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M ycen~e~n ~~ASrr
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Tt-l1;
M ycenaean I=I;Asrr EDITED BY
JAMES
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\VlIGIlT
AM~.'CAN SCHOOL
•
•
C.
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CLAU'CAL STUDIES AT ATIUN.
Princeton 2004
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This VQlum~ i~ also publishnl "" i.. u~ 73:2 (2004) of H~Jprnll: TJxjaurna/ a!'huf",mran Sri»DI 0/ C/lmira{ Studi~J III AIJxn< (ISSN OO18-098X).
Copyright C 2004 Tho Amori<.o School ofCI .......1Studio••t Athoos All righu ..,..,rvod.
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l oft.... Aml Stodi« at Athen. nSSN 0018· 098X):-r.p. """"Include> bihliogrophical rdi:r
I. C;'-;Ii...,i"". Mr«ou<:ltl. 2. Gr««-Antiquiti«. 3. Food h..abitrGr««-Hi"'"y-To 1500.1, Wright.l...... C., 194(>-
DF220.HI89 2004 394.1'r09388----dc22
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CONTENTS
Pref=, hyTrxry Cullen
"' •"
Lilt of C""lrib",ors LiS! of Abbreviuion. CNeurl THE MYCENAEAN h A n ' AN: INTlQDlICTIQN
]>mco C. Wright ClNlpt".2 A S~IVU or EV!DMCe ro. [tUn"..: 'N MYCENAUN SoclEry
lome. c. Wright
13
a..pmJ ANI .... L S"c'JfICr, A.CHIV . . , AT THE PAl ""0' o. N U T o ,
Sharon R. 5'od=.OO
J~k
AND
[r.uTH.ll
L. Davis
ClHtpltr4 Myc ... ", .... FunlNG 0" T.o",.",z£ ANCIF",T
4T
N.wu
Mary K. Dabney, Paul Hol...:ad, and Partid,
Thorn..
n
Cbilpl".S S"CIIFIC"U F r H T ' ' ' C Thorn.. G Pabjm.
IS
THE I 'N'''' R
OQCIIM'NTI
27
(;h,.pl".6 Au", .... FUITING' A M'''OA'' P . . . . UT'U
m
Eli,ahem Borgn.
Chap" 7 AClI.orM.,lowWIN.· A GooDn FUIT FusTlNe IN 8'0,"70' AG. CU.IF. 1 ""ig Steel
161
ChapmS
r .... TlNG
IN
Ho .... 'e
S",m She,,,,"
E.,c
181
PREFACE
In re«n, yun. arducoJogi... h,o"" ncklgue. ~",nt • wealth of dcr.oil about {n.ting, d...wing on m.ny IOUrttS: Iargc Mpooi.. of drinking and ",rving "....d., m...m accumulation. of animal boneo, depictions ill rn:KO and on painted f'Ol"l•.,.. and Linn< B do<-u"",n.. from Pyloo. Thebes. and Knosooo. Thc gwgnphi. <:al and duonok>gic:al lintits of < authors
in....
,ig,,,. ,ndirioo, of fea.ting
m.inbnd Gree«, Crete, and CYJ'n.I' from the latc Bron~ A~ to ,helmn ~_ The implica.ion. of .,hno" 00
gnplUc and ardurologi consid•."d. Thc ron,nburon to ,hi. volume I"'l' specialanen,ion the .....Y' in which, in the M)Un...n _,!d, ,hesc ritual """,mOf\~ "'''.. .. oren.. who::", >llianrn >mong the eli,e .'" fOTJlCd alll! kgitimiud, pre
'0
'0
.......
y,,, Beauoc the
ou¥a of 1\1)«....,... rcuring io ofint.~'
~.
pot.nlUIly oridet tndc..hip dun f1..ptria 1Uboaib.n--~"" prohi"ori",,", "",hropoIogitu, 1nd o<~ intrigued by ,he widrr ooc,ol "'f"«11 of at,ng .nd dtinlcing--ASCSA l'ublintion. d«idrd I"'bli.h ,ho ..,Iurn¢ conct"""",ly u • freeolanding book. In doing 10, "'" h.~ mod< minimol elunga ". lhe .....ide. ,hem..h the l"'ima'Y diff.renea be"""en ,he prncn' ¥t>Iurne.nd ,ho jounul "" ion pen"n.o forma,.nd the renumbering of pages. Many indMduab ....."'" ,h.nu for bringing thi• ..,Iurn¢ 10 light: Jim Wrigh', """"" all, ,.n.,roonIina,«I the pro;... onlIro«l and olupcd the JUbkquen' .nida;.nd ,I>< other eon,ribu,on, who "'''''ned their initial ""hu.i..... for lhe f"":iect.nd rn¢' il>CTeuingly dem.nding de.dlinn with g<><><. Srun H.yden ond J=rny Rutl~ review<:'lhy Wordell I am olIO graleful It> Carol H.rsher>lOlt and N.taL. VogcilwffSrogon for ...illonce with illu"....ion•• Eleni H....ki and Zina Gionll<>paulo.. for chocking GrrckcifOl;on.,.nd Mary Jone Govcndo for designing • wonderful coYtr for lhe book. It>.
'0
Thorn.,
T",uyCoJ/... Editor, 1I",m~
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CONTRIBUTORS
ELI ....Ir:rTA Bo~GNA, Dipartimen,o di StOOl. T l1,d. de; Ben; Cultural;, Ulli"".. il~ di Udi ..., Vi, Pl::1nC<:O 8. 33 100 Udi"", lraly; diw..:ndx,[email protected], M....l' K. D""Nn, Department ofCl...ical and Near E..'em Archarology, Bryn M.WI CoUcg<, Bryn 1\1>...", '''nnoy]v,mi.
19010-2899, USA; mdab~nm.w.,edu JAC' I.. DAv,s, Department ofClusiC$, Uni"".. ity of Cincinru.li, Cineinn..i, Ohio 45221-0226, USA; jack.davi~.c
PAUL HAUTT.AD, Dcpanment of Arrhaeology. Uni"""ity of Shdr..ld, Sheffield 51 4ET, United Kingdom; P.llal.,.~heffi.ld.oc.uk
TKO"'''' G. 1'......,...., Dep.rtment ofCbuicJ, Uni"""iryofT"".. ., Au.tin, I University Station 0400, Austin. Tuu 78712-0308, USA; Il'aloim~mail. UlelCU.edU
SlllA ... S"URATT, A.hmol",n Mu<cum, Beaumont S'lUt, Oxford
OX] 2PH, United Kingdom; ,,,e.•hem.,t@'ashmu•.ox.oc.uk
LoUIn S....u. Dqn"menl of An:hK
1..... I@!amp.oc.uk s"...o..- R STOCIU, Dep.rtment ofCluoia. Uni""..ity ofCiocinnoti, Cincinnoti, Ohio 45221-(1226, USA; ..""Ice,rtJ.moiluc.Wu Dcpornn.n, of Archaeology.nd An HiOlory, Uni""..ity of EvonrviU., EvonsviUe. Indiono 47722.0001, USA; p'4€'..... nsviU•. «!u
PATaICK THOMA',
C. W~IGHT, Dcp:ortrnc:nl ofCw~KcoI:and N
JAMES
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ABBREVIATIONS
M • Anolw>logio<:ber Anui~r
A'KIK'I'" • A.g:ocurn. Annol
"'~ A"""m. R....§ruI di o<:;'n... 'loricbe,linguiOliche, e filologiche A"""",. ADPlnI wnJ u.mn/,. Agypten unjJ<JI.~/. Amenc..n Andtropologi". The JoumoJ oftl>< American Anthropological A""",i.,ion Annf..«>nS«Ci" _ Annal< Arne,;""n Schools ofOrienw Research /lCH. Bulletin do com:.pon
s.n..
Co."", BSA. Annu.l of tile Briti.h School al Athen. CAl. Cambridge ArchacologK-al Journal
p'
."
A . . . . YI .. TIO~1
ctFR • Collection dt 1'&01. ~'" de Rome CMS. Cotpu. der minoiochtn uoo m}-kcnioch
CfftC1Jr.~.
"""""
Kfrrrnx
C",~Q,ta,,"·
K~~ ""i iWi'fQt
Croruchc di If<"heologi. ~ di
tii<; ~
,fOri. den"art., Univt...itl di
C.uni.a C..mfn,1Jr • Curren, Anthropology lJnLbrioeh< Kh.... Deoks
o.,••
,,'Hum.n N>e<>ecology Ern",· Enno.. Act. philologia. ouccana
be", • Etudes em"i....
GJ",nin;"",. Gymn..ium. Zeit""hrif, fUr Kultu. d.. An'ik< UM hum.niltioche Bildung JI"ptri4 • II.. The: Joumol "f ,he Arncri<:rn Sd>ool of Cl>...ical Studi.. It Ad."", IfyJr-to. Hydra. W<>oong 1'2pc.. in Middl.llronu Age Stud;e. J""m,wul" X"',,,, • Incun"""l. graeca. Colbn. dlici del Con.ig~o nazi<>nalt den. rittrcll. di
pe.'"
""".
IrAnl.lronic. antiquI ]AnlMrrh - Journal of AnrhropoJog;cal Arrh"",,1ogy lAS. JoumoJ <>f Arducologic':rJ S<:i<:n<. l"!. J.hrboch de< DeIl.... h." ArchlologiIChcn [n"ituts ]FA. Journal ofFIeld An:ho.eology ]MA • Joumal "f Mcdi'crr:oneon Ard,.."k>gy ]PR • Joom.1 "f Prehi,,"";. IMigioo ]RGZM. J.hrbuch des R6miKh-germ.niKhen Zcn'rWnwcum.. M.inl Xu"'•• ' Kadmoc. Zcit""htif. fIIr YOr- un::hiKhe Epignphik Xu",,, " K'em•. Civili..,io,," de l'Oritn', d. La Glitt... de RQlTl' antiquo" 11.1;"",. Mi""". de fili>logi•• cg.. M~"'.JJ~'" Mnemooyne. Bibliolh... d .... ic. h....,... M.""~t· Monum.n'; .ntichi N4tGMg&, ,, National G«>guphi<: R.,.un::h OjA • O.ford Joomal of An:hoeclogy OpAt". 0puK"U1••,henion.i. (fli,~""j". Oritnl1li•. Commen,.rii periodici I\>mificii Im'ilUli Hiblici. Rome PCI'S " l'roccedings of ,he Carnbridgt Philological Soci.'Y
&vi".
nl'axnKlr. 'lij<; i~ 'A&>\""" ·AfY.«1lool.oyt>
p'
AII.U'ATIONI
Q.ntichi~.Stori., :an:l>wlogi•••ntropologi. SIMA. Studi.. in Medi'ernne"" Arch_logy SIMA-PH. Studi.. in Medi,erranr"" Archaeology .nd Lite""un:. Pocketbook Sldth. Skrifter u'givn•• v Sven.b In,,in''':t i A,hen SMEA. Srodi micenei ell egeo-"".tolici Sy..,J;()sI• • Symbol.e ooloen... TAPS _ Tnn••cti"". of the Ameri..n Philosophicol 5o
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THE MYCENAEAN FEAST: AN INTRODUCTION JameJ C. Wright
t. I ""'" '0 thank Po'" Hok",od """ Jodu.>o. pto:>'lO.ding uorful .. /tncro of d>< P"J'<M~r ...< An ~ CoI1o:>qIil"",' .. th< AlA AumW M«'b"f!: in Pbibd<1ptU.
in 2002 ... publ;1h
In 2001.1 pllrticipated in a confe.. """ Oflthe culmn:.."d cui,ine of the prem.toric ~rn,~ by the Department offuhiS1<>cket, p"'f'O'Co-.mao; on<: by Lisa Bendoll on the 'aruaJ and or<~logicai ovid.""" &om Py!os: .nd my own in,,,,,iga,ion of til<: problem of id.ntifying feasting from 'omb ....mblages. IS depicted on frescoes, and from other ,..<"n'.lf ,h... pape" succeeded in Chlf'lCfCri~ng. distincti"" "Mrcen...n" pr:u:~ rice, 'hat pnctia could be further defincos< from ""l,"n:. in contact with ,he M~""na.an•. Thu., we al... invit.d Elisahctu Borgn. to talk about Minoan felSting, wi,h 'p<'Cial ..fe",nce to .he evidcnce !Tom Pha;,tOO, and Loui« Sted discu.. fa.ring in Late Bron.. Age Both re charged to con'ider how pr:u:ric.. in th.ir are•• wen: affected by Myan n ""stom, of fe.sting..nd to what ..'.nt local practices continu.d or """" ;,t.d the introd""tion of new pracric... Robin H!gg «rwted We rons;d.r publishing th.m IS a sp<'Cial i.we: of li,,~.
erp"",
'0
, posl-anything .nd ·~rything, "mains ,I>< product of disc.mibl. _i>! and culrur>! ptoCCUel: proctUel p.nio11y inde'.nnin.l. ye'. in 001II. 171 ". oy".m'liolly del.rmined; ombiguouo ond polyvolem. ye' un.rly intol><"n' or me.ningk..: open 10 mul'ipl. wns,ruc,ion••nd ron,.." yet never .n'i"ly frt<: of ordc.......... ,he rt'Ility of f"'W'" and c",,",nim." Th••o,ho.. go on to .rgue th...thnography·i. in! phenom.n•. lndeed ... no hurn.nio, .$<:'.'" In ,he otudy of f."ling, .h. fund>mcn,i1 viluc of .,hnognphy i. evid.n' in. """n' ""Ium. edi,ed by Michael Di.tl...nd Bri.n H.yden on ,h• •"h.rology.nd .,hnognphyoffe.,ring;" .,hnognphic .nd arch••ologi· cal =ounn /fom around ,I><: glob< prm,ra'. ,I><: ext'n' '0 which"","" hum.n ac,ivi,j.. h..... universal quality.nd 'hey .1", wun,•••impli..ic ~pbn.· rion. by brood.ning tl><: choic.. of probable inrtrp"..';""". """etim.. cvc:n offering conrndietory Orl<'S." [n .rudying ,h. practice of f••"ing••",hacolog;m .levi.. ""d u,ilize m.lhod. of .n>ly>" ,h.. k>d 10 • dirrrt ......men. of .pecilic hum.n ..,tiviti... Thi. i. 171"'" .""""n' in liIuna! ",,>I,..i•. in which th. rompara'i.....,hooorchICologic>! .rudy of butch.ring now penni .. d.d"",i"" ..... ....m.n" of,h. purposco of .liff.",n' kin<» ofootch.ring "'or'" ""d bone "".,m.n•• nd di.poo>l.'" [nc....ingly. the .n>!,...i. of reoidu.. in ......1. 011""" u. '0 de'.rmin., wi,h varying dog..... of p"",i.ion, .he con'.n" "f ""..d. IOd II><: .... yo in which l'n'1C!> we", u ..d in food production." Simi1.r1y, .tud.i.. of dc:pooitl ...n lead to p.....i.. hi"ori....f dcpooition, for example ,hrough an.mion to p.l .....mom..logical ovid.nce, ,I>< .. main. ofwhich c.n indi...,. ,I><: p~"'" of orgorUc """rt in which in..... ,hrived .luting ,he .pring .nd .... 171 ......' "",n,h•. ll It i••1.., I""'ibl. to rt<:On.tttICf from palaeobot.nical .nd wologicol ",main. ,he ""'1 wid. rang< "ffood.tuffi, """sumed at f...... In f...,ing dcpowcr. sumpWffd. cb.nopod, m.}'gr...,.""'" lrnolwr«!, foor von.,i.. "f nu", gnpr, ond m:my (rui" (penimrnon wberry, plum, brunblc, .lderberry, nigh,.h.d., blockh.w, mulberry, nlk>wcr).•Iong wi,h grecn•• nd .m.lI graitu C.m...n.h. punJ""", p"nicoid gruon, cup<:twttd,.nd .purges)." A, rho I\lyr:r:n...n ~ncruary Of Ayioo Kon...n,in"', Ham~:oki. and Konoolaki pig, red dec" mouscl..,. mel< d!. in ,heir .n.lyoi. o( ......1. from C.bolci. and by Pappa and wlkogu.. in ••rudy of ,he drink· ing ....p' /fom I\bluipl.,. in Macedoni.... AJ; no,,,,,, chemic>l :m>lyoi. of con,.n.. >I,., promi... Kl.ntili ,Oon "f.pecif.. food!, .. ~ by Schm.nd,-Bc..."" in h., rcvi~ "ff~•• ting in II><: :mei.n, Ne" £:0<"
.bou,
OIl'
16. ComIltOIf ltId Conuroff 1991.
p. ,0. 17. Coouroff ltId Conuroff 1991.
,-
IS. IMtI
19.0.....1981.1'18•. 10. BWOrd l'IIll: Sp |
O"Conno< 1'1'11l. I thUlk P.ul llallk:ll
,"'=.......
lOr ouppIying thco< 11. T...w.;, ltId Mortkw 1m. 11. P""k
w. 13. P.uk..,
iI.1OOl.pp.165--
,~
H. lb",i1.:1ppo CliI.. fod Mortkw 1m: M ~ Clil. 1m; M
1'"""",,,
"'"
,
=
p'
,
T" ...... CEN ..... N . . . . . T: .. N IN'r.OOUCTION
thot the totol number ofPC"""" f.d a' a k .., a.l'yloo ..... ".nough. by the rul.. of .humb of mod.m Bri,i.h """'prio.... to f«ns help"" apprecia•• the widesp~ad impact of f...ting on the eronomy of the Mycenaean pol><:eo. and they olIO make dear how many .~ .. of ocribaJ ocriviry we... ff~rcd by fcos.ing. In .hi. regard l'olaim.·, ron.rib<Jtion to thi. volume mods. signifi· cant .dvoncc on previou. scOOlo.,hip. H• .,..mines the tobl... for evide~ of the admini......'i,...truclU.. off....ing by lOCufing on ,h. ",1. of individuol" n<mbly ,he ·""llccr.....: in the admini","'ion of ka.ting; by indicating lhe larger context off.OIIing within the proc1icc of oaaifice and wo",hip a' sanctuari..; and by con.idering ,h. g«>gnphical and poli.i<:01 implication. posed by the ",hie... F",m hi' .tud)· .... leom ,h.. ku'ing ..... admini.t.",d in .im~... f..hion by til.. poloces.t Kn",..,.. Py\o<•• nd 'Jhebe" i' wu p.n of 0 highly ",n,roIi...d pol= hu... UC}' th.. h.d fi,m <-0<1.",1 of writori...nd provinciolloou••he ycar.1brnled by ='1 "",iol group-f"'m the flmily to In .nti~ ooci.ry-by kin. moi.ty and oodiIiry. and individool. aning through all kind, of pm. C\l~ ,i
'a"
:16. HoI,,,ool ..-.l h .. 'Ml... furlh· ~..., doo loulUdou .. 01.:1002. 31. CIukr 2001. P. 153.
p'
•
)A"" C. WO'''''T
proposed f<>r fcuring h.~ been equdly ...,;"d, with diffe"'o' <:>l>k ..,,. crnpt.u;'l.ing diff.",n' "'p«" of the kU'." Some tu... oecn rc."'" m«h.ni.m. fur rediSlribolioo. od..... as rutanl for troiQgicaI .nd lilUrgical "'.""o....-in order> for <:",rnple,lo main••in ,he COImie order. n.c tnuI., ~ " Of H.)d< Crico pcnn••' .. ,he many dimen,ion> of human oc,ivi,;os." Aorording to Hayden, r..... """lI
I. mobili"" lobo<; 2. ""ale coopc",ti... rcLni.on
exclude other groups: 3. ''''ale """I"'",'i"" :oIli.".". btrween social gro<'f'S (indL>ding political .uppot', b<:twttn ltou.. hoIdo); 4. invest .urpluoes .nd gene..... profits; 5. >ttra<1 d<.i",bk m ...,.. bOO<. 0I1i.., "" _.lth =hanga by :&
6.•"'••• political power (rolurol """r ~rres lIld labor) through the c....tion of a ... tw<>rl< of =ipt'OClll dn' to M)""ruo:on onei.,y. Kilkn hu argued thot. among .. ble.. from I'yloo, To 711 ",fen tn prep...rion. fOf • fust upon the .I'f""inlm.nt of. new magi........nd
Un 13S "n:wrd. the provi.inn. fOf a bonquet held 'on the initiarion of the king' {",~-jo---"" ....tj .... ·"~-a-"./"'~ ..."",,6r rp, "",..Jkil).'" r.hima discu,ses mh.r ..ble.. thOl link f.uting with ,he ""'....;t. which io to be upe«1, of ,h. palace. but Ju... ly oth.r mo,i"",i"". for feming occurml. bMh within the pa!..., and ""'ong communit;" oo.. ing evidence 10 indi"",. more p=i..ly the ......,., forthi. feud had earlH:r p",p.... d thot the : .. Ay;.,. Kon.. anli"", on Meth.n. m.y give n;uon 10 i"'''''liS''' wh.,her f..." ....re ~l2rly held Of religiou. ant...... but we cannot yet be more pre' oi'" .bout 'he n.ra", of these an1
38. H'yd.n 2001. PI" :!lI-l5; ~ lOO1.PI" llf1-I88. 3¥. H.)« ako 1'i........ OIme, M.Ie", 1'190. l'P.17l-184; Kille" t994. 42. Wli.gh. 1994. pp. 69-70. 43. Wr;p. 1994.1'1" f>J-n 44. H...,;wu...... Konoc>bki XI04.
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THE .neENAUN HAlT' AN 'NT.ooueT'o"
4S. Alk.oay 1m: Do.;, and Ikn_ 19'1'1. 46. BilJ
1""'''''' 199'1: loW,....., 199\lb.
,
IookN. PI..,... whe", this """,ld b< ••peciolly wonhwhile 0", Mycenae, Tiryns, A.in., Amykloi, Epidouros. Delphi, Aigino, ond Ayi>. Triado ot Ayioo Vo.. ili,,". It ",mo.in. diflicuh to identify tb< reuono for feasting•• i~... Clarke'. ~S1 :above (I'. 5) indicates, in moot inSlOIICCS they 0", not .pecif", to Iocoles ond mony of hio occo,iono ,ho' migh' tili pI..., in 0 ....Ies of .peciol f...t., ••pecially when the deity of the ..nclUory is <:el.b...ted .. 0 opeciflC tim. oftho Y".... such .. ,I><: on..' of,ho rw:w Y".... ,ho har.'est. <>t some o,her noN!'Ol phenom<:non morW by celebn,ion. "['II., Line., B texIS th.. record >< " oboervn in he' eon,,;bIllion to this volum., f.osting :and fighting Ote lh. two most ffe<: longs...nding problem of wh.,hor we con uSot ,h<; .pics 10 undetslOOO tho Myc.naeo""••nd if.... how. Th. crwr of thi. iss... ""'IS on wh.,h., 0' no' ,h<;", .", ouff",;'n' .im~ori,ies in ,I><: st",cID,... of Mycenaeon .nd Homoric "",iety '0 wornn' eompatison. Compon,ive .lUdy off.ming p""'tic. may be 0 ponicularly fnlitful ..... y of n:veo~ng "",;.w >lyuenm:. In both Mycen••on .nd Hom..ic ooci.ty. fouting i. pn:dominilJltly. m:ole: octivity in. w>tri<>t lOciory. The ..... ,,;0' ,radition woo estobli.hed during th<; Middl. Bronze Age ond WlI. occenlU.ted during ,h. Early Mycenae.n p<:r ilJld between diffe",n, Iocolit;'•. "The symboli.m .mployed by th... groupo bespeaks thei, role• .. hun'... and .....rri<m .nd i. reflect.d in ,h. iconography .h.red .mOllg ,ho I'tt'-polity paIae... n'..... on ,I><: mainland:and ,I>< island.... r...ting 1 c.ntral practice in tl>< ptoeesf of "",iopoliticol evolu,ion. Ao SI>< n·, eomparati"" oomi""tion ofMycen..on Ind Hom.ric feasting .hows, mony of ,h<; type< of ...imal...crilic.:d .nd Cll'< pnetices of rooking Ind type< of .quipmont employ<: .."",i.1ion ()f the bronze tripod with coolcing game .""h .. ""nison ilJld boot w:so "",tri<:ted elite hun,ing I!""'po wbo lOOk ,n.i, fe..,ing e<juipment with ,hem to thc:ir gro...... W< hope th.t fu...... work will fucu. on ",fining ou, undets... nding of the f.ut. Some oo:uion. thlt we might
'0
•
J......
C. "'OICHT
fe.".,
se=h for ~~ >griculturn feurs (pl.ming. harvut). ini,"uiorl and funeruy r.>srs. and we at< challenged to imagi.... wh.l kind> of evidcna: W<>UId boo. demoosTnle ,he occurren« of theM: fc:u.. and 'odevelop method< fur I'ro7VCring "",h informa.ioo. Borgna grappks with iuun of so<;a1 ,tnlCtUn: and orpnization in detail in her cornpanti....tudy of Mi""an and ]\1)'<0"'''" tndition. of !Curing. h i. her «>n'e"tioo th>! fc.a,ting,lt5p«i.uy ito m.feria! "'ptnUgh the influence of Mr<e"""a" ru[1Un:, F••.ring in My«n..." _i''Y•• tN: :LrgUe$, >no from the beginning f<><used 00 individual reciprocity Imoog ~ndiring di,.. "l"''''ring in romp<,;,i"" ''''fIU. For thi, "'UO" ,he bd;""" th>! the "">lOOts of fe..'jng.nd drinking :wocia,.d witll M)ttna, pnctice rdleet an ctt!u.i"" proclic. among kin and 1OCi:al!'""'... ,II.. i. iliff",:n' from fcuting in C..,le. Of particular in"'rell i. Borgn"s .".ntion '0 the loc2les of f• .,ring: int.rior.nd c.n,r.oli""d and di.pe~d. Th.....he belicw:$, can be recogni-.ed through til•• tudy of f....ting ronrcxn in .. ttlcIMnt••nd in mort=ry 'pac... More 'll.n,ion to this i..... in ,he cliff.",nt cutlUral .."ingo of the: Aege.n .nd castern MedifCrr.u>con WQUld be ...t,,.ble,., i. dcmon.traled by S'eer. dilCUSlion of the loca.ion of r..Iling deb", in Cl1'rio, COfll<:Jw. ,h_ i........ rc brmchcd in gencr:al,ct"IfI•. In my "".rview. I ""plore dI.....yo in which ,..cing ,h. dcvelnpmcn' off•.,ting as • fu'm:al f""C'ic. :all""" US to ronfront issues in form..ion of. M)ttna, fou'ing pnc.i... by Borgn•• nd Sred, who dcsaibe and int.rpret th. cvide..... lOt "na'i",," fe••ting practice. on ,he.. i.Jando hef"", ,be odw:nl of M)ttnac.n influ....... lbc conmul$ betwttn ,raditi"n:al Minoan and Cypriot prac.i.... on Ih. om h.nd, and ,he Myc.nae.n fea.'. "" the ota... ,he horizont.l. group-reinfurcing m\lclUre of Minoan communi.i.., on Cypru•• mottO edec'ic tradition ...,ms '0 devery drawing from An.,olia, the Le""n'. and the Aegeon. The ou,l\on' idn of M)ttnac.n .lem.nl1 in Minoon .nd Cypriot ron,,,,,,, ..,infurcco 'he not;on .h.. ,he My<enac.n fea" n adu.ive cus,om ,ied 10 compet;,i"" fur stOlu' and power .mong eli , Thi. Wt poin' io I"nicula,ly eviden' in the lrudy of the pu,rery," Borgna .rgue.. and as S.ed illu"ra'.' in he, di...... ion of ,he Cypriot ."ent;on '0'1><, M)ttna
.bou, •
""'.rio.-.
,ha,
,nc
n..
p'
•
T,l! .. YCuu ..... " U T : AN ' .. TOODUCT'ON
rnongly oymbo~zn tIM: impon.ne< of drinking wi'hin th<:oc: .li,. groupo. h.likr th<: drinking cup. bbout rhe Drg2IIization and sol. f"'W"rful and richly detailed cy.how how tho pr:l<1N:o: of m..ing cY
a,
f""'.
d.,,,
So< aloo l>aalI. 2002. 48.Tudaki• .,.., Mortkw 1'1'19; ~7.
M
.... ,1>;00,,;,,,"
.....=
,hi. "',>I"
JAMU C. W.JCHT
'0
popcn fOf publication in Htspmd; the h.. ~ ,hi. projoccr >long with I""i<:""" and • lirm ~. S~ .t>d het coUcoguts .. "'" American School ofClaooical SNdiell>ubli<-a.iono Offltt h.", brought • level of prore..ion~ oIi.11I.nd "ncmion .0 de"il ,hOI uphold high unusu.1 in 'hio >gt•• hough long • tndiri"".t J/"f'"W' Jeremy Ruttct and llrian H.yden, ,he 11"1"';8 ...".;~ ... til",. held !IS lO ,he highest scholarly ","ooardl: if and ....'" meri, in their I"".. n'..ion, it i. due in Iargt pm \0 the thoughdUl .nd cxttptionally det.iled .tt<we for their help in improving .""h <>Ifeting. Fm.Uy. to all of the pm;';,,,,,"... [ <XJ'rn'S my pc"""aI thanh for their joining in under'wng .00 making their ronttibu'ions rcfk<1 'he wort. of the group.
"and-ud.
""r
,iii.
Achrc<
or
in th< D<w1"l'rnc.u E.. ly Mp"...., fuli'i«: in LalT"ww I'I9'h. PI' 97-1~. II
",ion,
Sttu<.... or ~'J""N'<'" Bor>qUd ond B"",,,. fOnh«>
1I<..-.].lOOl.·~ and S""'...· """",,~.. on ,I.: N•......, ond
F..no; in V"".,..k; ond Killtn
lOll.pp.15-l7. Binfotd, 1_ 1981. B-n: Aotind M", • ...tM..... M"iJ>. N..... Votk. B.. ~ K..logy I). Sl> in Mgt... At<1I>oolkm.- BlCS S, PI' l-S. - - . 1'187.Uo... B_Rd.,uf Sm", (RtW"l! ,I>< l'Ml I). ~.
CWV. M. 2001. "Al
~ ;"Cwd ~!'uk
1Wg<. NJDnio.J. L. and J. Iltf...., T< OthIIlGow\om,· in UW........ 199'h, PI' 105-120. Dqr;o
U/Ii,..."
F,,_
1«e-m_.,
..... _ . Wah;fIII'>'I, P,C.
Gid
II
H14 R... nd N MoriRl"".
"-«hoC'''1M ntou ($.ItA'b 4'. 31). S"",khoIm. lUg. R.. .oo G. C, NonIquil<,<do.
..""
1990. ~.,o,., /)iui.iry ,. ,1Jt B""" AI'A~ "-"";0C' .,,1Jt Sin. I",~ S,...,..;.", M IIJt S",ufi,}, I"",'",,, M At6m, (s.lrAI..... 40). S,,,,khoIm. H.h,,..J. 1'. and J. C. B1h
c.rn"".oJ
Elllf'(,"",~ ~:
Foo-1t.oon-U"ll. F..J.
in Di
~'.~C"",(Sh
ComaroIT.J.. and). ComaroIT. 19"12. EI~"" _11Jt /{it"';'6! l-ri""';"" Ilouklet. C"",lrod, R. A.. ",d A. Bi"h.U. ctlo. 197., Bmt" At< MWMW., io 1M
"""'n.'
A,,~6!."" Liw'~
G.1d S!U&«;n Atg..n AJdu
«-tUng. "F,.,w E..... n« for F.... ci"ll, B""" Olf
p'
TH~
1J,,,,i!akio. Y.•• nd E. Koooolaki, l(Jl)(, '''ip fo< tl>< Godo: 1I0mt Ani"",1 S,..,.;fK\o " • M)"<",.:on S.""""",· OJA 13.
prri
1'1'.135--151.
Hoyden. lI.lOClI .• 1".00.......'< Im~ of F.. oh"ll," in l);,:..... onoI H.rJ< A,,, of Argt->n Lot<
II....... Ago::
MyeONA.AN "AST: AN 'NTOODUCTtON
Typol_ ogy and o"",!opm
IW'h, PI' 319-330. Hnd
e--
"'" AI't"-M .. 1.'''1''''''.... ;" A,,~N ... yO
loukidou. V.. p. Ihht
N... EYkIrr>c< from 'Il< M)"crvationo "" ..... T!o:bc> 5
Nato.-:
oflM lib 1 ~liT"'" c..;m-, ~ ~..
Ul,li
Loffi...... R., and W. ·0. Ni"""'l<~ «10.. 199$. Pofi"'"'-' $oUdy_ $1.1, ;~ IM~" II....,,fsr. P..<.M~" of'l>. 51h 1"'~ Aqno" c.., ;m-,H~(A~.. 12).
"",. l~: " ' - ofM-.ll.""" (BAR s...ppI. 191. «I. M. Spriggs. Oxfonl.pp.161-176. ~,F. 1990.
71<""''''''''of 'M G",* B.mfwt:I-z
M....... I'rin«t<>n. I>l
M
Uff
R. A. 1>1"""",,, A.
I>t1Jhr;y", In.......,,,.'';'''''';fiv-''
11«1.. I':. SimI""", I':. D. Lj. &n<,'
i<J """ "Jk .. R
!bnqu<"'-
.R«h
""""'"~,~"".L.I999.
'Fra in 'Il< t.1IA Aege.n.";n Loffi....... lm.. 1'1'.331-339. LaIIin
"""''''''1---''' '" t,« .I~ "" _ . ,. .-I
1),1-"<8<.
- - . 1m.. "","",,-' 1~ ""InU t.,« • I ~ d. II"",.,.
,..,rn.r '"
A,,,,
"';"n.oI. U...."";" '" f.~ (A.... _ 1~).I-"<8<. --.19991>. '0. M]d'n
~""
C. \\I.
B.,,.,.....,
402. pp, 86J--86.4,
I>hu-nr, 0.,
s,..,..;...... S,..,..;.... 1M
O~.
--.1990. "OoWn. D.v.:1opm
«_... s.:.ci«y.";n ~ s,.u"
s..Ii~"..oJ,u.,;~ P.o,.M"P oflM NEH,o;.*- c",,_ ;m-,A"";.~.. ~).
t,,,,,,,,.
--.:zooo., "T.....1>CIionaI V~· uw,. in Lincv II T>bItt.nd S.,litIlI Admini ,;.,.,• in Ad.;~;lfflIhw 0..-.. " ;.. tM.-two••"" n.;r Nut ~ «I,
e..iJ""
M. I'!:m.. T orin. pp.161-276, - -• .ICJl:O>. 'n-.. ""I.o:ognpby of M)"<"o,,,,,, looo;riho:d 5<06ng. from Thd>o: -o..;r PI..-.:: ,nmin "'" M)«"""... A
F•• <Jj".. I' I~,,",,"
IN.uIn ¥.S,..,..,;.... M.~ (CMS 1I
O'Connor.T. P. 1'I'I8.·On ..... DilllNIl)' of Dmrti"ll 5....",01 Sbug!Ikrinp ofShttp,' !",."j.. o.....,'" A"lwoIovJ,PI' HI. OIM
Ike...£u;,; J.,u". t tin ~ d'O. "'Jub"....... 17). Rome. Onne, R. 1'Il31. 1I0t"'"folot.1ft' Am--
,.u.;,
oJosit',: A. 10_';"" I.<>nol OI-pni' ..,.,., and PaI.nol A<-tmty," in Shelm<,.I;,.. and 1'Jl.im. 198-1. W J l-J9 - - . 1'Il31. ·M"",n",,.n ~ and SoE"If' in -0..;, 1"...""""", and Adtnini....tin: e;"..,..,.," in T__ I.~M,,,,..M. ~"PoflM
f:;pth 1~/~CoiJovo;'"..
M,.........,.. s-J;n. 0briJ. rd. P. H. IO
"
C~.
Skori<,
pp.2~9-M6 --.1'll38.71<smbnof~(1n.
c-nnabub v-" 87), Rom<.
Pappa. M.. P. 11>1....... K. KorWt;,. and D. Umn·Ko/"",. F"""""'"r 1.alg<-S<.k F..,,iIjtlUc MUriy>Ioo, N. G"""." in Flo1
fOrthrom,l HeroN, in A""""", i. AT-
'1tMoIork'" "'''boil "'OJ n-ry 8.
«I. M, SdliA"ct. Orl...lo, PI' 27---61., I"oketa', T. R.• t. S. Kdl)\ G.... Frin:. N. H.lopi_, S F.li,..and
E. Horp>V<.1OO2. 'Tho: lla...... ",F...,;"ll onoI Puhl'" Ritual at foMly CohuL,,' A"",A~/67, PI' 2$7-21'J.
I'oroili<,j. R. 2001. ·f,..';ng fo< Proopori'Y' A Snody of Soo.rtlo:m N""h_, C.,.., fe..,iotg," in o;.n", and 1l0J'i
Pi",,,,,, C.• J-I' ()lM,cr. and j. L Me_
....... 1m 'I.<-
Iino!";'" B d« oodul&<0
p'
"
JA"U C. "'.'CIIT
(l9l!2} La foo.UlI<. In do
",.M AJ",;.",,",,-
In.-'bili*' d',nte<prfution,'
_ •• f'oIM,.
BCIIII •. pp- l(l}-\Sol,
Sctun.n.lt-Ik
StwW, M,ondC.Tdky. 1987. fI.~"l AmIoonoIov- 'Tl
j• • M,....
hf
NowYotk. Sp.... Md,"I ~ A.,v", lfu_C~
Tudakio, Y.• anol H. M..u.... <do.
19W. /IIj_.,
F""~
"",/11,.""""",..
ofnm nou,
Arh<no.
Vm,"" M.• andj. CbJdwkk. 1973. i. 111,."""". G.-m.
Do<.""""
2"'
V""tDk;, S• ....J). Killen, <do.. .1001. &-].u~;"""M~ _.IW.uS-,,(~
~ s.x;.ry, s..ppl.
m.
C~_
W<W>',J. c. 1m, -n.. 5",';01 Con· f~
ollll· ogy ol M~....,.rt ~. in 1'1.<0"1 ,IN Go./i- 5-<""';"-' s-N Sfw";. AoO<.J C""",,,
Ouonl,pp-37-7B.
p'
A
SURVEY OF EVIDENCE
FOR FEASTING IN
MYCENAEAN SOCIETY Jama C. Wright
ABSTRACT TIt. .tudy of kuling on the C_k mainland during the Middl< and Lau Bronu Age ~ in.ish" in,o the n.lUre of Mya:nOftJl _iety. C ..'" good. ",""""n""'e ch.nge. in feuting .nd dtink;ng peooetka .nd 'hei' impo,tantt in the fonnation of &It .~'" id Rroing. and dtinking >no<1s.f< &Iso ~tmk
"rurot..
INTRODUCTION In thi. P'per I 511""'" the artihetual evi«: fo, My«tUtion. on p<>tt.ry ond othe, runrotl> anifact,.' The", i. n(> gen.raUy =pt.d ddinition ofka"ing: ",me schoW. pref.r. definition thot encompauco most occo.ion. of the of thit in..,.tigation, I define k ing ., the formal .....mony ofrommunal ••ting and drinking to celeb ignific.nt occo.ion•. I ",dllde the quor:idian pan.kingof food .nd drink that i. ,,"mod ou' fo ' biological 0' fund.m.n,a100eiol ...sons, such,," ••ting with family ot .,,"utIly wi'h acquojnlatlCc whether the ",mojn. am 'he mull of fonnal and rirual .
I. I om ind
"'M''''''''"
J.,-n. M<>
..-.d _fU1 bibliog.-.phy, ond l>htio. Stu... foo- """''''''''' ..-.d ~_ .....n' ond fOr pn:Mdinf; V'gw-< 8. I .... ...., V""fU1 '" fJioabcn.llorg>u.
Mary [}.ol>n
.,
'UIT'"'' ," ","""AU" 'OCUTV
forma,ion of p"'- 00 prorohi.fOric ~.n culrurn at<: b...d on ......101',iOlU of drgrtt of in",ran;on. pan;rularly 'hrough modes of produc,ion and CJlch.nge, induding CJlchange. ofinf<><malion.' H<>dd<mllion Ind change.' H< m.inni", Ihor modd. of oocial idrual f.. m ~ ,h.. =ge ICfOSI . . riou. orders of oociopo~ticol integration.' These ilkntiti.. are m.nipula,'< '" be undcn,ood .. c<>logi....ltcmp' '0 defi"". culture by "reading" ,be ml",rial remlin. of groups who hive odopt<:cUtring n....ly ~ni ....rsally .. ~ componen' ofo,h.. ac,ivi,i...; the unive..a1ily ofi.. pr,>cti ce und<ma,ion i~ I and ~I<' of 'lyle." Particularly Ult>C<m<prcoscd. oflinncd. and changed ,hrough mlny oocial "",ivi,ies...peciaUy ,..... ,h.. bring groupo l<>geth.. for celebration, which are u.ually aceornpani
'0
"""oed
'0
rroc'" ,ha,
7. D;tkiotoo 1m: Cl>.",1982: 1I ,dal< ioXnti!)" f<>rm.t»n and <>ftring i",,1ud< hon'ing,....n.... cnf, Il<'ivih<s, _ i l ' ogioNlru",•• ..J
,bo,
'Q
...imal ho""ndry.
s...
Il. <.1.• W......,. 1983. 1'199. 13. W,.....,.I983. pop. 257-15K I•. On ....,.. ,hal Nioin< UI"<"4 ",hural i- ;IJJ(l1: H oyd
"oge'
o:pt'<S$"'"
Fc..,ing involvn fOod .h.ring .nd food di
=....
p'
,.
J......
C. "'.'GIIT
ldcnriry. diff."',...,.•nd oblig'''ion ..., primory oocial m.nifi:.... ';O'U of roi,inc, and. II m.oy ..hoi... h..... oboerved. lM ronSlructioo of ",leo of .tiq"""c fun"". rdineo ,lin< di"inctiono... In,;. and Ben,lCt 1'IlI rtttntly rtK>r>. of .. Myton>",n m...,ill < ....ul< of. pro<.... wherlOlny of ,hi, pro<:ell 01 """,k. Fusting i... vny .ignif'<1Il1 "",ivil)' in ,he furm..i"" of M)nruran culnrn: ~u.." .. _cd .b<M::, if II "<>rly aJways linUd fO other ooci:aI x,iviti.,.. whe,her hunting Of harvesting, wonhip 0' ini,i>tion. Fouting II" pCJ." At Ha,tlcn poin.. OU', f..... have many pr>ctical hcncfi ..: .....ling roopct'lltivc relalionshipo, .llio",,", and p<>Iiticol power. m<>biliaing Iobor; otKI "".r>cting and inves,ing owplu....• An "f,~ .....;.,.;ri.. "ff,,".ring are i"'.m"",n••I,o ,he formal;"" of """'pi"" _i.. ie<. Th<: """,municarive a.pee! of .hi. procell' "f oociol format;"" involves rhe ernr"", ",n "f "yle. ,ha' 'l'mbo~ac the oominan. group. no< merel)' through mo"""'mic embkm. bol :also Ihrough p<>1y..-mi. ones thal rtprc..n' aL.nr OCI;"';,ie< and "nlCWral reb."",. of Ih. group. Thac ore ~ iwn<>gropl>ically and are part "f .he ""mfJUCf"'" "f. _icty', .<>omology,of,he pmp<:t" rel.1.;"",hipo a"""'g propl., _iery, otKI <>arure." 11K pro<>tiem i. an ..... of reroming and. in .tyIi.lie te.m•• "f """"ructing ... icon<>gnph;'; oyn,he.i., .. P:anof.ky defined ,he ph....." Such. 'yntne.i. nettonrily ""clud.. certain infunno,;"", ofac,ivilia not ",1«I.d for inclu."'" in .mblemi. di.particula.ly .. ploy, recording i. 0 propr;"rory oc' go"'Crnc<J by _iol ....,,""', by """i<>pc~i,i.c:rJ .nd iJroIogiaJ hicrarchin, and prescribed by"""""n""n, •..Jilian. dl!j(tn•• and .i,uol 0<1;"". In thi< way. a. Da";. and Bennet oote, ".peeif.. rellional ,raditions achieved .... pro-~"".I prominc"",,:D .hough .he ,co.ul';nll"donIinOfl' 'lyles" are not "",rely p...i""ly OC<'Cptcd, bo, ""her u.ilized and actively practiced, and he""" inhc",ntly mutable. C""""'lucndy. what the trlodem oboe"",. can hope achieve 'hrough ,he an.l}"i. of ,he on:lu.roktgi<:olly re...... red m..e.ial .nd w.itten """"" "f fe",.ing i. on
·,he
.b-.,«l
.ry\c.
.i"""
,>«"
'0
16.Sc<.e.~ ..
Eli.. 1m, DougII> ..... lohdy 1'Ill2: W,iW-,. I'oromi"l!: o. 17, lhoi,.nd Iknnct 1m. p. Ill. 18. Ih>i,.nd Ikn...' 1m. I' II": •'- Ihi "'" "oir« (l9'lll.w-lJ.l236), ''!''''
,Ico,
rultu...J ~..,,;,.,
,h""'tlh ,t><
"cs,"'" onJ "produ<_ ofltyk.
I 9. F';nm>n 1998. I' I01; 0i0
1_.1'1" 141-\42: H..,.J
.....rs;. of the rth""lltopfb<
<>iolto: l1.oy<.l
1'1" 52-1'9, 121-1.:1-1. f",. mhqu< ... IkU 19'11,1'1'. ,g]-I%: 1'0<. di«u...... of.t>< tol< of "J'I< ;" ....... onJ ci\ilitll""'f. ... 1I.......nd "Qlf.e 19'Ill. l'\'.lS2-259. 11. Panof,ky '939. 1'1" J-17. 13.0.,;, ..... _ lm,p. 114.
"An'NC 'N '''C.''AU>I .octnv
"
und<"'t.nding. howevt:' imp" ....Lahl. arthacological t......; only thc>oc that arc .n:.te< fe..ting ., Cahokia in .helowcr Mi..;..ippi Valley.'" But it m.y well be that by .ketching the outlin.. of fe'''ing ., • g<:ner:al phenomenon ofMyccnocan paIo.e lOcie!)" din:ctions for fuM" ..ocarch wiU he irxliCOted .hlt m.y lead.o. mo", dclOiled.rx1 .....htl. ond•.--standing of thi. furxlamcntal social acr.
'0
DRINKING RITUALS
24. S« CIarU 2001. "" 11S-16l; Knigh' 2001.1' m. 25. [h,;, .,..lll<m><.. i v>d Muhly \'187: \9'90. ",,3H-327. n. H"",;j,.b,lm. 29. r...,(oky 1939.1'\' 3-17, "" 'f-.<
""'ke,.. '"
oymbofun\ q( d,;n~ >« JeUi...k 1m; 0;.,,10;.19'90.
1l>c cvidel>CC ror drinking ritual. i. preKrvcd in archaeological con.",," whe", an abundance ofdrinking ""..e1. or the dcpooic'" are twO woys to decide .mong th.... poI.ibiliti",: to e",hli,h whe.her.he deposition of drinking .......1s (or omcr.......,1i a5lOciated with f...ting) wol • ""tomary mo.tu.ry p""'ticc of.he group being "udicd" .nd to ocatth fo< po5Iibk symbol;" meanings of.he .......1., bo.h .. iconographic conven.ion••00 .. icon. wi.hin. particular culturil ocri";ty." A .uita!>ly large and chronologically brood oct of .omparonda i. necClOaJ)' to det.rmine cu.romary mottu.ry pncticn,
.,
JA . . . . C. W.,CHT
.. 1. Pott..,.rholn from K..to s,...... AI,.. I........... ~lohly ,m. r~
p.llJ,~lb
their vari.tion "'= time. The di"""",'Y "f rymbolic mnning i. rompliclled both by the fngmtn'ary pr«crv:o'ion of rcprc
~nd
To identify a CIUlom.ry ott of onif:lCf$, I ",•.ncr myself h... to ,h.
enmin..'"" of. Myrn>N., the bf ,he Lat. Bronze Ag<'o Its .ppcann« i. marl
comflClitive drinking in which display would h.ve e"h.nced social.tanding.- The d..a unfurtunately provid< neither quant;t;lti"" mo:uures rtOf ron.i".m ront.." tn de"",ns"'''e this "ao<. In monuary oom.." of the later Middle B"",u Age. drinking >nods predominate (Tabk I). lk<;auo< of rho h.t.rogen.ity of ~ cu,rom, during rhi, period, num......... morphological and dew... ri"" ... ria'ions ",n be id
obu..J.n, ".,;do,." «it" lOr ~ drinking """ ..r>ing """,to from ,he =y bod. >w>,f",,,,,!y from the H"".. of the l\>o< Hoi<>, wi'h 'Ur Mi· -.. impom (Z-62); ....l dq>ooi' 0 6OJ, ",,"io
Minoon (MM) IA dlt., ond "'" Cy,Iadi< ;mportal bowh (LnKr 1978. PI' 66--74), Floo. 2 of ........ BS ron"inod both Mi..,."iu"ll.Dt1 Miooan in'I""" ".,.t!y UnpN ond '_'. PI' 8&-'10), The YOrioo. MH 1OC
""ft if<mO (".erne< 1m. PI' 99--109),
Roo"" .w ond .s ..;,tun ,... """pl fondnold ..... or in
r~
..u,,,,,, '" .. yc~ ........ "
'OC'~TY
"
TABLE I. DISTRIBUTION OF Mil VESSELS MAINLANll CEMETERU'S AT UU'CTED • • • • •
----"'e-1;' • .... .'... ... I I ! I II d •• • -• _.-. • .~: •• • • _.. • • •• -\_... • , • -" =:.- • I
I
I
I
I
I t
u·"
0 0 0 0
0
0
0 0
.!L
~
0
0
.,w
r:'-' _,w
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
•
0
~ 0
~
-• -., a
,
•• •,• •• •
0
• • 0 0 0 0 0 0
• 0
~
0
0
0
0
0
0
•, • .' 0
0
0 0
0 0 0
•!-
•• • 0
0 0
o '
,.
0
• :i:: 0
•
:i::
0
0
0
0 0
•
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 "" 0 Sou,"" Aoi...:,f"... IJ. pp.1J-6J: ~ 1m."" Il1--l.I6; 0 0
Alp Di
M ,
,
JAMU C. W"""T
Fi&U", 2. Gold korIlhomo from M,........ C ...... c;rele A,shaf, I"'" IV. _ A , t'n." (AT lOS~ _~_olC'-'
s..t;""A_
probably indic.te. concern 10 provide the dece.sed with vessels needed for drinking." In buri'] ....,mbloga .t the end of.he j\1;,Jdle .nd beginning of1"-' LOTe Bronze Age, such ., gnve 1971-3 Of As,..... nd ml"'nied by 0 replocemenl of POllety in high-st.tus burials by lweuriou. ""...10 mode by specioliud "",f"penon. working in gold, silveT, ond bronze,,, indin,ed in Tobin H. I'.nmpln include. gold komh.roo (Fig. 2) ond "Nestor's cup' from gn"" IV of Grove Circle A ., J\Iytenoc;ud\C Ialrer combines Ihe Vopheio cup shope, lhe chalice "em. ond ,he hondks of • konlhonJl, From lhe ..me lomb come, 0 composi'e ~Ielladic-Minoan .ilvergoblet. wilh its corinOled shope ond a Minoan niello IIoroJ ...... (Fig. 3)." I addressed eolloo of troditwn. which were already 0 po" of indigono." behavior; ,hus, foreign objcc..... introduced olongoidt pmtigious item. oflocol origin, Act:omponying ,he.. objocts mus, be. change ofbehovior thO! arlain. their p.... nce.... prestige enhonc<:ment lho, ogclher I>CW cercmoni.. of drinking, and ,he "",iOI di...nce apressed by the Iwrunou. ve...1s u..d in the «rcmonic. arc fundamental 0.pc<1S of ,he emergence of chiefly groups "' developing J\I)'--.nocon ""nle..... Hybrid ,.....,10 incorpo re all ,hese clemen" and documenl the syncrelistic n.turc of e ly M),,
n..
concerned in ,ho, poper I" .how thaI ,he emergence of...""";CO of type ,"u!ted from ,he desire of eli'e. to di.play ,heir tlevo,ed ...rut •nd from effort. to co"",lid..e power. ond I coml"'rcd ,hi. proce.. '0 the odop{ion ofGTCCk ond E'm..an drinking cus'om, by ,he Celt. o. demon"ro,ed by Dinkr .nd ArnoW. "Thi. i"uc h.. also bcen ark>rcd by Clm ond BI.ke in ••rudy of ,he adoption of foreign ce"""i.. by aggrandizing eli,es in Lowland Me"",meri"" during the Early FormOlive period." [wu
,hi.
31. Wright. fOnhromi"llo. 32. J)avi< Im.PI'- 18.J-18b. 3. 33. Davi< 1m. PI'- 2OIl-220. ca'. IlO. 83: fOr ptd<ns. ... Shaw 1\1\13. 34. Wrigh' 1995., PI'- 2'!"'2'!S, ... aIoo Nmcr 1994, 1995. 35. IJictkr 1990. PI'- 375-380, 382-
3'JO: Amoid
1m.
36. Cbri< and 811l
"
, •I ........ ,-..... • I I I I ,I , • I .... I I I I I I I ! I • I •• I• I I I I• • I II II I --. ----II • --•.'
TABU'• 2 DISTRIBUTION OF POTTERY · IN GRAVE CIRCLE· B
~
I
'
• •
,,-
------•
0
0
: ••
•
0
0
•
••
0
.•
• ,
•
•• • • • =JiLo
0
•
0 0
•
0
•
•
• •
•
0
0 0 0
•• •• •
•
0
•
+'0 • 0
•
0
••
• 0 0
---
0
• •
• •
0
•
I
••
0
0
• • ••
•
•
0
• -l- •
•
I
I
0
0
•
I
,I
0
·
0
0-
•
0-
0
0
I
I
-
•
I
•
•
0
0
I
I
,
u_
I
I
• 0
,
•
• • I'
•• • 0
0
•
0
0
0
•
""~- --~ -.. .. I I i I I I tt I I I I I I I I I I ! I I II ! I
TABI , E J DISTRIBUTION OF POTTt.'RV IN GRAVf• CIRCLE A •
,..,
I
I
I
I I
,
0
••• •
•
•
~ •
•
•
•
s.o..mt, " - 19.1O-193J, PI' 41-16$.151-258
• •
•
• • •
I
• •
• • • • •
•• •
~
• •
p.
..
_.
TABLE 4. GOl.O AND SILVER VESSELS FROM
--
THE SHAFT GRAVES AT MYCENAE
-
...., I ,
1_ _ _
)
• • •
"'" V ~
B 1:127 8A325
~
:1. • IX
.. .... ,
,
...."."."
• •
•
•
."" BN 325
f J I •t i ! •
• • • • • • •• • •••
"
""
~
~-
'
.. "
They '00 ~nlph":;zc ,h•• in onkr for lh••yrnbolic meaning of forrign i,emo'o be 'ran.fem:d 10' community, il rnuS! be Cllpressed in. familiar ma,e,i,1 code. In ,h. caS<: ttlcy ""dr, lhe foreign technology of ceramia i. introduced by clay .....d. imiming the ,hap" of gourd YClIS<J, auren, in the community. Signif",ont f<> the prcocn••rudy, the~" inu",duccd tll"""gh mi, lJ1Jl,krcn« of medium _'" thooc UKd fOf oerving and drinking ~quid•. R;,ing .L,•• at E.,ly My<:en...n cenle,.. mu" limiwly h.ve expressed new cuSlom.,hrough familiar funn. (for enmpk, tM uSC of lh. Iun,h...,........ two-handled arinoteJ rup-for oerving wine)
J. N..1Io sobin from Mye<no<. G..", C;,d. A, ,hof, va'" IV. F~",
Ah«M.nn- .... llimonl97J,p1.186, ........,. H....... Vcloll;
.,
--
I
1
I • •
~
-
u,
••, o•
,
0
•
•
, • •
J
•
~
•<'
i
.
••
•
•
•
• • ••••
.
•
• • ~.
·I~
•
•
a~. ••• : ~
•• ' • ~• •• ~ • II • .•,
o
~
•
---
o z o
. .-•
.~e1.
-~
--
o
• I'
•
--
o
~ ~ ~
•
-~
---
o z < o,
•
0
, ,
•
•
-.... -
<
••> 1 ••>, j
o ••
0
••
z•
,
•
-'~
o z <
,z -••
0
. ~ni
I
•
t
J jl! I i
i ,~
.~
-~
M ,
I .~
I
jA . . . . C. WOICHT
TABLE 6. DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY OF-POSITS OF KRONZE VESSELS IN • TIlE AEGEAN
............. ... .......
I
I
'
!
In I I! • • ••
_ .....-E _""
n-
0
I
_.
-"
iI
0
0
5out«. ~brthJm 1980.1'1'_ 63.!oS. 69. 70. fill'_ S 8_
"
•
.. •
0
•
0
•
• • • • • • • •
••
• ••
•
• • • •• • •
•
0
•
II
•
•
0
• • • •
0
• ••
••
•
0
•
0
0
-" ...
0 0
•
0
0
,-,
•
•
•
j
•
0
0
...
-_ •,I --" _. --" _U ,I ~..:... _._...
I
0
_ _ T_ _
I• !• ! I• I• I I
O 0
"
-- -
--
-
0
0
• • • • " 0• 0• 0 0 • • •"
•
0
• 0
0
•
0
O.
• •
• • " •
• • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
while ir",ooocing ~ f.,.-m< (Minoan Ih.pes .nd de>,:and the m.inl.nd .nd con "'''''nably he ..soci..ed with drinking.'" It i. i1so de.. in com~ring Tabl.. 2~ ,h.t,
-..
•0 0 0 0
0 0
l7. On />Ii...- boh"ll.'" MO"lh-
l8. In", Im,M."hlus 1m"", ....... dri~ ..... ~ ;" "'" N... f.>.., ... 1>1"",.,.1980.
"AITI~G
I~
.,YC.,.A.A"
IOCUTY
"
~)
•
F~t<~
r'"1')' SiMr_kfrom
D
s-J;ot,
'""mol< .. A,...".
1'"'1"'" S (........). Se. of"rioJ>
while (he: carlie' G ,.., Cirrk B., M)'ttnae rontain! Vapheio cups among open form. i. not.bl. (fable 5). In MJ«naean 00<;"1}'. drinking ritual. ald and .il...., (fable S)!'1l>e.. ""'" replocul by ,he kylix during LH lilA.'" l'articul... ly wonhy of not;"" it • lie. of LH lllA drinking vessels (.hollow cup. om..u Ind large gobkrs) foond in lomb 10, shlfl 11, "fthe «melery It Dend", (Fig. 4, Table S).ln the cootemp"'rary thob It K<>1f .il"", plets, o.Iong with I .il"", 01>01Iowrop Ind three .il"", ronieo.l cups, was foond, while lhe AcmpoJi. T",".u'" /Tom Myc<:n>e cootlin. f"", golden plet. Ind a oemigl<>bulu cup rrabk 5)." Set. ""'h I i thcf these ""to coincide. .ignif"'"ndy wilh the o~ndoncr of the kyfu furm.·'
.il"",
39. s.. _ ; n Da>;o19IT: Wrigh'. fonhromizI,; L olO. In potkry .....U.. mrnI: I>'""n~ 1986. pp. b+-M. The notion of potkn pr<><Wcing match;"'; oIot
ro.
mode m.tehq JObI
(Mounrjoy I'IlIJ, 1m. PI' 57-58) .r>d on< can speak '" IpoWou 1m 19"13. 19"17, on ,I>< AcropOO,Trcuurc.... 0.,;, l~n. pp.2\lI-2'J6,
.ol, Irnmcrwaht 1%6, C;(l;, 19"11,
19"12, 1m. 19%. 1997;0<'rnmpl
from Athena, " " ' - . Myc<1lI<,
and 101Y''''''
.oJ. M.nhl... 1'IlIO, P. JoIO: Mount~ 1986. PI' 64-66. Th< dwIgi"ll romJ-irionoithct< ...... putoithc proccoo of the .. tobtiohmcn' '" UI etiq.>
••
JA . . . . C . . . tlCHT
FEASTING EQUIPMENT If1M >els of drinking ~ ...l. dcscrib«l .Ix>ve .... p,.."umcd to h.,.., bocn uoc<>d. Thel, di",ibu'i"" i. prno """,i,t.ntly provided the h",.-h.ndl.d ,,~ jar. for li'luid,). Ovcr.oll ,he rnorphologinl ",,,i..ion .mong .h.pes i. ron.id.,..ble. SolO. vari.tion can be o'tribulOd 10 ,he production of diffe~n, workshops ond 10 ,he p~..,nC<' "f heir· fur difT.~nt types of loom.... bu, i, moy be due in p:ut t" ,h.i, p..pa",rion or. perh.ps, for particul... occ..ion. (..., below). 11>< Shaft Grava ar M~n .. tql.....nt ••peciol cue. rew grava (8 el"iloo, .nd A I. Ill, IV. V) <:ontaincd any 'luan.ity "fbron......""1. (Table 6)••nd their <:oncen''''tion ..flOClS 0 ..kttivc g.,h..ing from diffe~n. produce.. 'hroughou' .he Aegean."'11>c people who deposit.d ,h... va,d. sh<>wrneotK: <:onta,.. Al.hough the differc"" may be primarily """ <>f""",,:.t, i' could sugg<'S' ,hot the Shaft Gra'" ..... mblagco m.nif..t a dev.:Loring M~n ..an faS'e, ..peci.Uy .inC<', •• we .h.Il...,. thoy ~101O to peculiarities in fn:oro painting that Morgan h...nribufair, and, 'hc",fon:, cannot ha... h«n mad< apn:"ly for ,he mortuary rite but WC~ ei'her owned by the d..,..o< f , and announce the .ignificance of fe..,ing ,he burying group. The <:ombin.tion of ,he"" vcw:k for u"" in drinking and prtparing .nd "'rving food-----1n «rami<:, brontt, .~""r••nd goldd.mon.,,..,cs. d,..maric inc",.", in fe•.,ing e<juipmcnt beginning ot ,he end <>f.he Middle Bronze Age, focused on a ,10011 group of high-.tatul burials. This indication ofr...ring """tin"", bu' i. n:pn:""n,ed """" widely in weolthy buriili .mong the many chamber tombs 'hroughou' ,he m.inland:rnJ on Cn:,e (LM and LH 11-Ill). The.. developments an: accomponied by on dabon,ion of m.pes and fono., Al'hough it i. difficult to quan,ify a ,pecif,c .. rvice <>f ""'fdrinlUng ""'selo and e<juip-
u..,.
'0
44. F:...... 901\. 45. SWu..u;. 1970: SWllHakio ond S~. [991, P.SO. 46. Ff6:Iin 1938, 47._1942. 48. W"Jk;c 1992. 49. i\bnhluo 1980, P. l>6; Palaim.
=. M.rthl", 1980.1'1' J-4[-J4l. SQ.
S l. MOIlI.n [990, 1'1' 257-258.
p'
"
'UIT'NC 'N MVC."AUN 'OCUTV
-. :-
-.-
-=.'-
c. F>«",,6. B_ _lofton> lOmb
o' up..... P.pou... Aft", £.....
14 l'lOfo.p1.11'1
men, for feasting in ,he d<:pooition of mtt.O! vcud$ witb ,b. duk!:olw:oys lwr< bo:en odi.. inchon I> indic..", m.mor:ablt: ocruion. nf .pon..... hip .nd • reputation for bospi.oliry. Drinking iI a .p~.~ .nd 'Y"'po,;.~") or on an individual bui•. The p",oc""e of drinking ........ 1s in a lomb, <:opcc..uy of lilvtr and Il"'ld (bu. also ofbron:rc "'""tinncc'''' culy .ppcaran« in eli", burial< on ,be mainland .nd .hei, conrinuing predominance, ..peciaUy in the Argolid and Mcucnia, .ugge.t • f>lycenaean ",.fOm. Anention b.. b«n given to tbe appeal'llne< of similar buri"," on Cn:"" primar~y around ICnosso&, and, e""n if no' .he burial. of occul'J'ing Mycenae.n overlord., they strongly indicate 'be
.0
Sl. So« MIlITJIY
1~
fot diOCUllioo. ofl>.ul< ~, C'-icIJ, lltllt..";.,, .nod ""... PtniUl (p. pp. 1~1S6; l'ot M>«doo'''_1Iona 19113; fot H>JI".n, I « Dictk,- 1m, SJ. M....,. 19'90." 6.
p'
"
jA . . . . C. wa'CHT
oe<:< .... mbbgeo 10k"",. what Dieck. and Hoyden term ,he "di.cri,K.-a/" re.... i.e., on< ,hot i. marhd by JUrnpru'ry di.ploy!' Metal ~"kJ and bo,in. found in ,h... d<pooin ""' btgrr than ,h.i, ",rami< coon ..,... part. and then:fo~ may indicate ability of the occupant 10 sponsor
,h.
oub..:mtiol fc.... ,h.. would h.~ "".....d sociop<>hticoJ .. weU .. e<:<>n<>mic purposes." A. durobk goods of high val"" tl>ry rttwd. p<nonol and.,... cia! history and can be ,he I0O.I1'« and in'ri"'tio" for n.fUl'.... ,C.u'ion i. recommended ;n our .h""",logical and l)'pOk>gical eumin.tion of the",
,hnc mortu1ry obj«to we... of.." in,.. n,ori~ while they...,,,, in u..!'. fOJIi< pur
l.INEAR B EVIDENCE In the Lina< B rc=«I" """,,Is are r=mkf ,h,P"" and typ<'I (Fig. 7, Tabk 7). Tht iblCi...d with fr...ing. Sorne---MY Gt 602-4J04, KN K 773. 1809---0", o:oncerned with >rti";ties of production." A long list of .. bins toOOfd off~ringl to d~;,i.. of amphoJu r.n~d with honq (KN F, Sv; KN Gg 10, 701 ~711, 713.994, 995.7370, 5007,5184,5548,56.37.8243, 7232, 7371, 7372, 7792), which may be exclu,ively I dedi<:>'lion but could II", be used in f... ts!· Otl.~. 'nt> wi,h ..., ..1ideogram, ~
1.-1996.
1,767 «,...till< II>< ....ng< bronu tripod (diunpacify. tripods m.y b< impottont b diffCf
55. Di
ocal< f...... _h .. _ " PyIoo (d;0<1«r and Do';" thiI
56, krnl« "" at mu
volu"",),.nd ""'"' .... tripo ao pan or tl>< >< tripods ......, uot
II """",,,,,,nw bwi.ab to buri&h of lH I-Tl: Itt a1>o!\.ph,," 1973: fupham and Catlin& 197': M.nhluo I'lliJ: Kili.In-DitImri<, I'lliS: and
n...1atv<.
.~
about O.JO
rn: «nmi< <J
..... rang< ("",,0.12 toO.20m (_
n.
In. b<1ow). In volum
day tripodt.i{th
Ji......... and "" O.07~.lO m in d
n...
("'b""
n...
,-
"'"!ttl of lhmibIti. rl"'" comm.) poin.. "", ,hat it io diffi
'inguioh o/ftrillJ' &om fno0"ll il<."o; _ >bo Hunilakio and Koruo>Iaki 20001, pp. HJ-10S. >bo Saa:oni 2001. B. U.)'kn t1Ol
s..
inp or"n mod< to BOOdha, but 'h
p'
'U.IT',"C , ..
'.
"YCU'A~A," 'OC'~TY
rY;
,. JTz"
(~.~~
., r
<'=TO?
~H
mQ
m.~~
~'0
~~?
Ucj
u?J
-,7dJ
n''(jbn~u,* "~®:>
"'Q
\y
'0
\/
m\!
m~
~~
n"Dl
tj ''')(
w
no
C~
S'L - .T
w"
IE?
=
W(;7. , . .-
m~ ...... 7.1' ,
_al
...... B.Iodof-I_v ,
ioo ..,j
()Ij,;" , , " ' . -
,
,.
.-. _..
.... _ .. _ .. ___...... _..........__......
•
o
•
-~_
•
•
o
• o
•
<
o
• t •• • •z
o
•
o
_................... ........ -_. -_. -_. -_. -_. -_. -_-_. ..... ........ -_. -_.._.._.
•
• •
"•o <
o
•o
•o
_
•••
••• ........ .
z
,. -•.• • o
I
-o
I
•• •<
•
.
•
o o o
o
•
0
•
o
• • •
~_.
•••
o
o
........
._. ....... -.....-..............
o
o
•••
.
•
o
.0'
<
•
•
__ I
• o
....... _0' ... •••....
•~ ••
•
o
o o o o
• • o
• o o o o o
•
• o
• • •
o. .
o o
•
•
0
•
0
• o
•
o
"
HAlT'NG 'N MYCINAIAN 'OC'"TY
"
rdigious."'n.e app"onntt of rhe cholio: and gobler ideogram. on Tn J 16 i. unique. and ,he bowl ideogram appean only inf~uendy. Thne ide0gram. do not appcll on t2b1... a...,.,ia~ wi,h f....ing (e.g., T. 709.nd Tn 996). The Ta ..ri... from PyIos, Kill"n h•• • uggn~, "rtt-h-ro." The .udi, inclurnu:u>d vari.nts, ..pcci.lIy on lOb· lets T. 641 .nd 709. To , ..... we ohnuld also .dd t2blets from K".,...,. r....' deno'c .pecial ",... Is Of even ..11 of,bem (KN Gg 5637.8243, Uc 160, K 93. K 74O.:and K 872)." A. an economic .ctivity fe..ring drew heavily on ,he ",sourcn of ,he pmc.,:u>d rrquircd con,ide...blc logi.rical pl>nning, .. Kill"n poin ....." in hi. article on ...,e-.ponsored b.nquets., in which he .n.lyu...alings from Thebe••nd their ",lotion.hip rahle" fl'QfIl PyIos.nd KnOflOS." In .hne dommcn.. Killcn otgue1 ,hat cartlc, pigs, and goaf$l'.hccp, which we", ~ui.i,ioned.nd f.nened, we", inrcnded for fe..ts. and ,h., o,her dommen" record the pn:paration of equipmen' fOf a " ...-.ponsored fcas,. In advancc of .ny largc-lICil. f",", polo« off",ial. must ha", hod :u>imili brought in from dilflnr grazing .nd foraging ..... and penned up wbe", fodder ..... provided before they we", rokcn fot ,Iaughte•." Similarly, ",UeJ. fOT ,be p"'p....'ion of ,h. f.as, would be ",odied for _, checked for ClIecrion .nd recording of feaoting equipmenl i. KN K 93, with ideogram. ·219, "126.. "J01, 'J02,:and 'JOJ (Fig. 7:219, 226, 301-303), which record....rvicc of .......l. Ih.. w"", kept toge,her." The ideogram. on , ..... ",bien relied on .h"",hand for noting item•. Fot ,be an:hocologi.t ",!>o C< Li"".. B icIcognmo.nd ,I>< "'nge of obj«.. known fa us. 'n,. ideogram. fur ""...Is do no' lend ,h.m.. lva fa • ~teral reading .. ,hey were strongly modified by lClo,h in =rion.nd type."llow, ,I>
'0
«JO''''''''.'
'0
'0
60.
s.. p.a;"", 1m, oJ>d ,his .....-
u.....: Saoconi 1'Ili7.
61.lWkn lm.p. .21. 62.lWkn 1m, 63. A Iidkr
-_.
M. IWkn
Mclm:. 1'.1\lO.
1'aI".,.,
l~
Pi«..,., O~';"r> aM
.
65, IGIkn lWO: fo.- 'M pro«dur< in .n
66, loaUidou .. aL 2002: Wright 1994;GalIl}" 1m.. 1'1991>; Whit
'0
'0
TIl< t>bItts in qutslioo If< T. 716 aM n2; ... Palaiml, this voIu...... 68. V...... n.b.d< and mYi
p'
jAMU C. W"CHT
<>(Ml" Kril>«.'" I, i. 01...,. th>., cl'I< oddi,;"" ofl.;,.....,. B signs wi,hin ""rr:lin Nlrognm. (~.g.. "201. oct ~~,g. 7) rnodif",. ,hri, m...ning," and we know from ICXU whe... ,hr vessel form h.. been wrin.n out. ~.g.. PYT, 641 and 709. ,h" Ihc;,Joognm in """'" in.uncro ~ oupplcrnon,ing wi,h words I" ro of .... "'10 .mployed in Ihc p:a1a.cr-:o d ...ic probkm of ryp<>logy wilhoul ta>:<>nOO'lr." M ...hlu.. in nrog<>riring lhc corpu' ofbron........1. from BronK Age Gr=<. ere-ated al)poIogy wi,h .bewildering ,my of 1)']"" and ..m.n.. :ocron:Iing 10 form. ohap<:•• i.... nd dcronli"" .nd furlC'lional ..p«,....... da.. ifl<1l00n rnoch V".",r ,han wit.. """ IOeO ..p...... nled 00 painted pott.ry 00" in fros· roes.nd ideogram... sche.... ,h.. l..d. the ron'.mponry analYSI ,,,de· spair when .ttempting ro dcrcrmi... fun« a, Pyloo and Knouoo h.a.d accounl fur.ach _I. and ,hey dcvioed .....ys of adding dcogrom. ,hat oa:oumed fur ,he vari.OOn and .nabled lhem I" ... r.,. 'n
th.,
'0
""""in. ,......Ii.
This digrnoinn ..,....m••n im""""n' ...... of ""'Ihod A. 1\.I,ttM... recognized. we ace nbliga,ed when .tudying p........ro """al >tiSCIo, and in ....... ins'OJ>l:n ......... ndcs of ..p..... nn'ion: pain,ed .......10 in lTeo<:oet. pain'ed ......10 on ......1.. and depic,ion. of 10 in UK. Whik ,he", is no """. f<>-al 10 and ....i' iIk:ogra.mma'ic rcprcsmlation,. ",lali..dy romis,.", u..go .mong dilK",nl form. of "'P"" rnc:nlation may inform us .. to whal ,he 1\.1)......,....... we", saying aboul fcos,ing Ihrough oud1 dcpKrionI.
'ran.la,.
7O.~b_
1'I8Q.p. 78. 71. V..,.,.;, .,.j Cl",.l"';k 1973. p. !la. fitI, 16: V.... .. doDd 0Ii. .... 1m. pp. 185 ('USA ',.;l ("JIlA 1'i'6 rlJJA m--J06 rJI U 1Ja ("}(}]A lS9 ("J09A .,.j 21,6 rJIOf
n, "'" o;ompl<.?OJand." ........
..... wittI ond withooo. I..ndloo, V •
.......
1l. So:< Rn 19I17. P. lS"; IVlWloo and II.-.. 1m: Adamo -.l AdUIlo 19'11; Sinnpoli 19'11. W -<9-67.
14. "'" ....... pl<. Mnthtuo (1'I8Q. W Bl-lll) cuqoriud Unl<s ill", ";,,. 1)-p
""tk-""" .....: round--bo,.;m 3)
4)
sJ>o..kIm«I ttipnd kerdco with roIIu rim; and 9) "",...t-bor«>mt dio· """""" Ma_ ~ th" ... <"aot> ...............1tOnn If'I""U' .. In ...,.
~ b... is onknnwft ... day. _ no ron with ri"l! han·
,ha,
_"h<~is_
....... ,..
ht p<>ints ou~ ifrh< fIbIm ~ wry w,;. numbcn of ....... (hunJ«do '" thnonando). rhr> • few (\\'.;v., In.!, I'J' &24, ... abo
,,,,,i,,,
<"01'_
'i%.""""
Moun'inY 19\13. W II-Il).
p'
HAST'NG 'N
"YC~N"~"N 'OC'~TY
"
Tho: Linear B docum.nts '?P"ll"O indin.. ,h., ftooting .... :an imporum activity ,hit occurred with 'ROOgh fmj""""Y.nd requi~ ouch .pt
ing impkmcn.. u5COf unlike the p""",,,,,,,;on of impur,:ant ....idllCl off","ing, .uch •• the !>limed ... nl< bon.. from ,he An:hiva Room "' Pyloo diOCllssed by Stocker >od Davi. d ..wt.e.. in thi, ...,Ium•. £'hnogno.phicil .nd hi.toricol .lUdi.. of f..sting h.... documen,ed haw communities record f•••U; for exampk, ,he Alth. of nonhem Th.iland displ.y !>IIfWn hom, ond pig mandibla." Hoyden oboe..... thor rll... ..., >=d. of. ·community·••bility '0 spon_ ooch ..... n..."" Wi,hoor rUNoI record.. however. i, i. unclcorlh.t ",m.ino n:cove~ ...,hoelllogicilly could be in..rpmed in ,his m... ~r, they might j...t .. "",n odver-ti.., .he _oIlh or hilroricil p"'ition of a powerful",,,,,,, or group wilhin the community." In rhi, rcgud. Killen', roncluoion rhat ,he Myo:n••:an "".. ",~r to f..." .h., m.rked ,h. tn...,.;,ion of mogi'lTOo rn""n '0 be~.... ,h.. all of lhe f..... Itt<>rd
wo'"
DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS M....ial evidence for f...,ing is
foond uni.......ny 'hroughout the mainland. For ,he ••rly ptriod, it is largely ....tricted to • few 'omb. in ,I>< Argolid and in oourll"",... rn Mesocni.; Ioter, it i. d;mi!>ll,cd mo... widely around .h. Argolid Ind r.lesocni•. Evid.1'IIIndlnt in Lokoni.. A,ri.... Boioti',:and ThcssaIy."' In Lakoni., for """-,,,pl., only ,he Vlpheio ,holoo of LH II do.. con,oined Iny r....ing equipment••nd not in Iarg<: quantity, oIlhough 'hoc cf(.... of ~ng mull be nktn into.croon,."' In A,hli. in the ......m Pclopon"..." "omb., K..ruroktil provWcd •• il.... bowl.• I><mi.phcrical bron.. bowl, I bowl wi,h wishbone: hlndle. and I ...,inOlo:d bowl." In ccnfr.l1 G"""" or Thebe.. un... ,i"". in • "orcroom on ,he ocrop<>Iis lIImed up • kw bmnu ......d. of probabk LH IIlAI dl":' rwo-hlndlcd bowl. piriform jug, .nd brood-.immed
76, P:W.im' 2003. >nd rlIio ooIwn<. n. SIOund 1'l8O. P. 239', Wnp' 1n<,1'I' ll--26; GWl}' 1m" 1999b, 1'1' .5-19. 69-72. n-!IO; Wlu,2. 71-76. '!S, H.,drn 20010. P. 55. fogo. 2.7. 2.8, Cia<\< 2001. Ofintgh
k>r h.~ ... found durinK Im-I9'17 raN< opcnriono 01'.... Kodmeio, Thcbeo, in • LH HUll drpooi. in .-.-n 1, _ SnrJu and II.ndri""" 2001. 7'1, H.yden 2001 •• ,,55. 80. H.,.lhMio for ohi. inoig!It.
Ill. I wioh to ,h.nk J. Jlu..., fQr
not
"'ling me to i0oi< It tIlio problem 01 di'lriburion and .neml"' to <:nd • brazier. in silvnd in JOId. the ...., fOlOOU' "'I" (~hnhl". 1980. rr- l l- JJ). ~. p"podopooloo 1m. I'!' 2n-18O.
p'
JAAIU C. WO""'T
bowl." Addi'ion:d hoard. ",",,~...d throughou. ,''' mainlond. on ,h. AcropoIio in A'....... a. An'hcdon .nd Orehomc"", in Boi.o,io, ond .. Kalydon in Ai'oIio odd .lightly 10 ,... ~JlCC." ;\1011 of dtcK inslUlttl bctwt:t:n .h. pc1"iod. LH llB .nd LH lIlA, when mojor dcpooi.. ofka"Ulg equipm.n' oppe.. in ehunb.r tomb$ "" Crne. A, dUo time ,... lI'l)nn..,.n. we... eo...b~.hing '... m"'l....... """,lords of ,he Crnon pabJinrion" more high!y orgon.iud cn,i,ies ouch ... chi<:fdom. or .. o,~•.• Tho: mon~. m.y be unde"lOoo in of Dickinoon·••uggesOOn ,h.. lIlyttno< hod a " di.pby ,he eopohiliry It> f...., may indico•• ,h.. dilk...nl cu.It>m. of oggrondizcm.'" cvol~ in difl"cn:n' ...... (or cquolly ,h.. oggnndi:r.ing beh.vioI was discour.ogcd for ooci.l .nd iuId hove been ,he nonn,.nd lhen: i. no compelling reason for diff....nllOci:d groupo It> their identi'ies in the lame WlIy. At the heigh, of M)'CCo..,an sociery in LH Ill. f....ling wu widely pncliced. becoming port of ,he .mbkmic iden,;ty of IIlpn....n politi... 1, i.likely 'hal ,he "'prn
da,.
'0
'.rm.
'0
"'prnen'
.n
"'esc ......
85. M.oktu, 1911:1. p. H. S6. M.,,""', 1'l'11fl. 1'1' 53-58. 81. S
88.111< ~ ·'~i,..un· i, .-J by Il.yd.en (1995) to mer to d", "......,. '''«<0 of "",,,pl<:oity in~ .." in .....,;,;"., f",", ~'ari.n to
,""'l'Jom. .... ~ •...,." nuant<J
........nglD what rndi';"".ur Iuo
been dctcrib
«>fIling b. 11':1. DKkinoon 19n.p.54, 90, Wrigh' 1995•• PI' 290-292; 1'l95b. P. 7l. 91. In 1><. m.. "'rfuI put>lic>rion of ,he ·wft-I"""-'omb .. Kolonoa on A~n•. includin~ '''"'''paron.... Ndy of high........ MH """bo. KilianOidmci<. (AII-Ap... IV.3) - . rhll
.. _Iy .. Mil 1I ,hen: ~ di'" bwiolo ";th """'"' ..-.llunt.,.l.ffif , ,,;mibr to I""" ~~ r<' ili,.;,.,Ii . It ;, .. dW lim<... I "S'" ,locwhctc (Wrigh, 2001, fimho:<>oU..... hl. tha' ,he", ,~ """"'8 ,~tet md;ffcn:n' t>f """prt'''5 ,hI! ..... not gow<mN by""" d."'''''ffiing ,he IU..... ofi """" 'f'!""I"'U" 'c '"1'"
..p....,,,,,,,, ",,,,n, .~'"
tu~
U Wright 2001, fimho:<>oUng •• b.
HASTINC IN
"YC~N ..
tAN
'()CI~TY
H
demor"''''t< superior cronomic and aocial rnourcn. and, only at tile level of tho ehi.fdam and ...... ro off•• 'ributc." In 110m. rcgion.. ooW'OI'fuI groupo. It was probably alwaya in"itutionaliud. however, but "'lher was cu' ried 00' .nd .pont<>rcd by individua\a .nd group!' at allkvt:1s of t<>cicty. Thcoc functional aspec" of fea,ling ......Iy ",maincd io,pon.nl for all ...cial orden after lhe form'lion of the .late-lcvel inOli1\ltions of the Myccnonn palaces. That the . tflc!o, i,..... (along with attendan, pr<>bl.m.) become much c\cartl'.
00'
FRESCOES
'Pl"''' ("""
93.
s.. lbydrn 2001"1'1'5<4-58.
94. H<~1oomo in n' ...rdy dorumrn' /OCjrloom. (0«1..laim.2OOl). ~.1'arK>foky 1939. 96. Morpn 1\/85. 1989. 97. H'11M T.... t 1'1' 2<5-206; 0« ..... M"'Pn'.(l'l89)~of
ombiply.
.
"
98.lf.JN Tn..u 1.p. H6;Morpn
Frncocs th>t iUuat"'«: (costing or lhe prepan';"n (or fi;.... 1M beginning 10 tit< end ofthe Lot< Bronl.< Age (LM I on Ctuildinga >t $Cttkmenta on the islands (of Lll. Cydadic I dan:), and in tho Myccna.on palaocs. Thcoc widcly di.... rse ehrooological.nd geographic context, provide room for. number o( interpretation•. The uS< o( cvidc""" (""" the C",ran NcopaIo,ial period 10 help fill OOt II>< picturc of MyccnlC'ln feosting in lbe 101" Lot< Brool.< Age might. methodologicalJy.be qucotioncd. We need loexamine whetl>
>'
)U'"
C. WOICKT
""ra,ed .pee;>I i'e",. RICh IS the Cretan-made bronze lfipod. inventoried in T. 641.1, thtre i•• historicil connocri.m"i"" was .noRdan, on an object for M)"'<......., rt«d bt2r no ",L1I;"" II> ,he m..ning it held either for it> Minoan prod""•• or for any simiw object produced ror .<><1 uk
C",,,,.. and Cytl.dic r",5COeIi 10 pointing OUt "ruclUrai dilferenca ~ twnon ~ from the N~p:oh,iaJ and M)'=nxan en•. Strong evidtnce m... from tomb .....mbloges and Linear B 'able.. tI... item, m>de in lh. earli•• ph... ofMycen...n culture. i.c_. LH I-II. ron,inucd fO be ulled during the pabtiol period>. Such e .... nion .hat • ct"lin ronsis.e""Y of meaning and practice prevailedat both ,h. fu~ .ndlOci..J ~I.l.ugge" ,hat ,hi, ronlinuilyhu.o do with the int........ion. <>fEarI)' Myt."'nKan .~t<S .. they romp<'M with .""h other in their 0'Wl'J regions ...... U.. in 0,1><. ~Ofj' that .....'" sources for pre,tigiou. nguagc of di""",I"S<:), and legend. of a:>cn,()f$, h.l"OeO, ond deili... While M,..,.n"""n frescoes were d.ri""" from rcprescntotion, and convention, of Minoan and Cycladi c p.inting, t~ M)ottn"""n, ad.pted ,,,"" for .~i. own I'Ufpoo<S. W•• houkI he ..... re that whal migh, he .pec:if>ealJy ondc.. landablc from Linea. B Ie>w.r of which.hows mal.. moving in a flie, on. of whom hold. on. end of. pole on hi, shoulder from whidl • lorge jot i. ,o'pended. Elements of architecture suggc'" selting for the action.'" At Ayia Inni • oc,;" of fragments "f mini.tore ffftOOC. from room, 18 IlJtd 20 of ,he N"nheast 80$ri"" h.ve been rcron,rrucred by Morgan as ,howing. fes,mI OIlts.idc ,he waI1s of. scO$ide ,own (Fig. '1). She compares them to the mini.lUfC frcoco from the West I·loose at Akroriri on Th.....nd to that from Tyli.sos. while noting ,h.t the Ayi. Inni~ con have m.nr elem.nts thal fortshad"", M)ottn..an painting.'" In the freoco m.n :arc depicted st.nding <>Ve' tripod ken!cJ. Abramovitz hO$ suggest.d that <>rIC m.n i, c.rrying to th. kenl•• large brown object from what might he • red table, .nd ,he ""'ndc.... if ,hi, m.y he ondcntoad as venison from the hont.'"' Morgan obsctveO that the c.oJdron h.. "black bo,n marks ...•howing th.t Ih. men.", cooking:'" In other fragmen.. from Ayi. lrini, men are shown <:<>ming from left • nd right in. pro,,,,,.i,,,,. whi.h Morgan comp...,.to the hilltop se."" in Ih. nonh f",oro from the W..t 110110< .t Akrotiri.'" Some indi";doaI,. who :arc pan <>f. p«><.»ion, C2IT}' item, in their h.nds "r su,pended from pol..;. brgc j... hanK' from one, while.n amorphou. objec. hanK' from
........
99. Wript 1995lx...:l so:< d>sco.oo-
'00.1 ,Iw>k LM~
i"ll
,hi, poi.,.
forclarifr
101.Sh>w 1972.
102. M"'P" 1m l' 258, 1995: Im.pp.201-lOS. 10). Abrun<>w;n 1'IlIO, l' 61. "",. nno. ~5: for It so:< l' 61. o::noin 1980. pp. S5-59. cat. nno. 66-82.
"
~ ,, . • •
·,, .., ,
0
•, •
•
,
~!
~, ,, o
,••
•
M,",.o.
"CO"'"
w
JA ..... C. WO'''HT
"
II
~I
>n<>Ihe<.... 0"" fr;ogment .how> • maL< wilh. b~ 1>=1, whoAlmmowitl. ''-'g'" ""'y be • dw:uf,'" although Jl.1<»pn <10<. not lingle II>< figu'" OIlt for diocu.. ion. A group off..gments th>t Morgan bdieves rom~ from the __ tern end ofthe IOOth wan, Of from the west wall, dopic'. hclm~.d hunte' carrying • dct" .:lung from • pok. Other &.gmen.. from the west will. l'I)l;" in oak than the IttIIC wilh the men :and kettles. show dogs running 10 lhe _,h punuing de<:•." Morpn cmrhuizes tho, d,.,.. ."'"... ,how ho...... and char;".., th< .ulin. such rep"""n"';",,. in frnro.... M~·. comment. suggesting. opeciol affInity between the K•• ""'net and Mycenu.n frescoa be... do••, in"J"'C,ion."· During LH III $UCh tccncs we", ,till being pIlintcd in Jl.1)"C1U< ~. Sca,rc=J :oround the pabce ground. and within the pala.:e room Pyloo .... fresco frogmenU that =al1.hoK r""" Ay;o Irini. from ••«O",'"olory room (probably ahoY. hall 46) f..gm.on .ombine to.1>ow men and dogs from the hun, >.mt b'll"-Kak mg.mnts. induding 0 OCt"" wilh • robtd m.n .ppartndy holding 0 dud onimol by tht ltgs (Fig. 11).'1< 1"hc: limilorily of thtot Ottnt:l
F.",,,, 9. FteO
Xl'J.'os-.
10 lhoot from Ayi. Inni JUggtOll 0 rd"ionlhip bc:lWttn hunting Ottn", 106. AbrarnooIi.. 1980. P. 5~.
<>,. noo. 66. 68. 70,
107. A........".;.. 1980. P. 58. <>,. no. 65. pl. 4,b. 1011. Morp' 1m, p. 20<1: Abtom<>wi.. 1980. 1'1' 61-;,2. <>•. noo. 106113, I .h.... l~ M"'!"n roo- di""","1 0C
,hi,
d.... Itt "'" tI.. ..ru..t B"",,,, Agt
tq>
"'honet probably dI<
~n« "'" dq>ictioM gnvt .t<1;U from Mycrna<
on
Itt
..rlitr.... My\o<w 1'nJ. P. Jl. <>,. no. A.... 'l(). pi. 12: '0 L111 by G"zjodioo (I!I8ll, P. J 71 ,. 110. Morgan 1'l'9O-. 1m. p. 205. 111. ""'- rfN"'" 11. 1'1'1>&-70.
"",«i
m. 16-171103. 1'l-20IH3. ...l
211148: 1'1' 107-1011, f... 12-loICO, 112, rw- rfN..,,... n. pp. 205-207. 212.pl.M. 113. Fr. J6C17: rw- rfNt1M 11. pp. 118-11~. 195. pis. 61. 61. 136, C, ... abo lq', dil<'lWion northwat<m wall. p. 1%. 114. ""'- rfNfINr II, pp. 49. 74-75. fr. 3111..... <. pi>. 22. N.
"'til<
'J-U.
p'
HAn,,,,, '" MYe."AU" ODe'ET'
"
~~ 10. FftO«I
from PyIoo; "",n.
.
F"""'" 11. Fraoo from PyIoo; huntcn.. Min IW,,,,,_II. pi. '" _1'rinceo>
.
---- - ... __
-
-
-
._---~~-'------
-
-
JA .... C.
W.'~H"
r.:..",
:and pin;"n oI"'''''Y''''l'..-d by Morgan in he, ..... 'meo' of
lM ~..,nc< of d«r in 1hWOlogicol.nolyoc:s from Pyloo, Tsoongiu,.oo Ayioo Kon,ron,i....,. on M.'hano,"'.nd by LiM1l II toI>rcco; Iknn.t, in nooing d«, on .. 0.1 imp ion. ond On twO IIbk.. front Pyloo (C, 591, 868.875). suggested , they were rontribution. to f..... by di,•• ,'I' W. muor ron.id.. po"ibk restriction. 00 the comumpt;"n ofhunlW rood. by di«<, 0 poin' =ntly ma& by HamiWci..,., Fo, .Ia'e, period, we In: 'old by Ath.n..u. (1.17-18) ,h., King C.osond.r WOlI not permitt.d to rttlin. at dinMr aoo had to remain .itting, .inc< he had MWO' .pducro "f rhe hun., may "'l"< b,ts t"'t 'he A,hr:nian, prererred '" boil pig .. i, .. Iu:, away ,he r:owncu "f,he me", and ",ften. i,.''"'lM boiling ofpig i, ןס0o m.nt;"ncd in th. JlisJ (21.362-364). but... Sherroll discu..... in her cootribut;"n to thi. volume. this method of coolring i. not "'herwi.. "',..ted by H"",CT. A u'E" 'luan,ity of bpriat< ,.....J f",
W1' ,
,10.,
115. MOIpn 1MI. P. 2O<:"The
rel>honohip of,heoe ..".... deed",.,. l>un'". <Jwior, ~,.,.,........_fOr< m..... 1CfIO< in 'emu ofl>unti"f! for the
r.."."
,00
i. M)'
pbyed """"
"* ;" MJ'
111. Murray 1'l96.f' II>. Ill. H"",ilokis 1003; Ilceb, (1911"/) h.. fwod ,h...h.. bona ofdee,-" PIotai. M'W"'10 Zarkno ..,,,,, tmI'cd
M~"deri.w.
diA'er
t16. f'yloo: /WM< 0« F..1cnm
fe2o,i"ll'" S« ...., Koo'orb_P.podopouIoo t'l96.pp.tlH12 1t 7. If_S"" T.wI;, I. pp. lJ'l-141.
• .um.lo; Ilbonk y, \1.".;1P;t d;""";"l! _ '" ,hi..,tid•.
pedo. J- Ro"" """''' ou, (po:". d only '" bulls .. ,h.. ..-, J"I!'Ub>- ~
t20. H...uwu. 2O(lJ: I th.... k Y. H",,;WU, r.,.
To.,., u.
1'""""
n7-18~.
t 18. l,..kidou
ond
om.. ,hi
01.1002; S_I.:. me;
o.bner.11aI·
n...m... ,h;, """'_; H...u_
,,L,..,.\ ~ 100,,1. t 19.
Ik"",,, lOOt, PI' ....15, el.
M."'" 19117.. p.11U: 19117b, f' 163, f(..- ,h.. """'"
jooi"-
r.,.
113. I th....k Phylli, Ik>bCf f(..- cIaO" 1'00:""", of ,hi. ....... r: Speth (lOO4) "'I"'" th>-, the bnili"l! of .....,. espe" cion, ,h.. bona f(..- their mM>VW. o1l"
by ""...... r". 114. A poooihI< """'" buth r.. priz'''f! -... rtipodo ..,.\ moki"lf them l.tgc, ,han .......... """",'" >b<wc, ... 56, ond >I", Sh..",u (thit _}fotfun....
~uf
,ripoJ ......1o.
p'
.... STINC IN .. VC.N ..... N 'OC'[TV
'hinl< ,h.. one type of Myttnx.n fe..' .... r'tlmt Pyloo (SIocl H.r r'tllontion oJ"" presume. lh... corpus o( mini.",.. fresroes KrvW ... m.jor""""", for Myttll2O:m pllin<=, who ","tinoed '0 pllin' mem in the po!OlioJ period, .. Sh.w h:u often obocrvW. ,,. Orhc,lOW'ttlI,of c.n.. OOIIc.. I Egypti:m painting, .. hOI fmjucn drown by thnc «>mJ'Orison., 1>owcvcT, "'" t..sed upon highly mgm.ntary ..-iden«, ,lit ronand o.sooci.tioo. of which ... nol oulftcicnlly cI... 10 f"""C lhe linl!o'}" of d,i,coulX dun upon :my ..........,d critical cuminatioo of ,Ite """"n«. The ..-id•..., p«sling .nd d,ink.ing, ... ted in ch.i.. with X--.h.pcd croos-pie<:e<.l1Ic: Py\os mgm.nto h been inl'rp..,.. d by Long and McC.uum as furming pan of. dccofll.,i program of lhe .nlnne. room. '0 lhe ccntral mcguon, con.i,ring of • pto
'a"
'0
US. Motri. 1m, pp. SIS, 53+-535, 2000: Cain 2OCl!, PI" 29-33. 126, S.... w 1980, 1'1%, 1m, 127, MOlt =
JA . . . . C. ""'ClfT
a """"< p"""",ion: pyxide. or b""",.,l"'l!" ohallow b<>wb, and a ~mp m.nd. '" On ,he wolJ of lhe mega"'" ilOdf i. ,he famous """~ ohoowing ,he lyn:·p~ytr, buD, and individuals sea,ed on cornp..ools on .irna.ide of. thr«-kgged tabk (Fig. 13). Th••mi", f<"~ brings 10 mind oth" proc<'.ion f",,,,<>eo from Knooooo, PyIos. Tiryn••• nd 1hebn ",h.", fogyrn CUT)" oimiht i..rno. ", The goal of ,h. pr<>«Uiont i. un«nain. \V.. i, for p"'""'>lion of lribute or pan <>f. fali"'" ,h.t ended in oocrifl« .nd fcuting? Or. combin>tion <>f ,he><'1be rn'<>rW buD in ,he Pyloo frnco<>Vl<eo rn. o.othe. "'" mi..ing. To :woeio", these ...... fflgrrl''''s wirn the Compstool F"""", details of wh>eh"""hoown heR: (Fog. IS)..... must l«OfItiont. The C.rnp.."",1 huco i. '00 fngmcnlUy to R:COI'l.tn>c1 th. woole f<"n., and .in of ...ted m.1es f.eng eln recon.rruct.d the enti", f<"n. in lWtI
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