The Routledge Atlas of American History

THE ROUTLEDGE ATLAS OF AMERICAN HISTORY ‘ … especially clear and helpful … well laid out and useful for quick reference.’ The Economist ‘ … full of good ideas and is brought right up to date.’ Oxford Mail This new edition of The Routledge Atlas of American History presents a series of 156 clear and detailed maps, accompanied by informative captions, facts and figures, updated withadditional maps and text to include the 2004 presidential election and recent events in Iraq. The complete history of the United States is unrolled through vivid representations of all the significant landmarks, including: • Politics – from the struggle against slavery and the battle for black voting rights to the present day • Military events – from the War of Independence, the Civil War and America’s participation in two world wars to the conflicts in Korea, Vietnam and the Gulf, up to the events of 9/11, the war in Iraq and its aftermath • Social history – including the fate of the American Indians, the growth of female emancipation, and recent population movements and immigration • Transport – from nineteenth-century railroads and canals to the growth of air travel and recent ventures into space • Economics – from early farming and industry to urbanisation and the ecological struggles of the present day Sir Martin Gilbert is a leading historian of the modern world. An Honorary Fellow of Merton College, Oxford – of which he was a Fellow for thirty years – he is the official biographer of Winston Churchill and the author of seventy-five books, among them Churchill: A Life, First World War, Second World War, The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy, and Israel: A History. Details of his books can be found on his website at www.martingilbert.com

BOOKS BY MARTIN GILBERT The Routledge Atlas of American History The Routledge Atlas of the Arab–Israeli Conflict The Routledge Atlas of British History The Routledge Atlas of the First World War The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust The Routledge Atlas of Jewish History The Routledge Atlas of Russian History Recent History Atlas, 1860–1960 The European Powers, 1900–1945 History of the Twentieth Century (in three volumes and in a single volume) First World War Second World War The Appeasers (with Richard Gott) The Roots of Appeasement D-Day Churchill, A Photographic Portrait In Search of Churchill Churchill and America Sir Horace Rumbold, Portrait of a Diplomat The Jews of Hope, The Plight of Soviet Jewry Today

Jerusalem Illustrated History Atlas Jerusalem, Rebirth of a City Exile and Return, The Struggle for Jewish Statehood The Holocaust, The Jewish Tragedy The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust Letters to Auntie Fori: The 5000-Year History of the Jewish People and their Faith From the Ends of the Earth: The Jews in the Twentieth Century Auschwitz and the Allies Scharansky, Hero of our Time Children’s Illustrated Bible Atlas THE CHURCHILL BIOGRAPHY Volume I. Youth, 1874–1900 by Randolph S. Churchill Volume I. Companion (in two parts) Volume II. Young Statesman, 1900–1914 by Randolph S. Churchill Volume II. Companion (in three parts) Volume III. 1914–1916 by Martin Gilbert Volume III. Companion (in two parts) Volume IV. 1917–1922 by Martin Gilbert Volume IV. Companion (in three parts) Volume V. 1922–1939 by Martin Gilbert Volume V. Companion ‘The Exchequer Years’ 1922–1929 Volume V. Companion ‘The Wilderness Years’ 1929–1935 Volume V. Companion ‘The Coming of War’ 1936–1939 Volume VI. 1939–1941, ‘Finest Hour’ by Martin Gilbert The Churchill War Papers: Volume I ‘At the Admiralty’ The Churchill War Papers: Volume II ‘New Surrender’, May–December The Churchill War Papers: Volume III ‘1941, The Ever-Widening War’

Volume VII. 1941–1945, ‘Road to Victory’ by Martin Gilbert Volume VIII. 1945–1965, ‘Never Despair’ by Martin Gilbert Churchill – A Life by Martin Gilbert Editions of documents Britain and Germany Between the Wars Plough My Own Furrow, The Life of Lord Allen of Hurtwood Servant of India, Diaries of the Viceroy’s Private Secretary, 1905–1910

THE ROUTLEDGE ATLAS OF AMERICAN HISTORY 5th Edition

Martin Gilbert

LONDON AND NEW YORK

First published 1968 as The Atlas of American History by Weidenfeld & Nicolson Revised edition published 1985 by J.M. Dent Ltd. Third edition published 1993 Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Fourth edition first published 2003 Fifth edition published 2006 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. © 1968, 1985, 1993, 2003, 2006 Martin Gilbert All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-00709-3 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN10: 0-415-35902-3 (Print Edition) ISBN13: 9-78-0-415-35902-3 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-415-35903-1 (Print Edition) ISBN13: 9-78-0-415-35903-0 (pbk)

Preface The idea for this atlas came to me while I was teaching at the University of South Carolina in 1965. Its aim is to provide a short but informative visual guide to American history. I have tried to make use of maps in the widest possible way, designing each one individually, and seeking to transform statistics and facts into something easily seen and grasped. My material has been obtained from a wide range of historical works, encyclopaedias, and newspaper and government reports. More than twenty-five years have passed since the first publication of this atlas. It was a period marked first by the intensification and then by the ending of the Vietnam war, with more than 55,000 American dead. It was also a period marked by a substantial increase in the population of the United States, and continued immigration. This same period has seen the development of outer space as a region of defence policy. New maps cover these recent developments. Since the revised edition was published in 1985, the pattern of events has led me to draw twenty-six new maps to cover, among recent developments, the continuing growth of immigration, new ethnic and population changes, and the military and humanitarian actions of the United States overseas, culminating in the Gulf War (1991), aid to Somalia (1992), and air drops to Bosnia (1993). New domestic maps show the natural and accidental disasters of the past two decades, the continuing high death rate from motor accidents (more than a million dead in twenty years), murder (a quarter of a million dead in a single decade), and the new scourge of AIDS (170,000 deaths in a decade). The United States has also been the pioneer in exploring the solar system and in defence preparedness in space, for bothof whichI have drawn a special map. United States’ arms sales, and economic help to poorer countries, as well as the ending of the Cold War confrontation, also required new maps, as did pollution. The continuing United States’ presence in the Pacific, and her defence preparedness at home and abroad, are also mapped. I have been helped considerably in the task of updating this atlas by Abe Eisenstat and Kay Thomson. Many individuals and institutions have provided extra material for the maps. I am particularly grateful to Martin Adams, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, State Department, Washington DC; James T. Hackett, Member of the President’s General Advisory Committee on Arms Control; Louan Hall, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; Michael Hoeffer, Statistics Division, Immigration and Naturalisation Services; John Richter, Agency for International Development, State Department; and Joshua Gilbert for help on the space map. For the first and second edition of this atlas, my draft maps were turned into clear and striking artwork by Arthur Banks and Terry Bicknell. For this new edition, I am grateful to the cartographic skills of Tim Aspden. At my publishers, J.M. Dent, David Swarbrick has made it possible to realise my ambition to re-issue all of my historical atlases updated. It is my hope that they will be of interest and service to teachers, students, and

the general reader for whom the past is not a forbidden planet, but an integral part of today’s world. MARTIN GILBERT Merton College, Oxford 14 June 1993 Note to the Fourth Edition For this fourth edition, I have prepared eleven new maps, which bring the story of the United States into the twenty-first century. As with the previous edition, this could not have been done without the cartographic expertise of Tim Aspden. I am also grateful to the Librarian at the United States Embassy, London, for access to reference material. MARTIN GILBERT Merton College, Oxford 12 July 2002 Note to the Fifth Edition The seven new maps in this edition bring the story up to the re-election of President George W. Bush in November 2004, and the continuing conflict in Iraq following the overthrow of Saddam Hussein. I have tried in this atlas, within the span of 156 maps, to give a visual account of American history from the earliest settlements of Native Americans to the conflicts and achievements of the post-1945 era. Once more, I have been fortunate in the cartographic skills of Tim Aspden, who has turned my rough drafts and statistical material into clear and informative maps. In the thirty-seven years since the first edition was published, I have added almost fifty new maps. I would welcome now, as I welcomed in 1968, any amendments to the existing maps, or suggestions or material for new maps. MARTIN GILBERT Merton College, Oxford 11 March 2005

Maps EARLY YEARS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

The Origin of Settlement in America 50,000–1,000 BC The Indian Tribes of North America Before 1492 The Vikings and America 800–1015 European Exploration 1492–1534 Spanish Exploration 1513–1543 De Soto’s March 1539–1543 Spanish America 1609 Puritan Emigration from England 1612–1646 The English Origins of the Puritans 1620–1675 European Settlements 1526–1642 English Land Grants 1606–1620 English Land Grants 1621–1682 The Pequot War 1636–1637 King Philip’s War 1675–1676 The Thirteen Colonies 1624–1774 California Missions 1769–1848 Trade and Transport 1696–1774 Queen Anne’s War 1702–1713 European Settlements by 1742 The British Conquest of Canada 1758–1763 North America 1758 North America 1763–1774 The North Atlantic 1770 The Triangular Trade 1752

INDEPENDENCE

25 26 27 28

The War of Independence 1775–1783 Proposed Boundaries 1779–1782 The Ratification of the Federal Constitution 1787–1790 North America 1783

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Medicine and Public Health 1738–1886 National Origins and Religious Groups 1790 Social Problems 1792–1860 The Barbary Wars 1801–1815 Colonial South America 1495–1810 Independent South America 1810–1938 The Declaration of War Against Britain 1812 The War Against Britain 1812–1815

MODERN TIMES

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

Indian Battles and Cessions 1784–1820 The Expulsion of the Indians from the South 1820–1840 The Expanding Frontier 1783–1840 The Opening of the West 1803–1864 Texan Independence 1836–1845 The Annexation of Texas 1845 The War Against Mexico 1846–1848 The Mormons 1830–1851 Education 1784–1888 The Missouri Compromise 1820 Canals and the Cumberland Road 1785–1850 Railroads by 1860 The Growth of the United States by 1860 King Cotton 1801–1860 The Abolition of Slavery 1777–1858 The Spread of Slavery 1808–1860 The Underground Railroad 1786–1860 The Coming of Civil War 1858–1861 The Union Advance 1861–1865 The Battles of the Civil War 1861–1865 The South 1865–1915 Indian Reservations 1788–1894 Alaska 1728–1958 Social Discontent 1876–1932 Public Lands and Railway Grants 1796–1890 Indian Lands Lost 1850–1890 The Americas 1823–1916 The United States in the Pacific 1857–1911

65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105

European Emigration 1820–1920 Immigration 1820–1920 The Caribbean 1625–1939 The Panama Canal Zone Protectorate 1903 The Opening of the West 1864–1912 The Federal Reserve Bank 1914 Votes for Women 1890–1919 War in Europe 1914–1918 The American Expeditionary Force 1918 Intervention in Russia 1918–1919 The Proposed United States’ Mandates 1919 Senate Voting on the Versailles Treaty 1919 European War Debts to the United States 1920 The Spread of Prohibition 1845–1933 Farming in 1920 Civil Aviation 1918–1940 Industry by 1920 The Tennessee Valley Authority 1933 The United States 1914–1945 The United States and the War in Europe 1939–1941 Lend-Lease 1941–1945 The North Atlantic 1939–1943 Big Week 19–25 February 1944 The Oil Campaign June-September 1944 The Allied Advance 1942–1945 Wartime Conferences 1941–1945 The War in Asia 1941–1942 The Defeat of Japan 1942–1945 The United States and the Pacific 1945–1965 The Korean War June–November 1950 The Korean War November 1950–November 1951 United States Aid 1948–1965 The United States 1945–1965 From Lake Superior to the Atlantic 1959 Berlin Airlift 1948–1949 The Search for Open Skies 1957–1958 The Bay of Pigs 1961 The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Indo-China 1945–1954 Vietnam 1955–1968 School Segregation 1954–1965

106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138

African-American Voting Rights 1964–1965 African-Americans 1965 African-American Riots 1965–1967 The Death of Martin Luther King April 1968 United States Alliances 1948–1965 Polaris Power 1960 American Preparedness 1960 American Land Based Surveillance Systems 1982 The United States and the Soviet Union in Outer Space Immigrants to the United States 1963–1983 The United States in the Pacific 1823–1993 Great Power Confrontation and Conciliation 1972–1986 The Cold War and Arms Supplies 1984–1988 The End of the Cold War 1987–1993 Military, Economic and Humanitarian Missions 1975–1993 Major Natural and Accidental Disasters 1972–1993 Pollution: Hazardous Waste Sites 1990 Murder in the United States 1991 Death from AIDS 1982–1992 Immigration to the United States 1991 Leading States Taking Immigrants 1989 National Ancestry of United States Citizens Cities with Large Ethnic Groups United States Citizens Resident Abroad 1989 The Visa Lottery Program 1990–1993 The Gulf War 1991 ‘No-Fly Zones’, Iraq 1991–1993 United States Arms Sales 1992 Main Recipients of United States Economic Aid 1992 Defence Preparedness on Land 1991 United States Forces in Somalia 1992–1993 Exploring the Solar System 1962–1992 Defence Preparedness in Space 1992–1993

THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

139 Foreign Born Population of the United States 2000 140 Immigration to the United States 1998 141 United States Military Personnel Overseas 2000: Europe

142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156

United States Military Personnel Overseas 2000: Global Oil Imports to the United States 2000 Principal United States Military Sales 1990–1998 The Urbanization of the United States by 2000 Pollution: Hazardous Waste Sites 2000 United States Caribbean and Pacific Territories 2000 Domestic Airport Passengers 2000 September 11 The Election of President George W. Bush, November 2000 The Re-election of President George W. Bush, November 2004 United States Armed Forces Overseas 2004 The Iraq War The Coalition of the Willing 2004: Global The Coalition of the Willing 2004: Europe American War Dead in Iraq

Early Years

Independence

Modern Times

The Twenty-first Century