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1 8 Å cH iYFn FY:: , zF , ¨) =~Y a 9 1931 l J:FY: : ? ÈF a 9 1904 ( X: l J: 8 jS j6Å ; : T FY: = * n¼K »= *: » }F # £Y = YA ] ¥ ¥l J: 8 F ¸M 1883-87 y yH-K: )k; ¥ ¥ZY 8¦ i
) = xox ³¥c$ 9 1885]XY»9 1884c yH l+(%* ( a6Y »y y; ]R , ¤ ¼U¼Qg y; = E .lb:6 [) YF : 6Y X:8 Å ¤ ia9 1900]ÄFY: ³] . 2 8 + ¤ & %* il Ff; : Ï) / ¼( +X:bM H ¢Å i :My; ] R , H l+( ( u "Among them, two men were primarily responsible for leading the study of Indian Folklore into international academic circles. One was William Crooke whose two-volume study of folklore in North India (Crook1894) is still unmatched in scope and depth. The other was
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2 R.C.Temple who published three volumes of legends from the Punjab (Temple 1884-1900) that set high standards. Temple collected oral texts, published the (transliterated) originals, and included an exhaustive description and imaginative classification of their motifs." (3)
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"Under the leadership of the scholars mentioned, who were later joined by E.Sydney Hartland, Edward Clodd and James George Frazer, a new scholarship in the study of folklore gradually developed, This group again was enlarged later on by the active participation of men like Richard Carnac Temple, Longworth Dames, William Crooke, and John shakespear, all of whom had spent many years in India as administrators."(6)
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¸f ¨) + 8 ¶8F , l¸F8uF m ,a,oX :I:z 2: # u ¢Åi :M ¨) The practices and beliefs included under the general head of folk-lore make up the daily life of the natives of our great dependency, control their feelings, and underlie many of their actions. We foreigners cannot hope to unerstand them rightly unless we deeply study them, and it must be rememberd that close acquaintance and a right understanding begets sympathy, and sympathy begets good government."(7)
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6 "Temple cleverly avoids saying that the British presence and politics in India is displacing the bards "Former days" means pre-British days, and "native chiefs and nobles" are Indian rulers who, dethorned by the British army and intrigue, subsequently try to distance themselves from the local people and get near the new rulers. That these nobles and chiefs had lost the resources to be patrons of art and culture was a common phenomenon in nineteenth-century India, one that led to the degeneration and even disappearance of many literary and artistic traditions."(13)
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: GJn VF , : ³W F Öa X Y\ 8u ÅE F , ¸G: X Y\ mVu qk ¶ [ x:FV cbx8 × 7 H f Z :F ceZF YÅ:i O {: ; :8 ± 8 j V- ÎD j¼:»[/a "Despite Muller's trumphant claims, there were many even among orientalists who continued to urge the inferiority of Indians in race and culture, vigorous and widespread opposition to Muller Came from two camps described by Trautmannas" race science, theorized the English commonsense view that the Indians, whatever the sanskritsts might say, were a separate, inferior, and unimproveable race."(16)
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y jlÔF D8 8 g8 ¤ ie ".....it also makes clear that the historical anthropology of the colonial state must not be seprated from the historical anthropology of the modern nation state in general. The colonial state is seen as a theatre for state experimentation. When historiography, documentation, certification, and representation were all state modalities that transformed knowledge into power."(18)
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½:MY=<:M 1- Dr Mazharulislam, A History of Folktale collections in India Bangladesh and Pakistan (
)150.
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:i :Yl ¤ i Å , WV:;FY T8 m% Â Å9 ³ + %* W y;] R , H l( ia9 1991Å j « Ê :8 Ä '+ (] .j:Yl ¤ J:8u Ä '+ O " Popular Legends of India and Pakistan ]ÄFY: ]XY l,u )* ; 8u : ¢,u )* ; Revised and edited by Y: F: ¥ ) YF :Ff; : Ï) !a=F:8 * w¤ i Gk 8 :
i 3- Stuart H.Blackburn, A.k.Ramanujan, "Introduction", Another Harmony New Essays on the Folklore of India, ed. Stuart H Blackburn, A.K. Ramanujan (California: Univesity of California Press, 1986)2-3. 4- Stuart Blackburn, Print Folklore, and Nationalism in Colonial South India (Delhi: permanent Black,2003) 31. 5- Dr Mazharulislam 30. 6- Dr Mazharulislam 48. 7- Gloria Goodwin Raheja, "Caste, Colonialism, and the speech of colonized: Entexualization and disciplinary control in India," American Ethnologist 23.3 (1996) 21 May 2009
12
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16- Eric Csapo, Theories of Mythology (Malden: Blackwell, 2005)20.
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18- Nicholas B.Dirks, Foreword, Colonialism And Its Forms of Knowledge, by Bernard S.Cohn (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996) xi.
