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This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
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ISBN 0-203-34060-4 (Adobe eReader Format)
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1
An Introduction to Transport Signs and an Overview of This Book Tim Horberry, Cándida Castro, Francisco Martos, and Patricie Mertova
CONTENTS
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1.1 INTRODUCTION 7UDQVSRUWVLJQVDUHXELTXLWRXV DTXLFNORRNDORQJDOPRVWDQ\KLJKZD\UDLOOLQHRU DLUSRUW UDPS ZLOO FRQÀ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
1
2
The Human Factors of Transport Signs
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1.1.1 WHAT IS
A
TRANSPORT SIGN?
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1.2 INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC SIGNS :LWKJUHDWHULQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDYHOE\URDGUDLORUDLUWKHGHVLUHLVXQGHUVWDQGDEO\WR DFKLHYHJUHDWHUFRQVLVWHQF\LQWKHUXOHVJRYHUQLQJWUDIÀFPRYHPHQW/RRNLQJSXUHO\ DW URDG WUDQVSRUW LQ (XURSH PHHWLQJV VXFK DV WKH &RQYHQWLRQ RQ 5RDG 6LJQV DQG 6LJQDOV KHOG LQ9LHQQD RQ 1RYHPEHU DQG VXEVHTXHQW DPHQGPHQWV WR WKH FRQYHQWLRQ HJRQ1RYHPEHU KDYHWULHGWRDWWDLQVXFKXQLIRUPLW\ 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV (FRQRPLF &RPPLVVLRQ IRU (XURSH 7KH FRQWUDFWLQJ SDUWLHV LQ WKLV &RQYHQWLRQUHFRJQL]HWKDWLQWHUQDWLRQDOXQLIRUPLW\RIURDGVLJQVVLJQDOVV\PEROV DQGURDGPDUNLQJVLVQHFHVVDU\WRIDFLOLWDWHLQWHUQDWLRQDOURDGWUDIÀFDQGWRLQFUHDVH URDGVDIHW\ 7KH V\VWHP SUHVFULEHG DW WKLV &RQYHQWLRQ GLIIHUHQWLDWHV EHWZHHQ WKH IROORZLQJ FODVVHVRIURDGWUDIÀFVLJQV 8QLWHG1DWLRQV(FRQRPLF&RPPLVVLRQIRU(XURSH
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An Introduction to Transport Signs and an Overview of This Book
3
FIGURE 1.1 6LJQLQJWKDWZDUQVRIWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQRIDURDGDQGUDLOZD\
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4
The Human Factors of Transport Signs
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1.3 REQUIREMENTS OF TRANSPORT SIGNS 7REHHIIHFWLYHVLJQVLQDOOWUDQVSRUWPRGDOLWLHVPXVWDWWKH YHU\OHDVWEHQRWLFHG FRPSUHKHQGHGDQGIROORZHG RULQRWKHUZRUGVVHHQXQGHUVWRRGDQGKHHGHG VHH &KDSWHUIRUDPRUHGHWDLOHGDQDO\VLV ,QVRPHFDVHVSRRUDFTXLVLWLRQDQGLQWHU SUHWDWLRQRIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQFRQYH\HGE\WUDIÀFVLJQVFDQLQFUHDVHDFFLGHQWV +RUE HUU\ KRZHYHUEHWWHUFRQIRUPLW\WRWUDIÀ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ÀQHG YLVXDO FRQVSLFXLW\ DV WKH FRPELQDWLRQ RI SURSHUWLHVRIDYLVLEOHREMHFWLQLWVEDFNJURXQGWKDWDWWUDFWVDWWHQWLRQYLDWKHYLVXDO V\VWHPDQGLVVHHQDVDFRQVHTXHQFH&ROHDQG-HQNLQV DQG&ROHDQG+XJKHV UHGHÀQHG FRQVSLFXLW\ RI WKH VLJQ DV WKH SUREDELOLW\ WKDW WKH VLJQ ZLOO EH QRWLFHGE\DQREVHUYHUZLWKLQDÀ[HGWLPHRUFRQYHUVHO\DVWKHWLPHWKDWDQREVHUYHU QHHGVWRQRWLFHWKHVLJQ/RRNLQJIXUWKHUDWWKHLVVXHRIYLVLRQDQGDWWHQWLRQ+XJKHV DQG&ROH VWDWHGWKDWGULYHUV·YLVXDODWWHQWLRQLVRIWHQDWWUDFWHGE\DGYHUWLVH PHQWVDQGE\RWKHU´LUUHOHYDQWµREMHFWVLQWKRVHVHFWLRQVRIWKHURXWHZKHUHDGYHU WLVLQJIUHTXHQF\LVORZ:KHQDQDO\]LQJWKHH\HPRYHPHQWGDWD RQO\DERXWWR RI GULYHUV· À[DWLRQV DUH IRFXVHG RQ WKH WUDIÀF GHYLFHV 6LPLODUO\ +RUEHUU\ IRXQG WKDW IRU YDULRXV ZDUQLQJ DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ VLJQV WKH SHUFHQWDJH RI GULYHUVZKRDFWXDOO\ORRNHGDWWKHVHVLJQVZDVDVORZDV DQGHYHQIRUWKHEHVW VLJQRQO\DSSUR[LPDWHO\ 7KHUHIRUHLWLVQRWFHUWDLQWKDWGULYHUVQRWLFHDOORU HYHQPRVWWUDIÀFGHYLFHV
An Introduction to Transport Signs and an Overview of This Book
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The Human Factors of Transport Signs
Anglo-Saxon and Spanish version of obligatory direction sign
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The Human Factors of Transport Signs
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The Human Factors of Transport Signs
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Design of Traffic Signs
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The Human Factors of Transport Signs
TABLE 3.1 Typical Values for New Sheet Viewed Almost Normal (0.2$$) to the Surface and with a Light Source Close to Normal (4.0$$) Specific Intensity per Area (SIA), or CIL per Area of Sheet, cd/lx.m2 Sheet Color Sheet Quality Silver–White White Yellow Red Standard Green Blue Brown +LJK $YHUDJH
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Design of Traffic Signs
29
3.1.3.2 Variable Message Signs (VMS) 3DUWRIWKH´EOXUULQJµUHIHUUHGWRLQ6HFWLRQLVWKDWDFWLYHV\VWHPVLQZKLFKWKH VLJQPHVVDJHVPD\YDU\KDYHEHFRPHPRUHFRPPRQDVLQIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\KDV LPSURYHG 9DULDEOH RU FKDQJHDEOH PHVVDJH VLJQV 906 ZHUH ÀUVW XVHG LQ WKH HDUO\ V 906 FDQ KDYH PHVVDJHV DGGHG RU GHOHWHG PDQXDOO\ UHPRWHO\ E\ D PDQXDOO\LQLWLDWHGFRPPDQGRUUHPRWHO\DQGDXWRPDWLFDOO\7KH\DUHSDUWLFXODUO\ FRPPRQLQVLWXDWLRQVLQZKLFKWUDIÀFÁRZYDULHVJUHDWO\IRUH[DPSOHLQWLGDOÁRZ FRQJHVWLRQ LQFLGHQWSURQH FRQGLWLRQV RU ZKHUH XQH[SHFWHG ORFDO ZHDWKHU HYHQWV FDQ KDYH DQ LPSDFW RQ GULYLQJ FRQGLWLRQV %HFDXVH WKH\ FDQ UHVSRQG WR WUDIÀF LW PD\ EH DUJXHG WKDW906 VKRXOG QRW EH FDWHJRUL]HG DV WRWDOO\ SDVVLYH 7KH PRVW FRPPRQWHFKQRORJLHVXVHGIRU906DUH ÁLSIDFHVDQGURWDWLQJSULVPVFRQWDLQ LQJDQHQWLUHFKDUDFWHUZRUGRUPHVVDJHDQG DGRWPDWUL[IHGE\LQFDQGHVFHQW EXOEVRSWLFDOÀ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ÀEHURSWLFVFDQSURGXFHWKHZKLWH SUHIHUUHGIRUPDQ\WUDIÀFVLJQV,QDGGLWLRQ/('OLJKWLQWHQVLW\ /D\ &KDS GHFUHDVHV DV WKH WHPSHUDWXUH ULVHV ,Q ,7( LVVXHG DQ LQWHULP SXUFKDVH VSHFLÀFDWLRQIRU/('VLJQDOV,WLVQHFHVVDU\WRFKHFN/('FRORUVIRUSHRSOHZKR DUHFRORUEOLQG /D\ &KDS RUZHDULQJVXQJODVVHV
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The Human Factors of Transport Signs
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Design of Traffic Signs
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The Human Factors of Transport Signs
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Design of Traffic Signs
41
Stopping distance
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The Human Factors of Transport Signs
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Constant Deceleration Implied by col. 4 (ms–2)
Column Number
Car Stopping Distanceb (m)
Time to Stop Using Deceleration in col. 5 (Ts, s)
Minimum, but Nonskid, Values
Stopping Distance Assumed in Designc (m)
Typical Values Observed Truck Stopping Distance (dry/wet) (m)
Possible Direction Sign Distanced (m)
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Speed (km/h)
Distance Traveled in 2.5 s (m)
Measured Dry Braking Distancea (m)
TABLE 3.2 Stopping and Acting Distances
Design of Traffic Signs 43
44
The Human Factors of Transport Signs
TABLE 3.3 Associated Stopping Distances for Other Trucksa Situation
Multiplying Factor
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Shape
Usage
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Design of Traffic Signs
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TABLE 3.5 Meaning of Colors Used on Signs Color 5HG %ODFNZKLWH
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CONTENTS
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ANTECEDENT EVENT
BEHAVIOR
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TABLE 10.2 Drivers’ Comprehension of Individual Regulatory Signs in the Arab World
Sign Title
Drivers’ Correct Identification of Sign (%)
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TABLE 10.3 Drivers’ Comprehension of Individual Signs in U.S. and Canada U.S. and Canada Sign Title 1RULJKWWXUQ 1R8WXUQ 6WUDLJKWRUOHIW 1RSDUNLQJ .HHSULJKW 1RWUXFNV 5LJKWWXUQ 5LJKWFXUYH 5LJKWUHYHUVHWXUQ
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TABLE 10.4 Drivers’ Perception of Regulatory and Warning Signs by Their Socioeconomic Characteristics Perception of Traffic Signs (%) Parameters
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TABLE 11.1 Differences in Sign Comprehension among Arab, Asian, and Western Drivers
Sign Type
Signs Understood Equally Well by Arabs, Asians, and Westerners
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11.2.2 GENDER
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TABLE 11.3 Drivers’ Percentage Comprehension of Signs Based on Education and Driving Experience Educational Background
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11.6 COMBINED EFFECT OF DRIVER SOCIOECONOMIC AND SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS ON SIGN COMPREHENSION 6HYHUDOVWXGLHVE\$O0DGDQL DQG$O0DGDQLDQG$O-DQDKL D DQDO\]HG WKH MRLQW LQÁXHQFH RI GULYHUV· VRFLRHFRQRPLF DQG VDIHW\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RQ WKHLU FRPSUHKHQVLRQRIUHJXODWRU\DQGZDUQLQJVLJQVWKURXJKUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLV6XFK VWXGLHV DUH XVHIXO LQ SUHGLFWLQJ WKH GLUHFWLRQ DQG PDJQLWXGH RI WKH DVVRFLDWLRQ RI HDFKSUHGLFWRURQGULYHUV·FRPSUHKHQVLRQRIVLJQVZKHQWKH\DUHMRLQWO\FRQVLGHUHG 7KH\ DUH SDUWLFXODUO\ LPSRUWDQW ZKHQ FROLQHDULW\ H[LVWV EHWZHHQ VRPH RI WKH FRQ VLGHUHG YDULDEOHV DV LQ WKH FDVH RI DJH DQG H[SHULHQFH RU RI DJH LQFRPH DQG HGXFDWLRQ2QO\WKHSUHGLFWRUYDULDEOHZLWKWKHKLJKHVWDVVRFLDWLRQLVLQFOXGHG7KH RWKHUVEHFRPHXQEDODQFHGDQGDUHUHPRYHGIURPWKHUHJUHVVLRQ 5LFKDUGVDQG+HDWKLQJWRQ REVHUYHGWKDWWKHWKUHHIDFWRUVMRLQWO\DIIHFWLQJ GULYHUV·FRPSUHKHQVLRQDUHHGXFDWLRQDJHDQGGULYLQJH[SHULHQFH$O0DGDQLDQG
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TABLE 11.4 Coefficient Estimates and Standard Errors of Predictors for Drivers’ Comprehension of Signs Parameter &RQVWDQW 1DWLRQDOLW\ *&& $UDE $VLDQ :HVWHUQHU RWKHU $JH OLQHDU $JH TXDGUDWLF (GXFDWLRQLQ\HDUV OLQHDU (GXFDWLRQLQ\HDUV TXDGUDWLF ,QFRPHD OLQHDU ,QFRPHD TXDGUDWLF 6H[ PDOH 0DUULHG \HV $FFLGHQWUDWHE ([SHULHQFH \HDUV 0RGHOVWDWLVWLFV
Coefficients
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Michael A. Regan (Author of Chapter 14 and Chapter 15) ,ZDVJLYHQÁH[LEOHPDUFKLQJRUGHUVLQSUHSDULQJP\FKDSWHU ZKLFKHQGHGXSRQ WKHDGYLFHRIWKHHGLWRUVDVWZRFKDSWHUV ZULWHDVSHFXODWLYHSLHFHOLQNLQJ,QWHOOLJHQW 7UDQVSRUW6\VWHPVZLWKWUDIÀFVLJQVWDUJHWHGDWDEURDGDXGLHQFHQRWMXVWDWWUDIÀF HQJLQHHUVDQGZLWKDPXOWLPRGDOÁDYRUDVIDUDVSRVVLEOH7KLVZDVDFKDOOHQJLQJ H[HUFLVHEHFDXVH,FRXOGÀQGQRWKLQJSXEOLVKHGGLUHFWO\OLQNLQJWKHWZRDUHDV )RUWKHÀUVWFKDSWHU,VWDUWHGE\WKLQNLQJDERXWWKHDWWULEXWHVRIH[LVWLQJURDG WUDIÀFVLJQV HJWKH\DUHYLVXDOWKH\SUHVHQWVWDWLFLQIRUPDWLRQDQGWKH\SUHVHQW LQIRUPDWLRQ WR WKH GULYHU IURP RXWVLGH WKH YHKLFOH DQG WKHQ SRVHG D VHULHV RI TXHVWLRQVVXFKDVZK\WUDIÀFLQIRUPDWLRQVKRXOGEHSUHVHQWHGYLVXDOO\DQGZK\WKH LQIRUPDWLRQRQVLJQVVKRXOGEHVWDWLF7KHLGHDZDVWKHQWRXVHWKHVHTXHVWLRQVWR SURYLGHVWUXFWXUHIRUDGLVFXVVLRQRIKRZHPHUJLQJGHYHORSPHQWVLQWUDIÀFWHFKQRO RJ\DUHFKDQJLQJWKHVHDWWULEXWHVRIWKHWUDGLWLRQDOURDGVLJQ,ZURWHWKHFKDSWHULQ WKLVZD\DQGUDQLWSDVWDJRRGIULHQGDQGUHVSHFWHGZRUNFROOHDJXH7RP7ULJJV 7KHVHFRQGFKDSWHURQWKHKXPDQIDFWRUVLPSOLFDWLRQVRIDOWHUQDWLYHPHDQVRI SUHVHQWLQJ WUDIÀF LQIRUPDWLRQ XVLQJ ,76 WHFKQRORJLHV ZDV DOVR GLIÀFXOW WR NQRZ KRZWRVWUXFWXUH,VWDUWHGE\FRQVLGHULQJWKHGLIIHUHQWVRXUFHVRIWUDIÀFLQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW FRXOG LPSLQJH RQ WKH GULYHU IURP WKH YDULRXV ´VLJQVµ LQVLGH DQG RXWVLGH WKH YHKLFOHDQGWKHYDULRXVGHSOR\PHQWVFHQDULRVLQZKLFKWKHVHVLJQVZRXOGLPSLQJH VLPXOWDQHRXVO\RQWKHGULYHU7KHELJJHVWGHFLVLRQIURPWKHUHZDVZKHWKHUWRDGGUHVV WKH KXPDQ IDFWRUV LVVXHV UHODWLQJ WR HDFK RI WKHVH GHSOR\PHQW VFHQDULRV DW IDLUO\ KLJKOHYHOV³ZKLFKZDVWKHDSSURDFK,WRRN³RUWRGULOOGHHSHUDQGGHYHORSD GHWDLOHGWD[RQRP\RIWKHYDULRXVRSWLRQVIRU DQGKXPDQIDFWRUVLVVXHVDVVRFLDWHG ZLWK GLVSOD\LQJDFRPELQHGVXLWHRILQIRUPDWLRQWRWKHGULYHUIURPLQVLGHDQGRXWVLGH WKHYHKLFOH,WKDQN7RP7ULJJVDJDLQIRUDJUHDWGLVFXVVLRQZHKDGDERXWWKHIRUP WKDWVXFKDWD[RQRP\PLJKWWDNH,GHFLGHGLQWKHHQGWKDWLWZDVWRRDPELWLRXVWR JRGRZQWKHODWWHUSDWKZKLFKZRXOGEHWKHQH[WORJLFDOVWHSLQGHYHORSLQJJXLGHOLQHV IRUWKHGHVLJQRIZKDW,FDOOLQWKHFKDSWHUWKHKXPDQ²PDFKLQH²HQYLURQPHQWLQWHUIDFH +0(, IRUWKHGLVSOD\RIWUDIÀFLQIRUPDWLRQ([SRVLQJGULYHUVWRPXOWLSOHVRXUFHV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP LQVLGH DQG RXWVLGH WKH YHKLFOH KDV WKH SRWHQWLDO WR RYHUORDG FRQIXVHDQGGLVWUDFWWKHPDQG,VWUXFWXUHGWKHFKDSWHUPRUHJHQHUDOO\DURXQGWKH NH\ PHWKRGV WKDW KXPDQ IDFWRUV HQJLQHHUV KDYH DW WKHLU GLVSRVDO WR DGGUHVV WKHVH LVVXHV JRRGLQWHUIDFHGHVLJQSURFHGXUDOJXLGDQFHDQGVHOHFWLRQDQGWUDLQLQJ(YHU\ WKLQJ,KDGZULWWHQVHHPHGWRÀWXQGHURQHRIWKHVHKHDGLQJV 7KHFKDSWHUVDUHRULHQWHGWRZDUGVLJQDJHLQWKHURDGWUDQVSRUWGRPDLQZKLFK, DP PRUH IDPLOLDU ZLWK +RZHYHU WKH WHFKQRORJLHV DQG KXPDQ IDFWRUV LVVXHV DUH UHOHYDQW WR WKH GHVLJQ RI WUDIÀF VLJQDJH LQ RWKHU GRPDLQV , KDYH OHIW LW XS WR SUDFWLWLRQHUVLQGRPDLQVRXWVLGHURDGWUDQVSRUWWRDVVHVVWKHUHOHYDQFHRIWKHWHFK QRORJLHVDQGLVVXHV,KDYHUDLVHGWRWKHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWUDIÀFLQIRUPDWLRQLQWKHLU GRPDLQV0\EHOLHILVWKDWWKHLVVXHVDUHPXFKWKHVDPHDFURVVGRPDLQV
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The Human Factors of Transport Signs
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Alexander Borodin (Author of Chapter 6) 0DQDJHU+XPDQ)DFWRUV5LVN8QLW4XHHQVODQG5DLO%ULVEDQH$XVWUDOLD $OH[ KROGV D GHJUHH LQ PLFURHOHFWURQLF HQJLQHHULQJ IURP *ULIÀWK 8QLYHUVLW\ +LV VSHFLDOW\LVFRPSXWHUV\VWHPVHQJLQHHULQJ+HKDVZRUNHGIRU4XHHQVODQG5DLOVLQFH KDYLQJVWDUWHGDVDVRIWZDUHDQGV\VWHPVHQJLQHHULQWKH6LJQDODQG2SHUDWLRQDO 6\VWHPV VHFWLRQ ³ D SRVW WKDW KH KHOG IRU \HDUV )ROORZLQJ WKLV KH PRYHG WR 1HWZRUN $FFHVV *URXS ZKHUH KH ZDV WKH VLJQDO V\VWHPV HQJLQHHU IRU \HDUV &XUUHQWO\$OH[KROGVWKHSRVLWLRQRIPDQDJHURI+XPDQ)DFWRUVLQ45·VULVNXQLW DSRVWUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIWKH63$' VLJQDOVSDVVHGDWGDQJHU DQG 'HUDLOPHQW 5HGXFWLRQ 3URJUDPV DV ZHOO DV WKH 45 +XPDQ )DFWRUV 6WUDWHJ\ +LV DUHDV RI LQWHUHVW DUH KXPDQ IDFWRUV LQ V\VWHPV GHVLJQ DQG VDIHW\ PHWKRGV IRU GHYHORSLQJVDIHW\FXOWXUHVDQGVFDQQLQJWKHKRUL]RQIRUZKDWLVEHLQJDFKLHYHGLQ ULVNPDQDJHPHQWLQYDULRXVLQGXVWULDORUJDQL]DWLRQVZRUOGZLGH Peter Pfister (Co-Author of Chapter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irstie Carrick (Co-Author of Chapter 7) 7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZFDVWOH&DOODJKDQ16:$XVWUDOLD .LUVWLHKDVD%6 +RQV DQG06IURPWKH$XVWUDOLDQ1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\6KHLV FXUUHQWO\VWXG\LQJIRUD3K'LQWKHDUHDRIPHPRU\DQGFRJQLWLRQ6KHLVDKXPDQ IDFWRUVSV\FKRORJLVWVSHFLDOL]LQJLQDYLDWLRQLQGXVWU\LVVXHVHVSHFLDOO\KXPDQIDFWRUV WUDLQLQJDQGVDIHW\.LUVWLHLVFXUUHQWO\WKHFRQYHQRURIDYLDWLRQSRVWJUDGXDWHSUR JUDPVDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZFDVWOH$XVWUDOLD Robert Potter (Co-Author of Chapter 7) $YLDWLRQ3HUIRUPDQFH6\VWHPV3W\/WG$XVWUDOLD 5RE&(2RI$YLDWLRQ3HUIRUPDQFH6\VWHPV3W\/WGKROGVDQ06F6WXGIURP WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 1HZFDVWOH $XVWUDOLD DQG DQ DLUOLQH WUDQVSRUW SLORW·V OLFHQVH
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