritt (1945, no. 1, pp. 61-81, drawings, photographs of squeezes p. 62); Meritt 1946, no. 78, p. 249; IG I3 6; SEG XXXI 2, XXXIV 2; discussed: Sokolowski 1962, no. 3; Clinton, SacredOfficials,pp. 10-13, 81-83, passim;Sakuraiand Raubitschek 1987, pp. 263-265; Clinton 1994a; Cavanaugh 1996, pp. 121-124, 188-189; noted: AgoraIII, no. 205, p. 78.
I 4007 + 1 5733 + I6974 + I 6794 + I 6877 + I 6915 + I 4739 + I 3854 + I 4140 Seventeen fragmentsof a large opisthographicstele of Hymettian marble,with regulationsfor EleusinianMysteries and sanctuaries;IG I3 6 is quoted. 42
INSCRIPTIONS
202
Found: Side A: a) I 5733: March 23, 1939, in Turkishlime pit outside square to the southeast, west of Post-HerulianWall (S 20). + I 6974: July 10, 1963, in modern wall at southeast corner ofEleusinion (S 21). I 6794: b) i)July 16, 1957, from well of 4th century A.C. (Q 19:1), west of Eleusinion (Q 19). + ii) March 13, 1959, in Byzantine repair of Post-HerulianWall (S 17). c) I 4007: April 16, 1936, in early Byzantine context, in west end of Church of Christ (T 17). Side B: a) I 6794 [= Side A, b] b) I 6877a: April 29, 1959, in area of Eleusinion (U 19). c) I 6877b:June 6, 1959, east of southeast corner of Temple of Triptolemos, Late Roman fill (U 19-20). d) I 4739: April 14, 1937, in fill of Late Roman road, west of Stoa of Attalos (O 11). + I 6915a: June 6, 1959, in wall east of southeast corner of Temple of Triptolemos, Late Roman fill (U 19-20). e-k) I 6915e + f, b-d, g-i: ibid. 1) I 3854: March 27, 1936, in early Byzantine context, north ofEleusinion (T 17). m) I 4140: May 14, 1936, in Byzantine context, over Eleusinion (T 19). 367-348 B.C.
Text: Clinton 1980, pp. 263-268. Edd. B. D. Meritt (1957a, no. 9, pp. 52-53 [I 5733 = SEG XVI 50]); E Sokolowski (1957, pp. 131-134 [= SEG XVII 21]) and 1962, no. 12 [= SEG XXI 257]); B. D. Meritt (1963, no. 2, p. 2 [I 6877a]; no. 41, pp. 40-41 [I 4739 + 6915a = SEG XXI 346; I 6915e + f+ g + h]); Clinton 1980, pp. 258-288, pl. 69-73 (new text) (SEGXXI 255; XXX 61; XXXI 69); AgoraXVI, no. 56; noted: Meritt 1945, p. 78; AgoraIII, p. 225; Thompson 1960, p. 338; SEGXXXVIII 57. 43
I 3844
Block of Pentelic marble, with regulations concerning the conduct of the Mysteries. Found March 23, 1936, in foundation for column in Church of Christ (T 17). 1st century B.C.
Ed.J. H. Oliver (1941a, no. 31, pp. 65-72, photograph p. 66); SEG XXI 494; noted: AgoraIII, p. 84.
D. INVENTORIES AND ACCOUNTS IG I3 32 = Eleusis Museum E 653 Stele with record of Epistatai for Eleusis and Eleusinion; text states copy is to be set up in the Eleusinion; audit to be held of work done in City Eleusinion, and architectKoroibos to report there, lines 23-28. FromEleusis, copy in Eleusinion posited. 44
Ca. 454-447 B.C. or after 432
B.C.
Ed. Kourouniotes (EleusiniakaI, pp. 173-189 [= SEG X 24]); Meritt and Wade-Gery, 1963, pp. 111-114 (= SEG XXI 19); discussed: Mattingly 1961, pp. 171-173; Clinton 1987, pp. 254-262 (= SEG XXXVI 7; XXXVIII 2); Papaioannou 1989, pp. 213-244 (SEG XXXIX 5); Cavanaugh 1996, pp. 19-27, 84-95; noted: AgoraIII, no. 228, pp. 82-83. IG I3 393 = I 3749 Part of a stele of Pentelic marble, with treasurerecord, lists architecturalmaterial;perhaps a copy of a document in Eleusis (joins EM 12458b, now EM 13372). Found March 9, 1936, in Byzantine wall northeast of Odeion (N 9). 45
Ca. 420 B.C.
Ed. A. E. Raubitschek (1943, no. 7, pp. 34-37, photograph of squeeze p. 36); noted: AgoraIII, p. 83; IG I3 393.
CONFISCATED PROPERTY
203
E. CONFISCATED PROPERTY 46-57. The Attic Stelai: pieces often large stele of gray marble, with listsof confiscatedpropertyof the Hermokopidai and profanersof the Mysteries(IG I3 421-430, 431,432[?]; mostly from Agora Excavations;some fragmentsin EM). 414/3 B.C.
Edd. B. D. Meritt (1934, pp. 47-48; 1936, pp. 382-386; 1948, pp. 34-35 [= SEG X 241]); W. K. Pritchett (1953, pp. 225-31 1, with earlierreferences,pls. 67-84 [= SEGXIII 12]);Pippin and Amyx 1956; D. Amyx, "The Attic Stelai, Part III," Hesperia27, 1958, pp. 163-254; fragments added: Pritchett 1961, pp. 23-25, pls. 5-6 (= SEG XIX 23); R. Ross Holloway, "Exploration of the Southeast Stoa in the Athenian Agora," Hesperia35, 1966, p. 84, pl. 30:e; Meritt 1967, no. 16, pp. 84-86; Camp 1974, pp. 319-321, pls. 63:a, 64:a, b; IGI3 421-430; discussed: SEGXLII 29; Lewis 1966, pp. 177-191; Pritchett 1969, p. 368; AgoraXIV, pl. 87:b; noted: AgoraIII, no. 207, p. 79. Found: 46
IG I3 421 (Stele I) [15 fragments] a) I 236o: March 21, 1938, in wall of Byzantine storeroom, south of Eleusinion (T 22). + EM 2765, provenance unknown. IG I2 329 = EM 6763, found near gate of Athena Archegetis. b) I March 1, 1939, in marble pile over area of Eleusinion (S-T 19). 236t: c) I 236z: d) May 19, 1939, from modern wall west of Panathenaic Way,southwest of Eleusinion (R 21). I e) 236j: April 13, 1937, from wall of modern house, south of Eleusinion (T-U 22). + IG I2 334 = EM 6658, found on Akropolisbehind the Propylaia. I 236a: f) i) May 11, 1932, on surface, south of Southwest Fountainhouse(H 16). + ii)July 16, 1947, in mixed late fill, west end of Middle Stoa (H 13). g) I 236v: April 6, 1939, in wall of modern house, west of PanathenaicWay,south of Eleusinion (S 21). h) IG I2 330 = EM 6760, a) found on approach to Akropolis,b) unknown possibly in Stele I: aa) I 236aa: April 6, 1959, from modern house in southern part of Eleusinion (U 21). cc) I 236cc: May 25, 1959, from foundations of modern house in Eleusinion (U 20). dd) I 236dd: June 3, 1957, in modern fill over Eleusinion (U 20).
47
IG I3 422
(Stele II) [22 fragments] P1.30 a) I 236d: i) March 2, 1939, in Turkishfill, west of PanathenaicWay,southwest of Eleusinion (S 21). + ii) March 7, 1938, from west and north wall of Church of Hypapanti (T 21). + iii) March 8, 1938, from west wall of Church of Hypapanti (T 21). + iv) December 30, 1936, in modern house wall over south part of Eleusinion and Panathenaic Way (S-T 20). + v) January 17, 1937, ibid. + vi) April 23, 1937, from late wall south ofEleusinion (U 21). + vii) May 13, 1939, in modern wall west of PanathenaicWay (H 13). + viii) May 4, 1939, found in late context west of PanathenaicWay (R 22). b) I 236c: i) December 18, 1938, in wall of modern house over Eleusinion (S-T 20). + ii) March 7, 1938, from wall of Church of Hypapanti (T 21). + I 236f: January 18, 1937, from modern house wall over Eleusinion (T 20). c) I 2265: October 7, 1938, from wall of modern house, west of Panathenaic Way (Q21). d) I 2040: October 10, 1934, from wall of modern house over south part of Odeion (M 11). e) I 236b: from modern house wall over "Heliaia" J 14). f) I 236n: March 14, 1938, from east wall of Church of Hypapanti (T 21). + I 236bb: April 23, 1959, from modern house in area of Eleusinion (U 21). 236r: I g) September 28, 1938, from modern house wall west of Panathenaic Way (S 21). I h) 236g: i) November 9, 1936, from modern house wall over Eleusinion (T-U 22). + ii) May 12, 1937, in modern context over PanathenaicWay (T 21). I i) 236q: September 27, 1938, from modern house wall west of Panathenaic Way (R-S 21). + I 7307: May 15, 1971, in modern fill (Q21). + I 2040: October 10, 1934, from modern house wall, south part of Odeion (M 11).
INSCRIPTIONS
204 48
IG I3 423 (Stele III) [1 fragment] I 236y: May 10, 1939, in top of well at 34/KA (Late Roman), west of Panathenaic Way,southwest of Eleusinion (R21). 49 a)
b) c) (0-P
IG I3 424 (Stele IV) [4 fragments] I 5226: i) February 17, 1938, in modern fill, west of PanathenaicWay (R 18). + ii) March 15, 1939, from Turkishfill, west of PanathenaicWay (S 20). I 236i: April 15, 1937, in surface fill over PanathenaicWay,west of Eleusinion (S 20). I 2361: April 28, 1937, in modern fill and wallsjust below surfacein area west of southern part of Stoa of Attalos 13-14).
50
IG I3 425 (Stele V) [4 fragments] a) I 236e:January 17, 1937, in modern house wall over Eleusinion (T 20). + I 236p: April 30, 1938, in north foundation of Church of Hypapanti (T 21). I 236w: b) April 28, 1939, in modern house wall west of PanathenaicWay,southwest of Eleusinion (S 21). I March 236u: 27, 1939, in modern house wall west of PanathenaicWay,southwest of Eleusinion (S 21). c)
51
IG j3 426 (Stele VI) [18 fragments] a) I 4408j: March 13, 1939, in Turkishfill west of PanathenaicWay (T 21). b) I 4408f: i) March 23, 1938, from late wall, on west face of Post-HerulianWall, south of Church of Hypapanti (T 22). + ii) April 17, 1939, from late wall in area ofEleusinion (S 21). (c-j join) c) IG I2 326a = EM 6657 a, two joining fragments,one found on Akropolis(?). d) IG I2 326b = EM 6657, provenance unknown. e) I 4408h: February24, 1939, in modern fill (R 21). f) I 4408b: May 6, 1937, in cellar wall of modern house over Eleusinion (T 20). g) IG I2 325a: found near gate of Athena Archegetis (EM 6759). h) IG I2 325b: provenance unknown. i) I 4408d: March 4, 1938, in west wall of Church of Hypapanti (T 21). j) 1 4408a: December 16, 1936, in wall of modern house, south of Eleusinion (U 22). k) I 4408k: May 15, 1939, in modern wall, west of PanathenaicWay (R 21). 1) I 4408e: March 11, 1938, from wall of Church of Hypapanti (T 21). m) I 4408g: September 30, 1938, in wall of modern house in the area of the Eleusinion (S 21). n) I 4408i: February25, 1939, in wall of modern house, west of the PanathenaicWay (S 21). o) I 4408c: January 26, 1938, in Turkishfill, west of Post-HerulianWall (S 19). p) I 6881 (= SEG XIX 25): May 5, 1959, from house in area of the Eleusinion (U 20).
52 a) b) c) d)
IG I3 427 (Stele VII) [6 fragments] I 845 b: i) April 3, 1939, from wall of modern house (S 21). + ii) SEG X 242: ca. 1941, on Street of Ares near Akropolis. IG I2 331: April 1884, from house north of the Stoa of Attalos. I 845 (= SEG X 242): May 20, 1933, from modern house wall, southwest of the LibraryofPantainos (Q-R 15). I 236k: April 16, 1937, in late Byzantine or Turkishwall, southeastern part ofEleusinion (U 22). + I 236m: February9, 1938, in modern context, west of Panathenaic Way (R 19).
53
IG I3 428 (Stele VIII) [1 fragment] IG I2 332 = EM 6753
54
IG I3 429 (Stele IX) [1 fragment] SEG X 242, fr. A = Kerameikos Museum I, 4: found in 1934, in bed of Eridanos River.
RELATED CULT SPOTS 55
IG I3 430 (Stele X) [3 fragments] a) IG I2 328: found in 1834, near Church of Hypapanti (EM 6767). b) IG I2 327: found in 1840, north of Church of Hypapanti (EM 6766). c) I 6991: May 3, 1965, in Byzantine fill near Kolettis house (S 16).
56
IG I3 431 (position uncertain) [1 fragment] I 236h: January 30, 1937, among marbles from modern houses over southern part of Eleusinion (S-T 20).
57
205
IG I3 432 (position uncertain) [1 fragment] I 230: April 28, 1932, among marbles on west side of Agora, in Section E (I-K 8-10).
F BOUNDARY STONES 58
IG I3 1054 (=16311)
Boundary stone of Hymettian marble, with name Demeter. FoundMay 29, 1950, beneath floor of Stoas of Attalos in front of the eighth shop from south (Q 1). First half of 5th century B.C. [A]CveTpo[k] h6po< vacat Noted: Hesperia20, 1951, p. 53, pl. 27:a; AgoraIII, p. 84; AgoraXIX, H4. 59
16876
P1.31
Piece of Akropolis or Areopagite limestone, with inscription "lithos." Found April 28, 1959, in late fill over Eleusinion (U 19). Possiblya markeror label. Roman Imperial. Xleoc [---] I----?
]
Ed. E. Vanderpool (1966, no. 2, pp. 275-276, pl. 72); SEG XXIII 97; Clinton, Myth and Cult, pp. 122-123 (= SEG XLII 215).
G. RELATED CULT SPOTS I 5708, part of G II2 1934 FragmentofHymettian marble, with list of names ofEleusinian Hierophantes, concerning lectisterniumofPlouton. Found March 7, 1939, in modern wall, west of Post-Herulian Wall (R-S 23). Same hand as 14 and 38. IG II2 1933 (330-320 B.C.), found on the Akropolis, and IG II2 1935 (mid 1st century B.C.), found on the south slope of the Akropolis, also concern lectisternia of Plouton and are probably both from the City Eleusinion. 60
170-150 B.C.
15
v 10 Atovua65opov 'Hp[----a 5--'Ayvovi8T)v eo[-KT(pLa]Lua - - -55 Tptxo]puatov [A]pLaToyeLrov[a ['AcaruoXovEeop[---a. 8- -- Ii]LCavia 5 [-ca. -]Lav U[_ca. 6KuBaO]e])vaia vacat
Ed. W. K. Pritchett (1946, no. 15, pp. 158-159, photograph p. 158); noted: AgoraIII, no. 215, p. 80; Clinton, Sacred Officials,pp. 20-21, 22; Habicht 1982, p. 166 (= SEG XXXII 348); Tracy,ALC,pp. 149, 155-156, 262 (new date and cutter assigned; same hand as 73 and 74); Clinton, MythandCult,pp. 20-21 (= SEG XLII 138).
INSCRIPTIONS
206 61
I 5016 Fragment of base of Hymettian marble, with cutting for upright piece, inscribed with dedication to Eilytheia. Found October 1, 1937, in wall of modern house, west of Panathenaic Way,west of Eleusinion (R 19). Ca. 215 B.C. [___- -
a. 1.3 ____
Lt ]
OU Ke(pltXy9[ev]
xalt] JIT)Prl 'IXu0elat [6 TaTMIp [&v9O])xav. Ed. A. G. Woodhead (1959, no. 2, pp. 274-275, pl. 54 [= SEG XVIII 88]); Tracy,ALC,pp. 49, 264 (new date and cutter assigned).
H. OTHER 1 3310
62
Fragment of upper part of stele of Pentelic marble, refers to the Two Goddesses. Found February 3, 1936, in dump (T 17). Before mid 3rd century B.C. [nt -----ou [-
- - T-Epl.]
&pxovTroVV[---------Tc oe
-]
&P[-------------]
- - - - .]u [- - 'AaxXptaS[---------------] [-------..
5
.]ov[-------------------]
[----
.....]IA
[----------------]
Ed. B. D. Meritt (1960a, no. 50, p. 40, pl. 11 [= SEGXIX 76]). 63
I 6885
Partof a stele ofPentelic marble, with a pedimentaltop, contentsuncertain, mentionsboule (restored)in Eleusinion. Found May 9, 1959, in late fill (U 21). Now considered a decree (AgoraXVI, no. 331). Ca. 99/8 B.C. [[o
[6]
t]
'Aya9t[i Tu]XT[L'i]tC nIp[ox0Xou &ppXovVo o}7. ... ..] iV [.]tivo[q 6]yS6[f)i ,]ec"Ce[bxt5Xa.'EXeu] pouXh TCGL
5
[a]Lv. E[. .]u[.]v[.. .]a[------[. .]OIo-[.]-E[ ..... .][----------
]
[---------------------------1]
Ed. B. D. Meritt (1963, no. 24, pp. 23-24, pl. 6 [= SEGXXI 487]); Meritt 1979, p. 149; Tracy,ALC,p. 213. 64
14713
P1.31 Lower part of stele of Pentelic marble, with letter from Roman official to Panhellenion. Stele found April 12, 1937, on original base in situ,included in Post-HerulianWall (T 21). 2nd century A.C. [- -------
-
?[-?-?
[- ------
- -- - - ------ -------------]r[. - -__--____-- --_?-?U.. ] -.]?a[.]E[. ---[-------I---| -ap ] tt[.]XL Eitev
-
[--------------------5
[--------
- - - - x-pLov] [--] ejtjo
[.. .]o[.J][....1]v)1[----] guv[r
[-
v a6Toxp&Topa xCa T[. .] I [. .] I OUS
-]
[-]a Vrq6 gS[ap]vov [Y]pv[tG9]a.r &vaxp[et]v[F6]?vo[L] ysua t?Tb( ,Sc
; oOsyv [n]'
al E
o]i XanPtpoTiT6[o]u [..]o,y
T6v
j
]a
Ov
vo [.... .]ov xal ouvX?-POv S a e [1]a[C]k
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INSCRIPTIONS FOUND IN EARLIER INVESTIGATIONS
207
y6veL xT&7i[1 t]oO aeV[vo]TrTou 6V[4ov]ouve8p[l]ou tWn'a6croO6JioXoY7)9OvTa.&S Sv oiv i[pxTr]ov8LX6t[aoL]oS&icavTfaorn 4pa] xatlrt nept [pa] &va[Xo]y[o]uvTvS tobS OeoV5[6e]aepela xatl -T Teptl6[]a& [T]LV, f [86]ouaca aorc x6Xa7aLq ^ncLeO8ae TL v cX7qp6tTaTTa BUxal ot 7tpea3e[Uo]vTr S&vpec, TOv ex TO ouve8ptou Xo yt$eTaToti x&iOb.lTyVL.TaTOL,T^VpOUX7alv 6J
10
Edd. Pittakys, Charamis, and Eustratiadis 1852, d', e' (last four lines only); Oliver 1941a, no. 34, pp. 78-82, photograph p. 79. 65
I 6889 et al. Four pieces of an opisthographic stele of Pentelic marble, with list concerning Eleusinian dignitaries; stele is to be set up in the Eleusinion. FoundMay 14, 1959, in Late Roman fill in southwestcorner of Eleusinion (T 21). (Three other pieces in EM [EM 5898, 3628, 8542 = IG II2 1999, 2003, 2339]: one found in the Propylaia; another on the Akropolis;third unknown.) Early 3rd century A.C.
Edd. J. H. Oliver (1958, pp. 38-46 [fragmentsin EM, with earlier bibliography; = SEG XVII 56]; Geagan 1967, pp. 163-186, pls. 1-6 (= SEG XXIV 200); discussed: Oliver 1983, pp. 134-136, with further bibliography and comments by K. Clinton, pp. 135-136; noted: Thompson 1960, p. 365. 66
I6837
Two nonjoining fragments of Ionic cornice from capping of large monument, inscribed on face (three letters preserved). Found April 1951 (U 21). Uncertain, probably 4th century B.C.
II. INSCRIPTIONS 67
FOUND IN EARTIER INVESTIGATIONS
IG II2 204
Pentelic marble stele from Eleusis, with decree concerning the reestablishmentof boundaries of sacred land; text states copies are to be set up at Eleusis and in the City Eleusinion (textpartlyrestored),line 57. (Copy from Eleusinion posited.) 352/1 B.C.
AgoraIII, no. 208, p. 79; Clinton, SacredOfficials, pp. 17-18, 50, 76, passim;Pappa-Delmouzou 1975, p. 6 (= SEGXXV 64); Parker 1983, p. 161 (= SEG XXXIII 82); Daverio Rocchi 1987, pp. 97-109 (= SEG XXXVII 75); Daverio Rocchi 1988, pp. 186-194; AgoraXIX, pp. 5-6. 68
IG II2 661
Pentelic marble stele, with decree honoring Epimeletai of the Mysteries; text states stele is to be set up on the City Eleusinion (text partly restored). Found near the Panayia Pyrgiotissa (Tower of Post-Herulian Wall, at south end of Stoa of Attalos, P-Q 13). 283/2 B.C.
AgoraIII, no. 210, p. 79. 69 IG II2 794 Marble stele with honorary decree, possibly associated with the boule and the Eleusinion(?).From the Akropolis. 3rd century B.C. Dow 1937, pp. 108-109; AgoraIII, no. 211; Vanderpool 1971, pp. 109-111; Tracy 1978, p. 248; Aleshire 1988, pp. 253-255 (= SEG XXXVIII 166).
INSCRIPTIONS
208
70 IG II2 848 Two fragments of a marble stele, with an honorary decree; states boule is to meet in the Bouleuterion and then in the Eleusinion. One fragment found on the north slope of the Akropolis,other found in the city. 222/1 B.C.
AgoraIII, no. 212; AgoraXV, no. 129; SEGXXI 402; Meritt 1977, p. 177 (= SEGXXVI 95); Meritt 1979, pp. 149-151 (= SEG XXIX 115); Pritchett 1981, pp. 145-148 (= SEG XXXI 99); Habicht 1982, pp. 159-177 (= SEG XXXII 348). 71
IG II2 807
Hymettian marble stele, with decree honoring Epimeletai of Mysteries;found on the Akropolis,but probablyfrom the Eleusinion. Ca. 215 B.C.
Tracy,ALC,p. 261 (same cutter as 32). 72
IG II2 1236
Pentelic marble stele with decree of the genos Kerykes and Eumolpidai, in honor of Philomides of Laodikea, a benefactor. Found near Church of Hypapanti. Ca. 180
B.C.
Clinton, SacredOfficials,pp. 23-24 (SEGXXXVI 197);Tracy,ALC,p. 93, 95, 262 (more precise date assigned). 73
IG II2 1045 Marble stele with decree honoring hierophant Aristokles; found by K. Pittakys near the Church of St. Irene. Myrtle crown mentioned. Ca. 150 B.C.
Clinton, SacredOfficials,pp. 119-121; Tracy,ALC,pp. 149, 156, note 10 (same cutter as 60, 74). 74
IG II2 2330
Fragment of Pentelic marble stele with text mentioning repairs in a sanctuary. Found near Church of Hypapanti. Mid 2nd century
B.C.
AgoraIII, no. 217, p. 81; Tracy 1978, p. 262 (new date and cutter assigned;same cutter as 60, 73); Tracy,ALC,p. 149. 75
IG II2 3477
Base of Hymettian marble, recording honors for a girl as hearth-initiate,kanephoros in the Pythian festival, and kanephoros in the Panathenaia. Dated to priesthood of Habryllis,priestessof Demeter and Kore (previouslythought to be priestess of Athena, but a new unpublished inscription clearly states she is priestess of Demeter and Kore [K. Clinton, per.litt.]);Habryllis' gravestone is IG II2 6398. Found in west wall of Church of Hypapanti. After mid 2nd century
B.C.
Clinton, SacredOfficials,p. 100; Tracy,ALC,pp. 179-180 (cutter assigned). 76
IG II2 1044
Stele with decree concerning Eleusinian Mysteries; found by K. Pittakys near Church of Hypapanti, now lost. Mentions priestess of Demeter and hierophant. Before mid 1st century
B.C.
Clinton, SacredOfficials,pp. 29, 42, 72. 77
IG II2 1072
Decree honoring Antonios Oxylos of Elis, passed in archonship of T. Koponios, son of hierokeryx. Mentions Sacred Boule in Eleusinion. Found near the Parthenon.
INSCRIPTIONS FOUND IN EARLIER INVESTIGATIONS
209
A.D. 96/7-102/3
AgoraIII, no. 213, p. 79; Mikalson 1975, p. 160; Meritt 1979, pp. 145-151; SEG XXIX 126; Clinton, SacredOfficials, no. 3, p. 78. IG II2 1078
78A
Pentelic marble stele with decree concerning the ephebic escort and restoration of Eleusinian rites; from Athens, nine fragments, now scattered. Some fragments found near the Church of St. Demetrios Katiphores. Text states three copies are to be set up, in the City Eleusinion (line 41), in the Diogeneion (line 42), and in the sanctuary at Eleusis near the bouleuterion (lines 42-43). This is one of two copies from Athens (see 78B), from the Eleusinion or the Diogeneion. Kappel 1992, pp. 338-339 (= SEG XLII 1776). 78B
IG II2 1079 Fragment of a marble stele with decree concerning restoration of the Eleusinian rites; found in Athens, in the house of Nicholas Ioannis. Copy of text of 78A, from the Eleusinion or the Diogeneion. A.D.
220
AgoraIII, no. 214, pp. 79-80; Clinton, SacredOfficials,pp. 42, 95; Kappel 1992, pp. 338-339 (= SEG XLII 1776). 79
IG II2 3674 Marble, with dedication by hierophant, from the vicinity of the Metropolis Church in Athens; taken to Oxford, now lost. Mid 3rd-late 4th century A.C.
Noted: Philios 1895, no. 24, p. 132; Follett 1976, p. 273; Sironen 1994, pp. 33-34 (= SEG XLII 238). 80
IG II2 2342
Fragment of a white marble herm, with genealogical table of family holding offices of hierokeryx, dadouchos, hierophant, priest; found near Kaisariani monastery. Beginning of the 4th century A.C. Discussed: Follett 1976, pp. 273, 275; Oliver 1950, no. 153, pp. 76-78, 162-164; noted: Kapetanopoulos 1968, no. 84, p. 510.
CATALOGUE II: ARCHITECTURAL PIECES AND ALTARS A. ROOF TILES FROM THE TEMPLE OF TRIPTOLEMOS ANTEFIXES
1
(A 2758) P1.32 of an antefix Fragment P.H. 0.10, P.W 0.135 m. Preserves upper part of anthemion; petals are modeled at edge, painted on vertical face. White island marble. Foundon April 29, 1959, among marblesin the northwest corner of the area of the Eleusinion (T 19). 2
(A 296) Fig. 28; PI. 32 Antefix H. 0.199, P.W.0.209, P.L. 0.192 m. Broken at back and chipped on sides. Petals of anthemion are modeled at edge, painted on vertical face. Outlines of painted petals and traces of color remain. White island marble. Foundon March 30, 1934, in Late Roman fill, at G 15. 3
(A 897)
Fig. 29; P1.32
Antefix H. 0.224, W 0.223, P.L. 0.349 m. Broken and chipped at back. Petals of anthemion are modeled at edge, painted on vertical face. Patternof palmette indicated by faint outline. White islandmarble. Found on May 19 or 20, 1938, in fill of the PostHerulian Wall opposite the Temple of Triptolemos in the Eleusinion (T 20).
4
(A 898)
Fig. 30; PI. 32 of an antefix Fragment P.H. 0.172, W. 0.219, PL. 0.121 m. Preserves lower part of palmette on front, top and back broken away. Petals of anthemion are modeled at edge, painted on vertical face. White island marble. Found on May 19 or 20, 1938, in fill of the PostHerulian Wall opposite the Temple of Triptolemos in the Eleusinion (T 20).
Broken at back and upper right corner. Low sima, with plain ovolo molding on front. Part of flange for connection to adjacent pieces preserved on both sides. Found in April 1958, in a marble pile east of the site of the Church of the Hypapanti within the area of the Eleusinion (U 21). 6
(A 2835) Fragmentof a cover tile PH. at back, 0.076, P.W.0.147, P.L. 0.157 m. One end preserved;signs of burning on undersurface. On underside, lug for holding tile in position. White island marble. Found in a marble pile in the Eleusinion, June 20, 1959. 7
(A 2743) Fig. 27 of a cover tile Fragment P.W.0.139 (originalW. est. 0.21-0.22 m.), PL. 0.143, W. of preservedside 0.225 m.
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5
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214
ARCHITECTURAL PIECES AND ALTARS
Broken at both ends, preservingfull width of one side. Part of a round dowel hole, 0.009 m. in diameter,at one end. White island marble. Found April 16, 1959, in late fill over the line of the Classical Monument Base to the east of the Temple of Triptolemos in the Eleusinion (V 19). 8 PI. 33 Fragments from the roof of Temple of Triptolemos stored with context pottery (lots HH 37, 215) A. Lot HH 37: Marble rooftiles: from late fill around the Temple of Triptolemos in the Eleusinion. White island marble.
Cover tiles (12); edges, pan tiles (4);pan tiles, no edges (18) B. Lot HH 215: Marble roof tiles: from disturbedfill around Temple of Triptolemos in the Eleusinion; some pieces are burned. White island marble. Cover tiles (16); edges, pan tiles (13); pan tiles, no edges (23);chips (4);modern chip (1);stele frag., Pentelic marble (1) Total, from lots HH 37 and HH 215: Cover tiles (28); edges, pan tiles (17); pan tiles (41). Ancient chips (4); modern chip (1); fragment of stele, Pentelic marble (1).
B. ALTARS 9
P1.34 (A 2827) Poros altar H. 0.55, W. 0.48, L. 0.604 m. One corner is missing, and the projecting molding is mostly broken away. Foundin April 1959, lying as left after excavationseast of site of the Church of the Hypapanti in the Eleusinion (U21). 10 (A 2828) P1.34 Poros altar H. 0.54, W. 0.52, D. 0.514, P.L. 0.686 m. Two corners broken, moldings and one bolster damaged; trimmed for later reuse. Claw-toothed chisel used extensively. Traces of thin whitewashpreservedon sides. Found June 11, 1959, in the area of the Circular Building in Section I I adjacent to the Eleusinion (U 22). 11 (A 774) Poros altar H. 0.65, W 0.57, L. 0.775 m. Chipped, parts of volutes missing. Similar in size, workmanship(claw-tooth chiseling), and molding to 10. Traces of whitewashed stucco preserved. Found May 29, 1937, built into Byzantine wall, close to the Circular Building, in Section II adjacent to the Eleusinion (U 22). (A 775) 12 Poros altar H. 0.59, W., with bottom molding, ca. 0.51, L., without molding, 0.715 m.
Volutes and one corner missing. FoundMay 29, 1937, built into a Byzantinewall, close to the Circular Building, in Section II adjacent to the Eleusinion (U 22). 13
(A 2829) PI. 34 (a only) Fragmentsof poros altar(s) a) RH. 0.208, PW. 0.245, PL. 0.353 m. b) PH. 0.180, P.W.0.155, PL. 0.156 m. plus second piece, same moldings c) PH. 0.080, PW. 0.062, PL. 0.146 m. Four nonjoining pieces from one or more altars. Fragmentspreserve top and bottom moldings, corners. Traces of thin white stucco or wash. Found June 11, 1959, in the area of the Circular Building in Section I I adjacent to the Eleusinion (U 22). 14
(A 2890)
PI. 34 table Offering H. 0.67, D. 0.47, L. 1.13 m. In the form of an orthostatewith a molding at top and along returningsides, and pilastersat either side offront vertical face. At back, block is hollowed out. On top at left is a cutting for a stele, L. 0.42, W. 0.12, D. 0.08 m. Hymettian marble. FoundJuly 20, 1959, at the well near the foot of the north retaining wall of the peribolos of the Eleusinion (T18).
WINDOWS
215
C. WINDOWS Stone fragmentsof windows and variafrom around the wall of the terrace in front of the south Stoa in the Eleusinion. Stored with context pottery as lot EA 64. P1.35 Fragmentsof marble lattice windows (or possibly stationary doors). All fragments are of white Pentelic marble. All fragments have a finished front surface and a back left rough. A. Centerpiece: P.H. 0.130, W. 0.056, Th. 0.046 m. Raised vertical band along center, 0.038 m. wide, with raised, ringed boss, Diam. 0.028. On both sides of central vertical pieces, angular lattice-workprojections partly preserved. B. Similar to A, but only 0.087 m. high preserved. Raised boss pierced with drill-hole; curved lattice-work projections. C. Side-piece of frame, chisel-marksvisible. Angular lattice-workprojection. 0.124 m. high. D. Side-piece of frame, chisel-marks visible, small flange on end; curved lattice-workprojections. E. Vertical centerpiece, similar to A and B, but with front raised band broken off and only slight trace of lattice-workprojection on side. 0.091 m. high. 15
E Frame,broken on one side, flange broken on other side. Position uncertain. G. Lattice-work,angular max.H. 0.099 m. X-shaped. H. Lattice-work,angular max.H. 0.069 m. X-shaped. I. Lattice-work,angular max.H. 0.081 m. X-shaped. J. Lattice-work,angular max.H. 0.059 m. X-shaped. K. Lattice-work,curved max.H. 0.072 m. curved X. 16 Varia:assorted architecturalfragmentsfrom same lot. A. Fragmentof Ionic geison, from front. Face of drip crowned with lesbian leaf pattern 0.013 m. high, and flat fascia, 0.011 m. high. Rough on top. White marble molding preserved. B. Fragment, Doric hawksbeak molding. Pale hard limestone, second half of 5th century B.C. C. Corner piece from small monument, preserving base cavetto molding. White marble.
CATALOGUE III: SCULPTURE A. VOTIVE RE,TIEFS 1
PI. 36 (S 1045) Fragment of a relief, with Demeter and Kore P.H. 0.387, PW. 0.293, max.P.Th. 0.082 m. Found on May 13, 1938, in the original fill of the Post-HerulianWall, north of the Hypapanti Gate in the area of the Eleusinion (T 21). Preservespart of smoothchiseledtop surfaceand rough-pickedback surface. Broken on both sides and bottom. Face of standing figure broken away. Battered moldings at top in two steps, lower part an ovolo, total H. 0.048 m. Pentelic marble. Shear 1939, p. 210; Peschlow-Bindokat Bibliography: 1972, p. 118, fig. 40, R 51, p. 150; Mitropoulou 1977, no. 123, p. 63, fig. 174; Neumann 1979, p. 59, fig. 34a; LIMC IV, 1, no. 271, p. 867; Schwarz 1987, R 4, p. 66. On the right is the torso of a young woman, probably Kore, dressedin an Attic peplos, facingoutwardand with her head turned slightly left; in her right hand she holds with an overhand grasp the lower end of a torch, which she carries diagonally across her body. At the upper left corner of the field is the top of a scepterlikeobject. This groups corresponds to a type seen in other reliefs with a seated Demeter, holding a scepter, and Kore standing (see Peschlow-Bindokat 1972, p. 116). For the date of the relief, see IG I3 101, Athens EM 6598, 6589, 410/9 B.C.,a decree concerning Athens and Thracian Neapolis, with a relief: Lawton 1995, no. 7, pp. 85-86; Meyer 1989, A 15, pp. 269-270; IG I3 375, 377 (the "Choiseul Marble"), 410/9 B.C., a list of the accounts of the Treasurersof Athena, with a sculpted relief, now in the Louvre: Lawton 1995, no. 8, pp. 86-87; Meyer 1989, A 15, p. 270. Last quarter of the 5th century B.C. 2 P1.36 (S 1119) Fragment of a relief, with Kore and Triptolemos(?) P.H. 0.187, PW. 0.363, max.P.Th. 0.107 m. Found in January 1939 during the demolition of a modern house on the northeast slope of the Areopagus (K-N 19-20). Upper part of relief preserved, with smooth top, rough-picked back. Broken on both sides and bottom. Moldings on top edge brokenand battered; taenia, H. 0.017 m., above an ovolo, H. 0.019 m. There are two small drilled holes on the forwardcrown of head of the male figure at right, probably for insertion of a metal crown. Pentelic marble. LIMC IV, 1, no. 377, p. 875. Bibliography:
This relief preserves part of a scene of at least three figures: at the far left is part of a draped left arm holding a scepter,with the fingers overlappingthe ovolo molding; this figure is probably Demeter. Fartherright are the head and shoulders of a veiled female figure, probablyKore, who holds a torch at an angle. Her head is turned to the right, towarda young male adult wearing a chlamys (Triptolemos?). His head is turned left and slightly downward, and he must have worn a crown or other decoration, separately worked and inserted into the two drilled holes. End of the 5th century B.C.
3
(S 2067) P1.36 Fragmentof a relief, with chariot scene P.H. 0.23, P.W.0.252, max.P.Th. 0.087 m. Found on June 29, 1959, in a Byzantine wall in the area of the Eleusinion (T 18). Broken all round, back smooth-picked. In upper back edge is part of a drilled hole perpendicularto the back surface,D. 0.035 m., with traces of iron rust. Pentelic marble. Bibliography: Mitropoulou 1977, no. 131, p. 67, fig. 190. This relief shows part of a chariot, including a wheel in three-quarterview, part of the car, and its axle, moving to the left. In the chariot stands part of a draped figure with flowing mantel. Since the relief was found in the vicinity of the Eleusinion, it may represent Kore's abduction. Although the rape of Kore is usually depicted in a funereal context, there are severalexamples of dedications with this scene in various media found in sanctuaries of Demeter throughout the Mediterranean. See Lindner 1984, p. 45, especially her no. 7, fragmentsof a red-figuredskyphosfrom Eleusis, Eleusis Museum 1804, Beazley ARV2647, 21, ca. 450/40 B.C., with this scene. Late 5th century B.C.
4
P1.37 (S 1013) Part of a relief, with Demeter and Triptolemos P.H. 0.394, P.H. 0.373, max.P.Th. 0.157, H. of plinth 0.069 m. Found on March 12, 1938, in the east wall of the Church of the Hypapanti in the Eleusinion (T 21). Two joining fragments preserve the bottom left and part of the back of the relief, with the top and sides broken. The back is rough-picked, the bottom resting surface smoothly chiseled. Pentelic marble.
218
SCULPTURE
Bibliography:Shear 1939, p. 210, fig. 9; III. London Jews, July 9, 1938, p. 57, no. 8; Travlos, PictorialDictionary,fig. 262; Peschlow-Bindokat 1972, R 17, p. 151; Mitropoulou 1977, p. 62, fig. 172; Mitropoulou 1977, listed, p. 41; LLMCIV, 1, no. 378, p. 875; Schwarz 1987, R 6, p. 66, fig. 41. On the left side is the lower body of a goddess wearing a peplos, probably Demeter, standing next to a wheeled chariot with part of the body of Triptolemos, with bare chest and his lower body wrapped in a mantle. The shaft (of a scepter?) leans against his right shoulder. To the right of the wheel of the chariot is a right foot, facing forward, probably of Kore. A large snake is entwined in a spiral around the axle of the chariot behind the four spokes. The relief preserves part of an Eleusinian scene very common in Attic vase painting and votive reliefs, the departure of Triptolemos on his mission to mankind (forother reliefs, see Schwarz 1987, pp. 65-68, 191-204). Early 4th century B.C.
5
(S 1028) P1.37 Part of a relief, with Eleusinian divinities and Athena P.H. 0.243, P.W.0.432, max.P.Th. 0.132 m. Found in 1937, in the area bordering the Eleusinion on the south (T-U 21-23). Part of the left end, roughpicked back, and smoothly chiseled bottom of the relief are preserved. The left side is smoothly chiseled, with broken gouges. The upper three-quartersand right side of the relief are broken away. A sloped plinth runs along the bottom, on which the figures stand, H. 0.036 m., slopes up to ca. 0.045 m. (varies). Pentelic marble. Shear 1939, p. 210; Peschlow-Bindokat Bibliography: R 1972, 18, p. 151; LIMC IV, 1, no. 448, p. 881, ill., and IV, 2, p. 597. Parts of the lower legs of two standing figures and one seated figure are preserved. At left stands Athena, identifiable by her shield next to her on the right, turned toward the group assembled at right. Adjacent to the shield on the right sits Demeter on a kisteturned in threequarter view toward the right, with rocks scattered in front of the kiste. To the right of Demeter is preserved part of a draped lower leg, probably belonging to Kore. On the far right preserved side is a coil of a large snake, suggesting the presence of Triptolemos. For a list of other representations of Demeter seated on a kiste,see Metzger 1965, pp. 33-36. Athena's presence in this relief gives the scene a specific topographical reference to the City Eleusinion. Mid 4th century B.C.
6
(S 1102)
P1.37
Fragmentof a relief, with Kore(?) PH. 0.502, P.W.0.216, max.P.Th. 0.164 m. Found October 27, 1938, during demolition prior to excavation, in the area adjacent on the southeast of the Eleusinion (Q-T 20-23). Fragment preserves
part of front surface and rough-picked back, battered and broken on all sides. The preserved relief is deep, projecting 0.074 m. from background. Pentelic marble. Much of the left side, from breast to ankles, of a standing draped female figure, who wears a chiton and himation and carriesa thick torch upright along her left side. The figure is probably Kore (cf. the Great Eleusinian Relief, Clinton, MythandCult,fig. 1). 4th century B.C.
7
(S 1251) P1.38 with Eleusinian divinities Relief, H. withouttenon 0.218, W.0.314, max.P.Th.0.057 m. Found onJune 11, 1947, in fill associated with postSullan rebuilding, at the west foot of the Areopagus (C 19). Relief is complete, in the form of a rectangular plaque with a plain border all around, 0.016-0.019 m., a tenon for setting at the center bottom, and a roughpicked back, partly spalled off. Smoothly chiseled sides and top. Traces of color are preserved on the surface, red on hair, blue on the background. Pentelic marble. Bibliography: Thompson 1948, pp. 177-178, pl. LIV,2; Mylonas 1960, pp. 115-116, fig. 22; Metzger 1965, no. 23, p. 38; Peschlow-Bindokat1972, R 19 (inventory number incorrectly given as 1151), p. 151; van Straten 1974, pp. 166-167, fig. 15; LIMCIV, 1, no. 413, pp. 878879, ill. IV, 2, p. 594; Clinton, MythandCult,pp. 56-57, 134 (no. 2), 135 (no. 1), 164, fig. 9. This complete votive relief depicts a group of seven figures,fourdivinefiguresand threeworshipers,sculpted in low relief within a plain frame. On the left Demeter sits facing right on a diphros, holding a scepter upright in her left hand and a phiale outward to the right in her right hand. Next to her stands Kore, facing outward, holding a long torch diagonally across her body. The torch is indicated as double with an incised line along its length. Together Demeter and Kore occupy one-half of the relief. Next on the right stands a male figure (Iakchos?),wearing a short chiton, with his head turned slightly to the right, who carries a baby (Ploutos?)on his left arm and holds high an object with his right hand. The object flares outward toward the top. The man helps the baby support a cornucopiae with his left arm, and the baby holds onto the man's neck with his right arm. To the right of the baby are grouped three figures on a smaller scale standing and turned to the left, a woman with her mantle pulled over her head, a man with a mantle and bare chest, and a child, draped. The identification of the adult male figure with the baby has been debated. H. A. Thompson, in his initial publication of the piece, suggested that the male figure is Iakchos Ploutodatos, and the baby with the cornucopiae, Ploutos (Thompson 1948, pp. 177-178); F Graf identifies the figure as Eumolpos with Ploutos (Graf 1974, pp. 60-62); K. Clinton identifies him as Eubouleus (with Ploutos), the swineherd whose pigs fell
VOTIVE RFITIEFS into the chasm opened by Hades when he emerged to abduct Kore, and a divine guide who led Kore from the underworld(MythandCult,pp. 56-57). Cf. 8. Last quarter of the 4th century B.C. 8
PI. 35 (S 1646) Relief, with Eleusinian divinities P.H. 0.222, P.W.0.307, max.P.Th. 0.072 m. Found on May 2, 1952, in early Byzantine fill in a lime pit in the southeast corner of the Agora near the Church of the Holy Apostles (P 16). The upper left and right corners of the rectangularplaque are broken away. A break at the bottom suggests there was a tenon, now broken off. The back is rough-picked, the right side and bottom more smoothly picked, while the left side is battered. There is a cutting in the top, parallel to the front surface, located above the third and fourth figures from the left. Battered molding at top, H. 0.022 m. The surface is worn, but the faces of two adult deities appear to have been deliberately chiseled away. Hymettian marble. Bibliography: Schauenburg 1953, p. 57, fig. 14; Metzno. 40, p. 41, pl. 26, 4; Mitropoulou 1975, ger 1965, no. 21, p. 46, fig. 20; Peschlow-Bindokat 1972, R 20, p. 151; van Straten 1974, no. 6, pp. 166-167, fig. 14; LIMC IV, 1, no. 212, p. 879; ill. IV, 2, p. 594; Clinton, Mythand Cult,pp. 56-57, 134 (no. 3), 135 (no. 2), 165, fig. 10. This relief shows at least five figures, four divinities and one or two worshipers. At left Demeter, her head now broken away, sits facing right on a square seat with foot support, holding a scepter tilted diagonally in her left arm. Adjacent on the right is Kore facing forward, holding a long torch diagonally across her body. Next stands a man (Iakchos?)wearing a short chiton, facing forward with his right arm hanging loosely at his side, holding a baby who faces him in his left arm, and a cornucopiae. The child extends one arm toward the neck of the man. At right kneels a female facing left, with her head uprightand her arms extended outwardtoward the left. Behind her the relief is carved but very battered; there may be a sixth standing figure, or an inanimate object, max.P.W.0.032 m. (that this is part of a frame seems unlikely since the left side has no frame). Cf. 7. E. Simon has suggested that images of Demeter on a rectangular seat may represent her upon a chest in which the Sacred Objects are kept when they are not being carried. So too may the cubelike seat here represent the end-view of a chest (Simon 1983, pp. 34-35; other square seats listed in Metzger 1965, nos. 15-19, pp. 36-37). Last quarter of the 4th century B.C. 9
(S 2904) Fragment of a relief, with Kore(?) PH. 0.224, P.W.0.154, P.Th. 0.125 m.
PI. 38
219
Foundon August 12, 1977, among uncatalogued marbles piled up in Section f1, south of the South Stoa in the Agora, on the north slope of the Areopagus (N-Q 19-21). The relief had a rough-picked back surface, now broken on all sides. The height of the relief is deep, 0.059 m. from the background. The surface is worn. Pentelic marble. A female figure(Kore?)stands turned to the left, wearing a chiton and himation. She holds a single thick torch in her left arm, and her left hand also holds her himation. Her right arm must have extended outward. Her head and lower legs are missing. 4th century B.C.
10
P1.38 (S 3181) of a with relief, Fragment Kore(?) P.H. 0.075, P.W.0.071, max.P.Th. 0.039 m. Foundon August 14, 1978, among uncataloguedmarbles piled near the Panathenaic Way, in the southeast corner of the Agora just north of the Eleusinion (P-T 15-18). A fragment of the top of a relief is preserved, broken on both sides and bottom. The back is roughpicked. A battered molding in two steps is partly preserved along the top, H. 0.019 m. The face of the figure is broken away. Pentelic marble. The right side of a draped female torso (Kore?)stands facing forward. She holds, with elbow bent, a long vertical object that appears to be a torch. 4th century B.C.(?).
11
(S 2205 + S 1614) P1.39 Fragmentof a relief, with Hekate(?) P.H. 0.303, P.W.0.181, max.P.Th. 0.052 m. Two joining pieces: one foundJuly 7, 1967, in a well in room 9 of South Stoa I (L 15-16); other found in Late Roman debris over South Stoa I (O 15). The two joining pieces preserve part of the top and right side of the relief, broken on the left side and bottom. Top and right side are smoothly chiseled; the back is rough-picked. Hymettian marble. A woman's head faces foward, with her hair parted in the middle, wearing a polos (Hekate?). In her left hand she carries upright a torch made of bundled wood. Cf. LIMCVI, s.v.Hekate, no. 69, ill. VI, 2, p. 659; Hekate no. 66 (= Artemis no. 506), II, 1, p. 660, ill. II, 2, p. 486. 4th century B.c.(?).
12
(S 2344)
P1.39 of a with relief, Fragment Hekate(?) P.H. 0.339, P.W.0.271, max.P.Th. 0.187, PD. of relief from back 0.037 m. Found on July 21, 1970, in a Byzantine wall in Section BA on the north side of the Agora (N 6). Fragment preservesthe upper right corner of a relief, framed with a naiskos. Left side, bottom, and part of back broken away. Face of figure, right arm below bicep, and body below hips are broken away. Blue Hymettian marble.
220
SCULPTURE
A naiskos rendered in fine detail frames relief. The roof is articulatedwith pan tiles and rows of cover tiles, above a simplifiedcornice (H. 0.049 m.). The architrave,which continues around the right side of the relief, is crowned with a finely made cyma recta (H. architravewith crown 0.025 m.). On the right side, a capital articulatedwith four moldings crowns the anta, which tapers upward slightly (0.042 m. below the capital, 0.045 m. at bottom broken edge). An ovolo epikranitis over a smooth wall meets the anta capital on the right side of the relief. In the recess of the naiskos stands a draped female figure wearing a high polos (Hekate). She faces forward and holds a long torch at a slight angle in her left hand. Her left arm is held downward, nearly parallel to her body. She wears a chiton girt high, and long locks of hair fall down over her breast. Cf. LIMC VI, 1, s.v.Hekate, no. 65, ill. VI, 2, p. 659; her dress is similar to no. 69; see 11.
PI. 39 (S 689) Fragmentof a relief, with Demeter and Kore P.H. 0.069, P.W.0.149, max.P.Th. 0.049 m. Found on March 24, 1936, in walls of a building near South Stoa I (M-N 14-15). Fragment preserves top of small relief and part of left edge. Broken on right and bottom. Smoothly chiseled on top, rough-picked back. Moldings at the top in the form of two fasciae (H. 0.027 m.). Surface is battered; workmanship is perfunctory.Hymettian marble. On the left side the head of a woman wearing a polos faces right. She carries the upper part of a scepter (Demeter). Facing her further to the right is another woman whose hair is tied on top and who carries a torch (Kore). Hellenistic period. 13
4th century B.c.(?).
B. STATUARY 14 P1.40 (S 1429) Statuette of Demeter and Kore P.H. 0.298, W. at bottom 0.17, max.W. across elbows of figures 0.208 m. Found in the scarp east of the Stoa of Attalos in late fill about two meters below modern surface (R 10). Heads of both figuresare missing. Upper parts of the bodies are badly weathered. The back is roughly finished, except for part of the larger figure'sdrapery over the seat. Brommer 1963, p. 106, no. 3 (copy of U* Bibliography: in west pediment), pl. 147, 1; Harrison 1967, p. 9, fig. 19; Peschlow-Bindokat 1972, p. 138, note 338; Lindner 1982, pp. 377-379, fig. 51; LIMC IV, 1, no. 291, p. 869, ill. IV, 2, p. 581; B. Spaeth, 'Athenians and Eleusinians in the West Pediment of the Parthenon," Hesperia60, 1991 [pp. 331-362], p. 334. A mature draped woman sits on a kiste(Demeter),with a smaller, younger girl sitting on her lap (Kore). Kore's right arm rests on Demeter's shoulder. Dated variously,from 4th century B.C. to Roman Imperial period. 15
(Nat. Mus. 1682) Head of a karyatid with polos, and associated fragments Dimensions as given by Raftopoulou (1985):H. 0.355, H. of head from chin to ring of polos 0.20, H. of face 0.168, H. of polos 0.140 m.; dowel hole: L. 0.03 (side), D. 0.027 m. Found in 1859, near the Church of the Hypapanti in the area of the Eleusinion, in the excavations of the Greek Archaeological Society (inv. no. E 108). The
smoothly chiseled, horizontal top surface and cutting for a dowel preserved on the top of the polos indicate that the karyatidwas used in an architecturalsetting. E. Raftopoulou (1985)joins this piece and 16 to other pieces in the National Museum to comprise two standing karyatids in a retrospective style somewhat similar to the archaistic karyatids from Tralles. As Raftopoulou has suggested, the pair of karyatids may have formed part of the inner entrance to the Eleusinion, much like the Inner Porch at Eleusis. To them we add here the section of a Doric frieze that displaysEleusinian objects, now built into the wall over a side entrance to the Little Metropolitan Church in Athens, of a similar date and appropriatescale. zu Bibliography:L. von Sybel, Katalogder Sculpturen Athen (Marburg 1881), nos. 2942, 2943; A. Milchhoefer, Die MuseenAthens,Athens 1881, 78, nos. 108, 109; P. Kastriotou, rXunt&aToi 'EOvLxoOMouaelou: I (1908), p. 298; Schmidt Kari&Xoyo?IIepLypypctx6d 1977, p. 274, note 80; E. Raftopoulou, IIpaxntxi 12th Congress,pp. 230-233; eadem,AthMitt 100 (1985), pp. 355-365; Zagdoun 1989, p. 174, no. 54. For differing views on the date of the Tralles/Cherchel karyatid, Laubscher 1966, pp. 125-126, 128-129 (Augustan period, while the Athenian karyatids, 15 and 16, are Hadrianic); Schmidt 1982, p. 85 (Late Hellenistic to Antonine period); Zagdoun 1989, pp. 173-174 (type is popular from 1st century B.C. to Antonine period); Fullerton 1990, pp. 24, 192, note 11 (the type ranges "fromca. 100 B.C. to the Augustan era"). Roman Imperial period (probablyHadrianic).
OTHER OBJECTS 16
(Nat. Mus. 1683) Head of a karyatid with polos, and associated fragments Dimensions as given by Raftopoulou (1985):max.P.H. 0.3325, H. of head 0.205, H. of face 0.17 m.
221
Found in 1859, near the Church of the Hypapanti in the area of the Eleusinion, in the excavations of the Greek Archaeological Society (inv.no. E 109). E. Raftopoulou, as above, 15. Roman Imperial period (probablyHadrianic).
C. OTHER OBJECTS 17
(A 2410)
Fig. 13; P1.40 Thymiaterion in the shape of a plemochoe P.H. 0.397, P.W 0.296, max.P.Th. 0.256, at flange; H. of lid 0.186, projects 0.205 m. from back; at flange projects 0.234 m. Est. restored H. ca. 1 m. Found in February 1954, among uncatalogued marbles piled in Section II adjacent on the south to the Eleusinion (T-U 21-22). Bottom end brokenall around. Top end has a flatjoint surface at rear with anathyrosis, where it must have rested against a wall or other upright surface. A round drilled hole 0.006 m. in diameter is set into the top end 0.05 from the joint surface and contains the remains of an iron pin, probably for attachment of an incense pan. The domed top is decorated with six zigzag and sawtooth bands in low relief, representinga fenestratedlid. Below the rim of the lid, the profile curves inward and then outward to a flange, then again inward, as in the profiles of plemochoai. Date uncertain, 4th century B.C.(?). 18 (S 1441) P1.40 of a in monument the form of a torch Fragments a) H. 0.409, max.P.Th. 0.142 m. b) P.H. 0.262, Diam. 0.231 m. Found in February 1950, in a pile of uncatalogued marbles near the Stoa of Attalos (P-R 7-12). Two
joining and one nonjoining fragment. Workedends are partlypreservedon both ends of fragmenta and one end of fragment b; these must have been joining surfacesfor other parts of the torch. Part of a circular projection is preservedon one side of fragment b. Pentelic marble. The marble pieces represent a wooden torch consisting of a bundle of staves held together by plain bands, the one preserved here 0.04-0.045 m. wide. It is finely carved and represents a very large torch, of which this is apparently the upper middle part. Perhaps the torch was an accessory in a group of Eleusinian divinities. Date uncertain.
19
(S 3032)
P1.40 of a torch Fragment P.H. 0.142, P.W.0.044, Th. 0.035 m. FoundonJuly 17, 1978, among uncatalogued marbles piled in Section K (G-J 14-16). Fragment is broken across the hafts, and worn on the left side. Pentelic marble. This piece representsthe top part of a double-shafted torch. The shafts are represented as bundles of staves with roughverticalincisions, and the binding of the torch with cursoryhorizontalincisions. The flames bend right and backwards,with diagonal incised lines. The torch was intended to be seen on the right side or front. Date uncertain.
GENERAL INDEX AGONOrHE-IlS:
Herodes Atticus as
601; of Eleusinia
192 Agora Excavations: history of excavation of Eleusinion 5-6; Section AA 5, 18; Section BB 5, 18; Section HH 5; Section EE, 5, 8224. ForSectionII, seeEleusinion Aiakeion 518, 88 Aidoneus 10232 Aitolian League 65, 193 Akropolis: Erechtheion(TempleofAthena Polias) 351, 4115, 68, 897; north slope of 11; Old Temple of Athena Polias 28, 351, 41, 44; Parthenon, Periklean 4115, 42, 711, Older 44, statue of Athena in 42; perimeter road of 1, 11, 81; Propylaia 4115, 91; Temple of Athena Nike 4115, 45 Alaric (Visigoths) 80, 93 Alexandria(Egypt): cemetery at Schatbi 99; Eleusinian influence in 99; plemochoai from 99 Alkibiades 8, 59, 65, 66 Alkmaeonidai 4115 altars 63, 81; bases for 88, 154; circular base for 87; column drum reused as 81, 8123;from Eleusinion 214; at Eleusis 50, 10229; inscribed 8, 64, 191; mentioned by Andokides 3; offeringtable 87, 214; rectangular 81; rocks used as 20 Amphitrite, in Eleusinian scene 5352 amphora, stamped handle 148, 156, 179 anathyrosis: in Circular Building 81; in Propylon 72; in Temple of Triptolemos 36 antefix 39, 40-41, 56-57, 93, 211 Antonios Oxylos 208 apobatai 524, 85 Apollo: cult at Delos 27; Pythianfestival 208; sanctuary at Delos 40 Appius Claudius Pulcher 90-91 Appius Saufeius 84, 192 aqueduct, Hadrianic/Antonine 76, 77, 7813, 88; construction of 79, 7919. Seealsowater supply architecturalblocks: inscribedepistyle 67, 190;listed 202; reused 72, 81; threshold 61 Archon Basileus 2133, 64 Areopagos
5, 4528
Ares, Temple of 4115 Aristodamos, of Metapontion 5456 Aristokles(hierophant) 199, 208 Artemis, Brauronia 22 Asklepios, cult introduced 59 Athena: priestess of 66; statue of 42, 5244; on votive relief 218
Athenaios 95, 96, 98 Athenian pottery,found in Etruria 54 Athens: modern streets near Eleusinion 11-12, 91; Piraeus Gate 12; sacked by Persians 30, 31, 32, 41; sacked by Alaric 80, 93; sacked by Herulians 56, 57, 75; sacked by Leon Sgouros 94; Temple on IlissosRiver 2131,45; trade with Etruscans 54-55. SeealsoAkropolis;Attica Attica: hero cults in 1822; linked by processions through 22, 91; unification of 2133 Attic Stelai 8, 9, 65-66, 203-205 Augustus 712 Aurelius,Marcus 9115 BASKET.Seekiste bone: objects 171, 178; animal 30, 178; listedfre108, 109, 112, 124, Pottery quentlyin Context Descriptions 130, 131,133, 135,151,178 boukranion, on Doric friezes 89, 90 Boule 8, 33, 52, 206, 207; meets in Eleusinion 208
Bouleuterion
310, 412, 5, 208; Old, date of
33
boundary stones 20, 33, 205 Bouzyges 5248 brick conduit, of Roman period 82-83 bricks: of Late Roman period 76; of Byzantine period 76 bridge, across Kephisos 91 Brommer,Frank 95 Bronze Age: household wells 11; Mycenaean burials 111;pottery 111 bronze objects, listedin ContextPotteryDescriptions 109, 114, 135, 149 Brygos Workshop 5352 PotteryDescriptions 169 bucchero, listedin Context bulls: bronze statue of 52; sacrifice of 52 burials: Agora burial AA 288 16, 107; in Geometric period 16ll; Ottoman 94; in well 16 burned debris, near Temple of Triptolemos 4, 40, 56, 59, 80, 93 Burr,Dorothy (Thompson) 1821 Byzantine period: Building D 94; cistern 93; fill 59, 87; houses 76, 94; storage pithos 1611, 17, 63, 77; streets 31, 32, 93, 94; walls 32, 39, 56, 77, 81,94; well 125 CAMP,John 32 caryatid. Seekaryatid cavalry 2, 85; ephebic escort 209 Cavanaugh, Maureen 4220
224
GENERAL INDEX
6725;sanctuaryat Corinth 8329;vessels for 95; on caves: and Epimenides 53; in north slope of Akroporeliefs 56, 67-68, 217-220 votive 18 lis Poliorketes 71 Demetrios reliefs votive on 53, 52, chariot: 217, 218; winged 56 deposits: ofplemochoai 8, 14, 95, 97, 98, 149-150, 151, 175-176; stone container for 19; of terracotta chisel: claw-toothed 40, 214; flat-edged 81; marks of 74 figurines 16-18, 109-110, 112 Monu125; monuments deposits, specific: 11, 113, Lysikrates choregic B 13:8 9711 ment 11 D 17:5 97" 12 Alcestis Choremi-Spetsieri, D-E 8-9:1 9711 chthonic cults 18, 102-103 9711 E3:1 of church: of Christ, 1,, 4 413, 87, 94; Hypapanti 1, 9711 E5:2 3, 4, 413, 5, 89, 94, as findspot 56, 197, 217, 220, F 9711 12:3 5141, Little built within gateway 79; Metropolitan 97"1 G 13:4 91 Anna 89, 95, 220; of St. H16:3 Ploutowith 9711,9814 association Circular Building 81-83, 88; H 17:4 interior diameter estimated 19, Table 1(20) nion 101; date 82-83; 9711 L 17:7 construcof location 81; phases 81, 83; floor 82; P-R 6-12 971 tion 82, 179; purpose 83; reused blocks in 81; of of roof of 83; sacred character Q15:2 9711 81; stratigraphy R 17:5 17 179-185; well for 82 1717 S 17:2 cisterns. Seewater supply S 9814 19:3 citizenship 84, 197 T 22:1 83, 98, 9815, 101 clamps: C-clamps 77; cuttings for 36; swallow-tail T 22:2 83, 98, 9815 76; T-clamps 74 U22:4 83,9815 Clinton, Kevin 21, 22, 28, 43, 627,8 9, 99, 208 U 22:5 83,9815 coins: ofConstans II 93; for Eleusinian festival 56, 96, 98, 9812;found in excavation 109, 151, 162 deposits, in Eleusinion: T 18:3 (mixed fill to ca. 480 B.C.) 41; contents listed color, in architecture 40, 48, 211 171-174 concrete: and rubble bases 88; and rubblewalls 87 T 18:4 (early5th century B.C.) 3116,41, 87; contents conglomerate: bases for monuments 88; in Propylon listed 174-175 72; in Stoa 77 T 18:5 (mid 4th century B.C.) 87, 98, 9815;contents used fabric in Circular ware: 83; Building cooking listed 175-176 for plemochoe 97 T 19:3 (Protoattic) 16, 17, Table 1 (20); contents Corinth, sanctuary of Demeter and Kore 8329 listed 110-112 Corinthian order: in Eleusinion 90; at Eleusis 90 T 19:6 (early 6th century B.C.) 26; contents listed 218 cornucopiae 117-118 7813 Coulton, J.J. T 20:2 (7th century B.C.) 16, 17, Table 1 (20); conCrosby,Margaret 5, 6, 8224 tents listed 109-110 Crossroads: shrine 60; under protection of Hekate T 20:3 (Protoattic) 16, 17, Table 1 (20); contents 67 listed 112 cut disks 17, 18; frequentlylisted in ContextPottery T 20:4 (Archaic) 16, 17, 19, Table 1 (20) 25; conDescriptions tents listed 112 T 21:1 (2nd century B.C.) 98, 9815, 101; contents listed 151 DADOUCHOS 71, 208; uses fleece 966 T 21:2 (to 3rd quarter 4th century B.C.) 61, 9815; of 102 death, concept contents listed 149 dedications 66-67, 83-84, 100 T 21:3 (early 2nd century B.C.) 98, 9815; contents Delos: Oikos of Naxians 41; Temple of Apollo 42; listed 149-150 treasuries 41 U 20:1 (thirdquarter4th century B.C.) 9815;contents Delphi: Neoptolemeion 2028;Temple ofApollo 2028; 44 the listed 150 of Athenians Tholos 384; Treasury Gods assodestruction debris 56, 80, 93, 155-156 with Mother of Demeter: associated 97; of stone devotees: ciated with rocks 20-21; boundary 205; kneeling 67,84, 219; invotivereliefs 218, de219 cultsof 21; dedicationsto 66-67, 84, 187-193; dining, ritual 83 picted on Athenian pottery 53; Malophoros 1925,
GENERAL INDEX dinos, listedin ContextPotteryDescriptions 115, 123, 126, 147, 162, 167, 169, 172 Dinsmoor, W. B., Jr. 6, 407, 4935 Diogeneion 8534, 209 Dionysos: 2028; cult at Eleutherai 22; in Eleusinian scene
5352
Dioskouroi, shown rites by Triptolemos 5353 doors (to Eleusinion) 61-62 Doric order: on black-figured amphora 395; fragment 215; Doric frieze in Little Metropolitan Church 5141, 89-90, 95, 220; in Stoa 77-78; not used in Temple of Triptolemos 407, 43 dowels, cuttings for 77 drainage 31 drains: L-shaped (Archaic) 26, 29; fills 117, 118119; Great 3117;in Post-HerulianWall 72 drought 53 Dugas, Charles 53 EAGLE,statue of
88, 193
Eilytheia, dedication to 206 Eirene, and Ploutos 5244 EleusinianMysteries: administrationof 2133,33,6465; annual festival 1; beginning of 21-23; benefactors of 84, 208; coinage for festival 56; dignitaries 207; end of 93; initiates 12; and Peisistratos 27-28; profaning of 8, 59, 203-205; program of events 90; regulations for 64-65, 200202; restoration of 209; secrecy in 12, 126, 50-52 Eleusinion, City: clay floors 17, 25, 26, 29, 118, 119; doors for 62; earliest evidence for 16-18; entrances to 12, 25, 61-62, 72, 74; expansion of 28-29, 33, 614, 75; heavy poros retainingwall 4, 32, 59-60; identification of 6-9; interior dividing wall 32, 60; kitchen in 9; large size of 25, 63; location of 2-3; lower terrace 30-31, 87-88, 93, stratigraphy for 157-177; middle terrace 15, 18, 28-30, 31, 59, 93; monument bases 15, 1611,63-64, 8020, 88; repairs 208; Section II 5, 14-15, 16, 18, 75, 8183, 8224, 94, 98, 102; other structures in 62-63; relationshipwith Eleusis 64-65; Temple of Demeter and Kore 2, 33, 44, 51, 90, 93, 198; testimonia for 2-3, 6-9; upper terrace 14-15, 17, 18, 21, 25; walls 12, 31-32. SeealsoCircularBuilding; Inner Propylon; Propylon;Stoa in Eleusinion; Temple of Triptolemos Eleusis: altars 50, 10229; anaktoron 43-44; and Athens 2133, 22, 884; bouleuterion 208; buildings in Roman period 88; chthonic cult 19, 1922; duplicate buildings in 91; fortificationwall 28; fountainhouse 91; Greater Propylaia 50, 91, 9115; Inner Propylaia 51, 89, 90-91; inscribed architectural fragments 2812;Kallichoron Well 50; paved forecourt 50, 10229; personified on Athenian pottery 53; plemochoai found at 9813;Porch of Philo 68, 9813; ram's head sima 41; sack of 93; Sacred
225
House 41, 6725; storage magazines 88; Telesterion 2132, 27-28, 40, 41, 43-44; Temple of Artemis Propylaia 50-51, 91; Temple of Father Poseidon 50-51, 91; Temple of Triptolemos 50-52; terrace at 2132,2812,9813; torches 67 Enneakrounos 2, 3, 518, 49 entrances (to Eleusinion) 12, 25, 61-62, 72, 74, 150 Epidauros,theater 384 epimeletai (of the Eleusinian Mysteries) 65, 84, 190, 196, 198, 207 Epimenides 3, 5248, 53 Epistatai, boards of 42, 65, 202; supervision of 101 Epopteia 712 equestrian events 85, 88 Eretria, thesmophorion in 2237 Eschbach, N. 5244,46 Eteoboutadai 68 Etruscans: popularity of Triptolemos among 55; tombs 5352, 54, 55; trade with Athens 54-55 Eubouleus 4833,5246,on votivereliefs 67, 10234, 218 Eumolpidai
414, 28, 64, 199, 207
Eumolpos, in Eleusinian scene 5352; in votive relief 216 Eurymedon, Battle of 42 Euthynteria: of Propylon 72; of Stoa 77; of Temple of Triptolemos 36 FAMINE 53
fenestratedlids 99, 179, 221 fire, evidence of 56, 59, 80, 214 floors (in and around Eleusinion), clay 118, 119 Foccardi,Donatella 51 Foley,Helene 2234 Fountainhouse,Southwest 5
17, 25, 26, 29,
GELA(Sicily),thesmophoria in 2237 Geometric period: beginning of Eleusinian Mysteries 21; Geometric "house," 18; household wells 15, 107-109, 179 glass, listedin Context PotteryDescriptions 122, 129, 162 Golden section 38 Grace, Virginia 9711 grading, Roman period 30 granaries: near Eleusinion 87-88; at Eleusis 88. SeealsoAiakeion granite, and marble temple 4530 Greek Archaeological Society 4, 5, 220, 221 HABICHT, Christian
4935, 85
Habryllis, priestess of Demeter and Kore 208 Hades 2131, 10232,219 Hadrian 88, 91; Forumof 91; "Library"of 4 Hagg, Robin
1922
GENERAL INDEX
226
Hayashi, Tetsuhiro 28 hearth-initiate 191, 209 Hekate 1822,60, 67, 6725, 87; on votive reliefs 219220 Hephaisteion 4115 Herakles, shown rites by Triptolemos 5353 herbs, for fertility 2238 Hermokopidai 203. SeealsoEleusinian Mysteries,profaning of herms: base for 32,629,66,84, 192; cuttingfor 74; inscribed 209; mutilation of 66; of Phaidros 84, 192 hero cults 18, 1821,22 Herodes Atticus 601 heroine cults 1927 Herulian sack of Athens 56, 57, 75, 91, 93 hierokeryx 209 Hieronikes 192 hierophant 66, 84, 101, 199, 205, 208, 209; last 93 Hippias, siege of 32 horn, animal 109, 110 houses (in and aroundEleusinion): descriptionof 2830; stratigraphyand context pottery for 117, 118, 119, 126, 143, 145, 146, 147 Hymettos, Mount, sanctuary on 1922 HymntoDemeter 21-22, 67 67; in votive reliefs 218, 219 Immarados, tomb of 3, 51, 5243 Imperial cult (Roman) 4935 incense 9923, 100, 191, 221. Seealsothymiaterion initiates 12, 198 initiation 51, 5142, 64; resultsof 102-103; of Roman emperors 884; telete 90 Inner Propylaia (at Eleusis) 51, 90-91, 220 Inner Propylon (to Eleusinion) 89-91; date of 89; Doric frieze for 89-90; karyatidsfor 89, 220-221; reconstructionof 90; relationshipto Inner Propylon at Eleusis 90-91 inscriptions: boustrophedon 64, 200; for building 193; duplicates 65, 66, 6618, 91; found in Eleusinion 64-67; honorary decrees 65, 83-84; inventories 202; opisthographic 64, 201, 207; set up in Eleusinion 8, 84, 91, 195, 196, 197, 207. Seealso Index Epigraphical Ionic order: architrave at Eleusis 90; columns of Temple of Triptolemos 45; fragment 215; group of bases and capitals 45; inscribed cornice 207; unattributedmarble columns 48 iron objects, listedin Context Pottery Descriptions 109, 114, 115, 122, 124 Ivison, Eric 9423
KANEPHOROS 208
karyatids: from Eleusinion 51, 66, 89-91, 220-221; of Erechtheion (Temple of Athena Polias) 897; from Tralles/Cherchel 89, 220 Kerameikos,plemochoai found in 99 kernos 95-97, 103 kerykes
414, 28, 64, 194, 208
Kirchner,J. 627 kiste: on Doric frieze 90; as seat 218, 220; transported by priestesses 90, 95 Kleiokrateia 188 Kleomenes 28, 32 Klepsydra 11, 14, 31, 32 korai, term for karyatids 89 Kore 48; abduction of 102, 217; depicted on Athenian pottery 2131, 53; role of 102-103; on votive reliefs 56, 67-68, 217-220. Seealso Demeter; Two Goddesses Koroibos (architect) 42, 43; "KoroibosDecree," 4243, 65. SeealsoEpigraphical Index, under IG I2 32 Korres, Manolis 4528, 29 kothons: found in pits and wells 30; listedin Context PotteryDescriptions 123, 173, 176 kotyliskos 96 Koure Paphia (Aphrodite) 193 Kourouniotes, K. 5, 42, 627, 87 Kybele 95, 97
IAKCHOS
JEFFERY,L. H.
Julian 93
8
LAKRATEIDES,
relief of
10234
lamps, found in pits and wells 30, 33 laundry (7th century A.C.) 77, 93 Laurion mines, plemochoai found in 99 laws, concerning Eleusinian Mysteries 8, 64-65 Lawton, Carol L. 6723 lead, object 178 Lesser Mysteries
712,9710
lifting bosses, Temple of Triptolemos 36 limestone: Akropolis 60, 63, 72, 76; blue Akropolis 25, 31, 32, 35, 36; hard gray 72; Kara 30, 35, 36, 44; poros 32, 35, 44, 59, 61, 72, 76,81, 88, for altars 214; red crystalline 30, 35, 36, 63; hard yellow 30, 35, 36, 76; soft yellow 59-60, 63, 72, 148. Seealso working chips 2028
lithophoros
lithos 20, 205 loomweights: found in pits and wells 30; frequently listedin Context PotteryDescriptions 68 Lykourgos 59, Lysanias
43, 4321
Lysistrate(priestess) 32, 66, 187 MAKRON
53
marble: Hymettian 71, 74, 87, 151, offering table 214; objects 156, 179; Parian 4113, 44; Pentelic 41, 44, 89, 151, 214; rarity and cost of 4115; white
GENERAL INDEX island 40, 162, 179, roof tiles 211-214. See also Sculpture of Inscriptions, working chips; Catalogues masons' marks 40, 48 Melite (deme) 2237, 10229 Menidi 1822 Meritt, Lucy Shoe 408, 45, 4832 Metroon 310, 412, 5, 75, 97 mill-stone, reused 81 miniature shapes 17, 1820, 26, 30, 96; in sanctuary debris 61;frequentlylistedin Context PotteryDescriptions Mirthless Rock 2130 Mitchel, Fordyce 67 months: Anthesterion 71: Boedromeion 71; Munychion 71 monument bases 15, 63-64, 148; inscribed 189; of Roman period 8020, 88, 154 Moore, Mary 395 Morris, Ian 1819 mortar 76, 80; as dating criterion 79 mud brick 29, 30, 32, 63, 144, 147, 163, 166, 167 Mylonas, George 2812, 99 myrtle: on coins 56; crown of 66, 84; on Doric frieze 89, 90; with plemochoe 99 mystical formula 95, 99, 10125 in votive reliefs NAISKOS,
219, 220
Naxos 4530 Neoclassical revival (2nd century A.C.) 91 Neolithic period, household wells 11 Neoptolemos, son of Antikles 10229 Nestorius (hierophant) 93 Nike, statues of 4935, 5244 Ninnion pinax 96, 99 Nymphaeum 79 OATHOFPLATAIA 42
obsidian 133, 136 Odeion (in Agora) 49 Ohnesorg, Anne 40 Olympia, Temple of Zeus 4115; Sicyonian Treasury 4115
Osborne, Robin 277 Ottoman period: osteothekes 39, 56, 93-94; pits 17; well 63 architectural PALMETTES,
40, 211
Panayia Gorgoepikoos. Seechurch, Little Metropolitan Panagia Chrysokastriotissa 11 Panathenaia: Eleusinion as landmark for 85; events in 5244, 85; festival 27, 54; foreign visitors to 85; kanephoros for 208; platform for viewing of 60; prize amphoras 52, 10024;victors' lists 9 Panathenaic Way: as boundary for Eleusinion 1, 5, 12, 27; drainage 31; paving of 72, 79, 88, 156;
227
relationshipto Propylonand Stoa 74, 79; roadmetal 156; Roman course of 11, 17; and shrines 60, 149; wells in line of 26-27 Panhellenion: benefactions of 88, 91; foundation of 88; letter to 206; Synhedrion of 77, 88 Panhellenism 2234, 27, 54 Parsons,ArthurW. 38, 5, 6, 8224 Parthenon. SeeunderAkropolis Pausanias: description of Eleusinion and Eleusis 44, 49-50; dreams of 50; religious views 4935; reticence of 50-51 Peace of Kallias 4218 Peisistratos: the elder 27-28; sons of 27 Pelargikon 2, 32-33 peplos 2; ripped by wind 71l peribolos wall: Archaic 14, 20, 21, 25-26, date of 26, stratigraphyfor 113-117, 128-137, 150; of 5th century 31-32; overlaidby Propylon 71-72; overlapped by Temple of Triptolemos 35; southern line demolished 75 Persephone. SeeKore Persian destruction of Athens 30, 31, 32, 157, 178; Herodotos's account of 41 Phaidros 84, 192 Phaleron, Eleusinian sanctuary 43, 65 Pharai, in Arcadia 2028 phiale: in motif on pottery 53; on Doric frieze 89 Philomides, of Laodikea 208 Phrygianmother goddess 9710 piglets, on coinage 56; in festival 68 Pittakys,K. 3, 4, 87, 89, 93, 94 Plaka (modern) 1, 6, 44, 51, 89 plemochoai (pottery) 95-103; as casual find 1925; deposits 8, 14, 95, 97, 98, 149-150, 151, 175-176; as discarded debris 61, 74, 75, 82; at Eleusis 965, 98; fabric of 96-97; findspots 6, 98; firstdiscovery of deposits 5, 520 plemochoe (shape): characteristicsof 96-97; on coinage 56, 96; date of use 97-98; distribution 9899; on Doric frieze 89, 90; on kistaiofkaryatids 95; marble 83, 100, 102, 221; ritual use of 99-103; terminology 95; worn on head 99 Plouton 4833; altar of, at Eleusis 10229;libations to 103; offerings to 101; priestess of 10229; ritual meals for (lectisternia)83, 101, 205; role of 102103; shrine of 51, 62, 628, 83, 101-102. See also Ploutonion Ploutonion 62, 83, 101-102; Circular Building used for 83; doors for 62, 101; repairs to 84; suggested date of 102 Ploutos 67; and Eirene 5244;in votive relief 218 Plutarch 71 Pollitt, J.J. 613, 95, 96, 98, 101 poppies: on Doric frieze 89; in rituals 966 poros. Seelimestone
228
GENERAL INDEX
Poseidon, in Eleusinian scene 5352 Post-Herulian Wall: Archaic walls beneath 25; built over Propylon 72, 91; drain through 72; early modern excavation of 4, 5; fill of 56; gateway in 79; out of use as fortification 94; source of inscriptions 412, 5; tower in 4 postholes 29, 129, 133 potter's workshop 17; discards 18 Praxiteles 67, 188, 189 priestesses 32, 33, 4833; of Athena 66; as benefactors 84; ofDemeter and Kore 66,9012,187, 188,209; hierophantides 9012;perquisites of 64, 66, 84, 201; of Plouton 10229;portraits of 66, 84, 198; rank of 66; represented by karyatids 90; of Thesmophoroi 84, 197 priesthood: hereditary 68; listed 209; perquisites of 201; of Thea, Theos, Eubouleus 10234. Seealso priestesses procession: ceremonial, with plemochoai 99; as a link between sanctuaries 22, 91 program of events, in Mysteries 90 Propylaia (to Akropolis),copied at Eleusis 91 Propylon (to Eleusinion) 25, 51, 61-62, 71-75; built over 91; columns for 74; date of 74-75, 150151; euthynteria of 72; foundations of 71-72; pavement of 74; position of 74-75; reconstruction of 74; relationship to Stoa 74, 79; stratigraphyfor 150-151 prothyron 62, 66 Protoattic period 17 pryholes: in Circular Building 81; in Propylon 74; in Stoa 76; in Temple of Triptolemos 36 Prytaneion 5 Psoma, Louise 4, 94 Ptoion 1922 Ptolemy I 99 purple dye 68 Pythodoros (dadouchos) 71
RAFroPoULou,Eliana 89, 90, 220 Revett, Nicholas 90 Rhamnous, Temple of Nemesis 4115 Rhea 95, 97 rituals: ceremonial carrying of vessels 99, 9922; with fleece 966; with honey, oil, water 101; libations 100-103; mystical formulas in 95, 99; regulations for 64, 200-202, restorationof 65, 209; with seeds and grain 966; stones used in 20-21; with vessels 95-96, 978, 99-101 rocks, with sacred uses 20-21 Rocky Outcrop 14, 17, 20-21; and periboloswall 31 Roman Agora 7813 Roman imperial cult 4935
roof tiles: terracotta 29, 30, 32, 80, listedin Context Descriptions 131, 142, 144, 150, 155, 157, 167, Pottery 168, 182 ; marble 40-41, 42, 211-214 Rotroff, Susan 9711 violations of 71 sacred land 65; boundaries of 207 sacred laws 8, 9, 64-65, 200-202 Sacred Objects 43, 44, 51, 62, 68; kept in chest 219; place for in Eleusinion 22; transportedby priestesses 90 sacred stones 20-21 Sacred Truce 65; infraction of 194 Sacred Way 91 sacrifices,of bulls 52 Satyra (priestess) 33, 4833, 51, 84, 101, 198 scepter,in votive reliefs 217-219 Schone-Denkinger,Angelika 9916 sculpture: bronze horse 3; finds in Eleusinion 8, 67-68; large groups posited 68, 77; platform for 77; of plemochoe 221; portrait-statue 4935, 66, 188, 189; statuary 220-221; statue bases 84, 88, 187, 188, 192; torches 221; votive reliefs 56, 6768, 217-220 secrecy (about cultic matters) 12, 50-51 security: of Eleusinion 2, 12; of visitors 64 Selinous (Sicily): Sanctuary of Demeter Malophoros SACRED CALENDAR,
1925, 6725; Temple E
2131
Semnai 1821 Severe style, recalled in karyatids 89 Sgouros, Leon 94 Shapiro, H. Alan 277, 5248 Shear, T. L., Jr. 27, 3015, 41 Shear, T. L. 5 shell: listedin Context PotteryDescriptions 108, 133 shrines: adjunct to Eleusinion 60, 148-149; Crossroadssanctuary (Roman period) 60, 87-88 silence, in rituals 95, 100 Silenos, rested on stone 2028 Sironen, Erkki 93 Smithson, E. L. 1611 snakes 52, 53, 56, 218 Solonian law 8, 2133, 64 Sounion 1822,4935;Temple of Athena 4322;Temple of Poseidon 4115 Southeast Temple (in Agora) 4935 Southwest Temple (in Agora) 4935 spindle whorls 17, 18; listedin Context Pottery Descriptions Square Peristyle 7813 stamped amphora handles 148, 156, 179 stelai: cuttingsfor 60; requiredto be set up in Eleusinion 8, 84 Stoa in Eleusinion 12, 51, 57, 75-80; alternative reconstructionfor 7813;construction of 76-77; date of 79-80, 153; destructionof 80, 155; Doric order
GENERAL INDEX in 77; euthynteria of 77; floor of 78; interior of 78; materialsof 80; phases of use of 76; position of 75-76; possible windows for 78; one-storied 78; ramp of 6th century A.C.in 79, 153; relationship to Propylon 74, 79; stratigraphyfor 153-156; unexcavated part of 76 stoas: East Stoa in Asklepieion 7813; Stoa of Attalos 11, 7813;Stoa Basileus 2028;Middle Stoa 11; South Stoa II 7813;Stoa of Zeus 412. SeealsoStoa in Eleusinion stone objects: listedin Context 108, 109, Descriptions Pottery 112, 126, 132, 134, 168, 173. Seealsorocks storage complex 87-88; bases for monuments in 87; date of 87; part of sanctuary 88; purpose of 8788; stratigraphyfor 157-177; walls of 87 streets(ancient): Aqueduct 60, 87; behind Stoa 79, 94, 155; of Tripods 1,11, 113, 125, fork in 11-12, 51 streets (modern): near Eleusinion 1, 11-12,63,91 Stroud, R. S. 518 Stuart, James 90 stucco 122, 162, 182, 184 Syracuse, thesmophoria in 2237 TAXIARCHS 65, 189, 195
Temple of Triptolemos: added foundations 36-38; anathyrosis 36; built on middle terrace 15, 28; context pottery for 126-132, 137-144; cross-walls 36, 43, 45; date of 30, 38-40; destruction of 5657; doorway to 43; euthynteria 36, 43; foundations of 35-38; identification of 48-52; marble roof of 40-42; materials 35-38; positioning of 35, 44; proportions of 38; retaining walls for 5960; stratigraphyfor 126-132, 137-144; statuaryfor 52-53 temples, reconstruction of 41-42. Seealso Akropolis; Athens terrace, in front of Stoa 74, 78 terracotta objects: columnar figurine 17, 19; drivers 17; as evidence for sanctuary 18-20, 26; found in pits 14, 16, 17, 30; found in wells 30, 33; horses 17, 19; horses with riders 1927;legs 17; plaques in Context 17; shields 17, 19; listedveryfrequently Pottery Descriptions tetrastyle amphiprostyleplan 44-45, 48, 5036;advantages of 45; regional style 4530 Thea 102-103, 10234 Theano (priestess) 66 Theater of Dionysos 11, 2028 Theodoros (hierophant) 6622 Theos 102-103, 10234 Theoxenos, of Thebes 189 Theseus 277 Thesmophoria 22-23, 68, 101; CircularBuilding used for 83; outside Athens 2237
229
Thesmophoroi, priestess of. SeeSatyra Tholos (in Agora) 310;blocks from 8122,23;porch of 75 Thompson, Homer A. 6, 11, 1923,4935, 61 Thorikos 4935 thurible 176 thymiaterion: found in pits and wells 30; plemochoe used as 99, 221; listedin ContextPotterydescriptions 150, 163, 174, 175, 176, 179 Timotheus (exegete) 99 torches: depicted on Athenian pottery 53; in sculpture 67, 221; in votive reliefs 217, 218 Tourkovouni,sanctuary on 1922 Tracy,Stephen 85 Travlos,John 6, 12 Triangularperibolos (in Agora) 18 tripod, inscribed base for 189 Triptolemos: chthonic role of 54-55; on coins 56; depicted on Athenian pottery 53-55; as judge of dead 54-55; mission of 53; popular among Etruscans 55; role of 48-49, 52, 53-54; statue of 52-53; on votive reliefs 56, 67, 217-218 (play by Sophocles) 4934, 54 Triptolemos Tritopateres 1822 Two Goddesses 42, 48, 51, 67; dedications to 84, 88, 188, 191, 193, 206; in dual number 48; indirection of address 10233;votive reliefs 68. Seealso Demeter; Kore Tyrannicides,statues of 5244 VANDERPOOL, Eugene 22, 38, 6, 614, 745, 8224 victors' lists, in Panathenaia 9, 85 votive objects. Seecut disks; miniature shapes; spindle whorls;terracottaobjects votive reliefs 56, 67-68 WALLS:Archaic 25-26; mudbrick 29; for security 12;stepped 60. Seealsoperiboloswall; Post-Herulian Wall water supply: Archaic pipeline 124; cisterns 3116, 87, fill in 175-176; Late Roman water channel 32; Roman water system 14, 82; stone conduit, 4th century B.C. 124. Seealsoaqueduct; wells well-head 30, 177 wells: closure of 26-27; household 15; interpretation of 15; unexcavated (Roman) 1611; used as burial 16 wells, specific: Brann Well S 1717 R 17:3 26-27 S 18:1 16 S 19:7 16 S 21:2 26-27 S 22:1 27 U 22:2 82
230
GENERAL INDEX
wells, in Eleusinion: S 20:1 (Late Geometric) 16; contents listed 107109 T 18:1 (ca. 500 B.C.) 30, 157, 162; contents listed 163-168 T 18:2 (ca. 575-550 B.C.) 262, 30; contents listed 168-169 T 19:1 (ca. 500-490 B.C.) 29-30, 38, 39; contents listed 119-126 T 19:5 (Byzantine),partial contents listed 125-126 U 19:2 (early5th century B.C.) 30,41; contents listed 177-179 U 19:5 (Late Geometric), unexcavated, partial list 179 U-V 19:1 (Early Geometric) 15; contents listed 107
windows, marble lattice 78, 215 women, and Thesmophoria 22-23. SeealsoLysistrate; priestesses;Satyra;Theano wood, found in well U 19:2 177 Woodhead, A. G. 190 workingchips: limestone 38-39, 119, 122, 129, 130, 131, 132, 137, 138, 139, 144, 180; marble 75, 77, 78, 80, 150, 183; poros 77 Wycherley,R.E. 11,627, 8 XENOKLES, of Sphettos
YOUNG,Rodney
194
5
ZAMAROS 712
Zeus, in Eleusinian scene 5352
EPIGRAPHICAL INDEX GREEK INSCRIPTIONS Agora Inventory 220 ......................825, 6515, 84, 197 (31) 562 .................................... 193 (23) . 1299 .................. 6515, 84, 198 (34) 3310 . ................48, 6515, 84, 206 (62) 3844 ................................ 65, 202 (43) 4007 + 5733 + 6974 + 6794 + 6877 + 6915 + 4739 + 3854 + 4140 ................64, 201-202 (42) 4165 ................................ 188-189 (7) 197-198 4260 + 5322............825, 6515, 84, (33) 4360 ................................ 84, 192 (19) 4363 + 5715 + 7304 ..............84, 191-192 (18) 4374 ................ ......... ............188 (4) 4377 .................................84, 199 (37) 4384 + 7259 .........................65, 194 (26) 4389 + 5556 .....................84, 199-200 (38) 4393 + 3910 .............................. 187 (2) 4439 + 6084 ............... 194-195 6515, 84, (27) 4456 ...................................... 188 (5) 4541 ........................825, 6515, 84, 197 (32) 4568 .................................67, 189 (10) 4659a + b ............. 189 (9) .................. 4713 .........................77, 88, 206-207 (64) 5016 .................................... 206 (61) 5165....... 33, 43, 4833, 51, 6515, 66, 84, 198 (35) 5213 ................................ 84, 190 (13) 5228 . ............... 825, 65, 195-196 (29) 5279 .................................67, 190 (12) 5299 + 5718 ............. 191 (16) ...........84, 5323 .......... ................... 84, 192 (22) 5407 ................................189-190 (11) 5436 ......................88, 193 (24) 5450 .......... .................... 84, 192 (21) 5485 . 192 (20) .....................84, 5708 . seeIG II2 1934 (60) ................ 5761 . .................. 6515, 84, 199 (36) 5791 . .................825, 6515, 84, 197 (31) 5802 ..................................66, 188 (3) 6140 . .................... 190-191 (14) 6605 . .................... 84, 191 (15) 6662 ...................................... 189 (8) 6837 ...................... 207 (66) 6876 . 205 (59) ...................... 6885 ......... ................ 6515, 206 (63)
6889 etal. ..................... seeIG II2 1999 (65) 6896 ..................................48, 188 (6) 6909 .............. 191 .................84, (17) 6921 ...........................825, 6515, 195 (28) AgoraXVI, no. no. no. no. no. no. no. no. no. no. no. no. no. no. IG I3
9 ..................... 193-194 (25) 48 ..................... 65, 194 (26) 194-195 77.................6515, (27) 123 ..........825, 65, 84, 195-196 (29) 140 ............ 825, 6515, 84, 195 (28) 206 ............825, 6515, 84, 196 (30) 220 ............ 825, 6515, 84, 197 (31) 228 .............825, 6515, 84, 197 (32) 239 ........825, 6515, 84, 197-198 (33) 277..33, 43, 4833, 51, 6515, 66, 84, 198 (35) 284 ................ 6515, 84, 199 (36) 300 ................ 6515, 84, 198 (34) 306 ................. 84, 199-200 (38) 328 ......................84, 199 (37)
6 ....... ........ 414, 5456, 64, 201 (41) 32 ...................825, 42-43, 65, 202 (44) 50 .............................193-194 (25) 78 ............................ 33, 52, 10334 231 ........................8, 63, 64, 200 (39) 232 ....................8, 63, 64, 200-201 (40) 386-387.9, 386-387 65, ...........................9, 65, 9812 393 ..............................65, 202 (45) 421-432.................65, 203-205 (46-57) 474 ......................................897 953 ........................9, 629, 66, 187 (1) 1007 .....................................5456 1054 .................................205 (58) II2 204 .............................65, 207 (67) 661 ....................825, 6515, 84, 207 (68) 794 ........................6515, 84, 207 (69) 807 ........................6515, 84, 208 (71) 848 ........................6515, 84, 208 (70) 1078 ...................................22, 91 1079 ......................................9 1 1044 .................................208 (76) 1045 ........................6515, 84, 208 (73)
EPIGRAPHICAL INDEX
232
1072 ...................... 6515, 208-209 (77) 1078 ........................ 65, 91, 209 (78A) 1079 ........................ 65, 91, 209 (78B) 1092 ......................................66 10229 1231 ................................... 1236 ......................... 414, 84, 208 (72) 1363 ................................... 10229 1672 ......36,
9, 126, 4833, 5142, 61-62, 68, 101
5142 1673 .................................... 4 833 1933 ....................... , 101, 205 83, 1934 ................... 4833, 83, 101, 205 (60) 1935 ....................... 4833, 83, 101, 205 1999, 2003, 2339 .................207 (join 65) 2316 .................................... 8533 2330 ............................. 84, 208 (74) 2342 ............................. 93, 209 (80) 3477 ............................. 84, 208 (75) 3674 ............................. 93, 209 (79) 5077 .................................... 2028 6398 ..................................... 208 SEG X 241 .......................................203 242 ....................................... 321 ....................................... X II 2 ...................................200, X III 12 ..................................... X V 90 ...................................... X V I 50 ....................................202 72 .................................... 73 .................................... 92 .................................... 160 .................................... 162 .................................... 164 ....................................19 171 ....................................187 174 .................................... 175 .................................... X V II 21 .................................... 56 .....................................207 83 .....................................189 84 .....................................190 85 ..................................... X V III 85 .................................... 88 ....................................206 X IX 23 ....................................203 25 ....................................204 76 ....................................206 105 ....................................
204 187 201 203 194 197 198 199 188 191 1 190 190 202
189 189
119 .................................... 124 .................................... 188 .................................... 220 .................................... XXI 3 ................................200, 19 .................................... 255 .................................... 257 .................................... 344 .................................... 346 .................................... 402 .................................... 450a ................................... 487 ................................... 782 .................................... 793 .................................... 795 ....................................19 X X II 124 ...................................200 X X III 97 ..................................205 105 .................................. 106 .................................. XX IV 200 ..................................207 XXV 1 ................................200, 64 ....................................207 XXVI 95 ................................... XX IX 115 ..................................208 126 ..................................209 X X X I 2 ....................................201 69 ....................................202 99 ....................................208 XX X II 126 ..................................197 348 .............................205, XX X III 82 ..................................207 XXX IV 2 ..................................201 XXX VI 7................................. 197 .................................208 XXXVII 75 .................................207 XXXVIII 2 ...............................202 57 ...............................202 166 ...............................207 XXXIX 5.................................202 101 .................................712 X L 222 ....................................10024 X LII 29 ...................................203 138 ...................................205 215 ...................................205 238 ...................................209 1776...................................209
199
LATIN INSCRIPTION CILIII 547 .......................................................
90
195 200 188 188 201 202 202 202 195 202 208 199 206 188 191 1
192 192 201 208
208
202
INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS Aischylos, Pr. 806 ............................. Andokides, De Mys. 1.12 ........................................126 1.111 .....................25, 1.112 ..........................................3
10232
8, 2133, 64
Aristophanes, Eq., scholiast, 566 ............... Aristotle,Ath.Pol. 7.1 ..........................................2028 19.5-6 ...................................... 57.1-2 ...................................... Arnobius, AdvNat.6.6 .......................
2, 8531
Philostratos, VS2.1.7 .................... 3220
2133 22, 5243
Arrian, Periplous9 ...................
9710
Athenaios 11.476f......................................966 11.478c, d ....................................966 11.496a .......................................95 14.629d .....................................9922
Cicero, Tusc.1.41 ..............................5559 Clement of Alexandria, Protr.3.45 .........
22, 3, 5243
Dio Cassius, 54.9.10 .............................712 Diodorus, 13.69.2 . ....................... Herodotos 1.64.2 ........................................27 5.64-65 ........................ 8.65 ............................ 9.13.2 ........................................41 .........................953 Hesychius, s.v. tXTFiLoX6q Julian, Orat. 5 ........................
Pausanias 1.2.4 ....................................... 1.5.2 .......................................5243 1.14 .........................................33 1.14.1 .........................2-3, 1.14.3-4 ............................ 1.14.4 .......................................
1.23.5 ......................................2028 1.27.4 ......................................5243
3220
22
9710
[Lysias] 6.4, 6.52 ..................................3 Marmor Parium (FGrHist239.A45) .............. N epos, Alc. 6.5 .................................
6518
3220 6518 188
6, 52 2-3, 126, 50 52
28
1.28.5 ......................................20 1.38.6-7 ..................................... 1.43.2 ............... ..................... 2.34.10 .................................... 7.22.4 ......................................2028 8.15.2 ......................................2130 10.24.6 ......................................2028
50 2130 2130
2, 601, 8531
Plato Ap. 41A ..................................... Cra.403A .................................. Grg.,scholiast, 497c .......................... Lg. 1.642D-E ...............................
5559 10232 9710 5349
Plutarch Alc. 22 ........................................66 33 ......................................6622 Demetr.10, 12 ................................ 26 .....................................7 Phoc.28 ....................................... Them.15 ......................................
711 1 68 22
Pollux 3.11 .......................................
9710
4.103 ......................................
9922
8.86 ....................................... 8.123 ....................................... 8.141 ....................................... 10.74 ........................................ 10.97 ....................................65,
2028 126 126 953 6618
Polybios 28.19 ...................................
99
Proklos,in Ti. 293C ........................... Souda, s.v. AL6g x8itov .......
10125 .............
Tacitus, Hist. 4.83 .................... Thucydides 1.89.3, 90.3, 93.2 ............................ 2.17.1 ..................................... 3.104.1 .......................................27 6.27-29 .......................................66 Xenophon Eq. 1. ... ..................................... Eq.Mag. 3.2 ...............................2, Hell. 6.3.6 ...................................
966 99 4117 2, 126
3 8531 5353
PLANS and PLATES
PLAN 1
A
B
D
C
F
E
0.400
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ELEUI5INION o
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Eleusinion: actual-state plan
PLAN 3
Eleusinion: actual-stateplan, Section II
PLATE 1
a. View of southwest area, Agora excavations, in 1959
'
PLATE 2
a. View of Section 0 0 after demolition of houses in 1937; Post-Herulian Wall is visible.
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PLATE 3
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a. Rocky Outcrop and Archaic peribolos wall, from northeast (1959) .....i . . . .: .
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b. Archaic peribolos wal
b. Archaic peribolos wal
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c. Rocky Outcrop and Archaic peribolos wall, from northwest (1960)
d. Rocky Outcrop, fr
a. Fill between Temple of Triptolemos and Post-Herulian Wall, from north (1959)
b. Stratigraphy between north si from we
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c. Last remaining block of south side of temple, from south (1959)
d. Same, from east, with line of mod
PLATE 6
TEMPLE OF TRIPTOLEMOS
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a. Northwest corner of temple, from south (1959)
b. Detail, stippling on north side of temple (1959)
c. North side of temple, with working chip
PLATE 8
TEMPLE OF TRIPTOLEMOS
a. Working chips, from south
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b. Foundation for crosswall of temple, from west
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c. West side of pit for cellar cut into the temple. At right, west wall of temple; in right foreground, a modem pit.
d. Southeast corner of pit for cellar of moder house cut into temple. A foundation block for the south wall of the temple is in the background.
a. Retaining wall from southwest (1958)
b. Retaining wall from south, a
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PLATE 10
MONUMENTBASE CLASSICAL
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a. Storerooms 2 and 3 on west side of lower terrace, from south (1959)
b. Storerooms on west side of lower terrace, from northeast (1959)
c. Bases for monuments or altars i Eastern end of retaining wall
a. View of Panathenaic Way from south, outside Eleusinion (1958). Propylon immured in Post-Herulian Wall (at right).
c. Propylon, with Post-Herulian Wall still in place, from east (1959)
b. View of Post-Herulian Wall, fro Church of St. Anna
d. Propylon, after Post-Herulian
PLATE 13
a. Foundations for Propylon, from west, with Panathenaic Way in foreground (1959)
b. Foundations for
from southwest
PLATE 14
STOA
a. Limit of excavations of Eleusinion, at east scarp; Archaic peribolos wall in center bottom. Level of modern street and Church of St. Anna visible at rear (1959).
b. View of area in front of foundations for Stoa, from east (1959). Cuttings for terrace wall visible at and Archaic wall, with lowest foundations still
PLATE 15
a. Orthostates in back wall of Stoa, with cuttings for swallow-tailclamps. Before packing was removed, from east (1960).
b. Foundations of
from northeast
PLATE 16
SECTIONII
a. View from north of foundations
of Byzantine House D in Section II (1959)
b. Plan of House D (J. Travlos)
a. Hadrianic/Antonine aqueduct, from west (1959). Church of St. Anna visible upper left.
b. Circular Building, with rema from nort
c. Circular Building, detail of remaining southeast wall (1937)
Plemochoe, P 12132, from T 22:1
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PLATE 20
LONDONE 140
Skyphos by Makron, London E 140 (photos courtesy British Museum)
PLATE 21
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PLATE 22
LITTLE METROPOLITANCHURCH
Doric frieze above side door of Little
Church
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PLATE 24
TERRACOTTAS
T 1499 from deposit T 19:3 T 3653
T 3652 from deposit T-U 19-20
T 3603
PLATE 25
Terracottas from deposit T 20:4
PLATE 26
TERRACOTTAS
T 3610 from deposit T 18:4 T 3606 from area U 20
T 3645 from deposit U 19:2
T 3607 from
U 19:2
INSCRIPTIONS
PLATE 27
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PLATE 28
INSCRIPTIONS
I 6909 (Cat. 1.17)
PLATE 29
Part of IG I3 232 (I 4721f, Cat. 1.40) Part of IG I3 231 (I 4721b, Cat. 1.39)
PLATE 30
INSCRIPTIONS
Reconstructed fragments, IG I 422 (Cat. 1.47)
PLATE 31
I 6876 (Cat. 1.59)
I 4713 (Cat. 1.64)
..
PLATE 32
.
ARCHITECTURAL PIECES: Antefixes
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ARCHITECTURALPIECES: Roof Tiles
PLATE 33
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Poros altar A 2827 (Cat. 11.9)
Poros altar A 2829a (Cat. 11.13)
Poros altar A 2828
Marble offering table A
ARCHITECTURAL PIECES:Windows
Fragments from marble windows (Cat. 11.15)
PLATE 35
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PLATE 37
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PLATE 38
SCULPTURE: Votive Reliefs
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PLATE 39
S 2344 (Cat. III.12) S 2205 + S 1614 (Cat. III. 11)
S 689 (Cat. III.13)
PLATE 40
SCULPTURE: Statuary;Other Objects
S 1429 (Cat. III.14)
S 1441
S 3032 (Cat. III.19)
