The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics

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the oxford handbook of

LAW AND POLITICS

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the oxford handbook of ....................................................................................................................................................

LAW AND POLITICS .....................................................................................................................................................

Edited by

KEITH E. WHITTINGTON R . DA N I E L K E L E M E N and

G R E G O RY A . C A L D E I R A

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Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß The several contributors 2008 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2008 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd., King’s Lynn, Norfolk ISBN 978–0–19–920842–5 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

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Contents

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About the Contributors

PA RT I

x

I N T RO D U C T I O N

1. The Study of Law and Politics Keith E. Whittington, R. Daniel Kelemen, & Gregory A. Caldeira

PA RT I I

3

A P P ROAC H E S

2. Judicial Behavior Jeffrey A. Segal

19

3. Strategic Judicial Decision Making Pablo T. Spiller & Rafael Gely

34

4. Historical Institutionalism and the Study of Law Rogers M. Smith

46

PA RT I I I

C O M PA R AT I V E J U D I C I A L P O L I T I C S

5. The Rule of Law and Courts in Democratizing Regimes Rebecca Bill Chavez

63

6. The Global Spread of Constitutional Review Tom Ginsburg

81

7. Establishing and Maintaining Judicial Independence Georg Vanberg

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8. The Judicialization of Politics Ran Hirschl

119

9. Comparative Federalism and the Role of the Judiciary Daniel Halberstam

142

10. Legal and Extra-Legal Emergencies Kim Lane Scheppele

165

PA RT I V I N T E R NAT I O NA L A N D S U P R A NAT I O NA L L AW 11. International Law and International Relations Beth Simmons 12. The European Court of Justice and European Legal Integration: An Exceptional Story or Harbinger of the Future? Karen J. Alter

187

209

13. War Crimes Tribunals Gary J. Bass

229

14. The Globalization of the Law Bryant G. Garth

245

PA RT V

FORMS OF LEGAL ORDER

15. Civil Law and Common Law: Toward Convergence? Ugo Mattei & Luca Pes

267

16. Constitutionalism Keith E. Whittington

281

17. Constitutional Law and American Politics Mark A. Graber

300

18. The Legal Structure of Democracy Richard H. Pildes

321

19. Administrative Law Daniel B. Rodriguez

340

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20. Legislation and Statutory Interpretation Elizabeth Garrett

360

21. Informalism as a Form of Legal Ordering Christine B. Harrington

378

PA RT V I

S O U RC E S O F L AW A N D T H E O R I E S O F J U R I S P RU D E N C E

22. Natural Law Robert P. George

399

23. Rights in Legal and Political Philosophy Matthew H. Kramer

414

24. Formalism: Legal, Constitutional, Judicial Frederick Schauer

428

25. Feminist Theory and the Law Judith A. Baer

437

26. The Racial Subject in Legal Theory Sheila Foster & R. A. Lenhardt

451

PA RT V I I

THE AMERICAN JUDICIAL CONTEXT

27. Filling the Bench David A. Yalof

469

28. The U.S. Supreme Court Lee Epstein

487

29. Relations among Courts Susan Haire

503

30. Litigation and Legal Mobilization Michael McCann

522

31. Legal Profession Richard L. Abel

541

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PA RT V I I I T H E P O L I T I C A L A N D P O L I C Y E N V I RO N M E N T O F C O U RT S I N T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S 32. Judicial Independence Frank Cross

557

33. Law and Regulation Susan Rose-Ackerman

576

34. Law as an Instrument of Social Reform Charles R. Epp

595

35. Criminal Justice and the Police Wesley G. Skogan

614

36. Law and Political Ideologies Julie Novkov

626

37. Courts and the Politics of Partisan Coalitions Howard Gillman

644

38. Understanding Regime Change: Public Opinion, Legitimacy, and Legal Consciousness Scott Barclay & Susan S. Silbey

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663

I N T E R D I S C I P L I NA RY A P P ROAC H E S TO L AW A N D P O L I T I C S

39. Law and Society Lynn Mather

681

40. The Analysis of Courts in the Economic Analysis of Law Lewis A. Kornhauser

698

41. Psychology and the Law Tom R. Tyler

711

42. Law and History Christopher Tomlins

723

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OLD AND NEW

43. The Path of the Law in Political Science: De-Centering Legality from Olden Times to the Day before Yesterday Stuart A. Scheingold

737

44. Reflections about Judicial Politics Harold J. Spaeth

752

45. Law and Politics: The Problem of Boundaries Martin Shapiro

767

Index

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About the Contributors

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Richard Abel is Michael J. Connell Professor of Law at the University of California at Los Angeles. Karen Alter is Associate Professor of Political Science at Northwestern University. Judith Baer is Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M University. Scott Barclay is Associate Professor of Political Science and Public Administration and Policy at the State University of New York at Albany. Gary Bass is Associate Professor Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University. Gregory A. Caldeira is Distinguished University Professor and University Chaired Professor of Political Science at the Ohio State University. Rebecca Chavez is Associate Professor of Political Science at the United States Naval Academy. Frank Cross is Herbert D. Kelleher Centennial Professor of Business Law at the University of Texas at Austin. Charles Epp is Associate Professor of Public Administration at the University of Kansas. Lee Epstein is Beatrice Kuhn Professor of Law and Professor of Political Science at Northwestern University. Sheila Foster is Albert A. Walsh Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Stein Center for Law and Ethics at Fordham University. Elizabeth Garret is Vice President and Sydney M. Irmas Chair in Public Interest Law, Legal Ethics, Political Science and Policy, Planning, and Development at the University of Southern California. Bryant Garth is Dean and Professor of Law at Southwestern Law School. Rafael Gely is Judge Joseph P. Kinneary Professor of Law at the University of Cinncinati.

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Robert P. George is McCormick Professor Jurisprudence and Director of the James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions at Princeton University. Howard Gillman is Professor of Political Science and History at the University of Southern California. Thomas Ginsburg is Professor of Law and Political Science and Director of the Program in Asian Law, Politics, and Society at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Mark Graber is Professor of Law and Government at the University of Maryland at College Park. Susan Haire is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Georgia. Christine Harrington is Professor of Politics at New York University. Daniel Halberstam is Professor of Law at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. Ran Hirschl is Professor of Political Science and Law and Canada Research Chair in Constitutionalism, Democracy, and Development at the University of Toronto. R. Daniel Kelemen is Associate Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University. Lewis Kornhauser is Alfred B. Engelberg Professor of Law and Director of the Institute for Law and Society at New York University. Matthew Kramer is Professor of Law at the University of Cambridge. Lynn Mather is Professor of Law and Political Science and Director of the Baldy Center for Law and Social Policy at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Ugo Mattei is Alfred and Hanna Fromm Chair in International and Comparative Law at the University of California Hastings College of the Law. Michael McCann is Gordon Hirabayashi Professor for the Advancement of Citizenship at the University of Washington. Julie Novkov is Associate Professor of Political Science and Women’s Studies at the State University of New York at Albany. Luca Pes is Assistant Dean at Venice International University. Richard Pildes is Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at New York University. Daniel B. Rodriguez is Minerva House Drysdale Regents Chair in Law at the University of Texas School of Law. Susan Rose-Ackerman is Henry R. Luce Professor of Jurisprudence at Yale University.

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Frederick Schauer is Frank Stanton Professor of the First Amendment at Harvard University. Stuart Scheingold is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Washington. Kim Lane Scheppele is Laurence S. Rockefeller Professor of Public Affairs and the University Center for Human Values and Director of the Program in Law and Public Affairs at Princeton University. Jeffrey Segal is Distinguished University Professor of Political Science at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Beth Simmons is Professor of Government at Harvard University. Martin Shapiro is James W. and Isabel Coffroth Professor of Law at the University of California at Berkeley. Susan Silbey is Professor of Sociology and Anthropology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Wesley Skogan is Professor of Politcal Science at Northwestern University. Rogers Smith is Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the Univesity of Pennsylvania. Harold Spaeth is Research Professor of Law and Emeritus Professor of Political Science at Michigan State University. Pablo Spiller is Jeffrey A. Jacobs Distinguished Professor of Business and Technology and Proffesor of Business and Public Policy at the University of California at Berkeley. Christopher Tomlins is Senior Research Fellow at the American Bar Foundation. Tom Tyler is University Professor of Psychology at New York University. Georg Vanberg is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Keith E. Whittington is William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Politics at Princeton University. David Yalof is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Connecticut.