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Thi. bring. us to Gnostici.m. At I•• st ,i nce Bultmann, every >tud.nt of the Founh Go'p"1 h.. h.d to d.ol with the qu.stion of its relationship to Gnootici.m. Bultmann, of cour .., argu..! that po'" of the Fourth Go'p"1 and e.pecially its prologue originat..! in a Mandeon Gnootic group that held Joh n the &aptist to be their Sa"ior, and who .. ideas were then Chri>ti.niud to produce the Gospel of John as we know it." To be .ure, Mand.,.i.m, in most schol ....' opinion today, cannot be confidently t raced back to the end of the fir>t century (tbe probable date of composition of the Founh G".pel)," and in any ca5e the reconstructed Primal M.n myth on which Bultm.nn largely built has been .hown to be a fiawed, artificial con.truct of t he 19th and early lOth century Hi>tory-of-Religions "'hool, " Anot her blow to Bultmann', h)'poth .. i. cam. from the Qumran discoveri", that .howed that Johannine dualism find. closer parallels in the o.,aJ Sea Scroll. (and lewish apocalyptic) than Mandean sourc<>, " However, the qu"'tion of t he Founh Go'pel'. link to Gnostici.m, 'pecifically to some kind of p re-Christian Gnostici.m-who .. existence in itself is still maintained by • nurnb
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.... ngeli" ," Aner t il< .arly en,hu, ia.m, how,,''''' the links between the prologue and Trim, PTor, did nol _rn to prove flullm.n" right .fter all. Trim. Pro" ,,-os and h •• ~n increasingly explain"'; as. corr",,i... reading of John'. prologue r.ther ,h.n it> somco, although it h •• been argued that both texts inderendently go back 10 Jewi,h Wi.aom .peculation • . Howe" ... another Nag H.mm.di text, the ItpocrypHon of '01m, ","as di.
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1o Fwm, and ei'hor he or his >tuden" wro'e a commen'ary on 'he prologue. He ... deon ,hen ,,'ro'e a commentary"n the g".pe! i, .. lf, The .. Valen,inian a uthor. are a ley component in .ny study of tM e.rly reception"f the Fourth Go'pek a. Pto!emae"" i. perhaps the earlie .. known .u,hor '0 have comidered it apostolic, .nd Heradeon may "'en I>< the earlie .. au,hor to have written a full-><:ale commentary on a text that wa, to I>< induJe,ici.m (repre""nted by Itp, John and Trjm. Pro,,) and Valen,iniani.m, E"Sno"ru 'h, Biw,J, Thi. 'nt, which i. known in two ve .. ion. and several read.ptation .. " mak ... he","), use of Jewish Wisdom .peeulatio"" and ito compo.i,ional >t'g" may take u. back '0 t 1>< approximate ,ime of the compo.i,ion of t 1>< Fourth Go.pel. Anne Pasquier in'-">1ig"<> t he influen« of John's Goopel in the cour.. of the .. >tual history of Eugno"o,. The atten,ive reader will h",'e no' iced by now that mOKh of the discussion ha. revolve<-en th.t it was . u
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i. divid.,J. how,,·er. when it com .. to interpreting the", !"",lIe1o. Tho"" who demand 0 deu quotation formula or the like. a ... forced to condude that .ince these are not forthcoming in thi. early catholic evidence. the ... "1l> no early catholic use of John." The pa .. llel. are then explained a. going bad to an oral tradition that wu "ill alive in the firs t p.n of the ....:ond century-an oral t",dition that also lie. bEhind lohn." How,,'''' once a fr""r use of. written text (reference. allusion. !""'rh ...... combination of ,'eroes, etc) i. aUowedk""ping in mind e'redally ,hat reorle in 'he andent world did not al"'a),> cite accurately or rrovide referenc .." -a different pkture ".n. to emerge_ Ch .. le. E. Hill exrlor.. not only the different ""')'> early Chri",i.n authors m.y have quot""'u"'" tex" ("'pedaUy, of course, the Fourth Go'r<-o:l the Founh Grupel in hi. harmony of the g<»pel •• the Diat.... ron. The crudal role Tat i.n giv.. to the Fourth Go'r<1 in hi. work 'r
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!renaeu' addi, ional me of Re,'ela,ion and <specially his advoca ,ion of its chili.,rn cau....J later a utho, ... uch :u [u..,biu. (H ;,/, ..aL 3.39,12-13), ' 0 q ues' ion hi. . . ni'y and mental .bili,ie., In 'he .. cond cen'ury, how",'er, chiliasti< view. were not generally comidered h,,""ical and 'hey were, in fac', quite common. Papia. and Justin M.rtyr had . Iso been chili." .." and so 'he adherents of ,he "New ProphKY," • mow men' later known •• Mon'.ni.m-who .. rn",,' f.mouo member in th" we" w.. be Tertullian. The role of ' he apparently Joha nni ne concepts of ·Par.del<· in 'he movern"n" . 'piritu. li'y, a nd "New Jem .. lem" in its eocha,ology." "'I",dally in , be ea,ly evid ence. ar" di., " Oth .. gap. could h.,.., been filled in 'he compo.ition of ,hi. book, Tenullian and Clemen', for example, are treal
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in a ';Illation ""here new understanding. about various form."f early Chri"ianity and its multiformity h .... >IanNi to emerge.
This book could not h.w "",n the light of day without hdp (rom ",,'.ral individual •. Thanks are due, fir.. of all, to each one of the
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0. Ioi""'", .... """"_ .k i'i","pW ... Jro' ON.< .. ox pm.. ,,,, '",,In, I.·U, "",,,II, I.·" . eo/f" . n<MI<
Z......
.... ""'''""""U"
THE RECEPTION AND DEVELOPMEl'>'T OF THE JOHANNINE TRADITION IN 1,1 AND 3 JOHN
R.imo Hakol. Uni"ersily of Hel.inki The Ihro. wriling. known a. ,he Firsl , Se<:ond and Third Epistl.. of John are rel.,ed 10 Ihe Go'rel of John in a dist inclive way. Scholar> ha", become more and more .keplical .boUl Ihe common aposlolic , ulhorship of ,h... wrilings. bUI Ihe g""rel and Ih. epistl .. are "ill uni,·..... lIy grou~ logether and reg.rded. if nol a. ",rinen by a .i ngle h.nd, l hen a. produced in a common IIChool of 'houghl or communily which explains 'he affinil'" belween ,hem, ' It i. undecided whelh er it i. legilimale 10 'reak abou' Ihe legacy or receplion of Founh Go'rel in Ih. Johannine epistle. al all. There is no agreemenl among ",hola", abou, Ihe seq uence in which Ihe so.pel and Ih e epi"l .. wero ,,~il1en, The qu,,'ion i•• 11 Ihe mo", wmplicaled if we reckon Iha' Ih. gO.p<1 il",lf ",a, composed in differenl st.ge •. In Ihis ca.e. il could b. argued Ihat an early ve""on of l he so.pel pred .... l he epistl .. which are. howe"". conlemporary or prior 10 Ihe final red."ion of l he g"'p<1 (e>~ially John 21 and po .. ibly . 1"" John 1~-L7), In Ihi • ...... y. I do nol in'end 10 ultim.tely ..nle ,h. que"ion concerning Ihe sequence in which the g"'p<1 and the epistl .. were written . In my opinion, there is no ""lid evidence for 'he view thot the epistle. predate the go'rel. but. fo, the ",a",no detailed in the course of thi • ..... y. J think we .hould al", be c.utious in ",.ding the .pistles wilh a preconception tha, they pre>uppo'" and build ul"'n t he fini.hed ver.ion of the go.re!.' Instead of I"'"ulating • direct lite,..'Y ",Iationship
,h.
, It " dO'l"'"d t.ow 010. <1),---<>< Of .. aU_th< """" ol R",·,j.,,,,, " " I.,al '" th, """nnjn< ""PO, .-.x • &t.0al d;",",,,,," of u.. q...., ........ r,,), '''', 326-. 1 •. lI
, """""", """ n
'1"""', "'" I..., """ .0< ol "" bo-"';,y ol, ...d , "",n . .-.x "" dOtlKolt"" 'n tW n ~ ,
, nJ , ""'n w"" .. nto, n ,tx.., ,t.. .,,'" !Om<, ~.""' , ""'n """" lozKoIl, oft" """.
OA'''O HAKOI..A
be,ween 'he~ wri'ing" I oxplo .. how id""" .imil.r '0 ,00.. found in 'he go.",,1 wer~ r",~ivM a nd de,..,loreJ in 'he Joh.nnin~ "Pi"I~,. I will n r" Ii" 'he moot import. n, of the . imil.,;, .. , and ,hen dis
N
....... 'hough ..< n,,_ bo .u", wbo,j...""
WH
.bo o.~.U, th, 1.., ""'.
"row"
,,,,,,Judo. ,ho, -,h< th",< I"""";" ",;,11<. w",",
m;fK,';",. of tt.. ..... p
.1." lM.
lOO8.o. '". Aaon!'''I! to lMu, 1 101m ;, ""'" .... Ir t;'",rilr d
1"';,111_111.
,I.., IO ... , I• ..,me ,ubtle d ifference. b
,
lh. Exrr .. oon the beginning, tbe woN (J.O-,u.;) lif.
"'" h .." ...., . nd testify
1"" Ep!,tl..
lh. Go5j>
1 John U
JohnLl In the i>f.ginning wa, the Word John L4 in h,m ",.. Iif., and the bfe ~-.. tbe I'ght
Wh. t wa. from the i><&inning, ~'hat ~~ h.." beard, ",II .. ",. h..~ .... n with oor ey<>, ~' ru.t w. h .." k>oI<e
..., U~
We h. v< ... n his
II I W. 'p". k of ~+t.t ~.• know a"d testify to what we Ita,,, ""n
• A d , w< romp"""'" i><,,"
<"""'.
"-
th', ;,
"Lo,,,,,,
"
OA'''O HAKOI..A
1m",,) 1.... Exp=ioo
" " " " "
,."
light
11>< Go.pel
1 Iohn D
I""n 8012, "'~ IN6 I am 'ht light of tl><
God i. light
",wid
• light ,Iu".. ("m,i.)
1 lOOn 2,8
I""" I,'
• , .... tru< Iiglil (,b ..... '" ~).~fh""') light ... J"kn"",
1 Iohn H
loon 19
1 Iohn L6-7; H- ll
loon 1,', 119-1o-, 8 .12; 119-10; IU~46
• wall (..,.""",,;.) in the lightld.,k"""
t lOOn L6-7; 2, II
• do truth
ki/ln L6 1 Iobn L8, H; 2 Iohn 2 !
truth b
k
111< F-rist'",
.~
• know
It"''''''''''/
I""" U2, 11,9 (walk d uring ,he d. y), l U a (,,-.Ik at night); lB' lohn j,21 loon 8M
1 lOOn 2.21, 2 John I
I""" 832
1 Iohn 221, 119
I""n 1837
! loon H i
)00" l U7; 16, IJ
,iSh",,) , .... truth
M • be of(i. ) Ih< truth k
,
• , .... SpIrit of truth • know It'''"''''''''') th< true ol>
I lOOn
,,2Q
koow the 1m< one, J..... i, , .... lrut God
1~ , 16;
I""" 173
(ef ,1>0 nS) kn"", , .... only 1m< ~
• be from
(.t"" ,.)
! Iohn llO, 4,1,2,3,4,6;
"
~
H9, J loon 11; d. 1 Iohn H6, bot from ,be father
~
• be bom from (",j
1 lOOn 229, ),'J;
,
~
H,4,18
• be from (,;"'" ,.) tM devil
1 lOOn 18, d_ 1 lOOn 112, be from tM
~
• be from (,;"" ,.) tM ororld
-
1 lOOn H6,
4, ~
loon U7
I""" U3 loon 8.44 (-y"" .... from YOU' fat""" tM d"in loon 8,23, 1~19; 17 , 1~16; 1836
TI,. lOliA""'''' TkAl>IT!ON ,,; 1, 1, 3 JOHN
(0"1.)
• ~
• "
• "
,--
11>< upr«''''''
1'" EJ>I'tl..
• (onquer (,,"';,) the
I loon H
>
I loon lJ3
lOOn
n ; [H8
I loon 11
lOOn
[7J~
-" ,o.
world h.le, )"" ,o. work! dod 001 know God >.bid< ( ~ ;"",,) in )<>"
,
"
lOOn 16JJ
(~,o,i,)
'"~
• "'~
k.." (,_i,) 1.. ",'1 •• God. words/com-
I loon 2,6,27,28, 16,24; lH,6,7 4,13-[6 I loon 114; H2-16
lOOn 6, ~ " ,'
I loon lJ4
Jolin 'J8
I loon ll,2. 10; H
lOOn Ll2; IL'l
I loon
lJ-', 112,24;
lOOn 8,11-,2,",
"
14, 1 ~, 11.23-24;
[loon 1,7,8, 2 Jolin'
lOOn [134
• (om m.ndm.n, '0 low 000 another
I loon l23; 4,2[, 1 loon " d .•1>0 I loon In ''''' m'=g< (,,-n,),,,,-) ,h., w< sbooIJ ""'< 00< aooto.,.
lOOn [134; [H2,[7
~
> '0 Jov< l<su>lGod i, '0 hep hi, com"",ndmenl<
I loon 1J-3, 2 lOOn 6
lOOn IH1,21; " ,10
'"
,,1ul
I loon 112;
"
• 10)'
m.od"..,,1< %
>
n.w comm.odmo",
(fvtu),~,
•
,,,,>1\.)
down 0",,' li[,
for ("(;oW ' ~dp)
....,m,
1~1O.2Q-,
[loonll6
' , 14- 1 ~
Jolin IH3,14; ",7-I6,I&2l lOOn 10;11,",17, 18; nl7
orh ...
> 1«". ,. k.. (n;"",,) , w'y ,in. > p.a.....t
" h., " (""ail<> " "') from d."h ' 0 lif<
I loon
1~
I loon 114
17,6
lOOn U9 lOOn
~ , 24
"1m",,)
OA'''O HAKOI..A
1M Exp=ioo
11>< F-rist''''
11>< Go.pel
"
my fOl
llohnH7
loon 83', 120)4
"
! ki/ln ~, '2 (d. 1 lohn 4.2(1)
loon US
~
00 or><
has
.v<' ...n
• w. ba,~ known . 00
" oro.'
! Iohn H6
"
btliev
!
• joy fulfi lled
1 lohn L4, 2 joon II
lOOn 16.14, 17oU; d. .Iso 3,2\1, I~ , 11
the purp<>'" of writing
1 lOOn H3
I""" 2(}.3(l
'" "
loon 6069 (bal" ,00 known)
1><] .. ,...:1
Iohn ' ,' -8
lohn 1'J:J..i
With >ome exception •• lhe .imilarit ;.. p,,,,,,nted in the Ii" al>ove are uniqu~ to til< GOIlpel of John and ,,2 and J 101m. It i. nOl ju st a qu«,ion of similarity of langu.ge but in many ca, ... , the Odiom. I>e1ray a common .nd d i>!inctiw view of the world. The language of light a nd d.,kn ..... (20-') i •• chuoc' er;',ic of. du.li"k world" iew whkh th e world d ivide
,«.
a
",~i .. rs
but the .. writers do not identify the ",ure. th~ are u.ing.' The first .. phdt and undisputM dtation of t he epistle. come. from Iren.eu. who q~ote. both I John and 1 Joh n but po>.ibly th ink. that hi. quotations stem from the ... mo letter which he a"ign' to lohn, the d i",iple of le.u. (A.dv, hoi". 1,16.3, 3.16.~; 3.16 .8).' Like I.. nae ~ ., "",er.1 .ubsequent wri .. rs cite both I John and 2 John but .how no knowledge of 3 John. It i. reve.ling that the fi rst attest.tion of the exi. tene. of 3 John refe .. to the di.puted po>it ion of 2 and 3 John a mong Olri"ian ""ite .. ,· The pooition of 1 and 3 John .. mained di.puted e'r«i.lIy in Syrian churche. where they, along with 1 Pet .. and Jude, were t .. n.latM into Syria< only in the .ixth century.'" lhe doubts concerning the a uthenticity of 1 and 3 lohn notwithstand ing, t he preniling view "'""" that the go
, , '" 1"""'''' """,", of , I>< loo.nnin< """. " P''''' ' 0 m C>.
>« u. Bro,," ,I>< ....... ".~ by ,,,I >004 • • "'. ,'''' moo< 'mpo"'n' "".Jkl ' 0 "'" """"" " 'n pol. I'M ] , ' , ",..- "",,)' on< ,,00 ,hall "'" «'n roo oIut J".' chri" ',,,,,",,;n tl>< . nh
t • .,. 6_•. C[ . 100
Ok","
to "' from the "'ginn'ns- (d. 1 John n. 2<; },", 'Iohn 'J "'" likdihoo
;n 1'<>1. ""d. n 'n'''''....
• S
an
on ;,J but "'" .. .. y th
'1, """"",",,"".
» R."- 8rown " "-'. " 11>< 'I'"'''''' au tooo"'" of tl>< goop
"'gi>'-'
""'_310.
" lh,
",halo" f""'wO< two J'ff"m' .... hen for ,he I!"'pd an< W;"W "h. C.H. l>odd. R. S
,,,>tin
fo&~; n8
II.
""-;",n"""
OA'''O HAKOI..A
'he go
2.
D'Ff'kfNCF.s " £TWEEN T H E GoSPEl ANI> T H E [vISnE.
The moo' ob"ious difference i. ,h .. ,h. go.pel (ente" around ,he c""me' betw.. n Je.m and 'the Jew.; while ,here i. no . ign of ,hi. conflict in 'he epi.tle •. " The word '10"&"01 ,ha, appea" in 'he gospel seven'yone ti mes is n
'0
H. Coru.dm.nn. E. HanK"" f . l,,/,,<, P. v~,t..un, K. W'"S>!, G . '"«k,,, U. S<~"dk K. !I<'Y,.nd "'. Ubohn. S<, K'm 200', 310. " 1 .. ",,,ROct ,,"~ """ 1<"'- 'n ,J" _ , " qu'" commonty uod",.""" '" r"'k rt ." "~ !!"dIy b;",,""; ",,,fl Oct .. ,""" tho J"""nn'", rommuni'f . nd tho pool·7" c •. ""''Yn' rabIM"" I..... ""'. El"""v«. , .. "" , .. I 100- tM, k'''{ of ,,,,,ftOct ;, m"s", " h h '"lIB"" ,boo ,.. o
,don,
,,''*0«
1001, lJI_'.,.
,. ,I>< .... of """'o%g)- ,,10,«1 ,,, tl>< ""P''''''' ("""'" .,."....", ........ '" b<1ow) "' tl>< "tkru !hi> ",ormoc<. " '1><"""1"""" K>m< h;nt, of . n ;",,,"01
"",ok,
...,,'"
' 001~
'''_107.
"
the Son i • • ligh~y different. Many of tho~ imag« 'hot a ... uS«! of J<>uo in the gO'r
"ructu,ro
,ha,
8 0 .. how",,,, ""'n 'U}, .,""'" ,,"" m. "" .. Ul k«p mp""d, an" m ) ' f,
'''''r
<J""'"
(I""
.,o.
",to..,
'w'"
OA'''O HAKOI..A
·wh.. e... r i. boom of Goo" or "our f.ith" or "the on~ who believ., , h., J<>uo is ,he Son of Goo" conquer> the world ;" in 'he g""pe1. i, i. Jesu. who ha. conquerN 'he world ( 16,33). According '0 1 Iohn 1, 17. 'he one who doe. 'he will of God st.y. fore ... r (~iv" fi:; "IV
·'0
'0
'0
no'
it""
a'
" A=mii"!! to t Jobn U, "you m born God. and h.o,..
"",n'_
"'''" '0
,,'
".,t.
f'l"'(IAp""" ,,, .....
'"1""'" ""..
,(\It, '~I . ""''''''''' "~,
"'I -m '".,
"(I " " " """,," UH.' p>n",!, ""W • " " ~ ~u "'l"'u, ,.,,,
""fl" l ,u"u>w>fd wo> 1" "'>OJ
>WOO
·,odu>
0,
>WOO
'"'I "I
'I"'." PI""" ".,,,oJ
"(I
'I"'~"
"' P'"
:''''1' ~ '."'I"t >WH
"'I' ' .... ~~
"'I' '-l 1"""""' , '.'1"1 YO Am",...""" "'I g, '''I''' ..... "l '1''1'' '''l'''>="''''''' -,n-or. ',,,,, """"" ... ." ". 'I>d.oi "'I' JO ~"fK> "'1'-'" "",6""''1' • "'.' ~
l·,,~rqdw' lOU ..... '""10, po>') ""'J 0"!""",'1" 1''''''1' -"'~~. "I' ,,,..~ J,m""u,{:) >u"""!"I_""" 0, 1>Jwli ,.., ""I' ""'I'" ... """"'1 '" "'''I JO ".., "G> "" "f'OI' "., i><'l " u><W
., m,". '"'I"I , "'I'
,,1><1<02 ''I' JO ' 42n04' .... ' 'Ill,'" ,><>uuo> 01 P'04 ,nq ,.>moo U.l")J4:l "U1UU~40! _"ou '''4'0 WOJ) l O'11WOj >J~ '''''Pl "''1.1 -(L( ,t '~",!J, ~~l OO!~~ ~'i',!) ,u,wllpn!)o .(.p ''I' uo ,,,uPloq .A~4 0, ."~,, 'PI ",2Jn pu. (g,:, '''1.,..-.00,,") liu!wo, >In,nj "n",! 0, "'j" '(l :, 'sl 'll.W!4 .",1 "'I U",," '''''''!l'''l .... ' u.4'" pm P"]••.\>l '! , m,,'! U.... M ,wI' ~m,nJ • JOJ "1 .... '4 '(&FI) 2u!wo, '! ")J4'pu~ ~4' u'4'" (000): ~l"rg!) moq "~I ''I' '1 '! '"'I ' 'Pu."J~pun J>llJ,., 0'1.1 ,dod.oli .41 U! Pl" '1 ,~ .... pUoA>q "j ,..,li u40J ( '';jIoloI'''!= oJn,nj JO "U~'"~I. UlO,UO' ]>
NKOI",',
"
.~, ~ow"vu ' N'SNV~ol",u
OA'''O HAKOI..A
Unlike th. SO'I'"I (Iohn 14016,26; 1~26; 16m, I John dO<'> not apply ,h. fOrm ~" F'OXA~"" to 'he Spirit bu, only to Jesuo (I John 101) . Thi. applica 'ion i. only implied in the go.pel ""here the Spiri' i. called "a noth er Paradele" (14.16) ...hich
",
~ II m»" 0.
'0<
s,,, ""oil, ...
_""",d '''', ,,.;.. ,6,. 1loUm,,"
d
100', '''_100. w
cr. R,n"""I!"
fowMl 'n 'h<
(''m, ll ) who """', 'hoi · th< ... of ""'" ,r
,,,,,rlh Goo!,,1 Out
0"",;",
1;,,,,,,",,,' ,,.
the features thot a.. d istinctive to the Fourth Go'rel but mi .. ing from other ea rly Christian wurc<" induding the Johann ine epistl .., t he figu .. of the BelovM Disciple (Joh n ]J,23; 193~ , 20.2; 1) .7.10). That the epist les lack m.n )· features that are unique to the gwrel must he explai ned in any hn",thesi. concern ing th e relatiomhip of th e gO'rel and the epistle •. The .. [eatures rose a serious (hallenge to the th""'Y thot the epistl .. were writte n a. a reaction to the mi.interpretation of the gO'rel (_ helow).
3. COMMON JO"ANS'N. T k ... I>tTlON
Thot ' he epi st ;'" are. at the same time. d"""ly rel.ted to and yet dilfere nt from the gosp
'I""',
-""P I"'"m" ;, " ",xuin! ' 0 Rm .... 'lI". ,hi. """'Y "'pm.".n .ffort 00 op
,ho,
,h;, ,... "' ,..
h)~"'''',
""
hx ""'ho.IoIogKaI
H~. >00'5. pa'ri"~
" h"
«>Un'''_''''''''''
M . ~yn',
(10[13) "",,·!
..n,,,,
,h.
[0, rio" ,..., ,I« go>p' ''n ,<X, ~ K." n >00'5. ,.;,_", . ..". ""I."
""
,.rul
OA'''O HAKOI..A
On purely Ii....')· grounds, it i. difficult ' 0 define 'he mu, u.1 rela'ionship of 'he gO'rel and 'he epi,des. Tho>< who 'hink that 'he epi.tl .. pr .. upro'" the gO'rel, often cl.im ,hat 'he beginning of 1 John (1 John [,1--4 ) is mooel«l after 'he prologue of 'he gO'rel (John [,[18)." How",..,r, th e beginning. of the goo!",l and 1 lohn •• ,..,n though 'hey "",m to be surpri.ingly similar, also .how dear d ifferenc••. lhe gosrel begin> wi ,h t he ".temen'. "In 'he beginning w:os t he Word: (i.v "PlU ~v ;, J.iryo;;) ",hich pre .. n" J.. uo •• the preexi"en' Word ,h., "'-• • wi,h God before Cre.,ion, !t i. no' de"" ho",..,,,,r, th ., 'he phr ... "wha, was from t he beginning" (0 ~v~' "Pl~:;) in t he beginning of ] John refers 10 ,hi. view. The expr ...;"n "from t he beginning" can sometimes be us...J in [ John '0 refer .i,her '0 God or '0 J<sus," Howe,'", 'he neuter pronoun ,u);g"" ,h., th. u>age in 1 John Ll i. rel... d '0 [ John L24, "I.." what you he.rd from ,h. beginning (0 ~'''''''IH' a~' aplit» abide in rou ." O,h ... pa ....g .. 're.k of 'he commandmen, 'hot t he community h •• h.d "from the beginning" ([ lohn 2.7,1 lohn ~-6) or of t he m.... g. ("TI,l;«, cf 'he verb "~IlTIfi..loJ in ] lohn 1,2 and 3) 'he communi'y ha. heard "from 'he beginning" (1 lohn 3:11). Funhermore, 'he <xpre .. ion "concerning ,h. word of life" (",pi ~ Tii; l;.,~;) at th •• nd of [ lohn I,] ,u);ge'" th.t ' h e term "word" i. not used ab.ol u .. ly 10 refer to God', eternal Word a. in the go.!"'1 b Ul mean. "word " or "messoge:" In [ John U, ,h. word . o\\,"v;" deno' .. ,h. fellowID ip of 'he beli",'''' with 'he Father and 'he Son, a word 0>0' found at all in 'he go.!"'!. Th ... d ifference • • ugg." t h., 1 lohn U-4 i. no' simply a reproduc'ion of lohn U -18 but ,h., ,h.r«l ... di,ion h .. ""-'n do,,,Iope
,or.
"row" ,..." "_.,, lI«k
,h.", " ;, "'"
'0
u_,
'0'_11, ,.., __
,n"
;, ,I.,
,h.",
'O-n " ;'.
_
,h.",
_ I ..
in John 1,1-4 we mu" a»ume th.t the writer has delib< .. tely playeJ down tho.., pan. of t l>< prologue that emphasize the revel.tion of the divine reality as a pan of his " ... tegy to counter the d.im. of h i. opponent .. " Mo" of the other .im ilariti.. Ii""" earlier in thi, e.....y are common th.m .. or idiom. that, while dearly indicat ing tl>< !
,ha,
"'" lou"., . ~' hoI< in "h ..h "'" th< _ ' :14_11 i, . k,nd """pp,n,];, ,h.< i, ot""h
"'_".00
u..J .. U
>O:JI.
. lID-ll'.
&"'"" '''', 1"'_10'. f"" "'" probI<""
".h thu vl<w. "" I>
OA'''O HAKOI..A
Som~
p.rallel. fou nd in ' he go.spel .... , on 'he I>o,i. of ' he internal analy.i. of the gO'l'"k explicab l. a , stemming from 'he
H
~
,-,,,,010 2{"". m ,
cr. I .... lOOSb. ' ' ' , - .. ~ ,,-;&., ,..., , od\ ... ",,,, ,,'" of '""i "I""~nc<. !''''_ . "~ .... 'od in f,"l"'.Uy '''''''Y'''''''' =nf"",~ '" '<>"monw fO<m .... ,
",.... rly W«<.
6#,
f...,~w
.. .-.tog)'
"'1<, J loh.
~,,,h;.
,,~.
" A"""", 1""'-8" ...... .
,.. b-roo
~ m;J .,.
<;" u of
()ohn 101',16; J,Il,
,,,,,f...""-'l [",m.a. ,. ,I« fi,,, 1"'''''"
pl., .. '!'P'''' " p«", ,,,,,f,,,"," '" John 6# ow, ... ,"
"'I;,,,,.nd
know· (... "~,,,;, ......... "'; .............. )', .... Iound do<_ w .." In ""'" '"' In "" NTbo, "1'1""" . ",0. " In , 100" .,,6, k ..... " , nd "', .... (........... ..,i """"""'-") "" low God h,u i>o- " ,. ~ F., ,..., foI"""ng.
s,,, ''f''ri'-llr h"" ,.... ,...,
'n ".",,,"
u,
,t..,
"w,"''''
B rower of the ,",'iI one" ( ! John ~,J9)." In light "f thi>, the " atement in 1 Joh n 201 i. surpri.ingly uni ... ""l and inclusive" While t he..., are no p.r.llel> for the uS<' of t he term iJ..a,,~&; in the go.pel, the id ea that J.su,> ..crifice is for the';n< of the W
(,,,,,,,,,,,.;,e.,. "..
"o u. " ' 0 ''''. 100. How ...·", >« .bo I I""" . ,", -:rh, •• !ho, bo, " n' h', Son .. ,I>< "'rio< of
"" wOOd.- """ ( 1'>&1, '"'I "" notN tho, , I""" n , nd . ," '"",nd hk< ...t<. '"'"" """h bo,·, ""j"",,, and th
,,,,,,'vro '"
"'to< ....
'''''"YO'---'
"",k
- U. R.>" B"'>m '''"2, <01. • R
"",,0.1
'.>Un«
J'""""''''
34
OA'''O HAKOI..A
r
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Schol. rs have become incre • • ingl)" aware of Ih. problem. of Ihe wcalled mirror-re.d ing lhal Irea" polemica l 1<xI> as mirrors in wh ich we can..., a de.r piclure of l he J>«Ipl •• nd l he argumen" u nder attack." Th. h i"oric.1 .i,u.,ion of Ihe
~ Cf. R->e Ilrown 1981. JJ. Ilrown odm'h ,"', ",., ...... ;n ""y of ,'" of Epi>tln ;, . d; ... d or " ..... n ~ ..... [rom Gloon. a ,.",""ng f... if' I""n ~... "ri''' n oft" GjOOn.- 'n h', <1<" .. " "'g"~~ how""" . B"",n oII"n Ih< knowINg, of Ih< SO'f"" by ,o. "'"" of, I"""· a ;U~''''d 'n'~;,," of "'0"0" '''"''. ""
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we shoukll>e cautious in ",.ding 'he ano i'h .. icallanguage in ,he
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to J~.U' .ulfering. or to hi. e.rthly life in gene .. t" Wh""""r the exact mea ning of .. <Jupd iJ..~h&", in I John 4,2 i., this exp .... ion i. unspecified .nd general a . compared. for example. to Ign.tius' antidocetic rolernic." Therefore. it i. not wi", to h.ng the whole ' Kon"ruction of the .itu.tion behind 1 John on the di.puted interpret.tion of t his verse or on the ,,'en more di.puted interpretation of ~:6, The above condu.ion i. confirmed if we read 1 John 4,2 a•• pa" of its imm""i .. e context and tbe ",hoi. I John, The .ntithesi. betw"",n ·every .pirit t h.t confe"",· and ·e....'1 .pirit th . t doe. not conf.... • i. only one form of .,,'e ..1 antithe",. found in I John 4'1-6,'" In thi. serie. of .ntithe.... the expression iv oap~i iJ..~Au&,,, de>cribe. ·Jesus Chri,," in t he same way .. the perfect i9).~A;a" nv de>cribe. f. l.. prophet. in the preceding (·fal", prophets have gone out into the world ·)" The use of the analogou. form. could be talon to imply the .. noe of confrontation with the me.ning that who ha. come in the fi .. h is gre. 1<, th.n fal", prophets who have gone out into th~ world or the .pirit of the antkhri" th.t i. coming and i. alr~ady in th~ world (v, 3). Nothing in 4,)-6 ,ugge". that the npr"";on" aap~( iA~h9..i", i. t he chief pa" of t he argument.tion, on 'he con-
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trory, it i. only 3 p.,t of ,h. . . rift of contr. ". and, "a. t he num,,"r of ,urroga'", for one <xpression gro",~, the more flexible must one', thinking become. and the I.... en.lawd to . si ngle formulation.The .." of I lohn .uppon.'he abow conclu.ion. I lohn 4:2-3 i. only one of the m.ny p.... ge. empha.izing the need for right ,,"lief and confe .. ion, bu, there is no interest in I..",,' flesh or blood in the .. other p>. ...... g. .. " The role ofth. p.... g .. urging 'he conf"';on of lem • • , ,h. enri" (2 ,22) or as the Son of God ( 4 ,1~) is problematic if we unduly .. Ieet I lohn ~,ll .nd ~06 .. ,h. foc.1 points of the confession and think that the aut bor w.s m.i nly combating t hoo< who denieJ t he ,,1"'3nee of le>uo' humanity and lif. in th e flesh." If we 40uld tak< up some o,her confes.ions in I lohn .. the point of dep>.nure for our hi,torieal rKon"ruc,ion •• the portrait of 'he .lIeged opponents would he very different," The diwr:sity of confeuional terminology itself ".ugg'''' ,hat 'he author wa. no' inter<>,ed in t he juridical formulation
~
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.... Son "" ,'" '''),'0 "'')'00< who roof",., ,'" ""' .... "" .. ,,"',....,: UJ, .,hi. i, h', """"",odm
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OAt"O HAKOI..A of a .ingle c .... dol te" ..... Thi. di,-er>it)" .. nd. to blur any detail. of the faith of tho~ who do no t .hare what the writer regards a. the authentic faith in lem" The cumulative for ce of the nrying dem.nd. of the right confe";on i. t h. t the opronen" .imply lack any authentic fa ith in I... u •• nd, from the writer'. p.".p<"e< undefined la nguage a. he .pe.k> of God or Jem. and onen il i. difficult-if not imro .. ible-to determine ,,'hich of the two th. a uthor in tenJ. (•. g .. L9; 2,3-4; 1,19; 33,7,24), A. Manin
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.gain.. the opponents' mi, .... of the 1IO"p<'1 and that explain' t he ",Ioctiv. us< of tho &""pel materi.1. Additionally. tho role of the Spirit in 1 lohn i. explain...! . . . reaction to t he extremist belief. of the oppon.nt> based on t ho role of the Spirit-Par.clete in the gospel." It i. not cleaf, however. wherher the alleg...! ""hi,,,, can account for the lack of tho ref... nce. to the Spirit a. t ho Paraclere, One of the main funct ion. of th. Spirit-Par.cI... in the gO're! i.to remind the d i""ipl.. of .1I that iesu. h ...... id when ho still was with them (lohn 14 ,26), It i. emph .. i,...! th .t the Spirit 'Will not 'reak on hi. own' but will glorify I..", "b"cau,", he will take what i. mine and ded.re it to you' (lohn ,6,,3-,4), If th e writer of 1 lohn knew the gO'rel .nd its teach ing of the Spirit-Paraclele. h. would have had a ready model to emphasize the connection betw",n the testimony of the Spirit and t ho e.rthly life of i<>u •. " On the ha.i. of the gO'rel. however, t he juxtaposition of the Spir it of truth a nd the Spirit of error in I John 4:1 -6 i • ..,mething that i. not <>re
"_93.
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1 John portrays th ..... who, from hi. p<"pec'i"" have left the communi'y ( I John 2,19) .,lacking any real fa ith in Je.WI which fru"rate. our a"emp" to rKonstruc' a detailed posi' ''m of ' he opponen .. , If we are ' 0 believe ,he au,hor and condude ,h., , he .. opponents once belonged '0 the communi'y, i, i, quite ,ertain tho, 'heir portrai' ., unbelie""" i. exaggera,ed, The .. me kind of .weeping us< of language i, "",n .. , he au,hor dewlop'. on the ba,i. of 'he "aditional duali:!1ic imag.., ' he con'"",' be,ween ,h. children of God who >lIould 10", one ano,her and 'he children of the devil who .. deeds are bad and who are full ofha"ed (3,7-17). In , hi. connK,ion, , he writer u ... ,h. example of Cain '0 portray 'hooe who hate ' heir bro'hers or .iSle" as murderers (3,'~), a depiction tho, i. hanlly ",'er taken literally bu, ,een a . hyperbole," The.. kind, of contr.". are quite exp
h cr. "--,,- R,o,," '''' , ...,,"n.. ,n,,,,.,,, to my,d<", hYP',ooo, frn- m.J",,,_ "",n',- Romb.'l!'" ,...." .., -,-,,,,, " tkn ....., ' ....." th< ,YmbOO< """'ns of th< mmpk of Co,.,th< mu,"""" ~ '.l""" whe ..", , brotho, '" ~,",. "h', .. ,m, ot "," Sl.",«, ' ""J' ''''''1'"''3 "'-tomont. .. [bu'l ~ ~ _ """"''Y '" '.1'1""" ... ,
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In t hi. e.. a)", I h.ve argued that the lohannine 'pi"l... hould not be read as a re.ction to .he alleged "hi.m prompt..J by the .xces.ive interpretation of th< go.pel. The detailed comparison of the gosp.1 and th. epi"l.. dearly demonstrat .. the kin.hip of th .... writings but also r"".I, dear ddf.rences in how common idioms and them . . . re d'\'eloped. Th ••imilariti.. can be apiain..J by th. u s< of the common "adition but they are not .nough to <stabli.h a d irK' liter.ry dependence between t h.-.e writing., 'The main d ifferenc .. concern 110m. major th<m .. that are distinc.ive to the g"'pel but mi .. ing from the epi.d .., lhe lack of the h igh O uistology and t he Spirit- p.,..dete in the epistl...
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for oxample, canno' b< explainro a. an inten,ional reworking of 'he go.pel m.terial bu, .uppons ,I\< view ,h .. ,h. go.pel and ' he epi"l<. repre..,n, ' he morro Joha nnine tradition ,h., i. developed in differen, way. in d ifferen, .ituat ion.>, The view a rgued here . uppons ' he d ive"ity of 'he Johannine tr.di,ion in its • • rly " ag ... No' only 'he difference. be,ween , I\< gospel and the epi"l<. b u, al.., the fac' ,h ., there .<em. '0 be some kind of di.pute-however , .. guely deocribed a. i, i.-in 'he background of ' he epistl .. . peals for the dynamic na' ure of the rohannine "ad i,ion." The epiSlIes can be .... n a. an anemp' ' 0 come '0 term. wi ,h 'he fiuidi'y of ,hi. "adi,ion in a .itu .,ion where no external authori,y solved ' he di.pu, .. among ' hose who beliewd in I.. us. While 'he Go.pel of John, owi ng '0 its refined portraits of resus and ' he Spiri,-Parad"e, made a lasting imp .." ion on the formulation. of later OuiSlological and , rinitarian 'hinking among various Ch ri"i. n group., ' h e epi"I<5, d .. pite 'heir more mundane 'heological profile, .1", influenced late' ' heolo&),. l h i. infiuence was no' ach i,,-ed through ' heological preci.ion, bu" on 'he con'rary, by creating a ,;,ionary '1'0<, where people are divided in' o 'wo plain categori ... on 'he basi. of 'heir f. i,h in resu .. Thi. vi,ion may already originally h.ve be.n an ovenly .implistic rep.. sen,.,ion of a much more diver", rea li'y bu , it " ill pro'ided later Ch rini.n. wi,h a ready model a. 'h ey defined ,hem",I",. in oppo.i'ion not only ' 0 ,h. ou" ide world bu, also '0 som<-re.1 or im.ginedintem.1 threa,s." While 'he Johan nine .pi"l« , .. tify to 'he original di,-eni'y of , I\< Johannine , radition, ' I\
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TH£ GOSPEL OF THE ACTS OF JOHN, ITS RELATION TO THE FOURTH GOSPEl. Istvan Cuchesz Hel.inki Collegium for Ad,·.nc«l Studi.. & Ruprecht- Karl. Univ."it't Heidelberg The apocryph.1 A", of Jolin i. one of the ",-caIlOO major Apocryphal Acts of the Aro"I«, which d.te from the second and early third centuries CE .nd rerort the mi"ion, mi rade> .nd martyrdom of t he 'ro'ties. ' Unlike the canonic.1 Acts, .ach of t h... writing< focu",. on the story of one ch.,..,n 'ro"l" Paul, lohn, I'eter, Andrew .nd Thorn ••• re.j>Kfively. Th.re are different .ugg<>tion ••bout the proven.nce .nd date of compOllition of the A", of John . E.rli." I propo..J ,h.t t he 000k in i" ple .. nt form prob.bly dat .. from the I.te s«onJ century .nd its fin.1 , evi.ion w.,; made in Alexandria, although much of the m.terial contained in i, is .arli., and perhaps originates from A.ia Minor.' In this e ...y. I will focus on th e Go'pel of 'h< A", of John (GA/). which i. found in ch.pters 87-10~ of'he Mts of Jolin.' The 'ex' of 'he GIIJ i. known from •• ingie manu>cript of , he Austrian t>a,ional library, Cod .. Vindobonen.i. historic", groecus 63, d.t«l '0 t3 t 9 or J324.' These chap"" contain . complete gwpel narra, ive, which h •• """n preservOO independently of the r,,,' of the book-wi'h dear . igns, howe",r, th., .. >orne point it form«l part of 'he Mt> of Jolin' The GIt} i. connect«l to the 1'101 of ,h. A", of Jolin by. nar""h.., frame (ch. 87) and begin. with. prologue and the calling of John .nd lam ... a' • lake (ch .. 88-89). Subsequently. it repon. a numher of .pisodes from Jesu' ministry, many of ,hem known [rom o,h., go.pels, .uch as le.u' tr.",figu .. 'ion (in ve"ion.), 0 "isit at ,h. hou.. of. Ph.r;,.,..nd the multiplica'ion of bread. There are aloo episod... , h.t do nOl re.d ily evoke .ny of ,he canonic.1 !IO'pel n.",>!i,..,,, loon watch .. Jesu. on
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Go'~H OF TH E AGTS OF IOH,V A~' U THE Fou~n,
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A. Lalleman already noted, th~ 0 ..... 11 ""Kture of the GAl agr""" with that of the canonico! go>pel., and in particular, with the .Hu,ture of the Fourth Go'reL " Thi. 0..... 11 r"",mblanc< i. d~monst ... t"" by Lalleman', chart,
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Whereas the b •• ic plot of the n ....tiv~ asr""" with that of all four canon k a l gO§pel., the de.ign of t he GAl ha. a particularly Joh annin~ character in •• mlKh .. it empha.i.e. the ..,If-revel.tion of Jesus before hi. di.dpl"", In Bultm.nn'. word., chap .. rs 13-20 ofthe Fourth Go.pel are about !em. love for hi. followers-which can be equally said about GM 94-102. Another f~atu r~ of t he Go'll, howev~r, ",,, its plot apart from that of all four canonic.1 go.pels: this go.pel ha. no r~.ur"", tion narrativ~, but rather Christ d irectl), ucend. to h~aven from the Mount of Oliv<'>, while hi. hum.n aprear.lKe i. king crucified on Golgotha. Thi. m.jor difference h"" to do with the Christology of the GM, according to which .... he I-"rd n~'..,r wa •• human king .. , but he wa •• ""n now .nd t hen a. a divin~ me>Senger in. more or "' .. hum.n 'prear ...,," which .hould not be confu."" with. re.1 bod),,·"
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ISTVAN Th~
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TH. GOSPEL O~ THE ACT. OF 10HN A~" TH" fOUkTH GO.,'H
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lbi. ern .. of light is ..,metlm,,. ",lied th. ,,'Otd by me lOr YOut ",k ... ",",etim .. nllnd, somn,m", "'m~ ",mnim.. Chri", ",mnim ... oWer (John 10}91, so"""in", • ....,y (Joh n 14,61. ",,,,,,,i,,,,,, l",aJ (John 63 ' ], ",metim.. ..,.,.], ",mni""" ....,""mion IJohn I U~], "'m .. in.... 100, ",met,,,,,,, rather, IOm .. in", 'r"it. ",m .. i ...... loft (John 1];2" 14,6], ",n .. tlme, tru,h ]John 14,61, ",mni""" f.;th. IOmetim.. g..« . (GAJ98.8-13)
A .urutanti.1 verbat im p.arallel occurs in the t.. mfiguration K~ne of the GA.!, when J.."" rebuk... lohn with the word., "John, be not un"'· 1O''''ing but belifi'ing, .nd not inqui.it i...," (GA.! 90, 16), the fi"t p.art of the ..,ntence (~~ yivou "ill agrffing ""rbatim with Je.us ,,'Ord. to Thoma. in John 20,27b, Another parallel i. found in Je.us word. on the Mount of Oli,... , "John. to the multitude down "']ow in kru.alem] am "'ing crucified •• nd pierc«i with lance •• nd reed" and gall and vinegar i. given me to drink." The joint occurrenc~ "" "lanee" (Un:~) and "to pierce" (""""',,) agree. with t he Johannine crucifixion Kene (John 19.34)-wliich i., ho....ever, not the only ",i,,· ing p.a ..ll
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According '0 , he (On •• n>~. of r«en' scholar:shlp> citeKtion ",.ul,e< of 'he Fourth Go'pel by , he author(.) of 'he GAl (in a writ'en form or 'hrough oral ,ran.mi .. ion), the 'wo ' exts were pos.ibly "'Tinen and read by ,he .. me loh.nnine communi')"' and/or the GAl criticized , he theology of ,he Fourth G""pel. or at least the in'erpro'a,ion of ,h. wri'ing in • contemror.ry (pro,o·orthodox) Christi.n cirde." My purros<' in 'his >e<:tion i. '0 ci' e evidence ,ha' require. uo '0 recon.ider ,h. relationship of the ',..0 texts, W. begin wi,h comments on som. minor details. A. we h ........ n ,1>0,.." scholar. hav. argued ,ha' 'he GAl men,ions ' he ,im. of , he cruci~xion, relying on lohn ]9.]4-16, Among , he canonical go.pels, information .I>ou, 'he hour of , he cruci~xion i, only gi,-en in , he Go.pel of M. rk. where it is ", he third hour (Mark 1~ , 22-16). In , n ,hr. . .ynop,k I\O'pe]" 'he -,ixth hour- i. th. ,ime when the d.rkne .. o,-er the whol. land (0' earth) begins (M.n 17A ~; Mark ] ~ 33, Luke 23,44), According '0 'he Gosf'€J of l ~. darkne .. feU o ... r , n of Judea., noon CH, lH: ~<"~~I\pi,,). Th. Fourth Go.pel doe. not m.nt ion , he time of .ither of 'he« .wnts. bu, rather 'he ,ime when Pilate sentence> lesu. '0 death, whic h ' akes placo "al>ou, , he . ixth hom" (john 19.]4). Now, in 'he Greek text of ' he GAl. , he · , he .ixth hom of the day" ei,her indic.' .. 'he beginning of tho darkness, or , he ,ime of tho crucifixion and 'he beginning of 'he d.rkne», The word order of , he .. ntence >e<m. '0 ,uprort the ~'" op,km. "And when on Friday he wa. hung upon 'he CroM!,! a' 'he .ixth hour of 'he day d.rkne .. carne o,-er all the earth." Junod and K.",tI;', a. well a. Lall.man'. re.ding i. only plau.ible if we insert a comma beforo "d.rkne»"bu, .uch interpunction marks were at-n' from ancient manuscripl" " Thed.rkness, in contrast, i. no' rnen,kmN at all in ,he Fourth Gospel, Con""luendy, ,hi. gO!p<1 agr"". with 'he .ynop'ic. a. well .. wi,h , he
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ISTVAN CUC ..."
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TH. GOSPEL O~ THE ACT. OF 10HN A~" TH" fOUkTH GO.,'H
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I h~ld him" (89.11- 12). Thi. habi,ual ph ysical contact bet",..,on John and Jem. I>«om ... sourc~ of knowledgo abou, Jesus, "and some,im... hi. broa" f~h me I>< . mooth and tend .. , and sometim", hard liko "on~" (89.12-14). The mo,if of ph)".ic.1 ,0lKh oecu," once moro in th e 'ext , "Sometimes when I moant '0 touch him, I met a mot~rial (i.MOO~<;, literally "woody") and solid ('''Xi.:; li'e ... Uy "' hick") body, and at o,her time< when I fd, him, tho .ub>'anc~ wa. imma'erial and bodile .. and., ifit w~r~ no' exi"inga' aU" (9].1-4). A. Iha ... .,gu~d else""her~, 'h~ 'h~m~ of fondness and physkal d .... ness I><,,...,.,n John and Jesu. origina'.,. in tho Pla'onic , radition." In 'he Sympo,jum, Soc ... , .. arri"", for the dinner aft .. " .. i,jng outside, d~ly immersed in hi, ,hough". Aga,hon expro .... hi. wi,h 'hat Socral .. would recline nexl him. "Here you are, Soc,.,es. Com~ and recline next 10 mo; I wan' 10 ,hare Ihi. grea' , hough' ,hat ha. just "ruck you in Ihe porch n~" door" (l7~8-.u)." Soc,..te, complie. with Agathon', wi,h, r"din~. next 10 him and an.w"rs, "My d~ar Agalhon: Socrat'" r~plied .. ho took hi. seal be.ide him, 'I only wi,h that wisdom wer~ Ihe kind of Ihing one could .hare by . ilting nex' 10 som..,ne-if it flowed, for instance, from 'he one ,hal wa. full 10 'he one ,hal was emply, like the woter in ' wo cu p. ~ndi ng its level Ihrough a piece of wo",ed'" ( !7~4-d7 ). In 'h e famou. Dio,im. 'J><1'ch (20Id-2!lb), Socra' es 'peals .bou, Iwo differenl ,ff«" of Ero•. M"", people are "fertile in bod)": lurn 10 womon ond rai .. a famil)", in Ihe hope ,hat Ihe)" will ""ure immonaJi'y, a memory of thom .. lv~" . nd h.ppine». They who ar~ "fenil~ in soul: in con"a", conc~i"e and bear Ihe thin&> of 'he spirit. They look for be.u,iful souls, edncale Ihem, and procroale more beauliful a nd immortal children. Soc,..t", ,hen ~xplain' how Ihe philosopher proc",,& from dfi'Ol ing h im",lf ' he beaulie. of , he body Ihe re ... lalion of ab>.olute beauty:
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TH. GOSPEL O~ THE ACT. OF 10HN A~" TH" fOUkTH GO.,'H
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'ogeth .. form ' Il< ,heme of ' he "rolymorphous I<>u •."" From ""he", did ' he .u,oo.(.) of , I>< GAl toke 'he concep' of rolymorphy1 The polymorphy of Chr;'" according '0 Lalleman, ""a. introoucM fi"t by 'he Acts of fohn , and ' Il< other Apocryphal Acts of 'he Aro"les borrowM 'he concepl from it. The Act, of lohn, in 'urn, reliM on 'he canonical writings, including 'he tr. nsfiguration .«ne of Mark 9,2-8 (and its pu.lIel» as well a. 'he po&t-Ea" .. appearance., particularly in Mark. Luke, a nd 'he Founh GOIipel (Mark 16, U; luke 14; lohn 20)," H.,.".-,,-er, 'here i. one a.pect of rolymorphy in the Apocryphal Act> ,h a' almo" «"ainly exclud .. 'his aplanation, ' hat i., the polymorphy of the evil In Act> of 101m 70, 'he loyer ofDru.iana i. "intlamed by 'he intluence of the polymorphous Satan '0 'he mo.t ardent pa .. ion •." In Act. of 7hom", 4-1, , he apo"le ca ll. the .-11 ·,h e polymorphous 0""" (Il ~oJ..';~~)-referring to 'he two black demon. ,ha' ."acked 'he woman and her daughter on , I>< "",,,,." A similar sto ry i. found in the I.ter Martyrdom of Mau/I<M', where the 'po"le .. orei .... the king's wife, daughter and son- in-law, but the demon app." The ad/<'
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