The South Stoa and Its Roman Successors

P I E T

East End of South Stoa, Restored

D E J O NG

CORINTH RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS CONDUCTED BY

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICALSTUDIES AT ATHENS

VOLUME I, PART IV

THE

SOUTH

STOA

AND

ITS

ROMAN

SUCCESSORS BY

OSCAR BRONEER

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 1954

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

PRINTED BY OFFSET IN GREAT BRITAIN BY WILLIAM CLOWES & SONS, LIMITED LONDON, BECCLES AND COLCHESTER REPRINTED

1971

PREFACE From the published records of the excavations conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, the history of ancient Corinth is gradually being rewritten. As whole sections of the city have been uncovered and each monument is made to tell its story, the recordshanded down by ancient historians are supplementedand clarified.Political events assume a new significance as outlined against the background of the material progress and decay revealed by the ruins. Incidents barely mentioned by the historians become important factors in the city's history because of the imprint left upon the material remains. The destruction inflicted by the Herulians upon Corinth in the year A.D. 267 exemplifies the contribution of archaeologicalinvestigation to the history of the city. The extent of the devastation is vividly revealed in the ashes and tumbled walls of several public buildings gutted by the fire. The South Stoa throws new light on another event of far greater significance to the Corinthians and to all the Greeks. This is the formation of the Hellenic League, following the defeat of the United Greeks by Philip of Macedon at the Battle of Chaironeia in 338 B.C. Corinth then became for a brief period the capital of the Greek world. This event, which marks the beginning of the transition from Hellenic to Hellenistic, coincides in time with the construction of the Stoa. The dominant position within the city, the immense size and the intricate plan of the building do much to accentuate the revolutionary changes of whichCorinthbecamethe center at this time. The League was short-lived. Sporadic attempts to resurrectit in the decades following Alexander's death came to no lasting results.

The South Stoa remained unchanged, but it was made to serve other needs of the city. It becomes particularlyimportant as a source of information on the life of Corinth during the hundred fifty years between the beginning of the third century and the destruction of the city by the Romans in 146 B.C. After the Roman colony was established underCaesar,the gigantic structure was forced into a new pattern of city planning. Although it was partially demolished and rebuilt, its fundamental character was unaltered, and it continued to dominate the architecturaldesign of the city's forum. Through more than six centuries, its fagade remained virtually unchanged. The history of Corinth during those centuries is reflected in the vicissitudes of the great South Stoa and of the many smaller buildings which the Roman colonists crowded into the space occupied by the Stoa shops. The study of a monument of such magnitude has been slow and arduous. Although part of its foundation appeared in the first campaign of excavation in 1896, the form of the South Stoa was not revealed until 1904, and then only half of the building was recognized. The south half with its shops and storerooms and its ingenious system of refrigeration became known for the first time in 1933. Then followed six campaigns of excavation in the course of which the whole vast city square was uncovered. The clearing of the South Stoa down to the Roman level had just been completed when the operations were discontinued as a result of World War II. Up to that time very little progress had been made toward a final study of the Stoa, and much of the delicate digging on which such a study would be based remained to be done.

vi

PREFACE

Work on the final publication began in 1946. In the excavation of that year, many of the shop wells were cleared to the bottom and an immense amount of pottery and of other discarded gear of the shopowners was brought to light. While these investigations were in progress, the late Leicester B. Holland began making the plans and drawings. At the end of that year, 1946-47, considerableprogress had been made both on the plans and the manuscript, but much of the work still remained to be done. The tedious task of completing the drawingslagged behind. GeorgeV. Peschke continued work on the ground plans at such times as he was able to be away from his duties in Athens. Further delay on the Stoa publication was caused by my departure from Greece in the summer of 1948 when I joined the University of Chicagofaculty. In 1950 I spent the spring and summer in Corinth, continuing the work on the Stoa. In a brief campaign of excavation an immense amount of most valuable material appeared; at the end of that season the excavation of the Stoa was completed. Mr. Peschke, and for a short time Elias Skroubelos, continued work on the ground plans, which were finishedin the fall of that year. Finally in the spring of 1952 I returned to Greecefor the purpose of starting the excavation at the Isthmian sanctuary, and to resume work on the Stoa publication. By good fortune, the American School was able to obtain the continued services of Piet de Jong, who completed all the drawings required for the publication of the Stoa. The first complete draft of the text was then written. This was further revised and partly rewritten in the fall of 1953, when I was able, as a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, to devote three months of uninterrupted work to the completion of the Stoa publication. Special problems not directly connected with the study of the ruins arise at the close

of the debris, accumulated throughout more than two milleniums of almost constant occupation, resulted in a discouraging and unsightly pile of stones covering the ancient foundations. All the blocks had to be sorted and examined and the useless stones removed and eventually built into retaiiningwalls. And in order to leave the ruins in a shape intelligible to the visitors it became necessary to assemble column drums and other architectural members from every part of the vast Agora and set them up in a position suggesting their original place in the building. This timeconsumingtask, which requiredskill and sound judgment in order to prevent damage to the antiquities and injury to the workmen, was entrusted to the foreman of the Corinth excavations, Eva,ngelos Lekkas, and a small crew of veteran excavators. During the years of foreign occupation,when the battle for survival in Greece left little time for less immediately pressing needs, the antiquities of Corinth and elsewhere were in constant danger from willful depredation and sheer vandalism. The South Stoa, which had just been uncovered when the war broke out, would have sufferedseverely from such causes, had it not been for the vigilance and exemplary devotion to duty on the part of the Senior Guard of Antiquities, George Kachros. It was originally planned to include in volume I, part IV, of the CorinthPublications a study of the pottery and other objects from the shop wells which have a very direct bearing upon the history and use of the South Stoa. G. Roger Edwards, who was a member of the American School of Classical Studies from 1946 to 1950, began work on the second part of the volume which was to contain this material. Before he was able to finish this task, he became a staff member of the Agora Excavation in Athens and subsequently he accepted a position in the University of Pennsylvania Museum.He was thus prevented from

of an excavationof such extent. The removal completinghis study of the Stoa well-groups.

PREFACE

In the meantime, my work on the architecture and history of the building was nearing its completion. This proved sufficient to fill one complete volume, and the material from the wells, vastly increased during the three campaigns of 1946-47, 1948 and 1950, would be enough to be published separately. In his preliminary study of the well-groups, Dr. Edwards amassed a wealth of data of particular value for the chronology of the Stoa. I have drawn freely upon this information, as will appear in the text. Dr. Edwards' contribution to the present study is of fundamental importance. Nevertheless, the final study and publication of all the objects from the wells will shed much new light on the use of the Stoa, especially during the period prior to the destruction of Corinthin 146 B.C. In the course of my study of the Stoa, I have enjoyed the continuous support of the American School of Classical Studies and the co-operation of the Chairmenof the Managing Committee and of the successive Directors of the School. The late Edward Capps and his successors as Chairman, Louis E. Lord and Charles H. Morgan, have unstintingly met every request for funds for excavation, drawings and photographs.To the successive directors of the School, especially Richard Stillwell, CharlesH. Morgan, GorhamP. Stevens, and John L. Caskey, I am indebted for cooperation and advice during every step in the work. To the University of ChicagoI am under obligation for granting me time away from my teaching duties and for contributing toward travel expenses on my trips to Greecein 1950 and 1952. It goes without saying that the architects, who have made the plans and drawings, have contributed much to the understandingof the ruins and the restorationof the building. In the early stages of the study I was fortunate in being able to draw upon Leicester Holland's intimate knowledge of Greek architecture and

vii

in finding solutions to the most baffling problems. To George V. Peschke I am deeply indebted for interruptinghis other activities and coming to my aid, on several occasions, when the work on the plans lagged behind. The final phase of the work was completed in close cooperation with Piet de Jong, whose artistic talents and skill as a draftsman are recognizable in the restored drawings. In every part of the restorationhis vast experience,his practical sense and sound judgment contributed far more to the final result than this inadequate acknowledgement can indicate. As a result of the final revision of the manuscript, it became necessary to make some last minute corrections and additions on the plans and other drawings. I am indebted to Margaret Surre Wilber for taking the time, often with great inconvenience to herself, to enter these changes. Other architects, not directly engaged in the work on the Stoa, have assisted with their advice and encouragement.I have frequently discussed specific problems with Gorham P. Stevens, Honorary Architect of the School, and with the Architect of School Excavations, John Travlos, and have profited by their cooperation. Professor Richard Stillwell gave freely of his time to discussions of Stoa problems duringhis directorship,1933-35; in 1948, when he spent several months in Corinth; and again during my stay in Princeton in the fall of 1953. Anyone who has undertaken any extensive research project in Corinth is aware of the mutual advantages of association with colleagues engaged in related projects. During the years that I have devoted to the study of the South Stoa, I have repeatedly drawnupon the knowledge and experience of other excavators. The names of some of these deserve special mention. It was Dr. B. H. Hill, the Nestor among the Corinth excavators, who discovered the underground system of water

the ingenuity,for whichhe wasjustly famous, channelsconnectedwith the Stoa wells, and

viii

PREFACE

in many other ways he has contributed to the present study. Among my younger colleagues, who are the authors of other volumes in the Corinth series, I would mention especially Saul S. Weinberg, Robert L. Scranton, and Carl Roebuck. Their specific contributions to the study of the Stoa areimperfectlyacknowledged in footnotes. For the section on the tiled roof, I have been able to use the material collected by Mary C. Roebuck, who has read the manuscriptand made some very important corrections. While I was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study, I had the privilege of daily contact with the members of its distinguished faculty. To ProfessorB. D. Meritt in particular I am indebted for taking the initiative in making my stay in Princeton possible. With Professor Homer A. Thompson, I discussed many problems that arose in the course of my revision of the text, and he always gave freely of his time and experience. To him and his research assistant, Mrs. Evelyn Smithson, I am further indebted for innumerable courtesies and assistance in my work. In the pleasant and stimulating atmosphere of the Institute, where every facility is offered to make the members' work productive and easy, I was able to accomplish in a comparatively short time what would have required much longer time under less favorable circumstances. My stay at the Institute was made particularly profitable because it enabled me to discuss with the Editor of the School Publications, Lucy T. Shoe, all the problems that arose in connection with the completion of the manuscript. She made suggestions for the addition of a clarifying statement where the sense of a passage seemed obscure, or for the rearrangementof material in certain sections of the book, and became responsiblefor many other improvements. Her contributionsto this volume go far beyond the services normally rendered by the editor of a series. I would like to record also my indebtedness

to several individuals who have performedthe less interesting, but equally important, jobs of typing, and proofreading the manuscript several times, checking references, etc. Those to whom I am especially obligated for such assistance are Mrs. R. L. Scranton, Mrs. A. Dervys, the late Mrs. Hubert Davis, Mrs. A. B. Mimicopoulos, Miss Chrysoula Kardara, Mrs.P. de Jong, Elizabeth Horton, Jean Littlefield and Elizabeth Fletcher. Miss Esther Smith has rendered invaluable assistance in the proofreadingand making of the Index. Most of the photographs including the colored plate were made by Emil Seraph; others by Demetrios Harisiades and Hermann Wagner. The addition of a colored plate (opposite p. 108) was made possible throughthe generosity of Mrs. William H. Hill of Washington, D. C. and Mrs. Otto Witman of Toledo, Ohio. The membersof the Publications Committee, under constant pressure from contributors to the School's publications, have devoted much time and study to the form and appearance of the present volume. They were able to steer a wise course between lavish printing with unavoidable raising of the price, and a pennywise economy that would have impairedthe usefulness of the book. The final publication of any archaeological site cannot and should not attempt to solve all the problems which the ruins present. Here too a practical compromise was necessary between a demand for perfection that would have postponed the publication still further and the urge to publish with detrimentalhaste, merely for the purpose of fulfilling a scholarly obligation. Such shortcomings as might have been eliminated by further study I hope will be balanced by the advantage of making the material available without further delay. The Roman buildings within the Stoa complex have been less minutely studied than the original Greek building. These structures pre-

sent opportunitiesfor further research by

PREFACE

students of Ancient Architecture. Architectural members both of these and of the Greek building are likely to come to light when the area south of the Stoa is excavated. Any additional information that such material might provide would be important as a check on the restoration presented here. Minor details of interest to the specialist may well have to be The University of Chicago March,1954.

ix

modified as a result of further investigation. The building as a whole deserves to become known and to be given a place of importance in the future handbooks on Ancient Greek Architecture. Both structurally and historically the South Stoa at Corinthis a remarkable creation, an example of Greeksecular architecture at its best. OSCARBRONEER

TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE

.

. . . .

. . .

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURES IN THE TEXT

. . .

...

.....

..

...

.

.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

v

.

xiii

I. INTRODUCTION .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . . . .

II. REMAINS OF TILE PRE-STOA PERIODS

BUILDINGS .. W ATERW ORKS III.

..

...........

....

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

XV xix

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PLATES PLANS CHAPTER

. . . . . . . . . . . .

7

.........

..............

. ...............

. . . . . . . . . . . . ..

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES ................

7 12 18

.............

FOUNDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MASONS'MARKS ....... . ...... ..................

18 26

GUTTERS AND BENCHES ........................... THE NORTH FACADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . THE EAST AND WEST FLANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... THIE REAR ELEVATION ....... . ......

28 30 39

THE INTERIORCOLUMNS ...... ........ THE SHOPSAND REAR ROOMS ........................ THE SHOP WELLS

................. ...... . ...... .................. ................ ...... . CEILING AND ROOF CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

THE ROOF TILES .............................. THE TERRACE WALL ............................ REFINEMENTS ............................. PRE-ROMAN ALTERATIONS .......................... DATE AND PURPOSE OF THE STOA ........

42 45 48 59

...............

................

THE GREATDRAIN ....... THE STAIRWAYS ....... THE SECONDSTORY .......

...............

65 68 70

79 83 88 91

93 94

. ...........

IV. THE STOA IN ROMAN TIMES ...........................100 EARLY REPAIRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 EAST END OF THE STOA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 WEST OF THE AGONOTHETEION ........................111 THE FOUNTAIN HOUSE ...........................115 THE KENCHREAN ROAD ...........................128 THE BOULEUTERION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 . 132 AREA WEST OF THE BOULEUTERION ...................

AREA NORTHOF SHOPS XX-XXIV

.....................144

THE ROMANBATHS. .. .. . .. .. . . . . .. THE ROMANLATRINE ...........................151

..

. . . . . . ..

THE WEST END OF THE STOA IN LATE ROMANTIMES..............153

...................................156 V. SUMMARY INDEX .....

....................................161

. ..145

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES

IN THE TEXT

Fig.

1. Plan of Pre-Stoa Building ........................

2. NorthwestCornerof Shop XXXIII ............................

9

12

3. Schematic Plan of East and West Ends of Stoa, Showing Lengths of Building Blocks . .....21 4. Bonding of Courses at Cross Walls .................. .. 25 ......... 5. Masons' Marks on Blocks of Stoa Foundation. ...................... 27 6. Field Sketch of Southeast Corner, Showing Seat Block Set against East Wall ......... 29 . 7. Profile of Lagynos from Seatt t Southeast Corner of Stoa .................. 29 8. Doric Capital, Details ................................ . 31 9. Doric Column Capital fro Faade .... 32 ................. ............ . 10. Architrave Block from Facade, Front Half . ... ............ 34 . ..... 11. Details of Entablature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 12. Two Fragnlents of Frieze, Showing Front and Backl ..... 36 ...... .... . . 13. Doric Order, Restored .................................. 37 . . .. ... 14. Horizontal Cornice Block . . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . ... 38 . 15. Position of Cornice Block at Northeast Corner ....................... 39 16. Anta Capital Found in Well XXII ............................ 40 17. Frieze Block from West Flank ............................. 41 . 18. Block with Taenia at the Bottom .. . . . . . .............. 41 .. 19. Blocks from Rear Windows . ...... 43 . . . ..................... 20. Block from Rear Window . ............. 43 .............. . ... 21. Block with Slanting Taenia, Showing Slope of Roof, from East End of Stoa . .. 44 ...... 22. Ionic ColumnlCapital, Restored (Face). . . ........... 45 .............. 23. Ionic Column Capital, Restored (Side View) ....................... 45 21. Ionic Column Capital, Restored (Plan) ....... .. . .......46 25. Ionic Column, Base and Beginning of Shaft, Restored . ................... 47 26. Doorway and Sill of Stairway, East End of Stoa ............................. 49 27. Wall Block from Second Course East of Doorway ....... ............ 50 28. Short Blocks from Doorway, and Lintel over Shop Door .................. 51 29. Block from Top of West Door Jamb ................. . . .... .. 52 30. Lintel Block Recut for Later Use .............................. 53 31. T-Shaped Block with Taenia at the Top ......................... 53 32. Block from String Course, Inner Fagade ..................... 53 ..... 33. Two Blocks from String Course of Inner Faqade .................. ..54 34. Block with Cutting, Showing Thickness of Flooring of Second Story ............ 55 35. Block fronl Door and Window in Rear Wall of Shop .............. 56 36. Lintel Blocks from Inner Doorway ......................... . . 57 37. Block from Top of Door in Rear Room I . .............. . . . . . 59 38. Upper Part of Well Shaft, Shop XXVII ................ .. ....... 60 39. Well Curb, Plan, Profile and Section ...... . ....... 61 .............. 40. Sketch Showing Cooling System in Operation ....................... 61 41. Top of Inscribed Vase from Stoa Well . . . . ............. . .. 63 .. 42. Piers with Slots for Parapet ........................ .... .. 71 4'3. Pier Capital, Probably from Window of Second Story .................... 72 44. Anta Capital (Plate 17 3) ......... 72 ..... ............ 45. Parapet Slab from Well IX ........ 72 ................... 46. Two Pieces of Unfluted Column Shaft ..........................73 47. Piece of Unfiuted Column from Top of Shaft ..... ................. 73

xiv

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig.

48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67.

Small Doric Capital with Fluted Neck ................... Buttress Capitals with Sloping Taenia ................... Pier Capital (Plate 18 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Block from Cross Wall at East End of Second Story .................... Fragment from Stone Parapet (Plate 18 3) ......................... ............ Anta Capital (Plate 18 4) ................... Piece of Moulding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part of Pier Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fragment of Anta Capital ................................ Anta Capital of Hellenistic Period. ................... Plain Block from Architrave Course of Inner Fa9ade .................... Block from Frieze Course of Inner Fagade ......................... Block with Sloping Taenia (Plate 18 5) .......................... Sketch Showing Conjectural Use of Opaion with Trough Tile Above ............. Poros Seat Block from Well XVIII ........................... Ionic Column, Drum and Capital ............................. Details of Marble Revetment from Fountain ...................... Elevation, Plan and Sections of Fountain ......................... Details of Architrave from Fountain ........................... Doric Capital from Well XIV ..............................

....... ........ . . . . . . . . .

73 74 75 76 77 78 . . . . . . . . . 78 . . . . . . . . . 78 79 79 ......... 80 81 82 87 94 103 116 . 117 120 125

PLATES Frontispiece East End of South Stoa, Restored Color Plate facing p. 108 Athlete Mosaic in Agonotheteion Plate 1 1 South Stoa from the West, 1952 2 North Foundation of the Stoa, Revealed in the Campaign of 1904 2 1 East End of Stoa, Showing Stylobate Blocks in Place 2 West End of Stoa after Campaign of 1933 3 IUnderground Shrine 2 Floor and Walls of Pre-Stoa Building below West End of Terrace 4 1 Well and Channel in Pre-Stoa Building Close to Inner Column 4 2 Section Through Lower Courses of North Foundation, Showing Clearing Basin in Front of Fifth Doric Column from East End 3 Descent into Great Reservoir at Foundation for Inner Column 28 4 Stuccoed Piers in Great Reservoir 5 1 West End of Stoa Facade, from the West 2 East Side of Foundation of West Wall 3 Section Through North Foundation, West End of Stoa 4 Northwest Corner of Stoa, Foundation of West Wall, West Face 6 1 Foundation of Inner Column, Showing Notches at Corners 2 Southeast Corner of Stoa from the East, Showing Trench of Removed South Foundation 7 1 East End of Stoa from the South, Showing Large Blocks at Intersections of Walls 2 Foundations in Northeast Corner of Shop I 3 Lagynos from Southeast Corner of Stoa 8 1 Column Drums from Facade of Stoa 2 Doric Column Capital from Fagade 3 Architrave Block, Front Half, Face 4 Architrave Block, Front Half, from Rear 5 Fragment of Regula, and Hawksbeak from Cornice 9 1 Fragment of Frieze, Front 2 Metope from Frieze of Facade 3 Fragment of Doric Frieze, Rear Side 4 Fragment of Horizontal Cornice 5 Cornice Block from Northeast Corner, Face and Bottom o Cornice Block from Northeast Corner, Face and Top 7 Cornice Block from Northeast Corner, Top 8 Fragment of Hawksbeak from Cornice and Piece from Top of Shaft of Ionic Column, Showing Designs in Color 10 1 West End of Stoa from the South, 1933 2 Block from West Wall with Taenia at the Bottom 3 Block from Window, Now Placed in Rear Wall of West Wing 11 1 Block from Rear Window 2 Block with Sloping Taenia from East End 3 Fragment from Face of Ionic Column Capital 4 Fragment from Side of Ionic Column Capital 5 View of Bottom of Ionic Column Capital 6 Base and Lower Part of Shaft of Ionic Column

xvi

PLATES Plate 12 1 Lintel of Shop Door, OuterFace, East End 2 Block from String Courseof Inner Facade 3 Lintel of Shop Door, Inner Face, West End 4 Lintel of Shop Door, Inner 7ace, East End 6 West Door Jamb of Shop XXXIII from the Inside o T-ShapedBlock with aenia,from Top of Shop Walls 13 1 Cuttingfor Double Door in Toichobate,SouthwestCornerof Shop III 2 Lintel Block from Inner Doorway,East End, North Face 3 West Door Jamb of Rear Door, Rear Room XXV 4 SouthwestCornerof Rear Room XXVII, ShowingCuttingfor Rear Door 14 1 Well Curbin Shop XXXIII 2 Well Curbin Shop VII with TerracottaLid 3 Well Curbin Shop XIV, and Top of Storage Jar 4 Fragmentof Stone Lid 5 InscribedVases from Stoa Well 15 1 GamingBoard from Well V 2 KnuckleBones from Well XX 3 Flute Fragmentsfrom Shop Wells 16 1 Roman Roof Tile with Graffitofrom Inlet into Drain 2 CementFloor of Paved Area behind Rear Room VII 3 LatrinebehindRear Room XVII 4 Latrine behind Rear Room XXVII 5 Water Pipes and Jars behind Rear Room XV 17 1 Fragmentsfrom Top and Bottom of Pier 2 FragmentfromLowerHalf of Pier 3 Anta Capital,Possibly from Windowin Second Story 4 Piers from Windowwith Parapet Slab Insertedin Slot 6 Fragmentof Small Doric Capital 6 Pieces of Unfluted ColumnShaft and Capitalwith Fluted Neck 18 1 Buttress Capitalwith SlopingTaenia 2 Pier Capital,Probablyfrom Screenof Anteroom 3 Fragment from Top of Parapet 4

6 6 7

Anta Capital

Block with SlopingTaeniafrom West End of Building Anta Capitalfrom Pre-Stoa Building Two MiniatureIonic Capitals

19 1 ReconstructedSection of Roof, Front 2 ReconstructedSection of Roof, View of Gable 3 ReconstructedSection of Roof, Rear and Flank 20 1 HorizontalSima and Antefix 2 HorizontalSima, ShowingPattern on Overhang 3 Two Pieces of Raking Sima 4 Two Types of Eaves Tiles from South Half of Stoa Roof 6 Design on Eaves Tile of Pre-Stoa Building 21 1 Antefixand Ridge Palmettes,a, b and c 2 Pan Tile with Troughat LowerEnd, and Half Tile s Two Ridge Palmettes from Repair, One from OriginalConstruction 22 1 Fragmentof OpaionTile 2 Half Tile with Turned-upEdge 3 Fragmentsof Roof Tiles with Stamps 4 Stamped Pan Tile and CoverTile

PLATES Plate 23 1 NortheastCornerof Stoa and East End of TerraceWall 2 Cuttingfor Beams in Top of Block from Frieze Course 3 Poros Seat Supportfrom Shop Well 4 Limestone Seat Supportwith Lion's Paw 241 Fourth CenturyVases from Pre-Stoa Well 2 Vases from Habitation Deposit in Shop Wells 3 Vases and Lamps from Great Reservoir 4 Selectionof Lampsfrom Shop Wells 25 1 Fragmentof OriginalIonic ColumnCapital(right) and Roman Replacement(left) 2 Graffitoon Plaster of Shop Wall 26 1 Piece of Sima, Probablyfrom Roman Reconstruction 2 Ionic ColumnDrum and Capitalfrom East End of Stoa 3 Ionic ColumnDrums, East End of Stoa 27 East End of Stoa, ShowingRoman Plaster on Rear Wall of Room "A" 28 1 Doric Capitalfrom Well II 2 Block from Springof Arches 3 Fragmentof ConcreteVaulting, East End of Stoa 4 AnimalDrawingson Rear Wall of Room "A" 29 East End of Stoa (1933) ShowingMarbleFloor of Room "B" 30 MosaicFloor in Agonotheteion 31 MosaicFloor, CentralPanel 32 1 Room "C"in Courseof Excavation (1933), ShowingColumnDrumsin Late Wall 2 MarbleSeat SupportfromWell VIII 3 Room "D" from the North 33 i Room "D" from the South, Exedra in Foreground 2 MarbleBlock with Cutting for Ceiling 3 InscribedBase in Honor of the ProcuratorCERIALIS 34 Entrance Way to South Basilica, GroundPlan 35 1 Roman Fountain House, as Found 2 Fountain House, Partly Restored 36 1 FountainHouse, Pedestal and PilasterBase, East Side 2 Fountain House, Pedestal and Pilaster Base, West Side 37 1 CrowningMouldingfrom Front of Basin 2 Fragmentsof Large Pilaster Flankingthe Basin 3 Fragmentof Pilaster Capital 4 ArchitraveRevetments of White Marble 38 1 Fragmentsof Cornicefrom Fountain 2 Colonettesof VariegatedMarblefrom Fountain 3 Three-quarter Capital,White Marble 4 TerracottaPipes and Jar South of Fountain 39 1 Entrance to South Basilica, Fountain House on the Right 2 Roman Sima with Heads of Deities 40 1 Roman Sima with Heads of Deities 2 Doric Capitalfrom Well XIV 3 Mouldingfrom Room "F" 41

Bouleuterionfrom the South

42 1 KenchreanRoad from the North 2 Bouleuterionfrom the North

xvii

PLATES

xviii

Plate 43 1 East Wall of Bouleuterion and Latrine 2 Outline of Fish in Plaster of Late Wall 3 Marble Anta Capital in Doorway into Bouleuterion 4 Capital and Base of Poros 44 1 Area West of Bouleuterion from the Northwest 2 Head of Serapis 3 Spouted Tile from Tank South of Rear Room XXI 45 1 Late Wall in Front of Room "H" 2 Room "H" from Northwest, Frigidarium in Foreground 46 1 Room "H" Showing Marble Floor, and Dais in the Rear 2 Roman Lamps from Room "H", a, b and c 47 Roman Baths from the North 48 1 Baths, Rear Walls of East and Middle Rooms, Showing Stoking Holes 2 Baths from the Southwest 49

Baths, Middle Room from the North 50 1 Baths from the West 2 North Wall With Entrance to Baths

51 1 Small Cold Water Plunge, Showing Steps 2 Cold Water Plunges and Rear of Late North Wall 52 1 Baths from the North, Showing Doorway in North Wall 2 Marble Moulding from Baths 53 1 Roman Latrine from the North 2 Brick-Lined Channel on East Side of Latrine 3 Fragments of Marble Seats from Latrine 54 1 Multicolored Stone Slabs from opus sectile Revetments 2 West End of Stoa, Shops XXX-XXXIII, from Southeast

PLANS I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX Xa Xb XIa XIb XII XIIIa XIIIb XIVa XIVb XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII

South Stoa, Plan, East (Shops I-IV) South Stoa, Plan, East (Shops V-X) South Stoa, Plan, Central Section (Shops XII-XIX) South Stoa, Plan, West (Shops XX-XXIV) South Stoa, Plan, West (Shops XXV-XXIX) South Stoa, Plan, West End (Shops XXX-XXXIII) Great Reservoir and Cistern, Plan Great Reservoir and Cistern, Sections Peirene Channel and Great Drain, Plan South Stoa, Plan and Elevation Curvatures of South Stoa Section, West End, Looking West; Cross Section of Foundation, West Flank Sections, East End Restored Plan, First and Second Stories Restored Elevation, West Flank Restored Fagade and Shop Fronts Restored Rear Elevation, West End; Longitudinal Section, East End Restored Cross Section, Looking West East End of Stoa in Roman Times (Restored Plan) Room "D", Entrance to South Basilica, and Fountain House (Period II) (Restored Plan) Fountain House (Period I), Kenchrean Road, and Bouleuterion (Restored Plan) Area West of Bouleuterion, Room "H" (Restored Plan) Roman Bath (Ground Floor), Roman Latrine, and West End of Stoa Shops (Restored Plan) Roman Bath (Hypocaust Level), Roman Latrine, and Drainage System (Restored Plan) South Side of Agora in Late Roman Times (Restored Plan) Animal Drawings on Roman Plaster on Rear Wall of Room "A"

THE SOUTH STOA AND ITS SUCCESSORS

CHAPTER

I

INTRODUCTION The market place of Corinth is a roughly quadrangular area with the long axis from east to west. Its length is nearly 200 m.; its greatest width at the west end is about 100 m., but at the east end it is only about 70 m. wide. As it appears today, it is chiefly a Roman creation,1 but the orientation and general shape of this irregular quadrangle was determined some three hundred years before the Roman colony was established at Corinth.The building which more than all the others was responsible for the reshaping of the public square at that time was the great South Stoa. Its orientation is very nearly the same as that of the Archaic Temple,2which was determined by religious usage. The buildings south of the Temple, along the north side of the Agora, seem to have been laid out in accordancewith the configuration of the land and the exigencies of space and communications. The same was probably true of the smaller structures erected along the southern border of the early Greek market place. Like the buildings flanking the Lechaion Road, these differ in orientation both from each other and from the later South Stoa; the latter makes a twentytwo-degree angle with the true east-west line.

After the construction of the Stoa the shape and size of the Agora remained largely unaltered throughout Hellenistic and Roman times. In view of its long existence, extending over a period of more than six hundred years, and in spite of the alterations it underwent in Roman times, the original building is in surprisinglygood state of preservation(P1.1 1). A section of the stylobate for the front colonnade is preserved at either end, and one drum of the corner column at the west end is left in situ. An interior wall near the west end is preserved to a height of three wall courses above the orthostate, with a total height of over 2.50 m. above the toichobate. The three westernmost shops and rear compartments are the best preserved; in the rest of the building the rooms in the rear half were for the most part removed in Roman times to make space for administrative offices and other public buildings. The foundations of the South Stoa were first discovered in a trench (No. VIII) dug during the initial campaign of excavation in 1896. A large circular base, originally discovered by Mr. Skias in 18923at the east end of the Agora, and again uncovered in one of the trial trenches of the first year, is still the most prominent landmark in the eastern section of the Agora.4 Trench VIII, starting 25 meters south of this base and extending due south, revealed the entire width of the Stoa.

1 The dimensions of the Corinthian Agora do not conform to the principles laid down by Vitruvius, V, 1, 2, for a Roman Forum, for which he prefers an area two-thirds as wide as it is long; they agree even less with his description of a Greek Agora which he said was laid out on the plan of a square. 2 This term is here used for the building more commonly known as the "Temple of Apollo." The time-honored identification of this prominent structure, first proposed by Rufus B. Richardson in 1896 (A.J.A., I, 1897, p. 479), with the Temple of Apollo casually mentioned by Pausanias, II, 3, 6, can no longer be maintained without reservation. Cf. Robert L. Scranton, Corinth, I, iii, The Lower Agora, p. 72. Until further study of this problem has been made, it seems preferable to use the equivocal designation "ArchaicTemple."

3 nlpaKT1Ka, 1892, p. 123.

4 For a description and possible explanation of this monument, see Robert L. Scranton, op. cit., pp. 79ff.; cf. Broneer, Hesperia, XI, 1942, pp. 143-145; W. B. Dinsmoor, Hesperia, XI, 1942, pp. 314-315.

B

CORINTH

4

In his report of the discoveries in this trench, Rufus B. Richardson5 stated: "This trench revealed a great many walls, most of which appearto belong to buildings of the Hellenistic period. - Further excavation here will enable us to give something connected and intelligible." Although the walls were not identified as part of any specific building, the results seemed sufficiently important to warrant the expropriation of the land for further excavation. In subsequent campaigns, other trenches were dug farther west, and in one of these was exposed a section of the north wall of the South Basilica, which the excavators referred to as the "good Greek wall." The actual discovery and identification of the South Stoa was made by the former Director of the American School, TheodoreW. Heermance, in the campaign of 1904. In an attempt to determine the western limit of the Agora, Heermance dug a broad trench from north to south along a line just east of the row of archaic columns discovered in the campaign of 1933 (see below, pp. 155). Here he found a fragment of the capital of one of these columns and in his report6he commented on the similarity of its profile to that of the columns in the "Apollo Temple" and suggested the possibility that it might be from one of the interior columns of that building. The trench dug in 1904 exposed a section of the foundations for the north colonnade of the South Stoa (P1. 1 2). At the extreme south end of the trench the rear wall of the Stoa proper (i. e. the front wall of the shops) appeared,but it proved impossible at this time to extend the trench further south because the American School had not yet acquired the land. Heermance, who connected the foundations he had discoveredwith those found by Richardson in 1896, some 150 m. farther east, quite naturally assumed that the whole width of the building had been exposed. Conses A.J.A., I, 1897, p. 471.

6 T. W. Heermance, A.J.A., VIII, 1904, p. 439.

quently, in his report of the excavations, he described only the Stoa proper, which he termed "one of the largest buildings of Greece," without knowing that only half of the building had then been discovered. In his preliminary study he was able to determine with remarkableexactitude the dimensions of the Stoa itself, the intercolumniations of the Doric and Ionic columns, and other features of the building. He commented on the poor state of preservation of the ancient structures in this section of the Agora as compared with the building remains already then laid bare on the north side and along the Lechaion Road. This inequality he ascribedto the comparative thinness of the covering fill on the south side, where a mere 3.50 m. of earth lay above the classical remains. On the north side, near the temple hill, the fill in places reached a depth of over six meters. Had he been able to expose some of the shop walls in the south half of the Stoa, Heermance might have modified his opinion about the condition of the building. Following Heermance the early excavators held firmly to the view that the monuments along the south side of the Agora were less well preserved than those on the north side, and this may have been the chief reason for abandoning for the next thirty years the project of excavating in that part of the square. To the excavators of those times, followingthe elusive trail of Pausanias in pursuit of more glamorous monuments connected with cult and religion, a mere stoa was not sufficient to fire the imagination. Temples, theaters and fountains seemed more rewarding. There were, however, more cogent reasons for delaying clearance of the extensive Corinthian Agora. Three farm houses, each with its congeries of barns, threshing floors, and garden enclosures; cultivated fields, belonging to several owners; and three village roads occupied the territory above the remains of the ancient market. To acquire these proper-

ties eitherby directpurchaseor expropriation

INTRODUCTION

was beyond the then available means of the American School. During the subsequent years other sections of Corinthwere excavated, and extensive investigations in the periphery of the ancient city were made. In the spring of 1933, when funds became available for more extensive operations at Corinth, it was at last decided to tackle the arduous task, which at the outset promised to be somewhat unrewarding, of clearing the central and southern sections of the Agora. For purely operational reasons the work was pushed from the east and west ends of this area simultaneously. In the first season the digging was begun near the circular base which had been the point of departure in the very first year of the Corinthianexcavations. Extending southward from there a section of the Agora, ca. 60 m. long and 45 m. wide, was excavated in 1933. This area included the original Trench VIII, in which remains of the South Stoa had first come to light. During this season the eastern end of the building was cleared (P1.2 i), and the plan and vast extent of the whole structure was revealed. The plan published in the preliminary report7 showed for the first time that the South Stoa was divided into two halves, a double colonnadein the front half, and two rows of small rooms in the rear. In the southwestern section of the Agora the two westernmost shops were excavated during the same campaign, together with a considerable section of the Stoa, which now had to be re-excavated (P1. 2 2). The area clearedby Heermancein 1904 lay buriedunder a meter of mud resulting from repeated inundations. During the campaign of 1933 the system of shop wells connected with the Peirene water-main was also discovered. The former Director of the School, Bert Hodge Hill, pursuing undergroundthe sources of the Peirene Fountain, discovered the channel extending in an east to west direction under the 7 Oscar Broneer, A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, pp. 555, fig. 1.

5

Stoa at a depth of 10-12 m. below the floor level (Plan IX). He also discovered several of the shop wells, and noted the narrow passage between these wells and the water channel. With his customary perspicacityhe postulated the presence of shops above the channel before any of the South Stoa shops had been excavated. For the next six years the project of clearing the Corinthian Agora was pushed with relentless determination.8Usually only the spring season, from March to June, was devoted to work in the Agora, but frequently a fall campaign was added in order to speed the completion of the task. In the excavation report for 1940, Charles H. Morgan, then Director of the School, could announce that at last the entire Agora had been excavated from its eastern to its western extremity. In addition to this area, the well-preserved ruins of the South Basilica were uncoveredin 1934 to 1936. In 1936 the Bema with its adjacent waitingrooms and staircaseswas found and identified,9 and the whole line of the Central Shops to the east and west of the Bema was subsequently cleared. During the six years from 1933 to 1939 the excavated area in the administrative and commercial center of Corinth was nearly doubled. The South Stoa, one of the largest secular buildings uncovered in Greece (Plan Xa)1?, measures nearly 165 meters in length and a little more than 25 meters in width, and covers 8 For the preliminary reports see Broneer, A.J.A., XXXIX, 1935, pp. 53-75; R. Stillwell, A.J.A., XL, 1936, pp. 21-45; C. H. Morgan, A.J.A., XL, 1936, pp. 466-484; XLI, 1937, pp. 539-552; XLII, 1938, pp. 362-370; XLIII, 1939, pp. 255-267; S. Weinberg, A.J.A., XLIII, 1939, pp. 592-600. Supplementary work was done in 1946-47; Broneer, Hesperia, XVI, 1947, pp. 233-247; A.J.A., LI, 1947, pp. 271-273; and Hesperia, XX, 1951, pp. 291-300. 9 Broneer, 'Apx. 'E9., 1937, A, pp. 125-133. 10The total area occupied by the Leonidaion at Olympia (Olympia, II, p. 84) is considerably larger, ca. 6000 sq. m., including the open court in the center. The Katagogeionat Epidauros is nearly as large (5822 sq. m.) with four open courts; Kavvadias,To 'I EpovToi 'ACFKA1ri1TouV'E1TlSatpcp),pp.

162ff. The Stoa at Kameiros, Rhodes, had a length of over 200 meters. Like the South Stoa at Corinth it had shops in the rear divided into two rows. See below, p. 61, note 25.

6

CORINTH

an area of approximately one acre. The northern half of the building was a gigantic one-story colonnade facing north, with seventy-one Doric columns in front and thirtyfour Ionic columns through the middle. In the rear wall of this colonnade were doors opening into a series of thirty-three rooms, each with a compartment in the rear, which together occupy the southern half of the building. The rear compartments at the extreme east and west ends extend ca. 1.75 m. farthersouth than the rest of the building, thus forming slightly projectingwings as seen from the back of Stoa. Over the rear half of the building there was a second story, reached by stairways at either end (Plans XI a and XII). The total floorspace of the two stories amounts to ca. 4615 square meters, not counting the space occupied by the partition walls. The material is the soft gray poros stone which was quarried extensively within the walls of the ancient city and elsewhere in the

Corinthiaand used for all the public buildings of the pre-Roman era. The walls are surprisingly thin, only ca. 0.45 m., but the orthostate course is ca. 0.47 m. thick. Clamps,all of the hook type, were used only at some of the crucial points in the superstructure. The exposed surfaces, except in the rear and on the lower part of the east and west end walls, were finished smoothly and covered with a fine stucco, varying in thickness from two millimeters to practically nothing. The entablature of the fagade and the Ionic column capitals were richly decoratedin colors,and the wooden ceiling over the Stoa proper must have been similarly painted. In its architectural design and refinements and in the meticulous care with which it was constructed the South Stoa is one of the finest examples of classical Greek architecture, comparing favorably with the best of the secularbuildingsfrom the Periklean era in Athens.

CHAPTER

I

REMAINSOF THE PRE-STOAPERIODS BUILDINGS Prior to the construction of the South Stoa the area along the south side of the Agora seems to have been occupied with a large number of smaller structures, the nature and purpose of which cannot readily be determined at the present time. They do not, strictly speaking, come within the scope of the present study, and no systematic effort has been made to uncover all the earlier foundations within the area of the Stoa. What has been uncovered in the study of the Stoa itself is part of a large complex of houses and public buildings which will be systematically investigated as a part of the Early Greek Agora. It is likely that some of these structures were completely removed when the foundations for the Stoa were laid. This is particularly true of the eastern half of the building, where the ground level in the pre-Stoa period was higher and had to be cut down. The opposite condition obtained in the western half, where the earlier ground level was considerably below that of the Stoa stylobate. The orientation of the early walls, especially those at the east end, is more nearly according to the cardinal points of the compass than is that of the Stoa, but there is considerable variation in this respect. A little to the north of the northeast corner of the Stoa, within the area of the Stoa terrace, there is a short wall extending almost due north-south for a distance of nearly 2.85 m. (P1. 2 i; Plan I). It appears to be a terrace wall with a straight line toward the east and irregular on the west side. Since it extends southward almost to the foundations for the Stoa facade, its southward extension was

probably largely removed when these foundations were laid; its north end is interrupted by the east end of the Stoa terrace, now concealed beneath the foundations for the East Portico. There are traces within the Portico of this early terrace wall, which extended toward the north for a total distance of over ten meters. The preserved top of the wall in front of the Stoa is ca. 0.33 m. below the marble pavement of Roman times. North of shop IV a small building (Plan I) of the pre-Stoa period was excavated in 1946 and 1950.1 Traces of two rectangular rooms were found, with walls of very poor construction, consisting largely of uncut stones and some squared blocks laid in a mortar of clay and preservedto a height of only 0.30 m. The orientation is very nearly north to south. The north half of the structure consists of a small room, 1.85 m. wide and ca. 3.50 m. long, measured on the inside. Within this area were found several terracotta figurines and a considerable amount of pottery. In the southwest comer of the area is a well, excavated in 1950, into which a rock-cut channel leads from the north (P1.41). The shaft, which has a depth of only 6 m., probablynever had water of its own but seems to have been filled from the conduit at the top and was thus in the nature of a reservoir. Possibly it was intended as a manhole to a cistern, which for some reason never was completed. Whatever its purpose, it was abandoned at an early date. Below the first fifty centimeters of fill the well containedmuch 1 Some of the pottery and other objects from this area are described in Hesperia, XVI, 1947, p. 238, and XX, 1951, pp. 293ff. 7

8

CORINTH

pottery from the first half of the sixth century B.C. The pottery from near the top, however, extends to the middle of the fourth century B.C. (see below, p. 95). A second room further south was almost wholly destroyed by the foundation for the front wall of the shops. Its east wall has been followed for a short distance beneath the floor of shop IV, where the marble flooring of a later Roman structure prevented further excavations in that direction. The deposit of terracotta figurines and vases found within the ruins of the roomsseems more appropriateto a shrine or public building than to a private dwelling. Of particular interest are a figure of Aphrodite riding a swan and a pregnantwomanseated in a chair.Both of these would be suitable dedications to Aphrodite,but they do not offersufficient evidence to identify the building as a cult place of the goddess. About four meters west of the northwest corner of the buildings just described there is a small foundation 1.65 m. long with the same orientation. A few early Greek sherds were found close to it on the west side of the wall. It may have been part of a larger structure, which had some relationto the better preserved buildingto the southeast. No systematic investigation below the Stoa floor was made at this point, and it is possible that other walls of the same complex are preservedin the vicinity. The next building encountered within the area covered by the Stoa and its terrace is a small underground shrine which has been studied and describedelsewhere.2It is located north of shop XIX (P1.3 i; Plans III, IV) and ca. 5 m. from the foundations for the fa9ade of the Stoa. It seems to have been constructed in the sixth century and was abandoned in the fourth century B.C. The terrace wall cut across the shrine so as to cover the greater part of it beneath its floor. Like the other buildings of pre-Stoa date, the shrine is oriented diagonally with referenceto the Stoa a See Charles H. Morgan, A.J.A., XLI, 1937, pp. 545ff., pl. XIII; and Broneer, Hesperia, XI, 1942, pp. 142ff.

but deviates more from the north-south direction than the buildings farther east. It seems to be closely related to an eighth and seventh century B.C. cemetery, one tomb of which was found within the area of the Stoa north of shop XXIII. The original Greek ground level in the vicinity of the shrine is nowhere preservedand all traces of the terrace wall have been removed in this area. Almost in line with the rear wall of this sanctuary and some 17 m. farther south there is a piece of a wall extending southwestward from the foundation for the 23rd of the inner columns of the Stoa, counting from the east end (Plan IV). It is approximately 4.60 m. in length, and its width varies from 0.35 m. to 0.50 m. It consists of a row of thin blocks resting on the stereo, with its northwest face very nearly straight and the other side quite irregular. The top of the wall is ca. 0.32 m. below toichobate level; at one time this seems to have been the ground level in this area, as is indicated by well marked wheel ruts in the top of the wall. The road probably was in use in Late Roman times after the partial destruction of the Stoa (see below, p. 144). The most extensive of the pre-Stoa structures revealed within this area was investigated by Charles H. Morgan in the spring of 1953 north of shops XXVII-XXIX (Fig. 1).3 Its orientation is roughly southeast to northwest. Its walls and floors (P1. 3 2) are sufficiently well preserved to permita restoration of a large section of the ground plan. As restored by Morgan the entrance was on the northwest side. There were several rooms surroundingan open court within which stood two tables flanking the approach from the doorway, and a platform or miniature stage stood on the northeast side of the court. Facing the "stage" on the southwest side were two small cubicles of irregularshape. Of the three large rooms on the northwest side, one seems to have been a bath and another may have 3

Hesperia, XXII, 1953, pp. 131ff.

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10

CORINTH

served as a kitchen. A small niche within the entrance way, now largely concealed beneath the Stoa terrace wall, may have contained a statue. The southeast half of the building complex was probably removed when the front foundation of the South Stoa was laid; medieval storage pits, Byzantine graves, and other late intrusions have caused further destruction to the ruins. The earliest of the walls were constructed in the sixth century B.C., but the buildingseems to have received its final shape in the course of the fifth century or possibly as late as the fourth. At the time of construction of the terrace wall, subsequent to the erection of the South Stoa, most of the building was demolished and its material re-used for the terrace foundation which extends diagonally across the court. The top of the terrace was slightly over one meter above the floor level of the building (P1. 3 2), and since the area to the north of the terrace wall seems to have been filled up about the same time, it is unlikely that any part of the building continued to be exposed. Some patches made in the floor of the entrance way, subsequent to the destruction of the building, probably date from the time of construction of the Stoa and the terrace. Although most of the building must have been demolished, parts of it may have been left standing for a time to serve as a construction shed. Within the building Morgan found a large number of drinkingvessels and many types of figurines, including snakes, doves, and female figures holding doves. These objects and the peculiar plan of the surviving part of the structureled Morganto the conclusionthat the building had served as a tavern and house of entertainment in association with the cult of Aphrodite. This conclusion receives further confirmation from the deposit of somewhat similar significancein the building at the east end of the Stoa (see above, pp. 7 f.). Other objects which apparently served some cult pur-

pose have been found in the Stoa, not far from the building investigated by Professor Morgan.4 Within the area covered by the Stoa and the shops, south of the building investigated by Morgan,there are many traces of earlier occupation. The fill is here fairly deep and wherever investigated it contained early pottery beginning with Early Helladic times and extending into the sixth century.5 Within the area covered by the Late Roman baths, over shops and rearcompartmentsXXV to XXVII, several pits dug below the Roman floor level revealed foundations and cuttings in stereo, which by their orientation and character indicate that they antedate the Stoa. In the southwest corner of shop XXVI are remains of an ancient structure, the floor of which is 1.85 m. below the Stoa toichobate level (Plan V). At this depth there was a small channel, 0.12 m. wide and 0.14 m. deep, extending diagonally from the southwest corner of the room toward the northeast. A wall of poros blocks resting on a foundation of smaller stones runs diagonally across the corner of the shop at right angles to the channel. The ground level indicated by this wall was only ca. 0.50 m. below Stoa toichobate level. From here the ground descended by step-like jogs to the southeast corner of the shop, where it was ca. 0.95 m. below the shop floor. The foundation of the Stoa wall here consists of only two courses with a combined depth of -0.87 m. (see below, p. 18, note 3), but growing deeper toward the west until it reaches a depth of 4 Of special significance in this connection is the terracotta altar found in shop XXX (Broneer, Hesperia, XVI, 1947, pp. 214ff.) and the terracotta tetrapod found in the Stoa in 1950 (Hesperia, XX, 1951, p. 296, and pl. 94a; and Robert E. Carter, Hesperia, XXII, 1953, pp. 209-214). Professor Martin P. Nilsson has suggested, in a private letter, that the terracotta altar may have been used in a house cult, and perhaps some of the other dedications were similarly employed. If this interpretation is correct, the building studied by Morgan and other less well preserved structures may have been private dwellings. The prevalence of objects associated with Aphrodite is not necessarily incompatible with such a view. 5 0. Broneer, Hesperia, XX, 1951, pp. 293ff.

REMAINS OF THE PRE-STOA PERIODS

-1.85 m. and consists of four courses close to the corner. This uneven depth of the foundations was caused by the earlier buildings at a level below the floor of the Stoa. A piece of an early foundation, ca. 0.60 m. in width and preserved to a length of 2.50 m., was found in the northwest cornerof rear room XXVII (Plan V). Its top is 0.25 m. below toichobate level. It is made of uncut field stones of about the size of a man's head with smaller stones and clay filling the interstices. In a small pit dug north of the northwest corner of shop XXVII for the purpose of laying bare the full depth of the Stoa foundation at this point, insignificant traces of a similar wall were uncovered running approximately parallel to the wall in rear room XXVII. In the north half of shop XXX there is an L-shaped foundation, poorly built of small field stones laid in clay (Plan VI). Its preserved top is 0.65 m. below the toichobate. In the fill above this foundation was found some pottery extending into the fourth century B.C., but most of it was of earlier date6. A cutting in stereo with approximately the same orientation as that of the L-shaped wall within the shop is found in rear room XXX, and in the northwest corner of this room is a well which has yielded pottery of the sixth century B.C. It has not been fully excavated because a later wall overlies its mouth. In rear room XXXI part of the flooring and an L-shaped cutting for the foundation of some structure were uncovered, but no stones from the building were found in situ. The area covered by shops XXXI and XXXII contains considerable remains of earlieroccupation. In the center of shop XXXI there is a manhole which now opens into the large pre-Stoa reservoir described below. Because this early manhole existed in the very center of the shop, the shop well was moved more than 1 m. off center to the north (Plans 6 See references in note 4.

11

VI, IX). From the manhole a wall, preserved for a length of 1.50 m. and built very largely of re-used stones and pieces of tiles laid in clay mortar, extends diagonally toward the southeast cornerof the shop. At the south end of the wall is a large stone, the width of which is greater than the full thickness of the wall. The west face of the wall is smooth, but on the east side, where the pre-Stoa ground level was higher, the wall is rough and irregular. Its highest preservedpoint is about level with the Stoa toichobate. At the north end of the wall is the manhole, which seems to have caused destruction of the wall, hence the manhole and the reservoirbelong to a period later than that of the wall. On the west side of the wall, in the northwest corner of the shop, there is a floor made of fist-size stones laid in hard cement. This floor, which belongs to the same building as the wall just described,is 1.75 m. below the Stoa toichobate. On the west side of the partition wall between shops XXXI and XXXII, in the northeast corner of shop XXXII, one large stone is preserved from a wall running parallel to the early wall in shop XXXI. The face of the stone was partly cut away when the foundation was laid for the partition. The stone is all that remains of the wall along the west side of the room with fist-size stones in the flooring. Within shop XXXII there are three rectangular cuttings in the stereo, two oriented southeast to northwest,the third one, in the northwestcorner, southwest to northeast (Plan VI). The two parallel cuttings measure 1.15 m. and 1.49 m. in width respectively, and are preserved to a length of ca. 1.75 m., but their southeast ends were cut off when the large cistern was constructed. The floor of the larger of the two cuttings is ca. 2.50 m. below Stoa toichobate level. A great deal of pottery and some terracotta figurines of the fifth century B.C. were found in the fill of these cuttings.7 The presence of the cuttings and of 7 0. Broneer, A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, p. 566; and Gladys R. Davidson, Corinth,XII, The Minor Objects,p. 17.

12

CORINTH

the cistern underneath, which here had to be roofed by stone slabs because of the deep cuttings, necessitated the construction of especially deep and heavy foundations for the Stoa (see Plan VIII, Section E2-W2). What purpose these cuttings served cannot now be determined,but their orientation and nearness to the building whose floor is preserved in shop XXXI, would indicate that they were part of the same structure. Along the west edge of shop XXXIII the stereo has been cut down along a line roughly parallel to the cuttings in shop XXXII, and close to the wall is preserved a stele base, the west edge of which is cut off by the Stoa foundation (Fig. 2; Plan VI). Part

early structures are preserved here. In a pit dug close to the west wall in 1952 the edge of a floor paved with Greek pebble cement was found in situ, and fragments of broken flooring of the same type came from the fill against the foundation. The floor level is here at a depth of -1.32 m., ca. 0.43 m. higher than the floor preserved in shop XXXI. From this cursory description of the ruins of earlier buildings it becomes clear that the whole area was thickly occupied before the Stoa was constructed. It is not possible at this stage of our study of the classical city to determine the nature of any of these buildings with the exception of the undergroundshrine and the tavern described above. Further investigation of the fill beneath the Stoa floor and to the north may elucidate this problem; such a study can be made only as part of a general investigation of all the pre-Roman remains. WATER WORKS

In addition to the buildings whose remains can be traced within the Stoa complex, and doubtless connected with them, there are two undergroundwater works antedating the construction of the Stoa. The largest of these, which extends from the southwest comer of the building for some 40 m. toward the northeast (PlansVII, VIII), consists of severalinterconnected galleries and of one smaller channel extending toward the east. At the foundation of thestele, which like the base was made of for the twenty-eighth inner column and directly north of shop XXVII, a vertical shaft was found with toe holds in the side for descent into the reservoir (P1. 4 3; Plan V). Only one side of the shaft, to a depth of 1.36 m., is now FIG. 2. NORTHWEST CORNER OFSHOPXXXIII preserved, but originally it probably extended to a higher level. The shaft, constructed out of poros,is still left in the sinkageat the top of poros slabs, ca. 0.18 m. in thickness, had a the base. The west end of the Stoa proper, width at the top of 0.98 m. but was somewhat north of shops XXX to XXXIII, has not been wider at the bottom. From the shaft a stairway with ten steps and one half step at the top pits, and it is likely that other remains of led down to the east gallery of the reservoir

REMAINS OF THE PRE-STOA PERIODS

(Plan VIII, Section El-W1). The steps at the top have a tread of ca. 0.27 m. and a rise of 0.22 m., but the two bottom steps are less high. The shaft and the stairway, like the rest of the reservoir, are covered with a heavy coat of water-tight stucco, ca. 0.03 m. thick. It is extremely hard and durable; the core contains fine gravel, and on the surface is a smoothly finished layer, ca. 0.002 m. in thickness. The sloping arched roof over the stair shaft is 2.75 m. high above the steps at the bottom of the shaft. The whole stairway and the shaft, except at the upper end, seem to have been cut out of virgin soil, which is rather crumbly and flakes off wherever the stucco is damaged. All the steps are beveled at the edge to prevent damage to the stucco and resulting leakage of water. At the foot of the stairs the stair shaft continues at the same width as above for a distance of 0.88 m., then enters the eastern gallery of the reservoirat the northeast corner of the latter. The vertical comer at the juncture between the shaft and the reservoiris beveled like the edges of the steps. From the south side of the stair shaft, at a height of 0.56 m. above the floor of the reservoir, a smaller channel extends eastward for a distance of 6.50 m. (Plans VII; VIII, Section E1-W1, left end). It is not entirely clear how this connected with the stairway, because at that point the heavy foundation for the Stoa column cuts through both the channel and the stair shaft. The channel has a width at the bottom of 0.90 m. and a clear height of 1.62 m.; like the stair shaft and all the galleries of the reservoir,it is arched at the top. It terminates at the east in a circularwell, which extends up to the floor level of the Stoa and continues down below water level, here ca. 4.50 m. below the floor of the channel, and 8.785 m. below the Stoa stylobate. On either side of the well are toe holds spaced 0.450.55 m. one above the other. The whole well shaft both above and below the tunnel is

coveredwith stucco.

13

The eastern gallery extends from the stair shaft in a nearly straight line for a distance of 5.75 m. toward the west. At the east end, where it has been cleared to the bottom, it has a width of 1.67 m. and a height of 1.83 m. The central section is filled to a height of over one meter with earth and debris, most of which was probably thrown in when the foundation for the Stoa column was laid. At the very bottom, however, there is a fill, ca. 0.12 m. thick, of accumulated mud and silt from the time that the reservoir was in use. At a distance of 1.35 m. from the west end of the gallery a short connecting branch takes off at right angles toward the south. It is ca. 1.40 m. wide at a depth of one meter below the top; its length is only 2.70 m. At its south end it connects with the central east-west gallery, which runs roughly parallel to the east gallery and extends from the connecting branch toward the west for a distance of 14.25 m. It measures 1.46 m. in width at the bottom, and the ceiling is ca. 1.90 m. high above the floor. At its west end it opens into the somewhat irregular north-south gallery, which at the point of juncture has a width of 1.65 m. and a height of 1.90 m. This continues southward from the central east-west gallery for a distance of 5.50 m. At two meters from the south end there is a catch basin across the reservoir, 0.60 m. wide and 0.63 m. deep. At the very south end the floor drops to a level of 0.30 m. below that of the rest of the gallery, and here an oval manhole, 1.10x0.70 m. in plan, extends toward the top. It has the usual toe holds in the sides and is stuccoed all around. It has been cleared from below to a height of 2.70 m. above the floor; the rest is filled with stones and earth (Plan VIII, Section S'-N1). As shown in the plan, Plan VII, it was entered ca. 3.50 m. south of rear room XXIX in the area still unexcavated.8Thenorth On the floor of the manhole was found a small deposit of pottery and lamps (see below, p. 95, P1. 243), which has an important bearing on the date of the Stoa. 8

14

CORINTH

end of this gallery curves and bulgesirregularly and finally narrows down to a passage only 0.88 m. in width and 1.83 m. in height. Beyond this narrow point it widens again and the ceiling rises to a maximum height of 2.55 m. Here it connects with the east end of the long west gallery, which extends for a distance of 16.70 m. toward the southwest corner of the Stoa. At a point where the two galleries join there are two piers built of stone and covered with stucco (P1. 44; Plans VII and VIII, Sections E2-W2 and S1-N1). The eastern pier, oriented diagonallywith referenceto the galleries, is 0.47 m. wide and 0.305 m. thick below the capital. The four corners,except at the top for a height of 0.26 m., are beveled. The shaft has a height of 2.175 m. above the floor, and at the top is a plain capital 0.82 m. long, 0.605 m. wide and ca. 0.87 m. high, with the horizontal edges beveled. The second pier, 0.61 m. further west, is almost identical with the one described, but its dimensions are slightly larger. Both piers are finished with an accuracy and smoothness rather remarkable in a work of this kind, which was never intended to be seen by the public. These two piers, the only freestanding supports of the reservoir, may have been inserted because of the width of the span at the junction of the two galleries, and also because the wall described above, page 11, rests directly over the larger of the two piers. West of the second pier the long western gallery becomes more irregular in its construction. The pre-Stoa structures in the area covered by shops and rear rooms XXXIXXXIII extend almost to the ceiling of the reservoir, and the weight imposed by the foundations of the Stoa has caused the hardpan to crumblein many places. For this reason the fill in the reservoir,which reaches a depth of over two meters, has been left unexcavated so as not to endanger the reservoir itself or the foundations of the Stoa. At a distance of 1.80 m. west of the second pier there is a

gallery and there must have been a corresponding jog in the line of the wall at a lower level. About 1.50 m. farther west, near the southeast corner of shop XXXII, the ceiling along the south side of the reservoirhas been cut through by the foundations for the wall between the shop and its rear room. Beginning at this point and extending westward for a distance of 3.05 m., the gallery has a hip roof consisting of two rows of poros slabs leaning against each other at the top. The foundations of the Stoa run diagonally through the reservoir, and beneath the southwest corner of shop XXXII a heavy pier was constructed to support the roof slabs of the reservoirand the foundations of the Stoa (Plans VII and VIII, Section E2-W2). The pier, which rests on the floor of the reservoir,consists of five courses of large blocks, ca. 1.25 m. long, 0.67 m. wide, and 0.50 m. high. Since these blocks have the same dimensions as those used for the toichobate of the Stoa wall, there can be no doubt that the heavy pier was constructedas support for the Stoa foundation. The pier almost blocks the passage at this point, and the north wall of the gallery has been roughly hacked away where the corner of the pier comes closest to the wall. In the short stretch of the west gallery over which the ceiling is constructed out of slabs, the total height above the floor is only 2.66 m., but slightly to the west of the heavy supporting pier its height is 2.86 m. At 1.20 m. west of this point there is a wall across the reservoir, extending at one point to a height of 1.67 m. above the floor (Plan VIII, Sections E2-W2 and A-A). When this wall was constructed out of re-used poros blocks, with tiles and smaller stones filling interstices, the reservoir was already in ruins. The wall reaches down to within 0.39 m. above the floor of the gallery, and the earth on which it rests consists largely of hardened mud and silt. The wall is well constructed, and at one time it probably reached almost to the top of

recess at the top of the south wall of the the reservoir.The pot sherdsfoundin the fill

REMAINS OF THE PRE-STOA PERIODS

at this point indicate that the wall was constructed in Roman times, most likely in the first century after Christ. A half meter to the west of the cross wall there is an opening in the north side of the gallery, 1.72 m. high and ca. 0.43 m. wide (Plan VIII, Section A-A, and Elevation). It is lined with poros blocks on the sides, and at the top is a heavy block serving as lintel. This doorway opens into a well shaft, ca. 0.90 m. in diameter, cut through the Stoa foundations at the southeast comer of shop XXXIII (Plans VI, VII). The well is roughly cut, first through stone and then through stereo, and on the north side is a row of toe holds, but the south half of the well is lined with stones. The shaft communicated with the Stoa channel of the Peirene system (see Plan IX), but a modem concrete slab has been inserted at a depth of 6.68 m. below the Stoa toichobate, closing the well to prevent contamination of the village water supply. The stones of the wall in the south side of the well are deeply worn and smoothed by the jars pulled up into the doorway leading to the reservoir. The wall seems to have been constructed only to fill the shaft of another well dug in the very northeast comer of rear room XXXIII. It is not apparent why the first well was abandoned and the second shaft cut so close to it, leaving an opening communicating with the pre-Stoa reservoir. The finished well is certainly later than the Stoa and both are probably of Roman date. The wall across the reservoir, which is smoother on the west side than on the east, seems to have been constructed as a barrier, closing off the west end of the gallery. At a little more than 2 m. west of the cross wall a roughly rectangular chamber, ca. 2 m. wide at the opening and 1.35 m. deep, opens out from the north wall of the gallery. A bricklined shaft, with a diameter of 0.90 m., gave access to the reservoir from the rear room

15

chamber. From the north wall of the chamber there is an opening into another well shaft, which also seems to be later than the original constructionof the Stoa, but is very carefully and smoothly cut. It has a diameter of 0.88 m. and the usual toe holds in the sides. At the depth of 3.25 m. below the Stoa toichobate there is an oval niche in the north side of the well, 0.95 m. X 0.40 m. in plan and ca. 0.62 m. high. The upper part of the shaft cuts into the foundation for the wall between shop and rear room XXXIII, and a wall of rough masonry lines the mouth of the well. It is clearfrom their construction and from their relation to the Stoa foundations, on the one hand, and to the reservoir on the other, that all three wells just described, as well as the wall across the reservoir and the rectangularchamber,are later than the Stoa. From the heavy wear in the side of the Roman well west of the cross wall it becomes obvious that this end of the reservoirwas occupied for a long time during the Roman period; and since the water from the well was not raised to the floorlevel of the shop but only to the old reservoir,it must have been intended for use within the reservoir. Some of the wear on the side of the well may have resulted from the removal of the earth when the well shaft was dug, but the other signs of occupation in the west end of the reservoir prove that the doorway opening on to the well was intended for more permanent use. The suggestion comes close to hand that the old undergroundwater works west of the Roman cross wall were used in Roman times as a dungeon. The floor level at that time was probably ca. 0.80 m. above the stuccoed floor of the Greek period. At the west end the west gallery had a width of 1.63 m. and the height of the ceiling above the floor was 2.75 m. The end of the reservoir, as shown in the plan, Plan VII, comes directly under the west wall of the Stoa, which here rests on a comparatively thin layer of stereo

XXXIII throughthe roof of the rectangular (PlanVIII, SectionB-B). A stairway,0.61 m.

16

CORINTH

wide at the bottom and 0.74 m. wide above the fourth step, leads into the west end of the reservoir from the south. Six complete steps are preserved.At a height of 1.40 m. above the reservoir floor the stairway is interrupted and broken up, and two large poros blocks have been inserted upon which rests the foundation for the south wall of the Stoa. There is no indication of heavy wear in the steps, which, like those at the east end, are covered with water-tight cement and are beveled at the corners. Both stairs were apparently used for cleaning the reservoir rather than for drawing water. The water must have been drawn by buckets through the wells and perhaps also at the stair shafts at either end, not by direct descent into the galleries. The reservoir probably received its water supply from some source higher up the slope of Acrocorinth,perhaps from the source of the present Hadji-Mustapha Fountain; it is possible, however, that it took the rain waters from the roofs of the surrounding buildings. Unless it was rain water, it must have come from a considerable distance, since the water level in the area of the reservoirat the present time is ca. 4.50 m. below the floors of the galleries. Only at one point, in the well at the east end of the small channel, does the reservoir connect directly with any natural source of water, and it is unlikely that the galleries were filled with water from this well. It may, however, have served as an emergency supply. The winding course of the reservoir with its channel and several galleries is probably to be explained on the theory that the water supply served several establishments in the vicinity, each ownerwishing to have water near at hand. The floors of all the galleries have a gentle slope toward the south center, the low point being at the oval manhole south of the Stoa. The differencein level between this point and the two extreme ends, slightly more than onehalf meter (see levels in Plan VII), is not due

manhole itself extends to a depth of ca. 0.30 m. below the floor of the reservoir, and a catch basin, the floor of which constitutes the lowest level of the whole reservoir,cuts across the gallery a short distance to the north of the manhole. The purpose of these arrangements was probably to make it possible to draw from the manhole even at very low water level, and the catch basin would prevent silt from reachingthe point where the water was drawn. A smaller cistern, unconnected with the great reservoirbut perhaps planned as part of the same water works, is reached from an oval manhole in the Stoa, 2.50 m. to the north of the doorway into shop XXXIII (Plans VII and VIII, Section S2-N2). The manhole measures 0.97 x 0.56 m. at the top, and in the sides are the usual toe holds, ca. 0.50 m. apart. Its total depth below the Stoa toichobate is 5.52 m. From it a narrow channel, the bottom of which is 0.55 m. above the bottom of the manhole, extends southward in a straight line for a distance of 7.85 m. At the north end the channel measures0.51 m. in width and 1.72 m. in height. Both the manhole with its cuttings for steps and the channel are cut in stereo and covered on all sides with water-tight cement of the same type as that used in the great reservoir.At a distance of 3.70 m. south of the manhole there is now an opening in the west wall of the channel connecting with a circular well shaft in the northeast corner of shop XXXIII. The connection between the channel and this well is probably accidental, but it is not entirely clear which of the two is the earlier. Presumably the well was there, unknown to the makers of the cistern, and the wall between the two, only 0.25 m. thick, broke through at a later period. The channel continues 4.20 m. beyond the well. At the end, where it measures only 1.52 m. in height and ca. 0.42 m. in width, there is a triangular extension with a sloping roof, projecting 0.44 m. beyond the end of the channel. Since this

to accident or settling of the ground. The funnel-shapedextensionis coveredall around

REMAINS OF THE PRE-STOA PERIODS

with cement, it is obviously a part of the original cistern, but it is not clear what purpose it was intended to serve. As shown in the plan (Plan VII) the south end of the cistern comes within 0.55 m. of the north wall of the western gallery of the great reservoir, and the floor of the cistern, which slopes perceptibly toward the north (Plan VIII, Section S2-N2), is about level with the floor of the reservoir. Perhaps the funnel at the end of the cistern is nothing more than the first impression from the pick for a further extension toward the south. It may have been the intention to join the cistern with the western gallery of the reservoir, but for some reason this plan was never carriedout, and the narrowchannelwith its single opening at the north end remainedas a separate cistern. It looks very much like the result of a disagreement between two owners unwilling to share the available water supply. Since there is no other opening in the roof, the cistern must have received its water through the manhole at the north end, which would have been used also for drawing the water. The slope of the floor toward the north and the depression at the bottom of the manhole, like that in the south manhole of the great reservoir,were intended to facilitate the drawing of water at low level. The cistern is so narrow that it is difficult for a man of average size even to turn about in it, and it is rather remarkable, a telling testimony to the high

17

standard of technical skill, that the makers were able to apply the water-tight cement with such care and accuracy in this narrow space. The orientation of the cistern and of the great reservoir is approximately the same as the orientation of the pre-Stoa remains at the west end.9 The great reservoir and the cistern are so similar in construction that they were probably made about the same time. The reservoir was in use until near the middle of the fourth century, and presumably the same is true of the cistern; both seem to have been discarded and partly destroyed when the South Stoa foundations were laid. For the date of their construction immediate evidence is lacking. Their excellent state of preservation and the lack of wear on the steps are indications that their time of use was comparatively short. Since they were obviously constructed for the convenience of the occupants of the buildings, the floors and foundations of which are still partly concealed beneath the Stoa floor, they may belong to the same period as the pre-Stoa tavern, whose constructionseems to date from the end of the fifth century B.C., or from the early decades of the fourth century. 9 There are several reservoirs of analogous construction at Perachora, one of which is published by T. J. Dunbabin in Perachora,pp. 11-12, fig. 5. The reservoirs at the Asklepieion in Corinth (Carl Roebuck, Corinth,XIV, pp. 96-110) are of a different type, with draw basins in front approached from the ground level of Lerna, in a manner similar to the Corinthian Fountains of Peirene and Glauke.

CHAPTER

II

THE SOUTH STOAIN GREEK TIMES FOUNDATIONS The original ground level of the area occupied by the Stoa rose gently from northwest to southeast. At the western end it was about 1.50 m. below the Stoa stylobate; at the southeast corner, behind the Stoa, it rose considerably above the floor level of the building. The trench for the foundation of the fagade varies in depth according to the level of the ground before the construction of the building. It is approximately two meters wide, and at the east end it is two meters deep, increasing in depth at the west end.1 It is extremely well cut with vertical sides and smooth bottom. The virgin soil2 through which the trench was cut consists of a hard red, sandy soil, which in places has the firmness of rock. The trench is 0.30 m. to 0.40 m. wider than the foundation, leaving room for a narrow footing trench on either side. The foundations like the superstructureare made of the local poros stone and constructed in regular courses of headers and stretchers. At the east end the lowest course, sixth below the stylobate (P1. 4 2; Plan XIb),3 consists of headers, measuring approximately 1.60 m. in 1 Plan XIb, Section D, shows the depth of the foundation at the southeast corner, here only two courses below the euthynteria. Comparewith this Plan XIa, Section A, where the foundation for the west flank is nine courses deep. 2 In excavators' parlance this has become known as stereo,which in Greek means merely firm or hard. 3 The courses and levels, unless otherwise stated, will be referred to as plus, or minus, the stylobate-toichobate level which is numbered -1. Thus the lowest course of the foundation at the east end is designated by -6; the first course of wall blocks above the orthostates as +2. Whenever the phrase "below the toichobate or stylobate" is used, the count includes that course. Levels in the stoa area will also be given as plus or minus stylobate level at the southeast corner of the Stoa, which is 3.31 m. below the stylobate of the Archaic Temple and 81.55 m. above sea level.

18

length, 0.585 m. in width, and 0.47 m. in height, but there is some variation in their dimensions. The average width of the blocks, one-half the length of the stretchers, is equal to one-fourth the axial distance of the Doric colonnade. The stretchersin course-5 measure ca. 1.17 m. in length, 0.80-0.82 m. in width, and 0.43 m. in height. The headers of course -4 are here 0.435 m. high, their other dimensions corresponding to those of the lowest course. The blocks of course-3 measure1.17 m. in length, 0.79-0.80 m. in width, and 0.445 m. in height. This is the topmost course of the foundation proper, which forms the euthynteria. In one of the Roman reconstructionsits north edge was cut back 0.31 m. to a depth of ca. 0.26 m., or somewhat more than half its thickness (P1. 42 ). In the better preserved foundations for the east and west walls the euthynteria projects ca. 0.12 m. in front of the line of the surmounting step (Plans XIb, Sections A-D, and XIa, Section A). From the wear and tear and the splash qf water from the gutter in front of the Stoa, the exposed north edges of courses -1 to -3 were damaged and had to be repaired from time to time. At the west end, for a distance of five axial distances, other poros blocks were inserted (Plan VI), but along the rest of the front, where the original gutter was replaced by one of marble, the step in course-2 and the front part of the stylobate were cut away and restored in marble (see Plan XIb and P1. 51, showing beginning of poros step and west end of marble step at west end of Stoa). The extant blocks of course -2 now measure ca. 1.17 m. in length, 1.05 m. in

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

width, and 0.27 m. in height, but before the north edge had been cut away the width of this course was approximately 1.40 m. It formed a step with a tread of 0.325 m., which was carried around the corner at the two ends of the building, where it has a tread of 0.355 m.4 The stylobate course originally consisted of blocks measuring 1.055m.x 1.17 m. x 0.265 m. When the front steps of the Stoa were restored in marble in Roman times, some of the single blocks of the stylobate between the columns were removed and replaced with marble blocks, one of which still remains in the first intercolumniation at the east end (visible in Pls. 2 1, 23 1). Since the blocks on which the columns rested could not be removed without demolishing the fagade, only the front part was cut away and strips of marble inserted beneath the outer edge of each column (Plan XIb). The above description of the foundations at the east end applies to all but the last 20 m. at the west end. Here, because of the low ground level and the softness of the virgin soil, the foundation was made deeper by one course (P1. 5 3), and at the very west end there are in all ten courses below the stylobate level. The system of headers and stretchers described above was followed to the lowest course of the foundation throughout. All the blocks are fitted together with meticulous care, and anathyrosis, with a contact surface 0.15-0.18 m. wide, appearsin the joints of all the courses to the very bottom of the foundations. After the destruction of the Stoa in early Christiantimes, much of the front foundation was removed to be used for building material. For approximately one-third of the total length of the faqade all the courses were removed and the bottom of the trench exposed. 4 The outer edge, both of the toichobate and of the step below, is left rough and unfinished. From the drafted edge of the toichobate to the outer edge of the step the tread is 0.355 m., but the toichobate projects 0.05 m. beyond the drafting, making the tread 0.305 m. wide as measured from

the vertical edge of the toichobate. These measurementsvary slightly between the east and west ends of the stoa.

19

In the northeast corner of the building, where the inner face of the foundation for the east wall has been exposed, there are six courses below toichobate level (Plan XIb). The lower four courseshave a normalheight of about 0.45 m. each, except the bottom course, which measures 0.58 m. in height. They are laid in a regularsystem of headersand stretchers; the length of the stretchers is ca. 1.17 m., the same as that of the correspondingblocks in the north foundation. The upper courses are keyed into the foundationsfor the north fagade at the inside corner; the exact nature of the construction at the outer corner is hidden behind the foundation for the East Portico. The lowest course (-6) of the east foundation, which consists of headers, continues southward for a distance of only 1.85 m., and course -5 only a little farther. Courses -4 and -3 extend all along the wall to the southeast corner of the building, and somewhere south of the shop fronts a fifth course was added for a short stretch (Plan XIb, Section C). The north end of the foundation for the east wall, for a distance of 3.50 m. from the corner, has the same thickness as the north foundation, or ca. 1.60 m.; farther south it is decreased to about 1.30 m. The reason for this differenceis that the anta with which the wall terminates had approximately the same width as the lower diameter of the Doric columns and the entablature between the anta and the corner column had the full thickness. At a point opposite the intersection of the east wall and the wall between the shops and the rear rooms the outer face of the east foundation has been laid bare (Plan XIb, Section C).5 Here the lowest course, -5, consists of stretchers, one of which measures 1.23 m. in length and 0.40 m. in height; above lies a course of headers, 0.435 m. high. 5 Because of a modern road above the east end of the Stoa it proved impossible to leave the whole foundation for the east wall exposed. Three arched niches (P1.71) were made in the retaining wall built along the road in order to show the well preserved construction of the Stoa foundation at this point. The southeast corner has been left similarly exposed.

20

CORINTH

The stretchers of the euthynteria course, -3, have the normal length of 1.16 m. - 1.18 m., and a height of 0.445 m. The vertical edge on the north side of a joint and the horizontal edge at the bottom of each block are deeply beveled, and the face of the block is rough. Course-3 projectsbeyond the two faces of the course above, 0.10 m. on the outside and 0.30 m. on the inside of the building. As shown in Section C, Plan XIb, the lower two courses project toward the inside, and on the outside they are set back so that the euthynteria course overhangs.This irregularityin the foundation may be accounted for by the fact that the east wing of the Stoa is 0.10 m. wider than the west wing. Whether this difference was madeonpurposeorresultedfrominaccuracy on the partof the architect,it affectedthe lengths of some of the wall blocks in the three east-west walls of shop and rear room I (Fig. 3). Course -2 is the step, the tread of which is 0.355 m. (see above, note 4) and the riser 0.27 m. Upon this course rests the toichobate, which measures 0.267 m. in height and 0.61-0.70 m. in width. The blocks, like those of the north foundation, have a length of ca. 1.17 m. At the lower edge is a triple drafting, the lower band of which is 0.056 m. high, and set back 0.026 m.; the second band, 0.02 m. high and only 0.005 m. deep; and the third 0.015 m. high. Above this band the edge is beveled off, and the upper part left roughly finished. At the southeast corner of the building the foundation has been exposed to a depth of three courses below the toichobate (Plan XIb, Section D). In course -3 the corner block measures1.02 m. in length on the east side and 1.08 m. on the south side. The greater dimension on the south side is due to the differencein the length of the blocks in the walls of the shops and storerooms. The normal blocks measure approximately 1.24 m. in length in the east-west walls, and 1.20 m. in the northsouth walls, as compared with a length of ca.

1.17m. in the north,east andwestfoundations

of the building (Fig. 3).6 Course -2 is beveled at the lower edge, as it is further north, but the block adjoining the comer block toward the north is not beveled. The step course and the toichobate at the corner are cut out of one large L-shaped block having the combined height of the two courses, or ca. 0.54 m. (Plan XIb). The drafting along the bottom of the toichobate is not carried to the corner, but stops short with the block next to the corner block. The ground level east of the Stoa seems to have been considerably higher here than the level of the toichobate, and consequently the irregularities in the treatment of the blocks were not visible. The foundation for the west wall (Plan XI a) correspondsin the main with that of the east wall but extends down to a far greater depth at its north end. It proved impractical to expose the outer face at the northwest corner, because foundations of two ancient buildings not yet investigated adjoin the Stoa at this point. About two meters farther south, however, the west face of the west foundation has been exposed to the top of the lowest course. The foundation here consists of eleven courses below the toichobate, with a total depth of 4.50 m. On the inside, a little to the south of this cutting, as shown in Plate 5 2 and Plan XI a, the same foundation is only nine courses deep. The coursing is perfectly regular, but the surface treatment of the three upper courses differs somewhat from that of the corresponding courses at the east end of the building. The ground level was so much lower on the west side than on the east that courses -1 and -2 were entirely exposed when the building was constructed. The euthynteria course,-3, is somewhat more smoothly finished 6 The discrepancies in the normal length of wall blocks between the east and west wings, as seen in Figure 3, is due to the difference of ca. 0.10 m. in width between the two wings. The length 1.17 m. in the north, east and west foundations is used for convenience, instead of the theoretically correct measurement of 1.1696 m. (see below, p. 33), obtained by dividing the length of the fa9ade into the requisite number of axial distances.

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES ? f/'S 1223 '^

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BLOCES

22

CORINTH

than at the east end. At the vertical joints the south end of each block is beveled, but this is not carriedthrough with the same consistency as at the east end of the Stoa. The step at the west end has the same triple drafting as the toichobate course, which is similarin profileto that at the east end (P1. 5 4). The outer edge both of the step and of the toichobate are left unsmoothed above the drafting, although exposed above ground. Apparently the topmost of the existing three fasciae was to be carried to the top to form the finished edge of the course, but this final dressing was not carried out. Probably the road level west of the Stoa was raised before the building was finished, so as partly to cover the face of the step and the euthynteria. This was certainly the case when the poros bench (see below p. 30) was added to the outer face of the wall. The west wall ends toward the north in a broad anta corresponding in width to the column at the corner; consequently the foundations at the corner have the same thickness as that of the north fagade, approximately 1.60 m. The anta, as indicated by the weathered surface, measured approximately one meter on the face,7 or more than twice the thickness of the wall, which is only 0.475 m. at orthostate level. The foundation for the wall itself south of the anta has a thickness of ca. 1.30 m. The foundations for the interior Ionic colonnade are as a rule less deep than those for the outer walls. A few of the foundations have been entirely removed, leaving only a square cutting in stereo. Since the columns are widely spaced, the axial distance being twice that of the outer colonnade, each column had a separate foundation. In some cases it consisted of only two courses, the upper of which was always a single block; but at the west end, where the original ground level is lower, the

foundation for one of the inner columns was as much as five courses deep (Plan XIVb).8 The 28th inner column from the east end had the exceptional depth of ten courses (only six preserved in situ), extending to the bottom of the east channel of the great reservoir (see above p. 12 and Plan VIII, Section El-W'). In each of the lower courses there were two blocks, approximatelytwice as long as they are wide, arranged so as to break joints regularly in alternate courses (P1. 4 3; Plan VIII, Section El-W1). The blocks vary between 1.83 m. and 1.40 m. in length, but as a rule the length in any one of the foundationsis very nearly the same in all the courses. The stylobate, consisting of a single square block at the top of each base, measuresca. 1.13 m. on the side, and 0.42 to 0.46 m. in height, and its top is ca. 0.10 m. above the stylobate of the facade. The other courses vary considerably in height; as a rule they are somewhat higher than the top block. Like the blocks of the outer foundations they are cut with great care, and with anathyrosis at the joints. The blocks in the lower courses were let down in the square cutting by means of a rope held in place by notches in the cornersof the blocks (see PI.61). Between the interior columns and in line with them was constructed a row of foundations for monuments of various kinds and sizes, most of which are approximately at the same level as the top block of the foundations for the columns. They are particularly numerous in the east half of the Stoa. It is not clear from the construction whether the bases are contemporary with the first period of the Stoa, but it seems likely that most of them are later, and some are probably of Roman date. In front of shops V-VIII foundations for bases occupy the entire space between two columns (Plan II); when the monuments sup-

7 The total width of the anta sill (toichobate) is 1.12 m. Along the rest of the wall the toichobate projects ca. 0.09 m. on either side. If the projection was the same at the anta, this would leave a net width of 1.12-(0.09 x2) = 0.94 m., which is nearly the same as the lower diameter (0.96 m.) of the corner column.

8 Heermance (A.J.A., VIII, 1904, p. 434) dug to the bottom of the foundation for one inner column, which had six courses, with a total depth of 2.73 m. He did not specify which column foundation he had cleared; in our excavations only a few of the foundations at the west end were exposed to the bottom.

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

ported by these substructures were standing the area north of the interior columns was effectively shut off from the space immediately in front of the shops. It seems unlikely that such a division of the space was intended when the Stoa was built. For the rear wall of the Stoa a foundation trench was cut, ca. 1.40 m. wide. Near the east end, behind rear rooms III to VI, where the whole foundation has been removed (P1. 62) and the construction at the ends of the extant portions can be clearly observed, the foundation consists of three courses with a total depth of 1.40 m. In the southeast corner of rear room II there is one more course in the rear foundation, but the total height of the lowest course has not been exposed. Here the foundation is constructed as follows: Course -3 consists of a double row of stretchers, measuringapproximately1.24 m. in length and 0.60 to 0.65 m. in width. The total thickness of the foundation at this level is ca. 1.25 m. Course-2, which consists of headers, 1.00 m. long, 0.455 m. high, and 0.60 m. wide, projects 0.25 to 0.35 m. from the line of the wall on the inside, and ca. 0.10 m. on the outside. Course-1, the toichobate, consists of a single row of stretchers, 1.20 to 1.27 m. long, 0.70 m. wide, and 0.43 m. high. At the southwest corner of rear room I the corner block projects 0.62 mi. toward the east, and 0.52 m. toward the north, beyond the line of the toichobate course. In the cornerformed by the southward extension of rear room I and the rear wall of the Stoa, behind rear room II, there is a similar block extending to the west and south of the two foundations, but smaller than the block just described. These blocks with projecting corners, as will appear later, are a characteristic feature of the foundations for the south half of the Stoa. The toichobate course in the rear of rear room I is higher than the normal courses of the foundation, having the combined height of the step and the toichobate course of the

23

east foundation, a total of ca. 0.535 m. At the southeast corner of the building the large L-shaped block described above is cut down on top in its northward extension and the toichobate course of the east wall is fitted into the cutting (Plan XIb, Section at top). At the very corner, however, where it measures 0.54 m. in height, this L-shaped block has the height of the two courses. Apparently the builders considered this height undesirably great, because the course decreases in height toward the west. Thus at the southwest corner of rear room I it is only 0.50 m. high, four centimeters less than at the southeast corner (Plan XIb, Section D). The differenceis made up, not by an abrupt jog but by a gradual increase in the height of the course below, from 0.39 m. at the southeast corner to 0.43 m. at the southwest corner. Since a single row of blocks make up the total thickness of the south foundation at this height, the toichobate, course-1, like course-2 on which it rests, consists of stretchers, measuring approximately 1.24 m. in length and 0.63 m. in width, and decreasingin height toward the west as stated above. Thirty meters west of the east end of the Stoa, where the rear foundation is again preserved to its full height behind rear room VII, the toichobate measures 0.505 m. in height. Thus the gradual decrease is not carried beyond the west wall of the projecting rear room I. In the central section of the Stoa, where a series of Roman administrative buildings were constructed above the shops, the foundation for the rear wall exists in most places beneath the floor level of these structures, but has been exposed only in a few places. The construction appearsto be consistent throughout, but the depth of the foundation varies (see Section in rear of rear room XXVII, Plan XIVb). At the west end of the Stoa, where the original arrangement of the shops and rear

roomsremainedmore or less unaltereduntil

24

CORINTH

Byzantine times, the foundation for the rear wall, wherever exposed, corresponds in the main to that at the east end which has just been described. Beneath the western part of the building, however, the great reservoir existed before the construction of the Stoa, and in certain places the foundations had to be made exceptionally deep in order to reach firm ground. Furthermore, the virgin soil is here very crumbly and the original ground level was much lower than at the east end. These factors explain the exceptionally deep foundations at the northwest corner of the building (Plan XI a). At the southwest comer the foundations for the rear wall have been laid bare only on the inside, wherean early manholeand staircaseled into the great reservoir (Plan VIII, Section B-B). There are only three courses below the toichobate at this point. The lowest course, -3, is constructed of headers, 0.58-0.63 m. wide and 0.45 m. high. The length, which is nowhere revealed, is probably the same as at the east end, or ca. 1.25 m. Above this is the euthynteria course, consisting of stretchers, ca. 1.24 m. long and 0.47 m. high. At the southeast corer of rear room XXXIII is a large block, projecting 0.71 and 0.61 m. toward the west and north respectively. There is a similar but smaller projection in the southwest corner of rear room XXXII and another one in the corner formed by the southward extension of rear room XXXIII and the rear wall of rear room XXXII. These details are carried through with remarkable consistency at the east and west ends of the building. In the toichobate course at the southwest corner of rear room XXXIII there is an L-shaped block with the combined height, here 0.54 m., of the step and euthynteria courses of the west wall. As in the correspondingfoundation at the east end, the height of this course decreasestoward the opposite (southeast) corner of the room, where it is only 0.505 m. high. This difference

decreasein the height of the course and partly by a jog, one and one-half centimeters high, at the east end of the L-shaped corer block. Throughout the building the joints in the toichobate course have one beveled edge. This feature, obviously designed to facilitate the setting of the blocks, is also found, though with less regularity, in some of the lower courses. As has already been observed, the length unit of blocks in the foundations for the north colonnadeis 1.17 m., and the same unit is used for the foundations of the east and west walls. This measurement is dependent upon the interaxial distance of the columns in the north facade, and since the frieze seems to have been carried around the corners and continued along the east and west walls, the length of the blocks both in the foundations and in the walls is determined by the same factor. The shops and rear compartments, however, were laid out without reference to the columnar divisions of the building. The width of each shop is very nearly five meters, lacking only 0.035 . (164.47-[2x .315] 496 ) This 0.035m.-4.965m.. figure is arrived at as follows: the total length of the building on the toichobate is 164.47 m., from which is subtracted two times the distance from the center of the end walls to the edge of the toichobate, or 2x.315, leaving a net length of 163.84 m. to be divided by 33, the number of shops in each row. The measurementsare taken from center to center of the walls. In order to fit the blocks into this system differentlength units were used for the interior walls and for the rear wall. In the east-west walls the blocks have a length of ca. 1.24 m., as compared with 1.20 m. in the north-south walls. The length of the blocks was determinedby the dimensionsof the shops, which measure 4.965 m. in width and ca. 5.27 m. in depth, including the wall thickness. The width is made up of four blocks of ca.

of 0.035 m. is made up, partly by a gradual 1.24 m. each, and the depth by four blocks,

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

plus the thickness of a wall of 0.45-0.47 m. The inner depth, 4.80 m., of each shop and rear room is divided into four lengths of 1.20 m. each. The varying units of length in the building are indicated in Figure 3, but it must be borne in mind that slight variations occur throughout. The most striking differenceis in the east-west rear walls of the two wings, both of which are preserved above the orthostate (see above p. 20). The differencein the length of the blocks in the north-south and east-west walls is convincing proof that the size of the blocks was determined, not by the length of the foot used by the builders but by the overall measurements of the Stoa and its exterior and interior divisions.9 The interior foundations at the east end of the Stoa are only two courses deep. The blocks of the lower course in the east-west foundations measure approximately 1.24 m. in length, 0.68 to 0.72 m. in width, and 0.42 m. in height. At the intersections of the east-west wall which separates the shops from the rear rooms and the north-south partition walls there is a large block, measuring ca. 1.64 m. from north to south and 1.30 m. east to west. It is so much wider than the adjoining foundations on either side that all four corners project beyond the lines of the foundations (Fig. 4; P1. 7 1). A similar but smaller block forms the junction between the front wall of the shops and the partition walls, where there is no projection into the Stoa proper but only into the shops. Likewise in the back, where the partition walls tie into the rear wall of the building, there is a similar projection at the inside corners. The course with projecting corners is the euthynteria course proper,on which rests the toichobate course. In order to bring the toichobate of the inner foundations level with that of the east wall, the toichobate 9 Heermance, A.J.A., VIII, 1904, p. 437, commenting on the axial distances, which on the basis of a foot of 0.328 m. would come to 7 podes, 2 daktyloi, makes this observation: This measure "seems so little a natural round number to be employed that it is more likely to be the natural subdivision of a total length fixed by the circumstances of the site."

25

course was made approximately as high as the combined height of the step and toichobate courses of the east wall. As in the case of the

FIG. 4. BONDING OF COURSES AT CROSS WALLS

rear wall of the Stoa, however, this height was gradually decreasedso that the normal toichobate course has a height of 0.50 to 0.51 m. At the juncture between the east wall of the

Stoa and the two interior east-west walls,

26

CORINTH

the transition from the two low courses to a single high course was achieved by means of a short thin block, measuring in one instance 1.11 m., in the other, 1.14 m. in length, 0.60 to 0.65 m. in width, and 0.27 m. in height. Its east end was miteredinto the toichobate course of the east foundation. In the course below, i.e. the euthynteria course, a wide block extends from the east foundation into the shop, with the cornerprojecting toward the interior. The next blocks to the west in the two walls have the unusual lengths of 1.82 m. and 1.88 m. respectively. The small block described above is set down into this large block as shown in Figure 26 and Plate 7 2. Beyond these two long blocks the toichobate consists of blocks of regular length, approximately 1.24 m., ca. 0.60 m. in width, and 0.51 m. in height. At the intersection of the walls the four adjoining blocks are notched together in the manner shown in Figure 4 (second course from bottom). In shop XXXII, which was constructed partly over the great reservoir, the foundations for the walls are exceptionally deep. The rear wall of the shop consists of four normal courses below the toichobate. Course -4, which is quite irregular, consists of headers laid across the cover of the reservoir,to which the blocks are fitted in as the bedding for the course above. Course -3 is also made of headers, 0.60 to 0.64 m. wide, and ca. 0.43 m. high. The use of headers in both these courses is to be explained by the presence of the reservoir which required a broadening of the foundation. The euthynteria course, -2, which rests on the second course of headers, is more regular in construction. The blocks are 1.20 to 1.26 m. long and 0.43 to 0.46 m. high. The corresponding course at the east end of the building lies on the stereo. Although at the west end the foundations go down much deeper, the large block at the corner projecting toward the rooms is an invariable

extent of the projection varies. The purpose of these large blocks is apparent at the east end of the building, where they rest on stereo and thus provide a firmer bedding at the intersections of the walls. At the west end, however, where the foundations extend to greater depths, the large corner blocks can have served no such purpose,but were inserted at the same depth in the foundation for reasons of consistency. The toichobate course is of regular construction, but in shop XXXII it is ca. 0.52 m. high, slightly higher than in the shops at the east end. MASONS' MARKS Many of the foundation blocks have masons' marks, some of which recur many times. No effort has been made to find all the preserved marks; those that appear in Figure 5 have been copied from exposed parts of the foundations throughout the building. Sixty-three marks of thirteen distinct types have been observed, a few of which appear with slight variations. These thirteen kinds fall into five groups, divided according to the place in the building where they appear. The first group, Nos. 1 and 2, appears only on the stylobate of the north fa9ade; No. 1, which occurs only once, below the second column from the west end, might be regarded as a fourth variety of No. 12. Number 2, found on two blocks near the east end of the building, may be a setting mark for the columns, since it appears in the rear of the stylobate directly behind the center of a column. Only a few stylobate blocks remain, and it is quite possible that many of the others carried marks of some kind. The second group occurs on the rear edge of the first step in the north fagade. Number 3a is found on this course four times at the west end, two times right side up, two times upside down. Number 3b, a variation of 3a, is also found at the west end. A few blocks of the

feature of the euthynteria course, but the same courseare preservednear the middleof

27

TIIE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

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FIC. 5. MASONS' MARKSON BLOCKSOF STOAFOUNDATION

the fagade in front of shops XXIV and XXV, and here No. 4 occurs three times, in each case right side up as shown in Figure 5. There is a similar mark, but turned upside down, on the step course opposite shop II, and again it occurs on the same course in the east foundation, on the second block from the corner.It is possible that the preserved examples of No. 4 are of two kinds, one a lambda,found only at the east end of the building, the other an upsilon, used on the same course near the center. Numbers 5a and 5b are both found at the east end, on the rear edge of the first step; No. 6 occurs only once, upside down, also at the east end of the building. Except for No. 4, which occurs once on the corresponding course of the east wall and once on the same course of the west wall, the second group, Nos. 3-6, is found only on the first step of the facade. Only twenty-one blocks are preserved

of this course and of these five at the west end are markedwith the A (P1.1 2), three near the middle have the V, and six of the ten preserved blocks at the east end are marked, four with No. 5, one with No. 4, upside down, and one with No. 6. Since fourteen out of the preserved twenty-one blocks carry one of the six marks of group 2, it is possible that some of the other blocks were originally marked on the front edge, where the final dressingwould have resulted in their removal. The third group, comprising only two distinct marks, is found only on the toichobate of the shop fa9ade, in most cases on the north face. Numbers 7a and 7b are variations of the same mark, since in most cases a letter or group of letters may be written either from left to right or from right to left. The two varities of No. 7 occur in differentparts of the building along the entire wall, mostly on the

28

CORINTH

north face but twice on the rear side of the foundation. Number 8 is found four times, near the western end of the building, in front of shops XXVII, XXVIII and XXXII. The fourth group, consisting of three varieties of the same mark, No. 9, occurs twice on the rear of the step course in the east foundation and once on course -3 in shop XXXII. The fifth and most common group, which consists of four distinct marks, one with three variants, is found on blocks of the foundations anywhere throughout the building. Number 10 occurs eight times, No. 11 eight times, No. 12a six times, and Nos. 12b and 12c one time each. Number 13, which, unlike the others, does not seem to be a combination of letters, occurs four times.10Number 10, though usually found on the side, is probably the letter xi. Number 11, like the first part of 7a, is probably the letter chi but it is usually written as a cross. Numbers 12a and 12b, like No. 1, usually have the three short bars in a vertical position and the long barhorizontallyat the top, but sometimes turned the other way. In the South Stoa, as in most classical buildings, marks cut on the blocks of the foundations occur very frequently. All but the last group, Numbers 10-13, are distributed according to a definite scheme. These may have been used to designate which lot of blocks would go into a specific course in one of the foundations. It is probable, however, that they did not all serve the same purpose. The blocks of group 5, scattered throughout the building, may have been marks of the contractors who delivered the rough-hewn material to the site.ll 10 A somewhat similar mark but more carefully cut appears on seat foundations in the theater at Corinth; see Richard Stillwell, Corinth,II, The Theatre,p. 22. 11There is an urgent need for a general study of "masons' marks" in all their uses and at all periods of Classical architecture. A beginning of such a study has been made by Marian Holland in connection with an article, as yet unpublished, on the marks on the foundation of the Temple of Ares in Athens. Miss Holland has kindly shown me an excerpt of her article. The marks on the blocks from the Ares Temple, having been made to assist in refitting the blocks after the temple had been dismantled, are of a different

GUTTERS AND BENCHES In front of the Doric colonnade of the Stoa ran a gutter cut in poros blocks and lined with water-tight stucco. A section of the gutter would roughly form the arc of a circle. It may have had approximately the same depth as the later poros gutter at the west end, which is 0.15 m. deep, and ca. 0.30 m. wide at the top (seen in section in Plan XIa; cf. Pls. 22, 5 i). Of the original stuccoed gutter only a few small sections from the bottom are still in situ in the eastern half of the building (P1. 2 i; Plan XIb, top, left; the later marble gutter appears above the stuccoed Greek gutter), where the greatest preserved depth is 0.10 m. At regular intervals along the front were square clearing basins with an inside measurement of approximately 0.40 m. on the side and more than 0.30 m. in depth (P1. 42; Plans XIa and b, XIVb). There was one basin in front of the second column from each end, and along the rest of the colonnade they were spaced regularly opposite every fourth column, making a total of eighteen basins along the entire front (Plan Xa). Eight of these are preserved in whole or in part and the cutting for a ninth can be traced in the earth. The clearing basins seem to indicate that the water was led off into cisterns and used in the city. So far as can now be determined, the gutter sloped toward the nearest basin with a slight rise midway between two basins. Presumably each basin had an outlet at the top, but none is preserved,nor have any conduits been found through which the water was brought from the basins to larger containers. The best preserved portion of the gutter at the east end has a perceptible eastward slope, and the water at that point probably poured into a deep drain (P1. 2 l; Plan I). This seems also to have been the arrangement in Roman times, when a nature from the marks on the Stoa foundations. Scattered references to masons' marks are found in many publications, but the exact meaning of many different categories of masons' marks requires special treatment.

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

marble gutter without catch basins replaced the original one of the stuccoed poros. Along the east and west flanks of the building ran gutters of poros stone and lined with stucco. They differ from the gutter on the fa9ade by being triangular in section

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29

the rear wall and on the east flank is very rough, and a poros seat block with profiled front and a roughly circular, vertical cutting near one end (Fig. 6) was found in situ, set against the face of the east wall at the very corner of the Stoa. The two ends of the seat block were supported on stones resting on earth close to the wall. The top of the seat was 1.05 m. above the toichobate. Within the circular cutting, which extends through the thickness of the block, were found the fragments of a lagynos of peculiar shape dating from the late third or the early second century B.C. (Fig. 7; P1.7 3).12 It is difficult to see what connection there is between the seat and the lagynos, but the latter furnishes the evidence for the date of the seat and for the level of the ground at the corner of the building in the Hellenistic period. At the west flank a short section of the gutter has been laid bare at seven meters to

SHOWING

WALL

(Plans XIb, A; XIIIb), and the slope was toward the north. The gutter at the west end has a width at the top of 0.31 m. and a depth of ca. 0.17 m. Only short sections at either end are preserved,and it is not clear what disposal was made of the water. Probably the two gutters on the flanks made junctions with the north gutter at the northeast and northwest corners of the building respectively. The top of the gutter at the east flank is level with the top of the step course, and this must represent the ground level at the point where the gutter is preserved near the northeast corner. No trace of a gutter has been found along the south half of the east wall, although the foundations have been laid bare here in several places. In Hellenistic times the ground level at the southeast corner was ca. 0.60 m. above the toichobate level. The out-

side surfaceof the blocksat the cornerboth on

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12 Its peculiar feature is a tube projecting from the neck into the body in such a way as to make it impossible to empty the vessel except with the use of a siphon. See A.J.A., XXXIX, 1935, pp. 71 f.

30

CORINTH

the south of the northwest corner(PlanXIIIb). The top of the gutter is here at a lower level, only slightly above the euthynteria course. At the same distance from the corner were found in situ two blocks of a stone bench with a total length of 2.085 m. (seen in section, Plan XIIIb). The seat rests on three stones set on top of the projecting step course, their tops level with the toichobate. The bench is only 0.32 m. high and 0.41 m. wide at the top. It is not carefully finished, and the rough projection of the three stones on which it rests indicates that the bench is an addition, probably not intended from the beginning. The original ground level would have been approximately at the top of the gutter, and in the first period of the Stoa the step course may have served as a seat for loiterers and casual passers-by. When the ground level rose in the course of the two centuries before Mummius the bench was inserted at the higher level. The original gutter must have been buried by that time, and no trace of a successorhas been found. A gutter along the flanks of the building is not a necessity, since no water was here shed from the roof. There were roads, however, along the flanks of the Stoa, leading into the Agora at the east and west ends, and the gutters were probably intended to keep the rainwater that collected in the roads away from the walls and foundations of the building. Since the area at either end is still unexcavated, except for a narrow strip along the walls, the relation of the two roads to the Stoa and the level of the ground at the time of construction cannot be established with perfect certainty.

step at the east and west flanks of the building. On the front both the euthynteria and the two steps were partly cut away and other blocks inserted after the original stones had become damaged by wear and tear. One block of the stylobate, however, is preserved in its entire dimensions at the west end of the Stoa. It measures1.055 m. in width, 0.263 m. in height, and because of the corner contraction its length is only 1.08 m. instead of the normal 1.17 m. No part of the Doric columns on the fagade is preserved in situ, except one bottom drum of the corner column at the west end (Pls. 2 2, 5 4), which has a diameter of 0.906 m. at the bottom, measured in the flutes; the diameter on the arrises would be ca. 0.96 m. The diameter at the fluted neck of the capital measures 0.748 m. in the fluting, and 0.794 m. on the arrises (Fig. 8). Thus the total diminution is only 0.166 m. on the arrises, 0.158 m. in the flutes. The rate of diminution, however, increases perceptibly above the middle of the shaft. The lower four drums diminish at an approximately even rate, ten millimeters to each drum (ca. 0.62 m. high); the diminutionin the drums from the upper part of the shaft amounts to about twice as much. Although the diameters can be measured only in the flutes and absolutely accurate measurements to within a millimeter are in most cases impossible, this variation in the rate of diminution between the lower and upper parts of the shaft proves beyond a doubt that the columns had entasis. The corner drum at the west end shows no inclination toward the interior of the building. In the calculations given above the lower diameter is that of the corner column, which has the only bottom drum sufficiently well THE NORTH FACADE preservedto be accurately measured. It might The step and the stylobate of the fa9ade had be supposed that the corner column was a combined height of 0.53 m. The euthynteria slightly greater in diameter than the others, on which the step rested projected rather ir- but this seems not to have been the case, as regularly,0.12-0.17 m., from the edge of the shown by the following observations. Upon

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

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31

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the bottom drum of the westernmost column, from the west end stands another drum (also which is in situ, rests a second drum, slightly seen in P1. 2 2) with almost exactly the same displaced (Pls. 2 2, right, 5 4). Its lower dia- measurements as the second drum at the meter is exactly the same as the upper dia- corner. Consequently this must belong to one meter of the bottom drum; there can be no of the other columns near by, but since it has doubt that it is the second drum of the corner an empolion in the bottom it cannot be the column. In the space for the second column lowest drum, and it is too large to belong

CORINTH

32

higher up in the shaft. It differs only four millimeters in height from the second drum of the corner column, and the diameters of the two drums are almost exactly the same both at the top and at the bottom. In view of the close correspondence in dimensions between these two second drums, it seems safe to conclude that the corner columns had the same diameter as all the rest. The abacus measures 1.03 m. on the side, only 0.07 m. more than the lower diameter of the column, and 0.168-0.17 m. in height (cf. Fig. 8, where the dimensions are slightly different). The echinus has no perceptible curve. There are four annulets at the base of the echinus and the usual relieving surface on the bottom of the capital. The column drums, including the capital, have cuttings for empolia .0.6

^^o*'s

1 1 1%

1

o 'tqT

.

1

_--. 0.514 ----. FIG.

9. DORIC

COLUMN

CAPITAL

FROM FACADE

at either end (visible in Figures 8, 9; P1. 8 2), measuring ca. 0.08-0.14 m. on the side and ca. 0.08 m. in depth. At the bottom of this larger cutting is a smaller hole, ca. 0.045 m. square, and 0.05 m. deep, making the total depth ca. 0.13 m. The smaller cutting is not always in the center of the larger one (Fig. 9). Of the drums whose ends are exposed only a single example is without empolion at the lower end. This was obviously a bottom drum, but its sides have been trimmed off so as to make it difficult to calculate its diameter with accuracy.

The Doric colonnade had a height of approximately 5.70 m. About fifty column drums have been found scattered about in various parts of the building and throughout the Agora (Pls. 5 i, 8 i). They vary in height as much as 0.15 m., and there is no apparent regularity in the order of high and low drums, except perhaps in the topmost drum which may have been somewhat shorter than the others. The only two drums preserved from the top of the shaft measure 0.552 m. and 0.565 m. respectively; the average height of the others is ca. 0.62 m. Four capitals are preserved, all having the same height of 0.395 m. (Figs. 8, 9; P1. 8 2). Thus the total height of the column calculated on the basis of the drums, with nine drums and the capital, would amount to (8 x0.62) + 0.560+0.395 - 5.915 m. But this does not correspond to the height of the wall of the inner facade to be restored with the existing blocks. Unless we postulate the existence somewherein this wall of a course of less than half the normal height-and no fragments of such a course have been found-it becomes necessary, on the evidence of the wall blocks, to restore the Doric columns to a height of 5.705 m. In view of the wide variation in height of the existing drums and the comparatively small number preserved-less than one hundredth of the total number-such a height comes well within the possible range.13This is the column height used in the restored drawings, Plans XI-XIV and Frontispiece(Plan X a was made at an earlier stage of the investigation on the basis of a slightly different calculation). The ratio of the lower diameter to the height is 1:5.94, that of the diameter to the 13Apparently some of the columns were made up of nine short drums plus the capital; in others only eight drums made up the shaft. Thus eight drums with an average height of 0.595 m., plus one of 0.55 m., plus the capital of 0.395 m.

would make up the required height of 5.705 m. If the taller type of drum was used the same result would be obtained with seven drums having an average height of 0.68 m., plus one of 0.55 m., plus the capital. Since the tallest preserved drum is 0.706 m., and the shortest, not counting the two top drums, is 0.59 m., either of these alternatives is possible.

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

axial spacing is 1:2.327.14 If such a column seems squat for the fourth century B.C. (for the date see below p. 96), it is necessary to bear in mind that the Ionic columns in the same restoration become rather slender, and since the height of the latter depends on the height of the columns in the fagade, it is essential to keep the Doric orderas low as possible. To add one more drum to the outer columns would create insuperableproblemsin the restoration of the Ionic order and of the inner fagade. The interaxial distances may be calculated in three ways: a) by an over-all measurement of the length of the stylobate (with allowance for corner contraction), b) by the dimensions of the step blocks of the fagade, and c) by the dimensions of the architrave, frieze, and cornice. The total length of the Stoa, measured on the stylobate, is 164.47 m. By subtracting from this measure the length of two half corner stylobate blocks, or 1.08 m., the total distance from axis to axis between the two corner columns is 163.41 m., to be divided into sixty-eight normal axial units and two shorter ones at the two ends of the building. The interaxial distance at the two corners was reduced to 2.16 m. and the normal unit will be 164.47- (2 x0.54+ 2 x2.16) . = 2.3392. This is 68 so close to 2.34 m. that for practical purposes this dimension may be used and appears thus on the plans. The blocks in the foundation vary slightly in length, but the average block measures ca. 1.17 m., one-half of one axial distance. The architrave consisted of double blocks joined with hook clamps to each other at the back and to their neighbors at the ends. No backers from the faQade have been found 14 The nearest parallel among the dated Doric temples is the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, built between 366 and 326 B.C., approximately contemporary with the South Stoa. The corresponding ratios of this temple are ca. 1:5.86 and 1:2.29 (front), 1:2.26 (flanks). See W. B. Dinsmoor, The Architecture of Ancient Greece, ChronologicalList, opposite p. 340.

33

and only two incomplete blocks and some smaller fragments of the front half are preserved. The largest piece (visible in the upper left corner, P1. 8 3), now resting on a late wall in front of Shop XXII, has a length of 2.14 m. The taenia and regulae have been cut away, but faint traces remainwhich cannot, however, be measured with absolute accuracy. The preserved right end has anathyrosis, a dowel hole at the bottom, the cutting for a clamp at the top, and cuttings for two clamps, 1.07 m. apart, in the rear. The cutting nearest the preserved end is 0.70 m. from the end. If the two cuttings were symmetrically placed, a distance of ca. 0.25 m. would have to be restored at the left end of the block, making a total of 2.89 m. or about five centimeters more than the required length of 2.34 for the interaxial distance. The block is 0.45 m. thick, and since the backers probably had the same thickness, the total thickness of the architrave would be 0.90 m., which would leave 0.065 m. for the projection of the abacus on either side. Two adjoining fragments from the front half of an architrave were found built into a late wall north of shop XXIV (Fig. 10; P1. 8 3-4). One piece preserves a little more than half the total length of the block, the second piece is only 0.90 m. long. The maximum preserved length at the back is 2.29 m., only 0.05 m. short of the original length. The taenia and regulae have been cut away, but enough remains to admit fairly accurate measurements. They indicate a triglyph-metope unit of ca. 1.173 m., the regula having a length of ca. 0.468 m. and the space between the regulae ca. 0.705 m. A small fragment (P1. 8 5, right) preserving part of a regula with the comer gutta, found in one of the wells near the east end of the Stoa, supplies the missing dimensions. On this fragment the taenia at the top of the architrave measures0.062 m. in height. The height of the regula, exclusive of the taenia, is 0.04 m., the length of the gutta is 0.023 m., and the dia-

meter0.042 m. (The dimensionsin Figure11

34

CORINTH

V'

-'-

Ii

.-

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-.

?

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FIG. 10. ARCHITRAVE BLOCK FROM FACADE, FRONT HALF

vary slightly from those given here). The small fragment from the well has traces of color on a thick coat of stucco, which was probably applied in Roman times. The taenia was painted red; the regula, gutta and the face of the architrave are now white. If the regula was originally painted blue, as would normally be the case, the color has completely disappeared. The height of the architrave is 0.634 m., slightly more than one-tenth the calculated height of the column. Of the frieze several blocks are preserved, three of them (one visible in P1. 8 3, upper right) now built into the late wall in front of shops XXII-XXIV, in their entire length. They measure 2.33 m., 2.34 m., and 2.343 m. respectively in length. The triglyphs and the

taenia of the front face of all three blocks have been chiseled away, but in the proper light it is possible to distinguish the slightly smoother surface of the metopes. The height of the blocks is 0.745 m.; the total width is not preserved. Near the east end of the Stoa have been found five large fragments from the frieze (Fig. 12; P1. 9 1-3), and one piece, preserving an almost complete triglyph, was found lying in a drain north of the Bema. The triglyph has a width of 0.45 m. (for profile and measurements, see Figure 11, bottom), and the metope, measuredfrom the end of the block to the edge of the triglyph, measures 0.728 m. This gives a total of 1.178 m., 8 mm. more than the required length of the unit. The discrepancywas made up by a very slight overlap of the tri-

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

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glyph at the end of the block. The taenia above the frieze is 0.083 m. wide, and the projection is approximately 0.01 m. The total thickness of the frieze blocks is in no case preserved, but the existing blocks show that the frieze, unlike the architrave, consisted of single blocks, the thickness of which corresponds to the combined thickness of the two blocks of the architrave. One fragment has a total preserved thickness of 0.80 m., the others are approximately 0.65 m. Since the total required thickness through the triglyph is only ca. 0.90 m., and all the blocks show rough cuttings on one side, it is clear that single blocks made up the total thickness. One

"

fragment (Fig. 12, bottom; P1. 9 ), only a meter in length, preserves on the back a very flat taenia, the lower edge of which comes ca. 0.50 m. above the bottom of the block. If the taenia had extended to the top, its total height would have been ca. 0.25 m., but the

edge of the block is rabbeted for the insertion of a thin strip of wood beneath the ceiling beams (see Frontispieceand Plans XI a, XIVb). The unusual length of the frieze blocks may be accounted for by the desire on the part of the architect to lessen the load carried by the architrave which was weaker than the frieze because of its smaller height and was furthermore divided into two halves. The frieze

CORINTH

36

a", cu!.~~~~~~~~~~ru

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FIEZ,

blocks, though placed with the middle slightly (0.227 m.) off center of each column, would act as cantilevers and would thus carry nearly the whole weight of the roof.15 It may have seemed convenient to make the architrave as light as possible to facilitate the lifting and placing of the blocks on the columns. After the architrave blocks had been put in place, tied together with metal clamps and doweled 15 I have been unable to detect any cutting on top of the architrave or any undercutting on the frieze blocks to remove the weight from the architrave at the middle of the span. If such cuttings existed they must have been very slight.

G F

HOWNGFROT

T AD

ND

-^ AC

to the column capitals, the whole structure of the facade would have become comparatively rigid, and the much heavier blocks of the frieze could thus have been handled more easily. Neither clamps nor dowels were used for the frieze, but the blocks have dowel holes in the top for the fastening of the cornice (Fig. 12). There is no complete cornice block in existence, but numerous fragments (Figs. 14, 15; Pls. 9 4-8) have been combined to give all the pertinent details, as shown in Figures 11 and 13. The via, 0.131 m. wide, and the mutule,

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

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RESTORED

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CORINTH

38

0.455 m. wide, together measure 0.586 m. in reversa have been cut away, but what remains width, one millimeter more than is required to shows that the bearing surface resting on the make up an intercolumniation of 2.34 m. The frieze was ca. 0.67 m. wide. If its outer edge projected ca. 0.045 m. beyond the edge of the 68 i_______ frieze, as indicated in Figure 13, the bearing surface was reduced to a width of 0.625 m. On the inner edge (0.275 m. wide) of the frieze, the wooden ceiling beams and rafters must have rested, but this margin was reduced by W.[i the rabbet for a wooden strip to only 0.20 m. There are no cuttings in the back of the cornice block for these beams, and the block is in any case too thin to have the beams sunk into its thickness. The shallow depressions in the top (Fig. 14) must have been made when the 0 - 035 A terracotta sima was laid. There is a clamp cutWB O 035""^^^^^^0060 ting at the preserved joint and the other end AY must have been fastened to the top of the : r.1 .... ....... frieze with a dowel. Some of the frieze blocks (Fig. 12), however, have dowel holes both near the front and the rear, as if the cornice blocks extended clear across. Where that was the case the ceiling beams and rafters must have been fitted into cuttings at the rear edge of the cor" : ,^^^ ^-^ ^\ nice blocks. One of the frieze blocks (Fig. 12, -^-^77>. bottom) has a rough cutting in the top, ca. 0.18 m. wide and 0.04 m. deep, which must r.88 have been made for one of the wooden ceiling beams, perhaps at the time of repairs. The rafters were probably notched into the ends of the ceiling beams (as shown in Plan XIVb and Frontispiece), to remove any thrust from the walls of the building. The entablature of the fa9ade as well as the d 0^67 capitals of the interior columns and, pre,i sumably, architectural details of the shop oo 5o lt o Ei fronts were decorated with conventional deIeM ^"4 1 ..I I I6 signs, but only on a few small fragments are FIG. 14. HORIZONTAL CORNICE BLOCK the colors preserved. Two of these are shown differenceis too slight to be of significance.One in Plate 9 s. The hawksbeak moulding at the mutilated block (Fig. 14) from the cornice of top of the cornice has the usual Doric tongue the fagade was found in the foundation for a pattern, and a fragment from the astragal at Roman water tank at the west end of the the base of one of the Ionic capitals has a Agora. Its under side and part of the cyma design of chevrons in red and white. ___________

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

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39

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OF CORNICE

THE EAST AND WEST FLANKS The two steps of the facade return along the east and west flanks of the building, where they continue with approximately the same projection as they had in front (Plans XIIIa and b). At the northeast and northwest corners the stylobate for a distance of ca. 4.40 m. had the same width as on the fagade. The two walls terminated toward the north in a broad anta, the width of which correspondedto the diameter of the column, and the L-shaped projections forming the antae probably had the same thickness as the walls. At the east end the top of the toichobate at this point is not sufficiently well preserved to indicate this

BLOCK

AT NORTHEAST

CORNER

feature clearly. At the west end the broad section of the toichobate continues ca. 0.50 m. beyond the return of the wall, but the tooling and weathering seem to indicate that the eastward bend forming the anta was only ca. 0.47 m. thick (Plans VI, XII). Most of the east wall is missing except at the southeast corner, where two wall blocks are in place above the orthostates (Plan XIb, top). The orthostate blocks are ca. 1.05 m. high (but see below p. 92 on refinements), ca. 1.17 m. long, and ca. 0.465 m. thick. The height is very nearly the same as the combined height of two normal wall blocks; the length, as has been pointed out above, is determined by the dimensions of the Doric order of the fa9ade; and

CORINTH

40

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. 16. ANTA CAPITALFOUND IN WELL XXII FIG

the thickness is slightly larger than that of the normal wall blocks (0.45 m.) to allow for a projection of ca. 0.008 m. on either side. On the west flank (P1. 10 i) all but three of the orthostates are preserved in their original position. The existing portions of the walls are smoothly finished and stuccoed on the inside, but on the outside they are left comparatively rough, and the joints are beveled on one side as in the foundations. On the walls the outer surface to the thickness of the beveling was probably intended to be removed, but for some reason this was never accomplished.This unfinished surface may have extended as far up as the architrave, but could not have continued higher. The blocks from the two L-shaped antae are all lost with one possible exception. In one of the wells near the middle of the building were found two adjoining pieces of a poros slab that may be from one of the anta capitals. At the top is a hawksbeak moulding above a plain taenia (Fig. 16). The moulding turns the corner at one end and the other end is broken away. The block is only 0.457 m. high, too low to fit the regular coursing of wall blocks, and the moulding at the top seems rather small for an anta of such width, but it is difficult to think of

any other suitable place for the fragment. In the restorations this capital has been used for the antae and a course of that height has been restored in the wall. The combined height of this course and of the architrave, the next course above, is 1.091 m., only 0.031 m. more than the height of two normal wall blocks of 0.53 m. each.16The low course was presumably introduced on the two flanks in order to make up for two courses in the rest of the building (see restored cross section, Plan XIVb). The Doric entablature was carried round the corners and along the flank walls to the southeast and southwest corners of the building (Plan XIIIa). This is indicated by the length of the blocks in the east and west walls, which is the same as that required by the axial spacing of the Doric colonnade. Of the architrave course over the east and west walls no blocks have been found, but a small fragment from one of the metopes of the frieze in the west wall (Fig. 17) is preserved. It has the normal taenia, 0.083 m. high, at the top, and at the left edge a vertical band, 0.011 m. wide, is left without stucco where the edge of the 16

There are slight variations, usually only a few millimeters, sometimes as much as 0.014 m., in the height of ordinary wall blocks (cf. Figs. 19, 20, 27, 28, 29).

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES .07"

41

--

N.

TTO

FIG.

1

triglyph from the adjoining block overlapped. The other side of the fragment preserves a section of the cutting for the wooden strip which existed on the back of the frieze course on all four sides of the Stoa proper. The block cannot belong to the fagade because of its thickness, nor can it have come from the middle wall of the building because of the taenia on the front. The thickness is 0.445 m., approximately that of a normal wall block. But, since the face of the metope is set back 0.0435 m. from the face of the triglyph (Fig. 11), which would be flush with the architrave and wall face, the thickness of the metope block ought to be only 0.45-0.0485 - 0.4065 m. With its present dimensions it represents a wall thickness of 0.445+0.0435 = 0.4885 m. In order to allow for this discrepancy it is necessary to assume that the wall was thicker at the level of the entablature than lower down. One other block from the west flank (Fig. 18; P1. 10 2) with a taenia at the bottom is likewise finished and stuccoed on both sides, which would indicate that it belongs somewhere above the architrave level. Its length

17.

FRIEZE

BLOCK

FROM WEST

FLANK

...

and place of finding show that it belongs in the west wall, and since it had cuttings for clamps at both ends it must be placed high up near

4'

FIG.

18.

BLOCK

WITH

TAENIA

AT THE

BOTTOM

the roof. Ordinary wall blocks, even from the corners, never have clamps, and even the lintels over the shopdoors were not fastened by clamps to the adjoining wall blocks. The only logical place for the block in Figure 18

42

CORINTH

seems to be in the tympanum, in the first course above the horizontal cornice. The taenia at the bottom, though wider, would in a sense continue the plain band beneath the cyma reversa of the raking cornice (cf. Figs. 11, 13). The thickness of the tympanum block, 0.485 m., is significant. Its finished inner face must have been flush with the wall surface of the second story and with the back of the block from the frieze course (Fig. 17). The difference between the two (0.485-0.445 = 0.04 m.) is very nearly the same as the projection of the triglyphs beyond the face of the metope. The increase in thickness in the west wall from the normal 0.45 m. above the orthostate to 0.488 m. at frieze level presupposes a projection of ca. four centimeters, either on the outside at architrave level - a very unlikely anomaly - or on the inside, probably at the floor level of the second story where the floor masked the jog between the lower and upper parts of the wall. Several pieces of the cornices were found in the shop wells toward the east end of the Stoa. Most of the existing fragments of the horizontal cornice are too small to show whether they come from the front or from the flanks of the building, but one fragment of crucial importance (Fig. 15; P1. 95-7) can be placed exactly on the east fagade at the point where the raking cornice came down onto the horizontal at the northeast corner (Fig. 15). The top of the block slopes in two directions, toward the north following the slope of the roof and toward the east according to the slope of the overhang. The horizontal band across the top probably marks the lower end of the superposed block of the raking cornice, but the meaning of a clearly marked setting line is obscure. The raking cornice (Figs. 11, 15) has a hawksbeak at the top like that of the horizontal cornice, but the cyma reversa at the base of the soffit curves less sharply than the correspondingmoulding on the horizontal

cornice.The differenceis conditionedby the

different sharpness of the angle made by the soffit with the vertical line, which on the raking cornice is very nearly a right angle. THE REAR ELEVATION The South Stoa was designedto be seen only from the front and from the two ends. The rear wall was apparently unfinished to the very top, and it is clear from the use made of the spacebehindthe Stoa that it was not intendedto be viewed from that side. The ground level to the south along the two ends of the building was considerably higher than the floor of the building. Although each of the rear compartments, except the two at the ends, had a door in the rear wall, it is unlikely that these doors were intended to be used for entrance into the building from the outside. They led into rectangular areas paved with pebble cement, each one sloping toward the southeast comer where there was an outlet into a large drain that extended from one end of the building to the other (see Plans IX and XIVb, left). These paved areas were separated from each other and from the space to the south by roughly built walls which nowhere tie in with the walls of the building. The projectingwings at the two ends had no door in the rear, but a door at one time existed in the short north-south wall at the southwest cornerof the east wing (Plan XIVb, see below p. 58). Among the building blocks from the Stoa are a number of pieces with beveled edges (Fig. 19, lower right); other blocks have a corresponding beveling in the top (Figs. 19, 20; P1. 10 3). These are from slit windows of the type found in commercial buildings like the South Stoa.17The spacing and size of windows in the rear walls is largely a matter of conjecture. One block (Fig. 20) has a cutting very close to the lower edge, and if the slanting sur17 There were similar windows, 0.60 m. high, in the rear of the shops behind the Stoa of Attalos; W. Judeich, Topographie von Athen, pp. 355-356.

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

43

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FIG.

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0 FIGE IG

F2-t

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FO

B

F

19. BLOCKS

EA

ID

FROM REAR

/ - \..

'

*.

'""

^

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o

WINDOWS

face at the bottom be continued to the rear surface of the block it reaches to the middle of the block, leaving only ca. 0.25 m. of open window space. Another block (Fig. 19) is beveled at one end. From these two blocks the normal windows have been restored with a height of ca. 0.80 m. on the outside, and these 1 ,SC have been placed in the second and third wall course above the orthostates. There is space for two windows in the rear wall of each compartment in the first story; and in the second story, where there are no doors, three windows similarly spaced have been restored.18In the 18 The block shown in Figure 19, lower left, and Plate 103, which is the only window block completely preserved, now

CORINTH

44

projecting wings at the two ends of the building, which have no doors in the rear wall, there may have been three windows in the first story also. It is not entirely clear whether the entablature turned the cornerand extended along the entire rear of the wings or stopped at the outer corners. In the restored drawings, Plans XIV a and b, it has been assumed that the architrave and the frieze stopped at the outer corner, but that a cornice similar to that of the fagade continued to the inner corner of each wing and stopped along the vertical line of the wall. There seems to have been no horizontal sima, however, in the rear either of the wings or the central section but a special type of eaves tile continued the painted design of the raking sima (see p. 86). That the west wall of the projecting east wing was left unfinishedall the way to the top is indicated by a block (Fig. 21; P1. 11 2) that belongs to the very top of the wall at the southwest cornerof the wing. The inner corer of an L-shaped block is preserved, on the back of which there is a drafting at the top while ,5ection

FIG.

21.

,h

r ear ca -orer

BLOCK OF ROOF,

WITH

SLANTING

FROM EAST

END

TAENIA,

SHOWING

SLOPE

OF STOA.

lies on the south wall of rear room XXXIII. It is different from the other blocks of the windows, and in the restoration of the rear elevation on Plan XIV a there is no place for this

block. Possibly the windows in the lower story should be placed so that the bottom of the slit comes at the joint between two courses. The evidence for the dispositions of the windows is not sufficient, however, to restore this feature

of the rear elevation with any degree of certainty.

the rest of the surface is left rough (Fig. 21, Section). The treatment is rather similar to that of the blocks still existing in situ at the southeast comer of the same wing. The height of the block is only 0.353 m., which is approximately the height of the cornice course, and the slanting taenia on the inside indicates that it must be placed somewhere just below the ceiling in one of the rear compartments. (see below p. 82). Consequently, its position in the comer at cornice height is practically certain. The broken left end, as seen in Figure 21 and Plate 11 2, would have consisted of the cornice on the south side of the wing, and the preservedrear side with the drafting at the top would have faced the west. If the block is correctly placed, and of this there can be little doubt, the cornice did not turn the corer but came to an end directly above the southwest corner of the wall. There is good reason, however, for restoring a cornice with normal projection above the south wall of the two wings. In order to achieve symmetry in the two gables the last triglyph and the cornice would have to turn the cornerat the outer corners of the wings, and to avoid an unnecessary jog in the eaves the full projection of the cornice was doubtless carried over to the opposite corner. If the frieze and the architrave had extended clear across the south wall they would probably have turned the corner again, and in that case the corer block at cornice height would not have had the rough surface now preserved on its west face. The block in Figure 21 and Plate 11 2 shows that the wall was not finished, and on this basis the restoration shown in Plan XIVa was made. No pieces have been identified as belonging to the two cornices over the central section in the rear of the Stoa; in view of the demolition of this part of the building in Roman times the disappearance of all the cornice blocks is not remarkable. In the restorations (Plan XIVb and Frontispiece) these cornices project less than the horizontal cornice on the fa9ade.

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

C|~~

A\

ASECTION

45

~

~

T

NTHROUGH EY

5ECTION ON CCNTER LINE

SCALE IN CENTIMETER3

FIG. 22.22. IONIC

COLUMN

CAPITAL,

A

RESTORED

(FACE)

I)

B

C

**SfCTION THROUGH 5BOLT

5CALE

FIG.

23.

IN CE

IONIC

D

ON

NTIMETEKR

COLUMN

CAPITAL,

THE INTERIOR COLUMNS Through the axis of the front half of the building ran a colonnade of 34 Ionic columns of poros. Many fragments from capitals have been found (P1. 11 3-5), one of which preserves the complete height. By a combination of these fragments it has been possible to make the restoration shown in Figures 22-24. Between the volutes is an egg and dart design with five complete eggs and six darts, but there are no

RESTORED

(SIDE

VIEW)

palmettes or other filling ornament at the corners. In the center of the volute is a square plug, ca. 0.028 m. on the side and 0.035 m. deep, of the same material as the capital; in all existing cases it has been broken off level with the face of the volute. Presumably there was a circularhead concealing the square plug. The abacus, which is very low, consists of a plain taenia above a cyma reversa. There is a relieving surface around the edges at the top, measuring ca. 0.05 m. in width and ca. 0.01 m.

46

CORINTH

CLUM CAIT FX:X24.IoNC

\\

\i_

|

PLAN QUARTER FROM ABOVE

FIG. 24. IONIC COLUMN CAPITAL, RESTORED(PLAN)

in depth. The capital was stuccoed and richly decoratedin colorbut only on a few smallpieces are traces of the colors preserved (P1. 9 s). Of the shafts only one lower drum and a few small fragments are preserved. The lower drum (Fig. 25; P1. 11 6), measuring 0.633 m. in height, consists of the base, 0.22 m. high, and the lower part of the shaft, all cut in one piece. The base has two toruses separated by a scotia, and at the bottom is a relieving surface, 0.005 m. in height. In the top of the drum is a square empolion, 0.084 m. on the side and 0.06 m. deep, and within this large hole is another square cutting arranged diagonally with reference to the larger one. It measures 0.044 m. on the side and 0.034 m. in depth below the bottom of the larger cutting. There are twenty flutes, 0.096 m. wide at the bottom; the arrises are 0.01 m. wide. Both at the top and at the bottom the flutes end in deep pockets, a rather inconvenient feature, es-

pecially at the base, where they would be certain to catch dirt and be difficult to clean out. The shaft, which seems too slenderand delicate for the size of the building, has a lower diameter of 0.66 m. and an upper diameter of 0.562 m. The reconstruction,as shown in Plans XIIIb, XIVb and Frontispiece, requires that the Ionic columns extend to the top of the architrave, making a total height of 6.24 m., or 9.45 times the lower diameter of the shaft.19 The weight carriedby the columns in the Stoa is comparatively light, yet in view of the softness of the stone and the prevalence of earthquakes at Corinth, it seems remarkable that the shafts were made so slender. The columns that replaced them at the east end in the Roman period had a diameter one-fourth 19The proportion is not very different from that of the East Portico columns of the Erechtheion which have a ratio of 1:9.52; Paton and Stevens, The Erechtheum,p. 20, pl. XVI.

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

47

i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

!

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I.

.

9

SCAtL 1N

CENXt METCAZ

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6

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25. IONIC

COLUMN,

_

_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

NDBGNIGO

BASE

AND

BEGINNING

HF,RSOE

OF SHAFT,

RESTORED

48

CORINTH

greater than that of the original columns (cf. the pivot shoe on the east side of the same Fig. 68). doorway seems to have been somewhat smaller, but the sill is here less well preserved. The cutting at the middle for the fastening of the THE SHOPS AND REAR ROOMS doors has been enlarged and deepened and is In the rear wall of the Stoa proper are the off center to the east side, an indication that doorways leading into 33 rooms, which in our only the west half of the doorway was comtext are referred to as shops, numbered I to monly in use while the east valve normally XXXIII from east to west (Plans I-VI, Xa). remainedclosed. The distance from the northwest corner of They have an inside measurement of ca. 4.80 m. from north to south and 4.48 m. from the shop to the east face of the west doorjamb east to west. With the exception of the door in is 0.95 m. at the level of the toichobate. The the easternmost shop the doorways are placed inner door trim on the west side of the door is near the northwest corer of each shop. The 0.30 m. wide and projects 0.045 m. from the doors and the shops are spaced without ref- face of the wall at the bottom. The distance erence to the intercolumniations of the facade from the corner of the room to the west edge or of the interior columns,20and in some in- of the door trim is 0.56 m. at the bottom and stances, one of the interior columns comes 0.568 m. at the height of one meter. The door directly in front of one of the doorways. This trim on the north face is less well preserved. is somewhat surprisingfrom the point of view At the bottom it had a width of 0.305 m. and of modern architectural design, which would projected only about one centimeter from the hardly tolerate such an arrangement.The rear face of the wall. At a height of 0.70 m. above half was apparently regardedas a unit, distinct the sill there was a dowel cutting in the face from that of the colonnade, although the Stoa of the jamb for the fastening of the wooden was obviously designedas a single building and door frame. constructed at one time. On the east side of the door the inside trim in I and XXXIII at measures ca. 0.303 m. in width and its proThe doorways shops the two extreme end4 differ somewhat from jection from the wall is 0.05 m. On the north the others and thus require a separate de- face the trim is 0.30 m. wide and projects ca. scription. The best preserved is the doorway 0.013m. fromthe face of the wall. The doorjamb in shop XXXIII (Fig. 2; P1. 12 5), the opening is preserved to a height of only 0.66 m. above of which measures 1.515 m. at the bottom. In the sill, slightly below the point where the the threshold are three cuttings, two for the dowel hole for the wooden frame would norpivot shoes at the inner corers and one near mally come. The stone sill shows heavy wear the middle for the fastening of the doors by and has once been renewed by the insertion of means of a vertical bar. The pivot shoe on the a poros slab, 0.15 m. in thickness. This poswest side measures0.205 m. in length, 0.115 m. sibly represents the thickness of the original in width and 0.05 m. in depth. It projected ca. wooden threshold which is to be restored in 0.035 m. above the level of the door sill, as all the shops. shown by the cutting in the jamb, which exThe doorway of shop I (Fig. 26; P1. 7 2) cortends 0.05 m. into the stone. The cutting for responds in most particulars to that of shop 20 This is a common feature in commercial buildings both XXXIII; contrary to the rule in all the other of Greekand Roman times. Cf. the Stoa of Attalos at Athens, W. Judeich, Topographievon Athen,2 p. 355, fig. 44 (this shops, however, this doorway is located to the building is now to be published by Homer A. Thompson); the east of center because it opened on the stairSacred Colonnade at Priene, Martin Schede, Die Ruinen von Priene, p. 50, fig. 56.

way that occupiedthe east half of shopI. Only

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

49

'-

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~~t" ~~f~~~:ii:i:

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FIG!2.o

.

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.

the east jamb of the doorway is preserved, apparently in its original position, but the trim on the inside has been entirely chiseled away. The trim on the north face was 0.305 m. wide at the bottom. In the face of the jamb, 0.70 m. above the level of the sill, there is a dowel hole, ca. 0.10 m. high, 0.025 m. wide, and 0.09 m. deep. At the bottom it slopes down so that the height is greater at the inner end than at the face of the block. It was obviously intended to hold a wooden dowel by which the door frame was fastened to the stone jamb. A building block from the Stoa, re-used in Roman times, now fills the opening of the door and conceals the cuttings in the threshold (P1. 27). In the course of our investigation this was tilted back so as to make it possible to obtain the measurements for the drawing in Figure 4 Broneer Corinth

sirj r!iiTi1 k,'

!

i

STIt~WAY~EAST

5

OF TOA

26.21 The clear width of the door opening seems to have been ca. 1.48 m., slightly less than that of the corresponding doorway in shop XXXIII. The two cuttings for the pivot shoes are similar to those in XXXIII, but the cutting in the middle for the bolting of the door is here off center to the east, showing that is was the east valve of the door that normally remained closed. This is also shown by the heavier wear in the west half of the doorway. (For further description of the two stairs and of the disposition of the rooms at the two ends of the Stoa, see below under Stairways and Second Story, pp. 68-79). The best preserved of the normal doorways is in shop XIV, the opening of which measures 21 In Plate 27 the block is shown in place as found, but in Plate 7 2 it has been tilted back so as to reveal the cuttings for the doors.

CORINTH

50

stantially from those in the original doorways. On the east side of the door only a small piece of the door jamb is preserved much weathered all around. The distance from the east edge of the inner door trim to the northeast corner of the room is 1.745 m. So far as we may judge from these measurements, the doorways in shops XIV and XXXI were almost identical, and some of the other less well preserved doorways indicate a high degree of uniformity.

1.57 m. at the height of 0.80 m. above the sill. The face of the west doorjamb is 0.835 m. from the northwest corner of the shop. The inner door trim on the west side, which is poorly preserved, measures ca. 0.33 m. in width and projects ca. 0.045 m. from the face of the wall, and the dimensionsof the inner trim of the east side are about the same. From the east edge of the door trim to the northeast corner of the room the distance is 1.75 m. The door sill has been

!l.:

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LOKFRMSCODCORE

partly cut away, obliterating the original cuttings. The dowel hole in the eastern door jamb is preservedat the normal height, 0.70 m., but the stone has been cracked and a block inserted which hides the west face of the jamb. The only other normal doorway sufficiently well preserved to furnish accurate measurements is that in shop XXXI. The width of the opening here is 1.59 m., but the face of the western jamb is badly weathered and it may be that the original width was the same as in shop XIV. The inner trim on the west side seems to have been 0.31 m. wide, and the distance from the face of the jamb to the northwest corer of the shop is 0.83 m. In the east face of the jamb is the usual dowel hole through which the wooden frame was fastened. The original door sill is badly worn and a new sill in two pieces has been inserted which shows a variety of cuttings differing sub-

AT

TDORA

Several blocks from the upper part of door jambs and from lintel blocks have been preserved, making it possible to restore the doorways with perfect certainty. The orthostates on either side of the door are short blocks, slightly less than half the length of the normal blocks of the inner facade (Plan XIII b). Above the orthostate on either side is a long block extending on the right side as one enters, to the partition wall and on the other to the middle of the next orthostate block. One complete example of this type was found in the fill of the cryptoporticus of the South Basilica and is now lying in shop XIV (Fig. 27). The short blocks shown in Figure 28, top row, rested on blocks like that just described.These short blocks also have the dowel hole for fastening the wooden door frame, similar to those in the orthostate blocks. The topmost block of the doorway carried a plain taenia at

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

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CORINTH

52

Aou/d//f, lestored fp?ro%/ fe/y )-

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the top surmountedby a hawksbeakmoulding. A single block of this type has been preserved, the moulding of which has been restored with a cavetto crown as shown in Figure 29. Much of the moulding has been trimmed away, and the whole block has been covered with a heavy coat of lime mortar, beneath which the hard Greek plaster is partly preserved. On the end of this block, facing the doorway, are clear traces of the unplastered band, ca. 0.175 m. wide, corresponding to the width of the wooden door frame. It probably became necessary from time to time to renew the wood, as it became damaged by wear and weather, and this may account for the complete removal of the moulding on the inner portion of the stone. The block in Figure 29 comes from the west side of the doorway, as is shown by the setting line and absence of stucco at the inner end, where the partition wall between the two shops abutted against it. In the top of the block is a pry hole, which indicates how far the lintel block overlapped the two blocks at the top of the doorways. The inner door trim diminishes in width

ETD

ES

ORJM

P O wEST D

,JM

A

from ca. 0.33 m. at the bottom to 0.28 m. at the top of the doorway, and the outer trim has about the same taper, ca. 0.05 m. on a height of 2.64 m. The two jambs converge toward the top at about the same rate, making the doorway 0.10-0.12 m. wider at the bottom than at the top. Of the lintel course, two large fragments preserving the profile, one from either end of the block, and several other pieces are preserved (Figs. 28, bottom, 30; P1. 12 1, 3, 4). On the front face a horizontal band above the door projects beyond the line of the wall to the same extent as the trim on either side. At the top of this band there is a plain taenia surmounted by a cavetto-crowned hawksbeak moulding, above which the face of the block is cut back to the line of the wall. In the rear there is a similar projection, correspondingto the thickness of the door trim, and since these are thicker on the inside than on the fagade, this projection of the lintel block is correspondingly greater. The block in Figure 30, which at first view seems very puzzling, is a lintel block from the

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

shop doors, but the whole face and most of the back has been shaved off and two beam cuttings have been made in the front face, presumably for a later use. The rough cutting ~ . ~ c .s / , -' -: '

? *\? ~"-('~'~

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into a late (probably fourth century after Christ) wall at the east end of the Stoa into which several other blocks of vital form (Figs. 34, 37, 51) had been built. At the very top of the lintel on the rear side is a plain taenia, ca. 0.11 m. high and projecting only ca. 0.006 m. from the face of the block. It does not stop at the ends of the lintel proper, but continues where the block is cut back to the normal thickness of the wall. Other blocks (Fig. 31; P1. 12 6) from the interior walls show that the taenia extended all around the shop. The fact that this taenia is cut on the same block as the lintel gives the height to the ceiling in the shops, since the ceiling beams must have rested on the course

io

FIG. 30. LINTEL BLOCK RECUT FOR LATER USE

at the preserved end resulted from the use of an iron crowbar when the block was removed from the wall. The preserved end with the taenia at the top has the unmistakable features of the inner south face of a lintel block (cf. Fig. 28 B). The block was found built

T

/"

7

FIG.132.BLOCFRO STBNG CURSE IN1

D/asfered FIG.

Kx

-

I---

31. T-SHAPED

BLOCK WITH TAENIA AT THE TOP

CORINTH

54

'"'-.

X,/'"'-.

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1.i~_ 1?41_

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'Two.

1'~-~"~-"

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with the interior taenia. The depth of the shops from front to back is greater than the width; the ceiling beams, therefore, have been restored to run from east to west, resting on the partition walls between the shops. One other type of wall block from the inner facade has been found in considerable numbers (Figs. 32-33; P1. 12 2). On the front is a projecting member, having the profile of a Doric cornice with a cavetto-crowned hawksbeak moulding at the top of the face and a cyma reversa at the base. The total projection

at the top, exclusive of the moulding which is nowhere completely preserved,is 0.221 m. The face of the block below the cornice is not on line with the face above, but is set back so as to make the block 0.016-0.02 m. thinner at the bottom than at the top, where it is ca. 0.52 m. thick. The slight projection was on the outside, where the face of the next course above is set back from the face of the string course as shown in the sections on Plans XI a and XIVb, so as to bring the face of the wall back into line with the wall below. At the

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

55

lower edge in the rear of the blocks from the string course is a rabbet, 0.09 m. deep and ca. 0.16 m. high, which on one of the blocks (Fig. 33A) stops short, 0.15 m. from the end. This unrabbeted end must have come at the northeast corer of the shop, and the block adjoiningit at right angles presumably carried a similar,though perhaps somewhat shallower, rabbet along the partition wall. We may assume that it continued on all four walls of each shop. These cuttings seem too small to hold the ceiling beams; they probably held a wooden strip with a moulding below the beams. The rear face of the string course above the rabbet is rough, and the blocks vary considerably in thickness, but all such unevenness would have been hidden from below by the ceiling beam and the wooden moulding and from above by the flooring which would have extended above the level of the string course. A block (Fig. 34) found in the same late wall as that in Figure 30 has on one side a larger rabbet, 0.192 m. high and 0.07 m. deep; the face of the block above this cutting was finished and stuccoed. The cutting presumably

below the ceiling beam would thus be placed directly on the lintel course (Plans XIa and XIVb). Above the ceiling beams there would be wooden planks, then a layer of clay and finally a surfacing of cement. No stone slabs have been found suitable for flooring,either of the first or second story; and it is unlikely that the floorsof the shopsand rear compartments were finished in such material. In the well of shop XV were found some small bricks of two sizes, ca. 0.15 x0.057 X0.042 m., and 0.094x0.05x0.03 m., with mortar adhering to the edges. These were probably used for flooringin some part of the building,22but the number of bricks found is so small that it does not seem likely that they were used extensively. From the shops there was access to the rear compartments through a double door in the southwest corner of the shops (P1. 13 1). The total width, preservedin shop XXI, is 1.395 m. at the height of 1 m. above the toichobate. At the same level the distance from the face of the west door jamb to the face of the west wall is 0.225 m., exactly the width of the trim on the east side of the door. The face of the door jamb is 0.48 m. wide, or ca. one centimeter more than the normal thickness of the wall at orthostate height. Since the jamb is so close to the corner of the shop, the door trim is not o4414 apparent at this level; the width of the jamb, however, includes the thickness of the door trim. At the height of the first course of normal wall blocks the distance from the corner of the shop to the door jamb is greater than the width of the trim, which is here indicated in the normal way. Thus between the comer of 34. BLOCK WITH CUTTING, FIG. THICKNESS SHOWING OF the shop and the west edge of the door trim OF SECOND STORY FLOORING there is a narrow channel, ca. 0.02 m. wide at represents the thickness of the flooring, and in the bottom and 0.025 m. at the top of the our restorations this block has been placed course. The gradual narrowing of the trim upon the string course at the level of the floor 22 Similar bricks, measuring 0.10 x0.035 x0.03 m., were in the second story. Since the lintel course used in the floor of the "Greek hypocaust bath" at Olympia, with its taenia marks the top of the walls, the which seems to date from about 100 B.C.; Kunze and Schleif,

string course with cuttings for a moulding

IV, Bericht iiber die Ausgrabungenin Olympia, pp. 53, 80, pl. 10.

56

CORINTH

FROM AND 35. BLOCK IN REAR WALL OF SHOP \-[ DOOR ^ WINDOW '-'^*-*-''^^t'-^

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FIG. 35. BLOCK FROM DOOR AND WINDOW IN REAR WALL OF SHOP

toward the top and the batter of the door jamb account for the separation of the west edge of the door trim from the wall surface above the orthostate level. At the height of 0.71 m. above the toichobate there is a dowel hole in the face of the jamb of the type found in the front doors of the shops. The block on the east side of the inner door is preserved to a height of only 0.63 m. On its north face, i. e. toward the shop, there is a door trim 0.225 m. wide and projecting less than a centimeter, but there was no corresponding trim on the south face. A block probably from the second course, likewise found in rear room XXI, gives additional proof that the trim existed only on the north face (Fig. 35). The block has a length of 0.58 m. and a preserved height of ca. 0.541 m., but it was probably higher, since the original top is broken off. On one side is a door trim, 0.227 m. in width and projecting 0.014 m. from the face of the block; the opposite face is stuccoed but shows no trace of a corresponding trim. The profile, as seen in horizontal section, being similar to that of the orthostate in situ on the east side of the door, the block must be placed at a higher level on the same side of the door, probably in the first course above the orthostate. It has traces

of stucco on the west end, facing the door, as on the north and south sides; but the east end also carries clear traces of original Greek stucco. This block offers clear evidence for the presence of windows without frames in the wall between the shops and rear rooms at a level just above the orthostates (Plans XII and XIVa). In the east face of the block is a small cutting, 0.04 x0.03 m. and 0.03 m. in depth, which may have been made for the fastening of a grill or wooden shutter. Further proof for the existence of the window23is furnished by one of the orthostate blocks in situ in the wall between shop XXV and its rear room. It is slightly higher than the normal orthostates of the same wall (see p. 92), indicating that the window sill in this instance was raised ca. 0.02 m. above the top of the orthostate course. The lintel over the inner door leading from the shop to the rear room (Fig. 36; P1. 13 2) has a plain band surmounted by a taenia, the total height of which is 0.195 m., slightly less 23 For the existence of windows, similarly placed next to the door in interior shop-walls, see Richard Bohn, Altertiimer von Aegae, Jahrb., ErgdnzungsheftII, 1889, figs. 16, 24, and p. 16. At Aegae, however, there were similar windows in the outer wall. Cf. the Bazaar at Assos, in which there was one window on either side of the door; the door and the two windows occupied the whole front of the shops; F. H. Bacon, Investigationsat Assos, p. 77, fig. 3, pp. 103ff., fig. 1.

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

than the width of the door trim. The rear side of the block is plain to correspond with the absence of trim on the side of the rear room. Since it has no plain, broad taenia at the top on either side, such as is found on the rear of the lintel over the front doors, the lintel for the inner door must be placed a course lower

r

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sufficient space for the windows in the clerestory without lowering the ceiling unduly over the corridor on the second floor, we have restored the ceiling over the rear rooms at a lower level than the ceiling over the shops (see below, p. 82, and Plans XIa and XIVb). The rear rooms were normally entered only

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,1 65 '

36-INTE FIG._h LI. FOINEDOBA FIG.

36.

LINTEL

BLOCKS

in the wall than that over the front doors, and the width of the inner doorway is correspondingly smaller than that of the doors into the shops from the Stoa. For the height of the ceiling over the rear compartment there is no direct evidence, and it is uncertain whether the walls, like those of the shops, had a taenia below the ceiling. The architecture of the rear rooms was certainly much plainer than that of the shops, as shown by the omission of door trims and mouldings on the lintels. That the door in the rear wall of the Stoa and the door from the shop into the rear compartment were both lower than the main doorway into the shops may be considered an indication that the ceiling was at a lower level. Furthermore,in order to obtain

FROM INNER

DOORWAY

from the north, i. e. from the shops, and it is obvious that the two formed single units. This is further indicated by the window in the partition wall, which in the restored drawings has been given a width of 1.20 m., equal to the length of one normal wall block. The window was probably designed primarilyto bring light from the rear of the building into the shop, which would have been very dark when the door leading to the rear room was closed. It may be assumed that it also functioned as a service window to facilitate passing of foods and drinks from the storeroomin the rear into the shop. The front wall of the shop had no windows; all the light it received from the north had to come through the door, one valve of which would normally be closed. In post-

58

CORINTH

classical times, when the windows in the wall between shops and rear rooms may have been walled up, a small opening was in some cases cut in the front wall on the east side of the door. The rear compartments were comparatively well illuminated, since they received their light direct from the outside through a rear door and, if our restoration is correct, through two slit windows to the east of the door. The doorway in the rear (P1.13 s) was made for a single door, the opening being only ca. 0.82 m. wide at the bottom and 2.135 m. high. The total height is preserved in rear room XXVII (P1. 13 4, left center, and Plan XIVb). The west side of the doorway is flush with the surface of the partition wall, and on the east side the jamb has the normal thickness of the wall without trim either in front or in the rear. This small opening was further reduced both in height and in width by the insertion of a door frame, the horizontal members of which at the top and the bottom had a thickness of ca. 0.14 m. and a width of 0.215 m. (presumably the upright posts had the same width and thickness), leaving a clear door opening of only ca. 0.72 m. X1.855 m. It was at first thought that the door in the rearwall had been added after the original construction of the building, but the abnormallengths of the wall blocks in the first course above the orthostates show clearly that these doors were part of the originaldesign (Plan XIV a). The block on the east side of the door has a length of 1.385 m., that on the west ca. 1.46 m. There were no doors in the south walls of the two projecting wings, but a door in the west wall of rear room I communicated with the paved area behind rear room II, and a similar exit from rear room XXXIII led to the adjoining area behind rear room XXXII. The arrangement for the door in the east wing is the better preserved. In the toichobate of the short southward projection of the west wall

are cuttingsfor a doorway.Thedoorwasprob-

ably part of the original design but the existing cuttings seem to be of later date. On the south side of the door the lower part of the door jamb is preserved;where the corresponding jamb on the north side existed the toichobate shows no sign of wear, as it does in the door opening. The dimensionsof the door seem to have been about the same as those of the rear doors in the other compartments. A block (Fig. 37) of peculiar shape and dimensions can be assigned to the lintel course above this door. One end has anathyrosis, the other is smoothly finished; and at one corer a poros slab, ca. 0.11 m. thick, has been inserted in a deep slot. Originallyit must have extended horizontally from the face of the block, but was cut away when the block was re-used in a late Roman wall. The block seems to preserve its full height, which is slightly greater than the height of a normal wall course, but as it measures only 0.40 m. from front to back, its thickness has been reduced by 0.05-0.07 m. This seems to have been done at the time that the poros slab was trimmed off. The length of the block, 1.06 m., is significant. As shown in Figure 37 the back fits into the south wall of rear room II, at the very southeast corner, where it is to be placed in such a way that the finished end of the blocl becomes part of the wall surface of the west wall of rear room I. Originally the block was probably L-shaped; from the short, preserved piece a longer section would have extended across the short wall in the southwest corner of rear room I, where the east wing projects beyond the south wall of the central section of the Stoa. The poros slab, inserted into the slot in the rear of the block, probablyextended clear across the wall slightly above the door, where it would serve as a projecting cornice to protect against the rain pouringdown from the roof at this corer (see restoration, Fig. 37, and Plan XIVa).24 If this block is correctly 24 A similar plain cornice slab is found in the Erechtheion, over the small door leading from the North Porch to the

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

59

,jI

I

Q'Z

FIG. 37. BLOCK FROM TOP OF DOOR IN REAR ROOM I

placed, the two doors in rear rooms I and XXXIII, were designed as part of the original construction; a block of such dimensionswould not otherwise have been made to span the opening for the door. It is not unlikely, however, that the cornice slab above the door was inserted at a later period. If such cornices had been intended from the beginning, they would probably have been cut from the same stone as the wall blocks. No traces have been found of similar cornices over the rear doors in the rest of the building. THE SHOP WELLS Before proceeding to a discussion of the second story it is necessary to describe certain undergroundfeatures which have vital bearing on the structure and purpose of the building. An elaborate system of thirty-one shop wells, each connecting with an underground fresh water channel, and a highly satisfactory arrangement for the disposal of sewage lend a Pandroseion. See GorhamP. Stevens, The Erechtheum,pp. 97, 120, figs. 36, 37, 39 and pls. XIII, XV. In the Market Building at Aegae such slabs occur above the windows in the third and second stories. See Richard Bohn, Altertiimervon Aegae, Jahrb., ErgdnzungsheftII, 1889, figs. 15, 24.

truly modernistic touch to the great South Stoa. All but two of the shops, I and XXXII, have in the approximatecenter a well which extends to a depth of ca. 12 m. and there connects with a channel carrying fresh running water (Plan IX). At the west end the South Stoa channel joins the west supply channel of the Peirene system, and at shop XXI another branch takes off toward the north and connects with the same fountain. The openings from the wells into the channel are too narrow to allow a man to crawl through, and when the water is dammed up to its normal level, they are entirely under water. This arrangement seems to be a deliberate device to prevent subterranean communication between the shops which would have made pilfering easy. From the point of view of construction it would have been far more convenient to dig the channel directly in line with the shop wells so as to make each well a manhole for removal of the earth. Instead of this simple procedure, the channel and the wells were dug independently and when the properdepth was reached in each well a small hole was punched connecting the spur channel with the well shaft.

60

CORINTH

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In some instances, when the well was used as a manhole connecting with the tunnel, the large opening was walled up later except for a small hole through which the water could circulate. The well shafts are as a rule circular in section but one, in shop IX, is circular at the mouth but gradually turns elliptical. Neither the wells nor the channel are stuccoed, but the clay and rock through which they were dug are sufficiently hard, except at the top, to render this unnecessary. It would have been difficult, if not impossible, with the type of cement then available to stucco the channel, which was doubtless excavated partly under water. The usual toe holds are found in the sides of the wells. Whereverthe soil at the top was too soft the upper part of the shaft was lined with stones. The best preserved example of this kind is in shop XXVII (Fig. 38), where a late drain from

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the Roman Bath has caused some destruction on one side of the shaft. The upper part to a depth of 1.13 m. is made of carefully fitted stones, and at the top is a rectangularsinkage into which the well curb was fitted. The shaft narrowsfrom ca. 0.80 m. below the stone lining to 0.60 m. at the top. The cutting for the square plinth of the well curb measures ca. 0.80 m. on the side, but some of the preserved well curbs are slightly larger (Fig. 39). The square plinth was set down approximately level with the floor of the shop, and on many of the fragments some of the cement flooring still adheres to the corners. The circular drum of the curb is ca. 0.65 m. high, ca. 0.80 m. in diameter at the top and ca. 0.70 m. below the moulding. At the top is a cyma reversa with a correspondingmoulding at the base (P1. 14 1-3). The circular shaft through the curb is only ca. 0.41 m. in diameter at the

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

top, but there is considerable variation in the extant examples. None of the preserved curbs show any of the usual rope marks at the inner edge, all have rough cuttings through the

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61

harder material, able to withstand the wear caused by the rope as the water jars were pulled up. Consequently,we must picture these shop wells as the ancient equivalent of refrigeratorsfor keeping wine and victuals cold.25 The South Stoa at Corinth offers the best known example of this practical invention (Fig. 40). In several of the wells were found fragments of circular terracotta plaques with a hole in the center, which were probably used as lids over the wells. One complete example from

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mouldings,the cutting at the top being directly above the one at the bottom. This was made to hold a wooden upright with a horizontal member at the top for the attachment of some device for lowering and raising objects kept in the well. If the wells had been intended chiefly to supply water for the shops they would prob-

ably have been providedwith well curbsof

40. SKETCH

SHOWING

COOLING

SYSTEM

IN OPERATION

25 The practice of cooling wine in wells is familiar from ancient literature. It may be referred to in Aristophanes, Ekkl., lines 1002-4, where the old woman is compared to a as if they KpEcypa,by which jars are raised K T-rv ppErrcov, were already in the wells. The practice is specifically alluded to in a fragment from the comic poet Strattis: olvov ....... &vT-r9pacrn(Athenaios, Deipnos., III, 124 d). The uX6pVEvov gigantic Stoa at Kameiros, Rhodes, more than 180 m. long, offers the best parallel to the system of shops and shop wells; Clara Rhodos, VI-VII, pp. 241-246, pls. VIII, IX. Here, however, the wells were really manholes into an intricate system of reservoirs and channels for collecting rainwater. This hydraulic installation is called Avrrpain an inscription recording donations for repairs to the building, Clara Rhodos, II, p. 183, No. 8. There is no evidence, either in the inscription or in the published material from the stoa, to indicate that the wells may have been used as coolers. At Eleusis there were shop wells of Roman times (cf. K. Kourouniotes, A Guide to the Excavations and The Museum, English edition, pp. 68ff.), which the excavator, the late Professor K. Kourouniotes, suggested (orally) may have served the same purpose as the shop wells in the South Stoa at Corinth.

CORINTH

62

well XV (P1. 14 2) is 0.025 m. thick and has a diameter of 0.65 m. The hole, which is 0.05 m. in diameter and has a raised edge around it, provided a convenient means of lifting and replacing the lid. Fragments of circular stone slabs of a suitable diameter and with a central hole for lifting have been found in some of the shops (P1.14 4). The stone well curbs described above were found in the shop wells, where they had been thrown down after being broken up and discarded. Most of them belong to the debrisfrom the destruction by Mummius. Others had doubtless been in use during the first Roman period and were discardedas late as the middle of the first century after Christ, when many of the shops were demolished and the area occupied with other buildings. In addition to the stone curbs several of the wells contained rims of large terracotta storage jars (pithoi) of a type frequently employed as well curbs26 (P1. 14 3). Several of these rims, together with the upper part of the jar, though brokenbefore being thrown into the well, were complete and could be restored,although no fragmentsof the lower parts of the jar were found with them. The conclusion that these were at one time used as makeshift well curbs seems inescapable. Possibly the wells were not immediately provided with permanent stone curbs and the pithos rims might have been used for a time until the permanent curbs were installed. A more likely explanation would be that the stone curbs over some of the wells were damaged during the hundred years between Mummiusand Caesarand had to be discarded when the Stoa was first reconditioned after the founding of the Roman colony. Whatever their period of use may be, the presence of these pithos tops in several of the wells can best be explained on the assumption that they served such a purpose. Among the debris from the Mummian destruction thrown into the shop wells at various 26 See Mabel

Lang, Hesperia, XVIII, 1949, pp. 114ff.

times during the first hundred years after the founding of the colony an immense amount of material was found which throws much light on the chronology and purpose of the South Stoa. Most of the architecturalfragments used for the reconstruction of the building, especially fragments of the cornice, architectural membersfrom the second story, and nearly all the immense amount of roof tiles and decorated building terracottas found within the Stoa came from the shop wells. In addition to this architectural material a vast amount of pottery was found, which had certainly been used in the shops before it was discarded. Both the pottery and the other objects, except the architectural fragments,found in the wells have been studied by Roger Edwards and will be published in a separate volume of the Corinth series, but their relation to the building itself is so intimate that a brief mention of the material must be given here. In most of the wells two, sometimes three or more, distinct forms of deposit were found. At the bottom of each shaft, mostly below the water level, was found a habitational deposit consisting chiefly of pottery from the period prior to the destruction by Mummius. Since much of this pottery had doubtless been broken and lost accidentally in the wells while the shops were in use, the types of pottery represented are of special importance for the study of the building. Some of the vases were coarse household pots and kitchen ware, but most of them seem to have been used for the transportation, mixing and serving of wine. Among them are wine jars, many of them with well known stamps on the handles, in which wine from various parts of the Greek world had been brought to Corinth for sale and distribution. There are large bowls, some with floral decorations, of a type suitable for the mixing of wine with water. A large variety of pitchers of various shapes and sizes, including the lagynos, was among the debris. But by

far the most common type of vessel is the

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

FIG.

41. TOP OF INSCRIBED

drinking cup, a wide variety of which was found, many of them decorated with floral designs in opaque colors and inscribed below the rim with names of deities, personifications of abstract ideas, and sentiments appropriate to the drinking party. On a few fragments the inscriptions were painted; in most cases they were incised in the clay after the vessels had been painted and fired. The decoration, as a rule, takes account of the inscriptions, as if

VASE

63

FROM STOA WELL

these had been intended from the beginning (Fig. 41; P1. 14 5). The names are all in the genitive case. Besides a few small fragments preserving only one or two letters, the following inscriptionsoccur,some of them several times :27 27 Broneer,

Hesperia, XVI, 1947, pp. 240f.; Saul Weinberg, Hesperia, XVIII, 1949, pp. 150f. No. 11 is probably to be explained as a Boeotian form for HacvalKpaTrri&Aov, an other-

wise unknown word. For the significanceof these inscriptions, see Martin P. Nilsson, GeschichtederGr. Religion, II, p. 177; and Eranos, L, 1952, p. 39.

CORINTH

64 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

'AAu[Tri{aS] S 'AVrpCOTO 'Aaoa?Eioas AIovUoou Ai6S ZcoT-rpoS Eip&vas "EpcoTos 'H[sov]fis ' HSu[rrorias] [0]tvcoTr[os](?) TcauItKprir&[,Aou] nwov .. .uS ni[a-co s](?) 'Yylrias (LitAas 'Q -rap' Xn7ri6Sas (pavLs (Fig. 41)

All but the last consist of a name of some deities or personified abstract ideas invoked at drinking parties; in most cases the ideas conveyed by the names are appropriate to such occasions. nlaualKpiaXrros seems to be

a new word, doubtless the name of a daimon whose function it was to cure the effects of overindulgence. The last in the series, which seems to be metrical, is probably a quotation from a play. It is not clear whether this was addressed to a deity or to some human friend whose arrival had long been awaited. Several of the wells also contained fragmentary marble tables, one of which (P1. 15 1) has five vertical lines incised, doubtless for the ypaipial, a favorite pastime game of TEVT?E Below these lines is the the ancients.28 among and three letters of a name name Aios BoX?Eos beginningwith the letters AAM,probably from the Doric form of Demeter, below which appear two letters MN29. Such names for deities

seem to have been used to designate a specific throw of dice or astragals. That the shop units were used for games and gambling as well as for serving of refreshmentsis indicated by the discovery in many of the wells of knuckle bones (P1. 15 2) and counters, many of them smoothly polished from long use. One A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, pp. 563f., note 2. letters M N ..., the beginning of the second line, may be from some epithet of the goddess, or from the name of another deity, perhaps MvoaiooSvis. 28

29 Two

well, in shop XX, contained no less than 60 knuckle bones and three bone counters.Among the paraphernalia of the entertainment provided in the South Stoa shops are many fragments of flutes of bone and ivory (P1. 15 3). The bulk of the pottery from this lowest deposit belongs to the third century B.C. and the first half of the second century, but the earliest vases in a few of the wells go back to the end of the fourth century (see below, p. 95 and P1. 24 2). The coins, in so far as they can be dated, agree with these dates.30 Above this habitational debris, which was usually less than one meter deep and below the water level, there was a destruction deposit of varying depth, sometimes reaching to the top of the well. This too contained much pottery, including cooking vessels and other household ware, but was characterizedchiefly by quantities of roof tiles and pieces from the cornice, inner columns, and second story architecture of the Stoa. This material was so abundant in many of the wells that it is obvious that many parts of the building were in ruins before the wells fell into disuse and were filled up. When the shops and rear rooms were cleaned out, all the accumulation of broken pottery and discardedgear, including the stone curbs, was used to fill up the well shafts which now became convenient receptacles for trash. Since most of the debris collected in the shops had accumulated during the period of use prior to Mummius, the line of demarkation between the first and second deposits is not always easy to establish. In some of the wells 30 In well I were found a coin of Thyrreion, Akamania, from the end of the fourth century B.C. and one plate dated by Edwards to the same period. Well III had several fourth century coins, including one of Cassander (316-297) and one of Demetrios Poliorketes (306-283), and vases from the early part of the third century. Well IX produced no less than 15 coins dated in the fourth century together with a lamp of Type VII. In well XIV was found a coin of Demetrios Poliorketes, a lamp of Type VII, and pottery from the very beginning of the third century. Well XVIII contained pottery from the fourth century and a silver coin of Corinth from 400-338 B.C. Several of the other wells contained coins from the fourth and early third centuries, but they have not all been studied, and only a preliminary study of the lamps and pottery has been made.

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

which had been sealed at the top the upper part of the shaft was found empty; in others a third deposit containing pottery and coins of Roman date was found above the Greek fill. THE GREAT DRAIN A large drain (Plan IX), partly cut in rock and partly built with stones, runs along the rear side of the Stoa at approximately 2.20 m. south of the rear wall and at a depth of 1.59 to 3.16 m. below the toichobate. Near the east end, where it is cut in stereo entirely, the channel is ca. 0.64 m. wide at the bottom and ca. 1.75 m. high. The stereo here consists of a comparatively soft, friable red soil; the sides and roof of the drain cave in rather easily, and would frequently have blocked the passage in ancient times. Because of this condition and because the drain is in several places interrupted by later constructions, it has not been possible to excavate the channel throughout its length. From the southeast corner of the Stoa it has been cleared at intervals for most of its course along the building for a total distance of ca. 140 m. (see Plan IX). At the southeast corner where its floor reaches its lowest level, 3.16 m. below the toichobate, it runs undergroundjust south of the east wing of the Stoa, and as soon as it has cleared the cornerit turns toward the northeast at an angle of ca. 450to the short axis of the Stoa. Beyond this point it has not been possible to clear its outlet. At the junction of the two channels another drain, at a level 0.78 m. above the floor of the great drain, extends southward in very nearly a straight line with the east wall of the Stoa, but it has been followed for a stretch of only about six meters. At a distance of 3m. from its north end it is joined by a second branch which extends toward the east; this too is still unexcavated. A third channel at a higher level, ca. 1.80 m. above the floor of the great drain, also takes off in an easterly direction near the

corner of the building, and several other 5 Broneer Corinth

65

branches extend from it toward the north and south. This intricate system of underground channels branching out in various directions toward the south and east has not been investigated, in as much as the area above, covered with modem roads and houses, remains unexcavated. All these channels poured their water into the great drain, the floor of which is considerably lower than that of any of the channels. Behind rear room II there is a large opening into the drain, lined on all sides with stones; the whole drain is here built artificially and roofed over with large poros blocks. This stone construction seems to be of pre-Roman date, but some of the masonry around the openings and part of the roof may be Roman or later. There was one large opening into the drain behind each rear room of the Stoa, probably correspondingto the original outlets from the paved areas (three such openings can be seen in Plate 6 2 at the left edge of the picture). Behind rear room IV the pebble cement flooring of this area is partly preserved and in the south wall of the area, here standing to a height of 0.80 m. above the floor, there is a semicircularcuttirlgwhich probably marksthe position of a latrine. A similar arrangement can be observed behind rear room V. Farther west the rear wall of the paved areas is preserved to a height of ca. 1 m. above the pavement, and a cutting in the wall behind rear room VI marks a similar inlet into the drain. That the drain continued to function in Roman times is evident from the insertion of a pan tile of typical Roman shape, which served as lining of the channel conducting the waters into the drain (P1. 16 i). In the top of the tile are scratched two graffiti, one in Latin, the second perhaps in Greek.31The original ground level at this point was more than a meter above the Stoa floor, and in Roman times a sumptuous building with many roomswas con31 The Greek graffito seems to read AYTA; the Latin line has yielded no satisfactory reading.

66

CORINTH

structed behind the Stoa at a level ca. 2 m. above the toichobate level32 of the Stoa (cf. P1. 84). Behind rear room VII part of the pebble cement of the paved area is preserved at the point where it sloped south and east and emptied into the drain (P1. 16 2). Farther west the Roman buildings cover the rear half of the Stoa and project southward over the drain and the paved areas behind the Stoa. At one point behind rear room IX the drain has been cleared to the bottom where the foundations of the South Basilica extend partly into it. The drain cannot have continued to serve its original function after the construction of the Basilica, since the foundation for the stairway to the ground floor of that building cuts across the drain. At a level ca. 1.20 m. above the floor of the drain a narrow channel was made through this foundation, but this seems to be unrelated to the great drain (for the use of this channel, see below p. 122). Behind rear rooms XII to XV the cross walls separating the paved areas and part of the flooring are again preserved (Plan III). The drain was probably here cut entirely in stereo, but its roof was destroyed when the Basilica foundations were laid. The roof over the drain is partly preservedbehind rear rooms XV (the drain has not been cleared but the roof is visible) and XVI, and it is here ca. 1.90 m. above the floor of the drain. In the corner between the Kenchrean Road and the Bouleuterion, behind rear room XVII, a late latrine of poor construction was found (P1. 16 3), but the sides of the drain are here so crumbly that the stones have tumbled into the drain since the photographwas taken. Here the drain turns almost at right angles toward the south for a distance of 1.40 m., then westward again but is interrupted by the foundations for the Bouleuterion, which reach 32 This building, which extended up to the east wall of the South Basilica, will be published by Saul S. Weinberg in connection with the Basilica. For a preliminary report on the excavation see Broneer, A.J.A., XXXIX, 1935, pp. 61ff., pl. XVII.

down to the bottom of the drain. Here another channel from the south joins the great drain at a slightly higher level. It can be followed southward for a distance of about 10 m., but beyond that point it is filled with earth. This channel sloped toward the north (see levels, Plan IX) and emptied its contents into the great drain at the point where the bottom of the drainis nearly at its highest level. Within the Bouleuterion the drain continued for a distance of 3.30 m. toward the west, then turned north for about 2 m. and continued a fairly straight line toward the west. Behind rear room XVIII there is a blind channel, 2.70 m. long, extending toward the east from the elbow in the great drain. Had this been continued eastward for another two meters it would have joined the main channel of the great drain at the point where this turns toward the south. It is difficult to understand why it was not completed in this way, and the reason for the loop formed by the drain at this point remains obscure; it was probably somehow connected with the arrangement for flushing, discussed below. Although the great drain is somewhat irregular in its course throughout most of its length, except at this point it follows very closely in a straight line directly to the south of the paved areas in the rear of the Stoa. The conspicuous deviation behind rear rooms XVII and XVIII comes very nearly at the half way point between the two ends of the building. From this point the floor of the drain slopes fairly evenly toward the east and west. The south channel joining the drain south of rear room XVII was probably used to bring water down from a higher level in order to flush out the contents of the drainperiodically. Presumably some arrangement existed for closing off one-half of the great drain while the water from the south channel was made to flow into the other half. On Plan IX the depth of the great drain below toichobate level is

indicated; it shows a decided slope in both

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

directions from the middle of the building. The Bouleuterion covers most of shops and rear rooms XVII to XIX and extends southward over the paved areas and over the drain. The wall behind the paved areas has been partly exposed, and in the edge of it are the usual cuttings for inlets into the drain. At this point and for some distance toward the west the drain runs undergroundthrough the virgin soil, but here and there, where the roof has caved in, it is covered with stone slabs. Behind the western half of the Stoa the drain has been cleared from rear room XXV toward the west as far as rear room XXIX. The sides of the drain are here for the most part cut in the virgin soil but the roof is made of poros slabs. At one point, behind shop XXV, the walls on both sides are constructed out of carefully fitted blocks extending all the way down to the bottom, and poros slabs cover the top. Apparently some pre-Stoa cuttings existed here which necessitated the stone construction. North of this point, below the floor of the hypocaust in the Roman bath directly south of the wall between shop and rear room XXV, a heavy foundation extends to an unknown depth. Its date is uncertain, but it probably was laid in order to provide a firm foundation through a pre-Stoa cutting, which has left its marks in the stone construction of the great drain. The best preserved of the paved disposal areas is that behind rear room XXVII, where the original pebble flooring still exists over much of the area. In the rear a roughly built wall extends to a height of 1.30 m., and in the side of this wall near the east end of the area is the only well preserved example of the Stoa latrines (P1.16 4). The seat, sides, and the back are cut out of a single block, 0.90 m. in length, ca. 0.45 m. wide, and preserved to a maximum height of 0.63 m. The surface is covered with a hard pebble cement, resemblingthat used to surface the flooring in the paved areas behind

67

Greek times for this position, but the foundation on which it rests is so poorlyconstructed that the seat must have been moved and reset at some later period. A piece of Roman tile now lines the inlet in front of the latrine. Although not in its original position, the stone toilet seat may be regarded as a typical example of the sanitary conveniences existing in the Stoa before its destruction under Mummius. West of this point the drain continues underground beneath the unexcavated area south of the Stoa. Its present roof is constructed out of re-used building stones, some of which are blocks from the Stoa itself. It is obvious that considerable alterations have taken place at this point in Roman and postclassical times. The paved areas for the disposal of the slop from the shops and the individual latrines just described do not seem to date from the first period of the Stoa. The rough wall inclosing the separate areas, probably intended chiefly to shut off the view both from the south and from neighboring areas to the east and west, are rather carelessly constructed in a manner contrasting strongly with the construction of the Stoa. The partition walls between the areas, though obviously intended to follow the line of the partition walls between the rearrooms, are usually slightly off the line and are generally constructed out of re-used stones of different sizes.

More definite proof that the paved area is of later date than the Stoa comes from the discovery of a silver coin of the Aitolian League (279-168 B.C.) beneath the pavement of the area behind rear room XV. A terracotta pipe bringing water from the north, probably from the well in shop XV, emptied into a jar at the west end of the paved area, and a second pipe extended from the jar toward the east along the south wall of the area (P1. 16 5). The north branch of the pipe, before reaching the jar, passed through a hole cut through the foun-

the Stoa. The block was doubtlessmade in dationfor the south wall of the Stoa. A short

68

CORINTH

channel, made from upturned cover tiles, brought the excess water from the jar into the drain. Both the jar and the pipes were found at a level well below the floor of the paved area, and the coin mentioned above was found in the earth close to the eastern branch of the pipe. The fill at this point, consisting of large and small stones and earth, was so tightly packed against the terracotta pipe that any intrusion from above seems out of the question. It is quite clear that the water pipe is earlier than the Roman reconstructionin shop XV, through which the pipe bringing water from the north was cut off. The pipe had a perceptible slope toward the south and east; it is difficult to see where the water could have come from except from well XV, which contained much destruction debris, including the pieces of the stone well curb. Thus there is every reason to suppose that the water pipe functioned priorto the filling of the well, but not before the founding of the Aitolian League in 279. It probably belongs to a general alteration in the South Stoa, for which there is other evidence (see pp. 93 f.), some fifty years beforethe destruction of Corinth by the Romans. To that same period we must date the cement floors of the paved areas and the latrines in their south walls. This leaves the question unanswered regarding the use of the area behind the Stoa during the first hundred and fifty years after the first construction. That the doors in the south wall of each rear room are part of the original design has already been pointed out, and the size of these doors and the unfinished state of the Stoa in the rear preclude their use as entrance ways into the rear compartments from without. It seems impossible to determine whether the great drain is as early as the first period of the Stoa, but it is likely that some form of drainage, possibly an open channel, existed at that time, which proved too unsatisfactory and was replaced when the paved areas were made. The smaller channels

at the southeast corner,which emptied into

the great drain, may be part of an earlier system of sewage disposal for the area south of the Stoa and later connected with the great drain. Further digging south of the west end of the Stoa may throw additional light on this question. THE STAIRWAYS The rear half of the building had a second story reached by stairways in the first shop from each end (see above p. 48), and in both places there remains enough to show clearly that the stairways were part of the original design. The fact that the door in shop I,33 unlike those in all the other shops, was placed to the east of center, is sufficient to indicate that the two end shops served a purpose different from that of the others. Furthermore, shop I had no well, but from the west half of the room, which was not occupied by the stairway, there was access to the well in shop II. In shop XXXIII, on the other hand, there is a well in the area east of the stairway but none in shop XXXII, the occupants of which could use the water from the well in XXXIII. The arrangementsfor the stairway in shop I are comparatively clear (Fig. 26). At a distance of 0.63 m. to the south of the threshold a large poros block is preserved in situ, the top of which is deeply worn along the north side, especially toward the east end of the block, where the depth of the wear amounts to ca. 0.17 m. at the edge. A smaller block, likewise worn on the top, adjoins the larger block on the east. Its east end has been roughly cut away, and at this point there is a cutting at the rearedge (see Fig. 26). These two blocks are all that remain from the stone sill of the 33 Shops I and XXXIII, which were largely occupied by the two stairways, were, of course, not shops in the same sense as II-XXXII, but for convenience sake all 33 compartments in the front row are referred to as shops and are numbered on the plans consecutively from east to west. The rooms in the rear are referred to as rear rooms, rear compartments, or sometimes storerooms; their numbering follows that of the shops.

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

stairway, the flight of which was certainly of wood. A cutting in the toichobate of the east wall indicates that the sill originally extended to the wall and had a total length of ca. 2.40 m. If the stairway was as wide as this sill with its cuttings indicates, the east half can hardly have been in use. Furthermore, it is clear from the wear on the threshold that the east valve of the door normally remained closed, and the opening through which the users of the stairway entered was thus reduced to ca. 0.80 m. But even if the two doors were thrown open, as they sometimes were, the opening would be only 1.45 m., whereas the clear width of the stairway would amount to almost 2 meters (Plan XII). Such a broad stairway would have accommodated a large number of people, but the narrow opening in the door would restrict its use considerably. Since there is no indication of stairways in the building except in shops I and XXXIII, and since the doors opening on these stairways were so narrow,the number of people entering or leaving the second story at any one time must have been comparatively small. The stairway in shop I occupied only the eastern half of the shop, but the western half could not be reached from the doorway. When the right valve of the door was open it would effectively close the passage between the door and the stairway. In other words, the door in Shop I -and the same is true of shop XXXIII -gave admittance only to the stairway and the second story of the building. Furthermore, a rough wall, built partly of unbaked bricks, extended southward from the west edge of the door to the south wall of shop I (P1. 7 1), thus closing off the area beneath the stairway (see below, p. 97). The west half of shop I, however, was accessible from shop II. The partition wall between the two shops had been removed for a distance of ca. 3.605 m. and the well in shop II was placed off center close to the east wall. Opposite the well there is a circular

69

0.30 m. and a depth of ca. 0.26 m., sunk into the toichobate of the wall. It is lined with a hard water-tight pebble cement, and a shallow channel of irregularshape extends northward from the basin (see P1. 7 i). The opening in the wall is too wide to be spanned by a stone beam and no marks of columnar supports are preserved; either two columns must be restored (cf. Plan XII) or we must assume that a long wooden beam spanned the opening. It is not certain that the arrangement here described dates from the first period of the building. What remains may well be the result of a later alteration, but some communication between the shops must have existed from the very beginning. From the west half of shop I a door led through the middle wall into the rear compartment.Since therewas no entrancefrom the outside into shopI, and this could be reached only from shop II, and since both shops used the well in shop II, it seems likely that the west half of shop I and shop II with their rear rooms were operated jointly as a single unit. The arrangement for the stairway at the west end of the Stoa correspondsin the main to that at the east end. From the eastern door jamb a wall extends toward the south, dividing the room into two halves. The wider half to the west of the wall was occupied by the stairway, which, like its eastern counterpart, is to be restored with a single flight leading to the rear half of the second story (Plan XIa). The stairway rose from a stone sill, a single block of which still remains in situ (Fig. 2). Its north face is ca. 0.80 m. distant from the doorway and its top is worn down unevenly. The wall extending from this block to the south wall of the room, which closes off the area beneath the stairway, is very late. It contains blocks from the Stoa walls, and thus would have been constructed in its present form after the partial demolition of the building in Roman times. The chief difference between the east and

basin,with a preserveddiameterat the top of west endsof the buildinglies in the positionof

70

CORINTH

the shop well that served the combined shops and rear roomsXXXII and XXXIII. Whereas at the east end the well is in the second shop close to the partition wall, in shop XXXIII the well is located in the area between the stairway and the partition wall to the east. The well curb found in the well of XXXIII was restored to its position (P1. 14 1), but during the war years it was broken up by vandals and the pieces scattered. Like some of the other well curbs of the same series, it preserves at the base some of the hard pebble cement flooring which seems to have been used in the shops in Hellenistic times. The partition between shops XXXII and XXXIII is missing, and the toichobate has been cut down 0.17 m. below the top. This seems to have been done at an early period, probably prior to the Roman reconstruction. There was an anta projecting ca. 0.54 m. at the south end of the wall, but at the north end the tail of the T-shaped orthostate block has been removed entirely. Thus the east half of room XXXIII and shop XXXII were joined, and the two rooms in the rear must have been used by the same occupants who also had the use of the well in shop XXXIII. A doorway, 1.40 m. wide, led from shop XXXIII to the room in the rear. It is at the east end of the partition wall between the two rooms, whereas in the normal shops it is at the west end, almost directly behind the door in the front wall. In XXXIII, where the stairway occupied the west half of the room, the door had to be placed in the opposite comer. This fact and the anomalousposition of the wells in shops II and XXXIII show conclusively that the two end rooms were designed from the beginning to contain the stairways to the second story. These two stairs, however, normally reached through a single door opening only 0.80 m. wide and serving as the only means of ascent, were obviously not planned to accommodate large crowds of people.

THE SECOND STORY Among the building blocks found in the shop wells and throughoutthe Stoa there are several for which no logical position can be found in the shops or storerooms; consequently they probablybelong to the second story, extending only over the rearhalf of the building. A study of these pieces leads to the inevitable conclusion that the second story was divided into a number of smallerunits correspondingto the shops and rear compartments of the ground floor. It is, of course, possible that there was some variation in the arrangements of these units; this might be concluded from a number of individual anta capitals and other architectural membersnot utilized in our restorations, but the evidence is not sufficient, and any restoration taking account of all these pieces would have to draw too heavily on the imagination to be convincing. We may reasonably assume that some of the smaller pieces, even if it were possible to place them correctly, would not materially affect the main divisions in the second story, as they may have been used for various kinds of accessories. The pieces that have been utilized for the restorations have for the most part been found in sufficiently large numbers to indicate that there was a succession of units, probably extending from one end of the building to the other. In various parts of the building and in some of the wells were found fragments of a thin pier, tapering from the bottom, where it measures 0.23 m. x 0.46 m. in section, toward the top, where the corresponding dimensions are 0.202 x 0.442 m. (Fig. 42; P1. 171-2). On the broad sides in the lower halves are slots, 0.15 m. wide and 0.028 m. deep, whereas the upper part is plain. The total preservedheight of the slot is 0.93 m., and it probably did not go much higher. In some of the preserved fragments there is a small rectangularpin-hole in one edge, 0.037 m. deep, which in one case

comes 0.29 m. above the top of the slots; in

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

71

C. 028eCf b ackflo^iirJfon f:ra

y v~tr-tr5t

.<

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-

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4

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D. WITHSLOTS FORPARAPET FIG.42. PLEBS

j

(

72

CORINTH

another instance this distance is only 0.124 m. VII; others have appeared at various points The best preserved pieces of this type of pier within the building. They are very smoothly (Fig. 42 A and B; P1. 17 l) were found in well finished and covered with a fine stucco made of crushed marble, which has the smoothness Cutavav) of a highly polished piece of marble. Only the inside of the slot is left unstuccoed. A fragment > 1 307 4 Je ,f39 of an anta capital (Fig. 43) has been found which may belong to this type of pier. The top

II

FIG.

43.

ii .oz5 PIER

CAPITAL,

PROBABLY

SECOND

FROM WINDOW

OF

STORY

r

I

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FIG. 45. PARAPETSLABFROMWELLIX

,018

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FIG. 44. ANTA CAPITAL, SAME AS PLATE 173.

and one end have been trimmed off, and what remains preserves two plain fasciae, which presumably had a moulding at the top. The lower fascia is 0.08 m. high, and another small fragment (Fig. 44; P1.17 ) of an anta capitalhas a lower fascia of about the same height and has a crowning moulding at the top. This may well have belonged to an anta facing the flat piers, but no part of the anta itself with a slot corresponding to that in the flat piers has been found.34It is obvious that the piers were used as the vertical divisions of openings, the lower part of which was closed with a parapet of wood or stone. In view of the thinness of the piers, a stone parapet would be preferable in order to give strength to the construction, and one fragment of such a slab, preservinga total 34 The capital fragment in Figure 44 and Plate 17 3 was used in the restoration of the shop fronts (Plans XIa, XIIIb, XIVb) but was omitted in the perspective drawing of the Frontispiece. It is not sufficiently well preserved to show whether it could have been part of the windows.

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES ->.

K43-

K-

HP/S

-7\

FIG.

PIECES

TWO

46.

row unstuccoed edge where the slab fitted into the slots in the piers. Other architectural members found in the wells in comparatively large numbers are unfluted column shafts of poros with a lower diameter of 0.47 m. and an upper diameter of ca. 0.39 m. (Figs. 46, 47). Most of these fragments were found in the western half of the building. No capital with unfluted neck has been discovered, agreeing in diameter with these columns, but several pieces of capitals fluted at the neck came from the well in which most of the fragments of the shafts were found (Fig. 48; P1. 17 5-6). The diameter on the arrises is ca. 0.38 m. In spite of the seem-

'

OF UNFLUTED

COLUMN

73

SHAFT

7I.

--

\

I

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I ..

FITG. 48. SIAJL

._

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o.445

4J

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WI8 CA~PITAL

FLUTED

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.

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FIG.

47.

PIECE

OF UNFLUTED

COLUMN

FROM TOP OF SHAFT

length of 0.73 m., was found in well IX (Fig. 45; P1. 17 4). It has the required thickness of 0.15 m. and preserves traces of smooth stucco on both sides. The slab is only 0.51 m. high, but is broken off at the top. Though the surface is poorly preserved,it is possible to detect a nar-

FIG. 48.

S3~LL

DORIC CAPITAL WITH FLUTED NECK

74

CORINTH

r

I-'"

A.

B.

C.

p.

FIG. 49. BUTTRESS CAPITALSWITH SLOPINGTAENIA

ingly anomalous combination of an unfluted shaft with a fluted neck, it is fairly certain that these capitals belong to the columns.35They agree in profile with the Doric capitals of the fa9ade (cf. Figs. 8, 48), the dimensions of which are almost exactly twice those of the smaller capitals. A single capital with unfluted neck (Fig. 67) of approximately the proper diameter was found in shop XV, but it 85 The columns in the screen wall of the South Stoa at Priene also had unfluted shafts and fluted necks, but here the fluting was probably intended to be made but was omitted, since some bottom drums also have flutes. Wiegand and Schrader,Priene, pp. 191-192, figs. 184, 185; in figure 184 the columns to the right of the door are shown without fluting at the bottom, those on the left have flutes indicated. Cf. Martin Schede, Die Ruinen von Priene, p. 49, fig. 57. In the House of Dionysos at Delos the columns of the peristyle have fluted necks, and the shaft is polygonal, but no flutes are indicated at the base of the shaft; Joseph Chamonard, Delos, VIII, pp. 127ff., figs. 56, 57, pl. XXVII. The columns of the Middle Stoa in the Athenian Agora from about 200 B.C. had plain shafts and fluted necks. For information of this detail, which has appearedonly in preliminarypublication (Hesperia, XXI, 1952, p. 88; XXIII, 1954, p. 40, note 9), I am indebted to Professor Homer A. Thompson.

differs so radically from the column shafts in workmanship and finish that it must be ascribed to an early Roman reconstruction or to a separate building. A third type of architectural member from the second story is illustrated in Figure 49 and Plate 18 1. It consists of a capital stuccoed on three sides with a taenia at the top, ca. 0.11 m. in height, which runs horizontally across the face of the anta but slopes down on either side at the rate of one in five, the same as the slope of the roof. The top of the block has been cut down on either side to form a rabbet following the slope of the taenia on the flanks and growing deeper toward the rear end of the block; between these two cuttings the top of the block is horizontal. The taenia is approximately of the same width as the taenia at the top of the wall in the lower story. These anta blocks, of which numerous small pieces

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

{-je/- ,fSS -*^I~

-

,

75

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_t

-'T-

I

X

p.

F,oo2

FIG.

50.

PIER

CAPITAL,

and one almost complete example have been found, are of paramount importance for the restoration of the second story, where they must be so placed that the slant of the taenia follows the slope of the rafters. Since the second story could be reached only by one of the stairways at the extreme ends of the building, a passage way must have existed from which all the rooms could be entered. The most difficult problem of the restoration was to decide whether to arrange this passage along the north side, i.e. above the front part of the shops, leaving the rest of the space to be divided into compartments reached from this passage, or to place the corridor close to the south wall. The anta capitals with slanting sides furnish the evidence for the second of these alternatives.

SAME

AS PLATE

182

They cannot possibly be placed in the front half of the second story, where the height from the floor to the rafters would be too great for such a capital to have any meaning (cf. Sections, Plans XIa, XIVb). All the evidence points to a passage on the south side, with buttresses against the rear wall placed above the north-south partition walls of the first story. The rest of the floor space would have been divided up into thirty-one compartments, consisting of a main room on the north and an ante-chamber reached from the south corridor, from which it may have been separated by parapets and by curtains suspended between wooden posts. The piece shown in Figure 50 and Plate 18 2, which has a moulding on three sides and a cutting on the right flank for some upright member, has been utilized in

CORINTH

76

.60

T

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1 39

X

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6

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FROM CROSS WALL AT EAST END OF SECOND STORY

FIG. 61. BLOCK FROM CROSS WALL AT EAST END OF SECOND STORY

the restorations (Plans XII, XIVb) as the capital of a low pier that formed the end of a screen between the corridor and the anterooms. The ante-chamber would have been separated from the main room on the north by two columns in antis, and here the unfluted columns describedabove find a suitable place. In the north wall of the main room we have restored a double window with stone parapets closing the lower part (see above, p. 72). These windows cannot be placed in the center of the wall but, for reasons of design, would have to come directly above the doors of the ground floor (Plan XIIIb). This might be of advantage to the occupants of the room, since it would provide a comparatively large area in the east half of the room, completely shielded from view. In the restored drawings (Plans XIVa and b and Frontispiece) a horizontal ceiling has been placed over the main room; the restorationof a brokenroof with clerestory requires this ceiling to be placed at a rather

high level. The southern half of the second floor with its series of ante-chambersalong the south corridor would have a slanting ceiling, as shown by the capitals of the buttresses placed against the south wall. The slanting rabbets on either side of the anta capitals would be made to fit the rafters, as shown in the Frontispiece.If these capitals are correctly placed against the south wall, the two cuttings indicate the spacing of the rafters in that section of the roof. The floorin the south half of the second story was probably 0.465 m. lower than the floor level in the north rooms. The main rooms would be lighted by the windows in the north wall and by slit windows in the clerestory (see above, p. 43). In the south wall three windows have been restoredin each bay. These would be required chiefly to light the corridor, and if the ante-chambers were screened off from the corridor as suggested above, additional light could be admitted by drawing the curtains aside.

77

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

o------

FROMSTONEPARAPET, SAMEAS PLATE

TO19P

K

Top.

FIG. 52. FRAGMENT FROM STONE PARAPET, SAME AS PLATE 183

The chief architectural members of the second floor, found in more than one example each, have found their proper place in this restoration. The anta capitals with slanting taenia have been placed upon a series of buttresses set against the south wall; the unfluted columns with fluted neck go in the wall separating the ante-chamber from the main room; the flat piers with slots for parapets fill a functional requirementin the windows of the north wall. Additional confirmation for the correctness of this restoration was obtained from a vital block whose position in the building was not recognized until some time after the essential features of the second story had been determined and entered on the restored drawings.

The block was originally cross-shaped, as shown in the restored plan (Fig. 51, upper right), but two of its arms were cut away when it was re-used to wall up the door opening of shop I. When the photographin Plate 7 2 was made, the block had been tilted back to reveal the cuttings for the doorway. Its importance lies in the fact that one end is finishedand stuccoed, while the other has anathyrosis. In the restorationof the secondstory this blockfitsinto position in the wall separating the east end rooms from the suite restored above shop and rear room II. The (east) end with anathyrosis fits into the wall between the small door (Plans XII and XIV a) west of the east stairway, and the partition wall, while the longer (west) end with the finished surface becomes a plain anta

78

CORINTH

facing the east column in the compartment over shop II, as shown in the upper right corner of Figure 51.

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-

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PIECE

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Plate 18 4 has two fasciae below the moulding, on the same plane, separatedonly by a groove. The exquisite little fragment in Figure 54 may be from the frame of some door or window. It resemblesthe moulding at the top of the door jambs (Fig. 29), but is somewhat smaller and

FIG. 53. ANTA CAPITAL, SAME AS PLATE 184

For some of the pieces found in the Stoa the ?o56 exact place has not been assigned in these JI restorations. It is, of course, possible though unlikely, that the rooms in the second story varied in size and disposition, and if this was the case no convincing restoration is possible on the basis of the existing remains. The fragment shown in Figure 52 and Plate 18 3, which has a mouldingat the top above a fascia, might have been used as a parapet along the edges of the stair-well (Plan XIa). Possibly some of the other pieces were also used in the two end shops where the arrangements, as described above, differ from those of the nor-

mal units. The anta capitalin Figure53 and

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rC FIG. 55. PART OF PIER CAPITAL

C

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

perfectly horizontal on top. The thin stucco, which has the smoothness of highly polished marble, seems to have been applied with a template. The moulding resembles that of the

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.56 FIG.

56.

3ahyrAsiMEt

FRAGMENT

K- ,2

l 0235T

OF ANTA

CAPITAL

79

purposesas fixturesin the shops or in the upper story, and some may well have come from other buildings. Most of them came from the fill of the shop wells, which contained accumulated debris from the Mummian destruction. In more than a hundred years between the sack of Corinthand the filling of the wells there was time for much destruction of buildings outside the Stoa, and some extraneous material may have found its way into the wells. Some of the decorated architectural terracottas found in the wells are from buildings that must have been demolished before the Stoa was constructed (see below p. 86).

capital in Figure 55, the total length of which is not preserved. The anta capital in Figure 56 -J -i 5 AD CEILING has had the top removed. The very fine anta ,CONST capital with a large hawksbeak at the top, shown in Plate 18 6, has a length at the bottom of 0.41 m. and a total heigth of 0.19 m. The profile of the moulding indicates a period earlier than that of the Stoa. Above the fine coat of Greek stucco is preserved part of a thick plaster of lime mortar. On the pier - ,185 i capital shown in Figure 57 the combination of m odatteo mouldings differs so much from those on the other capitals from the Stoa that it must be attributed to a later period. Several miniature column capitals of poros came from the shop wells, two of which are shown in Plate 18 7. r That on the left, from a circular column, is _ti only 0.148 m. high and the diameter at the neck is 0.166 m. The other, 0.16 m. high, is rounded at one end and at the other end, which is poorly preserved,there are two fasciae FIG. 57. ANTA CAPITAL OF HELLENISTIC PERIOD and a moulding at the top very much like those of the anta capital in Plate 18 4. Between the half column and the anta capital there is a CEILING AND ROOF CONSTRUCTION vertical band indicating that a screen of some The ceiling beams of the Stoa proper rested kind fitted against it. on the frieze course. Although no architrave There is no assurance that all these small backers from the north faQade fagade have been architectural members were original parts of found, it is clear that they had no mouldings the Stoa. They may have serveda variety of or cuttings of any kind. Three blocks are pre-

80

CORINTH

(j~i~:c-

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PLAIN

BLOCK

FROM ARCHITRAVE

COURSE

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FACADE

served from the architrave course of the inner complete blocks are preserved of the frieze fagade, all plain and stuccoed on both sides course of the inner facade (Fig. 59), having (Fig. 58) and recognizable only from their the normalthickness of the wall.36Theirheight height, 0.633 m., which is the same as that of 36 The thickness of the block in Figure 59 is 0.46 m., the architrave over the Doric columns (cf. 0.012 m. more than that of the block from the architrave (Fig. 58). The discrepancy, considerably less than the Fig. 10). In our restoration the architrave course differencein the thickness of the flank walls above and below course is interrupted by the windows in the the first story (see above p. 41), is probably in this case due inaccuracy; the increase in the thickness of the walls above second story, but between the windows there to a certain height is a peculiar feature in the architecture of is room for blocks of normal length. Several the Stoa.

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

81

broad taenia with a cutting at the top, correspondingto the profile of the rear side of the frieze blocks. The cutting was made to hold a wooden strip fastened by means of thin slots at the lower edge (cf. Figs. 12, 59). The other side of the block is plain. All the preserved blocks of this type are now built into a wall of late Roman date, still standing to a height of 2.20 m. along the front line of shops XXII to XXIV (Pls. 23 2, 45 1). Over the windows in the second story (Plan XIIIb), there were probably blocks spanning the whole window. Comparatively little weight could have been carried by the slender piers. No blocks of that length have been preserved, but there are several pieces, 0.75-0.90 m. long, which may be halves of such long blocks, cut in the middle to make them less difficult to handle when re-

The wooden strip inserted at the upper edge doubtless carrieda moulding,but wasprobably consideredstructurallynecessaryto protectthe sharp edge of the block. Since such a wooden strip was inserted both at the end walls and abovethe innerfagade,as well asin the rearof the frieze of the north fa9ade, it is necessary to restore a ceiling over the Stoa proper.The wooden beam above the Ionic columns must have had the same height as the frieze course, and presumably a moulding was added at the top, similar to the moulding over the frieze course. The Ionic capitals were decorated in colors (P1. 9 s), and the beams and coffers of the ceiling must have been likewise painted. Of the cornice only fragments are preserved (see above p. 38), and of these only one shows the width of the surface resting on the frieze. As indicated by this block (Fig. 14), the inner edge of the frieze block upon which the beam ends rested was only ca. 0.27 m. wide. The rafters were probably mitered into the ceiling beams as indicated in the perspective drawing, but material evidence is lacking. The span between the outer facade and the shop fronts, a distance of about 12.50 m., is too great to have only a single purlin in the middle, above the Ionic columns; consequently it is necessary to restore two additional purlins. Since the normal ceiling beams were probably too small to carry the weight of the roof, a heavier ceiling beam has been restored for this purpose above each of the Doric columns (Plan XIVb and Frontispiece). In the rear half of the building the purlins would have been supported on the partition walls in the second story, but here the roof construction is complicated by the southward projection of the two wings and by certain other factors presently to be discussed. It is evident that the architect of the Stoa was chiefly concerned with the frontal view and with the appearance of the two flanks, while

used in the late wall.

the rear was designedless from appearance

is ca. 0.75 m., the same as that of the frieze of the Doric facade and the length ca. 1.24 m. The block in Figure 59, one of the best preserved and most easily accessible of this series, is exceptional in being only 1.202 m. long. At the top on the north face, there was a

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FIG. 59BLCKFOMREECO

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59 BLOCK FROM FRIEZE COURSE OF INNER FACADE

~82~~

C1~CORINTH

than from practical considerations. For the restoration of the roof over this part one stone found near the southwest corner of the building is of particular importance (Fig. 60; P1. 18 5). It is slightly lower than a normal wall ~c.

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FIG. 60. BLOCK WITH SLOPING TAENIA, SAME AS PLATE 18 5

block, measuring only 0.516 m. in height, and its width at the bottom is 0.473 m. The preserved end has anathyrosis and a cutting for a hook clamp at the top; the total length is not preserved. There is a well marked setting line on the top, 0.554 m. from the preserved end, and close to it is a pry-hole. If this line marks the middle of the block, as seems likely, it had the unusual length of 1.108 m., which does not correspond to the length of any normal wall blocks in the building. One side is smoothly finished and stuccoed; on the other there is a broad taenia slanting downwardfrom the preserved end and above it is a deep groove. The surface above this groove is rough. It may be taken for granted that the slope of the taenia was determinedby the slope of the roof, which is one in five. In the restorations (Plan XIVb) the roof over the rear compartments in the south half of the Stoa has been placed at a lower level than the roofs over the shops and

longs then to the east wall of the west wing, where it is to be placed at the height of the lower roof; the taenia would then follow the slope of the rafters above the first rear compartment to the east of the wing. The ends of the boards over the rafters would project into the groove, and the rough surface above would be largely concealed by the thickness of the roof construction and perhaps also by a special type of half tile with upturned edge (see below, p. 87). The setting line and the pryhole, however, indicate that the wall roseabove the top of the preserved block. This outside surface of the east wall of the west wing above the lower section of the roof was probably, like the whole rearwall of the building, left roughly finished. The position here indicated follows logically from the shape of the block; consequently it becomes necessary to break the roof somewherein order to expose part of the east wall of the west wing above the lower part of the roof. The normal place for the break of the roof would be over the east-west wall, separating the shops from the rear compartments. This arrangement has the further advantage of permitting clerestory windows in the wall between the upper and lower sections of the roof. Protected as they would be by the overhanging eaves of the upper roof, they would admit a considerable amount of light into the inner rooms of the upper story, which would otherwise have been unduly dark. One other building block of special importance in connection with the construction of the roof has been described in an earlier chapter (p. 44, Fig. 21; P1. 11 2). It was found near the eastern end of the Stoa and, consequently, is likely to belong somewhere in that part of the building. Only part of it is preserved and that part is in poor condition, having been broken into several fragments. In its original condition it was an L-shaped block from some comer in the building. One side which is smoothly finished and stuccoed has a

the two wings. The block just describedbe- slantingtaeniaat the top on the insideof the

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

block, and this taenia turned the comer and extended horizontally along the missing portion on the left side of the block as seen in Figure 21. In the rear the block is rough, but the corner was carefully drafted in a manner resembling that of the blocks in situ at the southeast comer of the building. The preserved height of the taenia is ca. 0.13 m., but it may have been higher, probably as high as the taenia on the block from the west end of the Stoa (Fig. 60; P1. 18 5). The slope of the taenia in the two blocks is the same. Since the block from the east end of the Stoa is only 0.353 m. high, the same height as that of the cornice, its position in the southwest corner of the wing, at cornice height, is certain. The slanting taenia, restored to the same height as that on the block in Figure 60 and Plate 18 5, i.e. 0.162 m., represents the height of the rafters. This taenia would have returned along the south wall of the wing and continued between the rafters which here, unlike the arrangement on the fagade where the rafters were not visible (see above p. 38), must have been notched into the inner face of the cornice course. The two blocks with slanting taeniae from near the two ends of the building not only give the slope of the roof but also show the thickness of the rafters and of the boards supporting the tiles, and furnish definite proof that the roof over part of the rear half of the Stoa was at a lower level than that over the colonnade. THE ROOF TILES37 The roof of the Stoa was covered with terracotta tiles, a sufficiently large number of which have been found to enable us to reconstruct a section of the roof (P1. 19 1-s). Every 37 The tiles from the Stoa, which are being studied by Mary C. Roebuck, will be published together with other architectural terracottas discovered at Corinth since the publication of Corinth, IV, i by Ida Thallon Hill and Lida Shaw King in 1929. To Mrs. Roebuck, who has kindly read the section on the roof tiles, I am indebted for important information on this phase of the Stoa architecture. Her book is scheduled to be published shortly as volume IV, iii of the Corinth series.

83

type of tile is representedby extant examples, except those at the apices and corners of the gables, which may have carried some kind of akroteria. Most of the tiles were found in the shop wells, into which they were thrown at the time when the shops were demolished and the Roman structures erected over their foundations. The restored section constitutes the best existing example of an assembled ancient roof made with the famous Corinthian tiles. There is considerablevariation in thickness and profileand in the size of the pan tiles. Most of them are ca. 0.68 m. long and ca. 0.59 m. wide. There are some examples measuring as much as 0.78 m. in length and 0.70 m. in width, but it is not certain that all these came from the Stoa roof. Across the top at the upper edge is a slight ridge which fitted into a broad groove on the under side at the lower end of the overlapping tile. Since the groove is six to eight centimeters wide, and the ridge only one to two centimeters wide, there is room for considerablevariation in the amount of overlap, enough to take care of the difference in length of the tiles. The edges along the sides are turned up; whereas the tile is two and one-half to four centimeters thick, the thickness at the turned up edge is about twice as great. The ordinary pan tiles had no pin holes or other means of fastening them to the wooden construction; nor was this necessary on a roof of such gentle slope. The eaves tiles, however, were fastened to the cornice, and the rest of the tiles were held in place by the interlocking overlap, by their own weight, and by means of a bedding of clay to be restored beneath the tiles. Traces of the clay adhered to some of the fragments. On the ridge is the usual ridge type of cover tile, ca. 0.59 m. long and 0.225 m. wide. The length correspondsto the width of the pan tiles, and the width equals two normal overlaps of pan tiles. The lowest row of pan tiles along the eaves

on the north facade was attached to an or-

84

CORINTH

namental sima, 0.215 m. in height. The pan tile to which the sima was attached probably had the normal length, but no complete example has been preserved with the extant sections of sima. At either edge of this tile and about 0.16 m. from the face of the sima is a square notch in which a peg or nail was inserted for securing the tile and sima to the poros cornice underneath. One piece of the cornice with the top partly preserved has a pin-hole at the proper distance from the edge to fit the notch in the edge of the tile. Another cornice block (Fig. 14) has two shallow grooves in the top, one above the other, which may be slots for fastening pieces of wood into which nails were driven through the notch in the tiles; or possibly the grooves were intended merely to provide a better bedding for the clay at the edge of the tiles. They were probably made at the time of repair to the roof, since they would hardly have been required in the original construction when the simas and adjoining eaves tiles were fastened by metal pins. In the center of each section of the sima was a spout in the form of a lion's head, with open mouth andprotrudingtongue forminga channel for the outlet of the rain water (P1. 20 i). The lion's heads were moulded separately and attached to the sections of sima, which were also made in moulds. The manes, arrangedin two rows of formal locks and spread out at the base to help fasten the head to the sima, furnish a suitable transition from the animal anatomy to the floral decoration. The colors applied to the heads were apparently intended to give them a realistic effect. The mane was colored a light brown, suggesting the tawny fur of the lion, but the ears were left in the color of the terracotta. The eyelashes and the irises were coloredblack, and a deep hole in the center of the eye indicated the pupil. The nose and outer edges of the lips were likewise colored black, whereas the inside of the mouth and the tongue were painted a purplish red.

out prominently in the color of the clay. Whiskerswere indicated by rows of black dots curving back from the upper lip; the rest of the face was left unpainted.Although the heads were made in moulds, there was considerable retouching before firing. Deep lines, impressed in the soft clay, accentuate the features of the face and mane. Since the retouching and painting were done by several craftsmen, the heads are not identical, and the individuality achieved may have been intentional. On either side of the lion heads is a tendril in high relief in the form of a double spiral, springing from a stylized acanthus leaf. The tendril, which is in the color of the clay, is set off clearly against the black background. A band at the base of the acanthus leaf and the serrated edge of the leaf are painted purple. The ovolo moulding at the top has an egg and dart design in three colors: black, purple, and the buff color of the clay. At the lower edge is a projecting band, ca. 0.063 m. high, painted with an interlacing meander pattern. The technique is that of red-figured ware, the backgroundbeing black, and the design having the color of the clay. The squares separating the meanders are reserved, and in the center, within a purple frame, is a checkered cross pattern of alternating black and reserved small squares. Here again the craftsmen introduced variations in the pattern. In some of the rectangles the comers are reserved, in others painted black (see adjacent sections in P1. 20 1). Although the meanders are rendered with a regularity suggesting the use of a stencil, the painting of the squares was obviously done free-hand. On the under side of the sima, where the edge projects over the cornice, there is a painted band, 0.065 m. wide, decorated with a bead and reel design in reserve against a black background; and a purple band, two to three centimeters wide, is painted along the inner edge of the bead and reel pattern (P1. 20 2). Apparently the line of

Abovethe red colorof the lip the teeth stand projection beyond the edge of the cornice

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

would fall somewhere in the middle of this band, approximately 0.08 m. from the outer edge of the sima. The length of each sima section, which represents the true width of the pan tiles as spaced on the roof, is 0.62 m. In the three sections and several half sections that can be accurately measured the variation is so slight as to leave no doubt that this is the intended length. The vertical joints between the sections were made tight by shaving off the edges when the roof was laid. The divisions of the sima, marked off by the lion's head spouts in the middle and the antefixes above the joints, do not fit the spacing of the columns and the units of the frieze.38The axial distance of the colonnade is 2.34 m., and normally this space would be filled by four sima lengths, but this would require a section only 0.585 m. long, 0.035 m. less than the length of the preserved pieces. This gives an excess length of 4 x0.035, or 0.140 m., approximately onefourth of a section between the axes of two adjacent columns. Thus only fifteen tiles instead of the normal sixteen would fit into four axial distances, with enough play, ca. 0.06 m., to allow for slight irregularities. Above every fifth column the lion's head spout would come directly over the column triglyph, and midway between these points an antefix would occupy the same position. This lends a certain regularity, perhaps unintentional, to the lack of correspondencebetween the tiles of the roof and the Doric order of the faQade. The raking sima (P1. 20 3) continues the bead and reel pattern on the under side as well as the meander design at the lower edge. On the horizontal sima the band with the meander pattern projects, whereas the corresponding band of the raking sima recedes. At the top is a cavetto moulding, roughly corresponding to the ovolo above the hori38 The Temple of Zeus at Nemea, which had a marble sima, shows a similar discrepancy in the spacing of columns and lion spouts.

85

zontal sima, and decorated in the same way with an egg,and dart in three colors: black, purple, and the color of the clay. The main field of the raking sima, which is a cyma reversa, is painted with designs of alternating palmettes and lotus buds in reserved technique. The background is black, and the palmettes, buds and spirals in the color of the clay; purple is used only for the heart of the palmettes and the upper edge of the calyx in the lotus bud. The preserved sections of the raking sima are probably all from the east gable, since they were found in wells in the east half of the building. All but two pieces with one or both ends preserved come from the south half of the gable.39They were fitted together with a deep overlap at the joints, correspondingto the overlap on the ordinary pan tiles. Thus, on the north half of the gable the thin, outside portion of the overlap was on the left end of the tile as seen from the front; on the southern half of the gable it was at the right. This difference makes it possible to distinguish the simas of the north side from those of the south, provided of course that they came from the same gable. All the preserved sections on the south slope of the gable have been reduced in length by about 0.041 m. The sima was designed to carry three full units of decoration on each section. Each unit, consisting of one palmette and one bud, has a length of 0.212 m., with very slight variations. This would give a total length of 0.636 m., measured on the face of the sima. The preserved sections, however, are only 0.595 m. in length, and the ends of the tiles show clear signs of having been trimmed back after firing. The result of the abbreviation is the almost total disappearanceof the lotus bud at the joints. This mutilation of the design seems to have resulted from the use 39 In the reconstructed section of the east gable, shown in Plate 191-3, the sima fragments were purposely misplaced to a certain extent. Since only two fragments have been found from the north half of the gable, pieces belonging to the south half have been fitted into the reconstruction of the north side.

86

CORINTH

of tiles of standard size,40which seems to have been the practice in the fourth century B.C. and later. Whether it took place when the roof tiles were first laid or during some reconstruction is not certain. Neither of the two pieces from the north half of the east gable preserves the whole length, but the sections seem to have been trimmed back less far than those on the south side. There was no sima in the rear of the Stoa, but the tiles at the eaves were decoratedat the edge (P1. 19 3). Three types of painted eaves tiles have been found in the shop wells, only two of which seem to be from the Stoa roof. The first group (P1. 20 4, top) carried on the edge a meander pattern similar to that of the sima, and underneath on the overhang a bead and reel design. The second variety (P1. 20 4, bottom), likewise decorated with meanders on the edge, has a wider overhang, the underside of which has an outer band, 0.10 m. wide, decorated with a palmette and lotus pattern, exactly like that on the raking sima but much smaller. Below this design is a small bead and reel, correspondingto that on the under side of the sima, and a purple band, 0.025 m. wide, sets off the painted borderfrom the unpainted back of the tile. One of the fragments has at the edge a notch for a peg or nail similar to the notches on the tiles attached to the horizontal sima. A third type of eaves tile (P1.20 5) has a guilloche design on the edge and lacks the bead and reel on the underside. This is a common type of decoration on Corinthian tiles from the sixth century B.C.41Since it does not seem to have continued into later times, the pieces of this type, though found in the Stoa wells in considerablenumbers,must have come from earlierbuildings. 40 Regulations to determine the size of tiles are known from later periods. See F. H. Bacon, Assos, pp. 71, 73, and Gorham P. Stevens, Hesperia, XIX, 1950, pp. 174ff.. The practice of establishing fixed standards may go back to earlier times. 41The simple guilloche pattern appears on the edge of tiles to which an early type of antefix is attached. See Hill and King, Corinth,IV, i, p. 11, fig. 1.

The first of these three types of eaves tiles, which had the normal overhang of about seven to eight centimeters, was probablyused for the eaves of the lower section of roof, i. e. over the rear rooms in the main part of the building. Possibly it was also used in the upper section, above the shops, but it seems more likely that this section lacked decorated eaves tiles. The second variety, with its wider overhang and more elaborate design, continuing the pattern of the raking sima, would be suitably placed at the rear of the two projecting wings. The cover tiles are of the normal Corinthian type with angular profile and an overlap of some ten to twelve centimeters. At the upper end are two slight projections (P1. 22 4, where the cover tile should lie further down on the pan tile), which fitted tightly against the lower edge of the pan tile of the row above. On the ridge, over the joints between the ridge cover tiles, is a saddle tile, to the middle of which the ridge palmette is attached. Each end of the saddle projects ca. 0.20 m. on either side of the palmette. The palmettes are painted (P1. 21 1, b, c) and, like the decoration on the sima, the design stands out in the color of the clay against a black background; the heart and the outer edge of the palmette are in purple. The face of the palmette is slightly convex and the edge is lobed following the curve of the leaves. To the cover tiles were attached antefixes (Pls. 20 i; 21 1, a) with painted decorations in low relief. Underneath a palmette with eleven leaves there is a pair of double spirals ending in tendrils, between which are half palmettes on each side of a central upside-down lotus bud. These raised patterns are in the color of the clay and the backgroundis painted black. Purple is used for the outer edge of the antefix, the hearts of the palmettes, the space between the leaves of the lotus buds and, in some instances, for the raised circle in the center of the large spiral at the center. There were two

kinds of cover tiles at the eaves, one used for

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

the front, the other for the rear of the Stoa. The former had a knee fitting over the horizontal sima on the facade (Pls. 19 l; 21 i, a), the other came down straight to the edge in the rear of the building (P1. 19 3). The decoration on the two kinds of antefixes is identical, and both varieties seem to have been cast in the same moulds. Apart from the ordinary tiles of the roof some unusual examples have been found in the Stoa wells. One is a pan tile of the normal size and shape, but at the lower edge is a trough, 0.125 m. wide at the bottom, and the lower edge is raised 0.075 m. above the bottom of the trough (P1. 21 2, center). The edges at the two ends of the trough are beveled, and traces of mortar were found at the joints and in the trough. A few smaller fragments of similar tiles were discovered. One small fragment from the lower left corner of a tile preserves part of an oval opening, surroundedby a low raised edge (P1. 22 i). This is the normal type of opaion tile, examples of which have been found elsewhere, both in marble and terracotta.42 Although only one piece of an opaion tile has been found-and this could possibly have come from another building- it is not unlikely that such tiles occurredat regular intervals to provide additional light and ventilation. If such was the case, the tile with a trough at the lower end may have been placed just above the opening to prevent large amounts of water from pouring through the hole during heavy rains. If the raised edges of the two adjoiningtiles were cut away and the joints beveled for the width of the trough and if the joints and trough were largely covered with cement, the water from above would have 42Opaion tiles have been found at many Greek sites. See W. D6rpfeld, Olympia, vol. II, p. 17; E. Dyggve et al., Das Heroon von Kalydon, p. 342, fig. 48 H. A list of places where opaion tiles have been discovered is given by Dinsmoor, The Architectureof Ancient Greece, p. 151, note 3. Cf. Homer Thompson, Hesperia, SupplementIV, 1940, pp. 78ff., fig. 61, who found many fragments of tiles with openings surrounded by a collar, in the area of the Tholos in Athens. The openings in this case may have been intended as vents for the smoke from the Tholos kitchen.

87

been diverted away from the tile with the open hole in the center as shown in the restored section of the roof, Figure 61. Another peculiar fragment is a half tile with the left half (as seen from above) of normal shape, and with a raised edge, 0.12 m. high on

FIG.

61. SKETCH

SHOWING WITH

CONJECTURAL

TROUGH

TILE

USE

OF OPAION

ABOVE

the right (P1. 22 2). The lower part of the tile is not preserved, but at the upper end the raised vertical edge has a cutting, 0.105 m. long, to receive the overlap of a similar tile. In the corner of the cutting and along the upper edge are traces of a hard mortar. This type of tile would serve well along the inner, west edge of the projecting east wing in the rear as an undecorated form of raking sima (P1. 21 2, left edge). A corresponding set of tiles with sides reversed would go along the east edge of the roof over the west wing. As seen in Plan XIV a, the width of the roof requires one row of such half tiles over each wing. Such tiles may also have been placed along the east and west edges of the lower portion of the roof (Plan XIV a). Some fragments, on which the cover tile is attached to the pan tile, may belong to the end of the roof close to the raking sima; more likely they do not belong to the Stoa. Among the peculiar specimens are fragments of a tile

with a diagonalridge, and one with a valley

88

CORINTH

running diagonally through the pan tile. There is also a wide variety of cover tiles, varying considerably in size. Whereas the normal cover tile measures approximately 0.17 m. in width, some very much larger specimens and others of smaller dimensions are found. One large fragment is 0.235 m. wide, while other fragments are much narrowerthan the normal cover tile. One piece had two raised knobs near the upper edge, to prevent the overlapping tile from sliding down. Although found in the shop wells, together with the roof terracottas which undoubtedly belong to the Stoa, it is likely that many of these odd pieces come from other buildings. Fragments of pan tiles and one large piece of a cover tile of the Lakonian type were found in one well in the Stoa. The cover tile had the word KOPINOI)N stamped on the top (P1. 22 3, bottom).43It does not seem likely that this type of tile was used in the main part of the Stoa roof, but may have come from some adjacent structures in the rear. Possibly some of the paved areas behind the rear compartments were at one time provided with a roof. One set of roof tiles carries the stamp I EOAA in raised letters impressedwhile EnrT the clay was wet (P1. 223,

top, 224). The

stamp occurs chiefly on cover tiles, but some pan tiles and at least one ridge cover tile were similarly stamped. The same or identical dies were used for all the stamps.44 The letter forms are of a kind in use during Hellenistic times, but any accurate dating on this basis is not possible. The right vertical bar of the pi is slightly shorter than the left one, and the pi and iota are joined by a horizontal bar. The 43Pieces of the Lakonian type of tile but of Corinthian clay and bearing the stamp 'ETrrlEvoA&were found in the Theater at Corinth. See Richard Stillwell, Corinth, II, The Theatre,p. 35. The frequent occurrence of this stamp on the Corinthian type of tile from the South Stoa shows that the "Lakonian" tiles from the Theater, like that bearing the stamp KOPINE I N, are all of Corinthian make. 4 The stamp on the "Lakonian" tiles from the Theater is made with a different die, but the magistrate, Xenolaos, whose name-a rare one at Corinth-appears on the two sets, was almost certainly the same person in both cases.

middle bar of the epsilon and xi is very short. The nu is made with two diagonal strokes forming a cross in the center, as if the die maker, who had to make his letters in the negative, had been uncertainas to the direction of the stroke and put in a second one to make sure that one would be correct. The alpha at the end of the name is a variant genitive ending for the aov. This contracted form of genitive, in frequent use in many parts of Greece, even in Attica, during the Hellenistic period, need not be regarded as a Doric form. The tiles marked with this stamp seem to belong to pre-Roman repairs of the roof. The clay differsfrom that of the normal tiles, being somewhat more sandy and brittle, and the top surface shows traces of brush marks. The cover tiles of the stamped variety are perceptibly larger than the normal type, having a width of 0.20 m., as compared with 0.17 m. Both the cover tiles and the pan tiles with stamps are of heavier fabric and the edges are less sharp than on the original tiles of the building. A variety of ridge palmettes, differing somewhat from the normal kind, both in decorationand in fabric, but resemblingthe stamped tiles, have been found in comparatively small numbers (P1.21 3, a, b); they probably belong to the same period of repairs. Since fragments of stamped tiles were found in several wells, widely separated from each other, we may assume that the repairs extended to the whole roof, rather than to a restricted section. THE TERRACE WALL North of the Stoa, at the distance of 7.65m. from the stylobate of the north fagade, runs a low foundation, the top of which is nearly one meter below the stylobate level, and ca. 0.15 m. higher at the east end than at the west. It is built almost entirely of re-used material, blocks of various shapes and sizes

having been fitted together to form a con-

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

tinuous line extending the full length of the Stoa. At the east end the foundation turned at right angles and extended up to the northeast corer of the Stoa, but most of the eastern arm lies concealed beneath the foundations for the Colonnade of the Southeast Building.45 The top course of the terrace at the northeast corer was removed at the time when the foundations for the Roman building were laid; but the bottom course forming the return at the very comer is in situ (Plan I). At a distance of 1.50 m. from the corer, where the top course of the terrace is preserved, its north edge is heavily worn, indicating that the ground level to the north of the terrace was somewhat lower than on the south. About 2.50 m. from the end the terrace widens toward the south to form a rectangle, 2.65 m. in length and 1.25 m. in width, probably the base of an equestrian statue. At a distance of 1.80 m. to the west of this large rectangle is a cutting for another statue base, and 0.90 m. farther west is a deep cutting, nearly two meters long and more than one meter wide, quite different from the cuttings for the other statue bases on the terrace. It is sunk to a depth of 0.25 m. below the top of the terrace wall but does not extend quite to the south edge of the wall. It was probably made for a monument in Roman times which had no direct connection with the original purpose of the terrace. Across the cuttings for the earlier, preRoman statue bases, run well marked ruts of a wagon road, extending diagonally across the Agora from northwest to southeast (P1. 23 1, lower right). This road cannot have been in use while the monuments were still standing, 45Allen B. West, Corinth, VIII, ii, Latin Inscriptions, p. 96, No. 122, has suggested that the donor of the East Portico was the well-known benefactor of the Roman colony of Corinth, Cn. Babbius Philinus, whose activities fall in the early part of the first century of our era. For his date see Robert L. Scranton, Corinth, I, iii, p. 64, and cf. West, op. cit., pp. 83, 96,107. The marblecolonnade, however, seems to have been preceded by an earlier one of poros which probably goes back to the first era of construction following the founding of the colony under Caesar.

89

nor could it have existed after the erection of the Portico for the Southeast Building. The destruction of the monuments on the terrace must be dated between the sack of Corinthin 146 B.C. and the construction of the Portico, the foundations for which were laid not much later than the founding of the Roman colony at Corinth.45Thus, the only time duringwhich the road could have been in use is the century of desolation following the destruction by Mummius.During this period the buildings of Corinth would have served as convenient stone quarries for neighboring cities and the roads may have been used for hauling such material through the uninhabited city. The road at the east end of the terrace and a similar one at the west end offer the best archaeological evidence for the non-existence of the city during those hundred years.46 The terrace has been cleared for a distance of 9 m. from its east end, but west of this point the bedding for the Roman marble pavement of the Agora overlies the terrace for a stretch of ca. 5 m. The level of the pavement was here ca. 0.25 m. above the top of the terrace. Where the terrace wall is well preserved it has a total width of ca. 1.35 m. Its north face is fairly straight but the south face is quite irregular. At the east end of the Stoa, except at the very northeast corner, the terrace is only one course deep, ca. 0.35 m. in thickness. 46The literary evidence for the non-existence of Corinth during that century is both abundant and consistent. Some doubt was cast on this question by the discovery of a Latin epigram, purportedly written in 102 B.C. Since the stone was found at Corinth, it was naturally assumed that it had been set up there, and this is unlikely to have been done if the site was deserted. See Taylor and West, A.J.A., XXXII, 1928, pp. 9ff., and Corinth,VIII, ii, Latin Inscriptions, No. 1. The evidence from this inscription alone, which could have been set up in the Isthmian sanctuary and later carried to Corinth,is not sufficient to overthrow the historical evidence, now confirmed by archaeological data. See Carl Roebuck, Corinth, XIV, The Asklepieion and Lerna, pp. 82ff.; and Broneer, Corinth,IV, ii, TerracottaLamps, p. 65. That there was some occupation of the site during that century is shown by the discovery of coins dated to that period. See Josephine M. Harris, Hesperia, X, 1941, p. 158, and cf. Joseph de Waele, A.J.A., XXXV, 1931, p. 411, note 1. These may well have been lost by those who engaged in the destruction of the city for their own use, and by the small number of temple attendants who were permitted to remain on the site.

90

CORINTH

Along the north edge is a shallow rabbet, 0.14 m. in depth, which probably marks the approximate difference in level between the terrace in front of the Stoa and the open area to the north. The top of the terrace wall is heavily worn and weathered throughout, except where it supported statue bases which were placed very close together. In some instances the surface of the terrace was worn down after the removal of the monuments but before the Agora was paved with marble. The terrace is preserved, with some small gaps, for a stretch of ca. 35 m. from the east end. Beyond that point the blocks are missing for a distance of 30 m., but cuttings in the virgin soil and existing blocks of the foundation farther west indicate that the terrace wall was continuous from the east to the west end of the Stoa. In front of shop XII (Plan III) there is a clearly marked cutting in the rock in line with the terrace wall, and it is obvious that it was made as a bedding for this wall. Farther west, in front of shop XIV, where the terrace wall was two courses deep, the lower course is preservedfor a stretch of ca. 4 m. For the next 40 m., in front of shops XV-XXII, where the ground level was considerably lower in postclassical times than during the Greek and Roman periods, no traces of the terrace exist. In front of shop XXIII (Plan IV) a few stones are preserved from the foundations for the front of the terrace wall. The original ground level was here more than 1 m. below the top of the terrace, and this made it necessary to construct a deep foundation. In front of shops XXIII and XXIV the terraceis comparatively well preserved ?or a stretch of nearly 8 m.; it is here somewhat less well constructed than at the east end. The top shows the usual cuttings for statue bases, but the blocks are very irregular and uneven at the top. Small stones and tiles have been used to level off the wall between the statue bases, and

it seems likely that the packedearth floorof

the Agora extended over the terrace wall and concealed its stone construction. A small bit of terrace foundation is preserved in front of shop XXVII (Plan V), where the original ground level was more than 2 m. below the stylobate of the Stoa. In front of shops XXIX and XXX there is a well preserved pebble cement floor of pre-Stoa construction (P1. 3 2). The level of this floor is slightly more than 1 m. below the top of the terrace wall. Here as elsewhere the material of the terrace wall is all re-used, and it is likely that the building to which the pebble floor belonged furnished the material at this point.47From shop XXIX to XXXIII (Plans V, VI), a stretch of 24 m., the terrace wall is comparatively well preserved, and here as at the east end the north edge is cut down for a shallow rabbet. The statue bases here stood very close together, only some 40 cm. apart. They vary somewhat in size, but whereverpreservedthey appear to have been approximately square, as would be required for single figures in the round. At a distance of some nine meters from the west end there are wheel ruts running diagonally across the terrace and extending towards the northeast. The same road may be traced on the pre-Roman foundations to the east of the Sacred Fountain. As at the east end the road skirted the comer of the Stoa but cut across the terrace wall, and it is clear that the two roads were in use while the front colonnade of the Stoa was still standing but after the monuments on the terrace had been removed. The west end of the terrace lies concealed beneath the foundations for the aqueduct supported by the archaic columns. Close to this point the north edge of the terrace wall is so deeply worn that separate blocks have been inserted where the original edge was worn away. The condition of the wall at this point and at the east end indicates that the South Stoa was more frequently approached 47 See above, under Pre-Stoa Building Remains (p. 10), and cf. CharlesH. Morgan, Hesperia, XXII, 1953, pp. 131ff.

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

at the two ends, where the stairways in shops I and XXXIII led to the second story. The terrace with its row of monuments facing the Agora must have presented a picture resemblinga sculpture gallery, intolerable perhaps to modern taste, but highly effective as a monumental backdrop in front of which the civic and commercial life of Corinth was staged. Judging from the spacing of the statue bases on the preserved sections of the terrace, the number of individual monuments supported by the wall was over a hundred, and at the north edge of the Agora, on the terrace of the Sacred Fountain, was another shorter row of statues with some of the inscribed bases still existing.4 REFINEMENTS In the section on the North Fa9ade it was pointed out that the Doric columnshad entasis, but since no column is standing above the first drum and the existing pieces come from different columns, it is not possible to measure the curve with accuracy. It is, however, clear from the increasing rate of the diminution above the first three drums that the columns did not taper uniformly toward the top. The presence of entasis in the columns of a fourth century building (for the date see below, p. 96), even in a secular structure like the Stoa, is to be expected. It is somewhat surprising, however, to find throughout the building a system of horizontal curvatures, which-except in the southwest corner, where an underground reservoir had weakened the foundations-were applied with a high degree of consistency and accuracy. Since the stylobate of the Doric columns is preservedonly at the two ends of the building it is impossible to measure the curvature directly at this level. The euthynteria course, however, is sufficiently well preserved to permit measurements at 48 See A Guide to the Excavations of Ancient Corinth,4th ed., p. 41; John H. Kent, Hesperia, XXI, 1952, pp. 9ff.

91

somewhat irregular intervals all along the facade, and the curvature indicated as No. 1 in Plan Xb is based partly on the measurements taken at that level and partly on the levels of the existing stylobate blocks. Both the step and the stylobate were of uniform height throughout; in fact there is no measurable differencein height in any of the existing courses of the foundation. Consequently the curvature extended all the way down to the bottom of the foundation trench which has been exposed in a sufficient number of places to make possible the measurements for the curvature labeled as No. 2 on Plan Xb. It is clear that the thickness of the foundation was uniform at the level of any one of its courses. It probably entailed less work to extend the curvature to the bottom of the trench than would have been requiredif the lower courses had been laid horizontally and the curvature established at, for example, euthynteria level. As shown in Plan Xb, the maximum height of the curve of the front foundation amounts to 0.148 m., at a point 72 m. from the northwest corner of the Stoa, which is the spot nearest the axis where the condition of the foundation permits the level to be measured. The curve measured at the bottom of the foundation trench reaches a maximum of 0.151 m. at the axis. We may assume that the curve of the stylobate at the axis was ca. 0.15 m. above the horizontal. The stylobate at the northeast corner of the building, which was used as zero level in this curve, is ca. 0.005 m. lower than the stylobate at the west end; the differenceis negligible.49 49The levels were taken with a theodolite on several occasions, with slightly varying results; the difference in level between the two ends of the building is not more than 15 mm. Comparewith this the curvature on the north flank of the Parthenon, where the maximum rise comes slightly to the west of the axis. In the Parthenon the stylobate at the northwest corner is 0.035 m. higher than at the northeast corner, a length of about 70 m., less than half the length of the South Stoa. See Gorham P. Stevens' article, Hesperia, XII, 1943, p. 137, fig. 1, which contains a chronologically arranged list of articles about the Parthenon curvatures. Cf. W. B. Dinsmoor, The Architectureof Ancient Greece, pp. 166-167.

92

CORINTH

The toichobate of the front wall of the shops is preserved throughout its length, except for short sections in front of shops III-V, XI-XII, and XXI. Consequentlythe levels can be taken at shorter intervals and thus the curve can be plotted with greateraccuracy (PlanX b, No. 3). The result is not very different, a maximum rise of 0.160 m. here, however, at ca. 15 m. to the east of the axis. The curve is somewhat less regular than that obtained by the measurements at the euthynteria level of the facade, and this irregularity is further aggravated by a greater differencein the levels between the east and west ends of the walls, here amounting to 0.015 m. The rear wall of the building, though comparatively well preserved, lies partly hidden beneath the floors of several Roman structures so that the levels taken to establish the curvature along this line are very irregularly spaced (Plan Xb, No. 4). Except at the west end, where the foundations seem to have been affected by the old reservoir,the curve is fairly regular.50 In addition to the curvature on the long axis of the building, the toichobate at the two ends is likewise curved. The rise can best be measured on the toichobate for the east wall which is preserved throughout. On a distance of a little over 25 m. the total rise at the center is 0.032 m., but at the southeast corer the toichobate is 0.013 m. lower than on the stylobate for the corer column at the east end of the facade.51The toichobate of some of the north-south partition walls between the '0 The four curves on the long axis of the Stoa shown in Plan Xb should be compared with the catenary curve at the top, obtained by the suspension of a chain between the two ends of the drawing at a scale of 1:200. It is probable that the Classical Greek architects laid out the long horizontal curves of their buildings by means of a chain or string rather than by mathematical calculations. See Broneer, A.J.A., LIII, 1949, pp. 146-147. The more cumbersome method described by Vitruvius (cf. Gorham P. Stevens, loc. cit.) probably resulted from computations made by Alexandrine scholars, who theorized about a past practice. 61 The curves are far more uniform than the drawings indicate. Because of the horizontal scale used, 1:200, in order to reduce the length of the drawing, while a vertical scale of 1:1 was employed, the irregularities in the curvatures as seen in Plan Xb are thus exaggerated 200 times.

shops show a similar rise towardthe front of the shops. Only at the west end wherethe foundations have been weakened by the large underground reservoirare the curves comparatively irregular. The curvature on the short axis of the building was apparently eliminated at orthostate level. Enough of the orthostate blocks are preserved throughout the building to show clearly that there is a differencein height between those in the front wall of the shops and those in the rear wall of the building. Among the thirteen orthostate blocks still standing on the toichobate of the inner fagade the height varies between 1.04 and 1.05 m., with a mean height of 1.045 m. Ten of the orthostates are preservedin place on the middle wall between the shops and the rear compartments. One of these, which formed the sill of an interior window (see above, p. 56), in the rear of shop XXV, has the exceptional height of 1.08 m.; the others vary between 1.055 and 1.065 m., and the mean height-not counting the single block of exceptional height-is 1.060 m. There are eleven orthostate blocks standing on the toichobate of the rear wall. One of these, at the very southeast comer, is irregularly low, measuring only 1.055 m. in height. The other ten vary between 1.063 m. and 1.074 m. and the mean height of these is 1.07 m. Thus between the orthostates in the front wall and those in the rear wall there is a difference in the mean height of 0.025 m. This is somewhat less than the total amount of curvature of the east toichobate but sufficient to show clearly that the curve across the building was not intended to be carried above the orthostate level. There is, however, no corresponding decrease in height of the orthostates from the ends of the building toward the middle, so far as this can be measuredon the existing blocks. Apparently the curvature was not considered sufficiently great to have an appreciableaffect on the regularity in the dimensions of the in-

dividualblocks. Some correctionmust have

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

been made in the columns of the faCade, in order to make the shaft strictly vertical, but the differencein any one drum is too slight to be measured. So far as can now be measured on the single column drum in situ at the northwest comer of the Stoa, there was no inclination of the corner column in any direction. PRE-ROMAN ALTERATIONS In the course of nearly two centuries, between the construction of the Stoa and the sack of Corinth by Mummius, some repairs and additions doubtless became necessary from time to time. Not long after the Stoa was finished the terrace wall (see above, p. 88) must have been constructed and the ground level raised to the top of it. This became a convenient place for statuary, the erection of which would have continued for considerable time before all the available space was occupied. In the building itself some repairs were done to the wooden construction, especially to the doors and door frames, which were subjected to constant wear. That the door frames were renewed is clear from the removal of the moulding at the top of the jambs in the front doors of the shops (see above p. 52); similarly the inner edges of the grooves in which the door frames of the rear doors were fixed were roughly cut away when the new frame was inserted. Even the wooden construction of the roof would have required at least partial replacement. Several of the wall blocks from the top of the walls show cuttings for ceiling beams, some extending into the taenia (P1. 23 2; cf. Fig. 12), which can hardly be explained except as the result of repairs to the building. The new type of tiles stamped with the name of Xenolaos (see above, p. 88) were probably laid at some time when a large section of the wooden roof had to be renewed.

For the date of most of these changesthereis

93

no evidence beyond the fact that they probably took place prior to the destruction by Mummius. The paved areas in the rear of the building are not earlier than the middle of the third century B.C.,52at least in their preservedform, and it is quite possible that the great drain and individual latrines date from the same time. There is no way of showing what arrangements were made for the disposal of waste from the shops in the earlier period. During one of the pre-Romanalterations doorways may have been cut in the partition walls between some of the shops. Such doors can now be observed in the walls between shops XIX and XX, and between XXX and XXXI; in each of these cases the doorwayhas been neatly walled up. Such provision for communication between the individual shops would seem to presupposea change in the use of the building, and it is more likely that these doorways belong to the first Roman reconstruction. They had certainly been made and walled up again by the middle of the first century after Christ. At the two ends of the building, where roads entered the Agora from the south, the ground level rose rapidly between the time of construction of the Stoa and the destruction of Corinth in the second century B.C. The steps and even the lower part of the orthostate course were partly concealed by this change of level, as is shown by the stone benches set against the walls. At one time benches were also erected on the inside along the east and west walls of the Stoa proper and between the doorwaysin front of the shops. The evidence is slight but unmistakable. At the east end wall and in front of shops XIV and XV (Plans I, 52 This dating is based on the area behind rear room XV (see above p. 67). It is conceivable that this area was torn up and repaved when the water channel was laid, but this seems unlikely. The irregularities of the masonry in the short partition walls between the areas and lack of proper fitting of these walls against the rear wall of the Stoa do not accord well with the assumption that they are part of the original construction.

CORINTH

94

III) some stone supports, properly spaced for such a purpose, are preserved at the approximate floor level of the Stoa, and some of the shop wells contained carved poros supports for benches (P1. 23 3-4). One large seat

1435

-A

?097

T

*24

r ..07

.417

I

dated the deposit of terracotta objects in shop III, the pottery deposit beneath the east stairway (see below, p. 97), and probably also the extensive repairs to the roof. The shops may have been completely reconditioned and perhaps some of them were made to serve a new purpose. At this time, or shortly before, the cement pavement was laid in the areas behind the rear rooms, and perhaps the great drain in the rear should be dated to the same period. Whatever may have given occasion to this reconstruction, no evidence of general fire or earthquakes has been observed in the building. One well, however, in shop V, contained some black fill and other evidence for a destruction in pre-Roman times, which may have been caused by fire in a restricted part of the building; the pottery and coins from this fill accord well with the date suggested above for the reconstruction of the Stoa. DATE AND PURPOSE OF THE STOA

FIG. 62. POROS SEAT BLOCK FROMWELL XVIII

block of poros, found in well XVIII (Fig. 62) may have been used in front of the shops. The workmanshipof the existing pieces is inferior to that of the Stoa architecture, and it is unlikely that they date back to the original construction. Some may be Hellenistic, others may be of Roman date. Most of the alterations discussed above were probably made at different times during the two centuries that the Stoa existed before the destruction of the city, though some of them may belong to the period after the founding of the Roman colony. Extensive repairs and changes in the building seem to have been made toward the end of the third century B.C., or possibly at the very beginning of the second century. At that time the floor level of the shops and rear rooms seems to have been lowered, and in some cases the original fill beneath the floors was removed or at least

The architectural details described in the preceding sections place the building within the general limits of classical Greek architecture. The standard of workmanship, the character of the design and the technical processes involved conform to the strict classical canons of architecture perfected in the fifth century and continued until Hellenistic times. From general considerations alone the unbiased observer would doubtless date the building some time in the fourth century or, at the earliest, at the very end of the fifth. Such a date was originally suggested by Theodore W. Heermance at the time of his discovery of the Stoa in 1904 (see above p. 4, note 6). A study of the building as a whole and the evidence from pottery and coins have narrowedthe chronologicallimits within which the construction must be placed. The pottery from the excavations is abundant and its bearing upon the date of the Stoa

thoroughlydisturbed.To that periodmust be is particularlyclear. Of specialimportancein

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES9

this connection are some vases (P1.24 1) found in the top part of a well excavated in 1950 within the Stoa properand a little to the north of shop IV53 (see p. 8, P1. 4 1). With the exception of 0.50 m. at the top, the well had been filled up by the middle of the 6th century B.C. and can never have been in use as a well after the construction of the Stoa, nor is it at all likely that a conspicuoushollow would have been left in the floor of the building so near to the entrance of one of the shops. We may consider it certain that the pottery at the top had been thrown into the well before or during the construction of the Stoa. The early fill of the well shaft would have settled, leaving the top of the shaft to be filled up as work on the Stoa began. The two cups illustrated in Plate 24 1 belong to the latest form of skyphos from Olynthos, but the shape continued, growing constantly taller and more slender, till near the end of the fourth century.54The date indicated by the vessels serves as a convenient terminus post quemfor the construction of the Stoa. Equally important is a small deposit of pottery and lamps found in the south manhole to the large, pre-Stoa reservoir (P1. 24 s). Among the vases is a squat pitcher (lekythos) of blister ware55and a skyphos of Athenian 53A preliminary report on the contents of the well appeared in Hesperia, XX, 1951, pp. 294-296, pl. 93. Among the vases is a kantharos (pl. 93 c) very similar to some found at Olynthos, D. M. Robinson, Excavations at OlynthosV, pls. 148, 149; and XIII, nos. 504, 505, 506. For the shape of the kotyle, Hesperia, XX, 1951, pl. 93c, cf. D. M. Robinson, op. cit., vol. XIII, pl. 194, 4 and pl. 198, 570 and 571, which the author dates at the end of the fifth century or the beginning of the fourth. 54 See D. M. Robinson, op. cit., vol. V, pl. 185, nos. 971, 973, and 975; and vol. XIII, plates 199-202, especially nos. 581, 583-587. A slightly more advanced form of the same type was in use as late as the end of the fourth century B.C. Cf. Homer A. Thompson, Hesperia, III, 1934, pp. 319-320, fig. 5, No. A26. Two vases found in the building fill (Bauschutt) of the South Stoa at Olympia (Jahrb., LVI, 1941, Bericht III, pp. 49, 50, fig. 41, 44) Emil Kunze dates to the period shortly before 330 B.C. They seem to me to represent a somewhat earlier stage in the degeneration of the skyphos profile. 55This type of ware is not represented among the published pottery from Olynthos. It was common at Corinth where it seems to have been made locally in the late fifth century (M. Z. Pease, Hesperia, VI, 1937, pp. 288ff., fig. 23) and continuing in the fourth century.

manufactureof a slightly earlierform than the two from the pre-Stoa well.56With these vases were found three lamps, all of type VII, with the well-developed profile common in the first half of the fourth century.57Two are Attic, the third a Corinthian imitation. The pottery and other objects from the Stoa wells, which G. Roger Edwards has studied and will publish in another volume of the Corinth series, have been discussed briefly in a preceding section. With few exceptions the contents of the wells are divided into two parts, an habitation deposit near the bottom, and a destruction deposit filling the rest of the shaft. The earliest lamps and pottery found close to the bottom of several wells would be likely to date back to the first few decades after the completionof the building(P1.24 2,4).58 The earliest of this pottery is closely related to the pottery from the pre-Stoa deposits, and the brief lapse of time between the two groups may with confidence be set down 56 For the shape cf. Emil Kunze, op. cit., p. 49, fig. 42; and D. M. Robinson, op. cit., vol. XIII, No. 587. 57 All three had band handles, now missing, and no side knob. They are similar in profile to lamps found in the South Stoa at Olympia (Emil Kunze, op. cit., p. 57, fig. 59b, c, d), except for the handle which is not found on the Olympia lamps. Cf. also Broneer, Corinth, IV, ii, TerracottaLamps, Type VII, especially Profiles 32-34, fig. 14; and D. M. Robinson, op. cit., vol. XIV, pl. 146, 28 and 49, also pls. 146-151. It is the most common type of lamp from Olynthos. 58 The kotyle on the left in Plate 242 is more elongated than the kotylai from the pre-Stoa well deposit (Hesperia, XX, 1951, pl. 93c, left), and it lacks the criss-cross lines above the base. The shape is rare at Olynthos, and the profile of the few examples found is less elongated. Cf. D. M. Robinson, op. cit., vol. XIII, pl. 194, 2-4 and pl. 198, nos. 570-573. The one-handledcup in Plate 24 2, right, is one of the most common shapes from Olynthos. Cf. D. M. Robinson, op. cit., vol. V, pls. 178-181; vol. XIII, pls. 214-218. It was also found at Olympia, in the construction fill of the South Stoa and in that of the Echo Colonnade, which seem to be of contemporary date. See Emil Kunze, Bericht II, Jahrb., LIII, 1938, p. 53, fig. 32, and Bericht III, Jahrb., LVI, 1941, p. 56, fig. 56, left. Only a single example of degenerate form came from well A in the Athenian Agora, the fill of which goes back to about 300 B.C.; Homer A. Thompson, Hesperia, III, 1934, p. 318, fig. 4, A24. The lamps from the shop wells are mostly from the end of the fourth century B.C. and later; but one example, Plate 24 4, upper left comer, which also had a band handle, compares well with the lamps from the reservoir(P1.24 3), though it may be somewhat later. The group in Plate 24 4 is plainly later than the lamps from Olynthos; most of them are probably from the third century.

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as the construction period of the building. Roger Edwards concludes that the earliest examples from the shop wells are to be dated before the end of the fourth century. We need not assume that the vases were lost in the wells immediately after the shops were open for business. Some time might well have elapsed before this occurred, and the possibility must be conceded that the earliest examples had been removed during the periodical cleanings of the wells. This probably did not take place very often, however, since it required a lowering of the water level of the Peirene channels, and the amount and nature of pottery found at the very bottom of several of the wells gives the impression that the accumulation in some of the wells began not very long after the completion of the building. From the evidence from the pottery alone we can thus date the construction of the Stoa to the second half of the fourth century B.C. With such a date the architecturalevidence is in full accord. The technique of the wall construction, particularly the practice of mitering the blocks of the foundations together at the corners, is similar to that in the Temple of Apollo at Delphi constructed between 366 and 326 B.C.59It is of special interest in this connection that the temple's architect, Spintharos, was a Corinthian and that much of the material of the temple is poros stone from the Corinthia. The proportions and spacing of the columns in the Stoa are less important factors, not only because their height has had to be restored but also because the proportions vary considerably, particularly in buildings of a non-religious nature. Clamps are rare, and those found are without exception of the hook type, which was used together with the earlier double T-clamp in the fourth century B.C. and from about the middle of that century became in69

22.

C. M. Courby,Fouilles de Delphes, II, pp. 22-23, figs. 21,

creasingly common.60This is shown by such examples as the Apollo Temple in Athens, dated during the administrationof Lykourgos, 338-326 B.C., the Thrasyllos Monument, after 320 B.C., the Philippeion and the Echo Colonnadeat Olympia, from the third quarter of of the fourth Century, the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, the Temples at Nemea and Tegea, and buildings at Olynthos,61prior to 348 B.C. The painted roof terracottas find their best parallels in such buildings as the Leonidaion at Olympia, built shortly after 338 B.C.62 The most important architectural evidence relating to the chronology has been discussed by Lucy T. Shoe,63who dates the mouldings from the various parts of the building in the period after the middle of the fourth century B.C. Since the publication of her book she has kindly re-examined some of the more characteristic mouldings, particularlythe hawksbeak of the geison, and on this evidence she dates the construction of the Stoa in the third quarterof the century. Thus the evidence from architecturepoints unmistakably to the fourth century B.C., and more specifically to the third quarter of that century as the most likely period of construction of the Stoa. The date arrived at by the study of the architecture and the pottery seems to be contradicted by a discovery made in the excavation campaign of 1933, when a deposit of terracotta figurines, a few lamps and loomweights, some painted terracotta shields, and other miscellaneous objects were found in shop III.64 The objects in the deposit were mixed with a fill of red earth extending down to hard-pan; in the southwest corner and all 60 For a discussion of the early occurrence of the hook clamp see Homer A. Thompson, Hesperia, VI, 1937, pp. 92, 102-3; Einar Dyggve, Das Laphrion von Kalydon, p. 261; and W. B. Dinsmoor, op. cit., pp. 175, 235. 61 D. M. Robinson, Excavations at Olynthos,XII, p. 189. 62 Olympia II, pl. 123, 1-3; Martin Schede, Antikes Trauflisten-Ornament,pl. VI, 34-36. The antefixes from the Leonidaion, however, are very different from those of the Stoa at Corinth. 63 Profiles of GreekMouldings, pp. 64, 71, 113, 164. 64 Broneer, A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, pp. 559ff.

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

along the west wall of the shop they were packed against the foundations. The deposit is dated by coins found mixed with the other objects in such a way as to indicate that the coins and the votives had found their way into the shop at the same time. Most of the 47 coins are anonymous issues of Corinth, Sikyon, Argos and Troizen, which cannot be dated with any degree of accuracy, but they seem to belong to the period between 400 and 146 B.C. Four of the coins, however, are dated from rulers, Demetrios Poliorketes (306-283 B.C.), Antigonos Gonatas (277-239 B.C.), and Ptolemy III of Egypt (247-222 B.C.). The upper limit of the deposit is given by the coin of Ptolemy as shortly after the middle of the third century B.C.65 In the preliminary report on this deposit some tentative conclusions were drawn regarding the date of the Stoa. It seemed at the time impossible to explain how the objects could have been placed at this depth below the shop floor centuries after the completion of the building, and with some misgivings the suggestion was offered that the Stoa might have been constructed after the middle of the third century. Yet the indications for a date in the fourth century B.C., as shown above, are so many and so conclusive that some other explanation must be found for the discovery of the votives in such a context. It now seems certain that the building underwent considerable repairs some time prior to the destruction of the city under Mummius. It is not clear what caused the damage to the building, nor is there any logical explanation for the necessity of turning over the fill below the floor of the building at the occasion of these repairs. It is possible, though unlikely, that the interiors of the shops were not immediately finished. This might be inferred from the discovery in the wells of the upper part of storage jars that were, apparently, at 65 The

deposit has been published in detail by Gladys R. Davidson (Weinberg), Hesperia, XI, 1942, pp. 105-127 and Broneer, ibid., pp. 128ff.

97

one time used as well curbs (see above, p. 62). It remains uncertain, however, whether these were installed before the permanentwell curbs were set up or were used temporarilyafter the destruction of some of the stone curbs. Many of the latter preserve traces of the fine watertight cement, which at one time was used as flooring in the shops, but in no instance has any of that flooring survived in situ to the present day. In some of the shops the fill beneath the toichobate level, which must have marked the floor level of the Greek period, contained fragmentsof inscribeddrinkingcups identical with those found in the wells.66 A deposit of pottery from the third century B.C., found in shop I in the area beneath the stairway, cannot have been put there before the construction of the Stoa. It was packed against the foundations which show signs of considerablewear and mutilation prior to the deposit of the pottery.67On this evidence we must assume that a thoroughgoing alteration took place in the shops before 146 B.C., involving in at least some instances a lowering of the shop floors. It is also difficult to explain why a deposit of terracotta objects suitable for dedicationsin a sanctuary should be found in a secular building complex like the shops in the South Stoa. One of the suggestions, perhapsthe most likely one, is that shop III was used in the third century B.C. for the sale of votive objects of this kind. This would seem to follow from the discovery in the Agora of another deposit of religious significance,some figurines of which were made in the same moulds as were those from the deposits in shop III.68

Whatever happened in this shop to account for the presence of the terracottas, the deposit cannot, in the face of so much contradictory evidence, be used to fix the date of the original construction of the Stoa. The evidence for a fourth century date is incontrovertible. 66Hesperia, XX, 1951, p. 297. 67 A.J.A., XXXIX, 1935, pp. 56, 71f. 68

See above, note 65.

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On the basis of this date, of the large size and costly construction, and of the interior divisions in the south half of the building we are justified in drawing some inferences regarding the original purpose and subsequent use of the South Stoa. It was in the third quarter of the fourth century that Corinth became the capital of the short-lived Corinthian League,69established by Philip after the Battle of Chaironeia,and continued after his death under Alexander the Great. The League was the culmination of the policy ruthlessly pursued by Philip of uniting the Greeks under a single head, and the choice of its capital would have been made with the usual fanfare of the benevolent autocrat. The elaborate and costly scheme which changed the orientationof the buildings along the south side of the civic center and almost doubled the area of the Agora might well have been occasioned by such imperial ambitions on Philip's part. He did not live to see the fruition of his plans, but since the League continued under Alexander and doubtless received a strong impetus from his announcement of the war against Persia, any plans made under Philip for the accommodation of delegates and for the embellishmentof the capital were probably completed during Alexander's regime. It is difficult to suggest any other time during the fourth century when Corinth would have felt the need of a public building of such size and sumptuous appointments. We can hardly be wrong in ascribing its construction to the period between the founding of the League in 837 and the death of Alexander in 823 B.C. The South Stoa was probably planned as a gigantic hostelry: its subdivision into sixty69

The succession of events in Philips' program of establishing domination over the Greek states is discussed by Carl Roebuck, Cl. Phil., XLIII, 1948, p. 76, note 19. The first meeting of the League took place early in 337; a second meeting was held in the spring of the same year. It should be noted that an extensive building program was inaugurated at Olympia at about the same time. Philip was as willing to use the velvet glove to gain the good will of the Greeks as he was ready to apply force against the recalcitrants.

six small rooms on the first floor and a corresponding arrangement in the second story would be suitable for such a purpose. That the shop wells were used primarily as coolers has been pointed out in an earlier section; the bulk of the pottery from the habitational deposit at the bottom of the wells indicate that the first story was devoted chiefly to restaurant and bar business. The frequent occurrence of mixing bowls, wine pitchers and drinking cups and the inscribed names of deities and personificationsinvoked at drinking parties show clearly that the shops served as taverns. Common among the objects from the wells are also fragments of flutes of bone and ivory, marble tables used as gaming boards, and innumerable astragals and markers rubbed and polished by frequent use, all part of the equipment of the tavern business, complete with gambling and professional entertainment. In many of the wells were found examples of coarse pottery and kitchen ware, some of which is blackened by fire, but the absence of any stationary equipment for cooking or baking may seem irreconcilablewith the interpretation offered above. Only in one of the wells, in shop XIX, was a portable terracotta stove found. Perhaps the cooking was done chiefly on metal braziers, which would be sufficiently durable and intrinsically valuable so as not to be thrown away with the rest of the debris. The ancient Corinthian restaurateurs, like their modern successors, may have preferredto take their roasts and baking to a public oven. Furthermore,the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the shops had access to individual sheds in the rear that may have served as more or less permanent kitchens. The second story over the shops can best be restored on the basis of the architectural remains as a series of individual suites, each with one large room and an ante-chamber acces-

sible from a corridorin the rear, and these

THE SOUTH STOA IN GREEK TIMES

would serve admirably as sleeping quarters. The inner chamber would ensure a reasonable measure of privacy and seclusion, and the anteroom would provide accommodations for one or two servants. At the two ends, above shops and rear rooms I and XXXIII, there would be ample room for registration desks and storage space for hotel supplies. We must picture the two types of business as separate enterprises. The thirty-one shops-not counting those at the extreme ends-each with its rear compartment, would have been occupied by tavern keepers who also had claims to a correspondingspace within the colonnade for the service of their clients. The shops in the front row with their refrigeratorwells would function as service rooms, from which waiters and entertainers reached their guests; the rear rooms would probably be used as storerooms and perhaps also as kitchens. Cooking may have been reduced to a minimum, since the primary purpose in most of the shops was probably to serve drinks and light refreshments. Doubtless some shops served a totally different purpose. In one case, shop XIX, the principal business appears to have been the equivalent of a modern hardwarestore, carry-

99

ing paints and metal objects of various kinds. Another shop, No. III, seems to have been devoted to the sale of terracotta votive objects for religious use. The shops may not always have served the same purpose,however, and in the two wells just mentioned the habitational deposit at the bottom contained the usual paraphernaliaof the restaurant and entertainment business. It is possible, moreover, that the function of the shops changed to a certain extent when the League of Corinth came to an end. What was intended originally as a grand hotel for the convenience of the delegates might later have been leased to private operators, whose business spread the fame of Corinth as the amusement center of the Greek world. The tavern gear found in most of the wells dates largely from the third and second centuries B.C., extending down to the destruction of Corinthin 146 B.C. This was a period of lively intercourse with Macedon, Egypt, and the East, and the Stoa may well at that time have been the principal locale of the celebrated entertainers, whose activities received religous sanction by their intimate association with the cult of Aphrodite on Acrocorinth.

CHAPTER

IV

THE STOA IN ROMAN TIMES EARLYREPAIRS When Corinth was sacked in 146 B.C. the Stoa had recently been reconditionedand was probably in excellent state of repair. No part of the building seems to have been purposely demolished during the hundred years of desolation, but it is obvious that all the buildings of the city suffered damage from disuse and neglect. The most conspicuous effect of the city's destruction can be seen on the terrace wall in front of the Stoa, from which the monuments together with their bases were removed and all usable works of art carried away to grace the public squares and private villas of the conquerors. The wagon roads cutting diagonally across the two ends of the terrace (see above p. 89) cannot have been in use at any time in the history of Corinth except during the hundred years between Mummius and Caesar. It is natural that the neighboring cities should have taken advantage of the situation at Corinthto haul away building material whereverthis was conveniently available. From such depredation the Stoa itself seems to have been spared, and there is every indication that it was standing fairly intact when the colony was established in 44 B.C. At first it was probably repaired without much structural change, except that most of the wells ceased to serve their original function and now became repositoriesfor the accumulating building debris. Not all were completely filled up at this time, however, and a few of them seem to have been used as wells or coolers. In the course of the first hundred years they became filled up, one by one, and were gradually concealed beneath the floors of

the Roman buildings constructed over the ruins of the shops and rear rooms. When the Stoa was repaired during the early years of the colony, a new, heavier coat of stucco was added and color was applied on many parts of the building. The white metopes of the fa9ade now received a red border; the rest of the entablature seems to have been painted in the conventional colors, and the lower parts of the walls in some sections of the building were painted bright red or dark purple. Of these decorationsonly traces appear on scattered blocks through the Stoa, but they are so well distributed as to indicate that the redecoration covered most of the building. There are traces of a heavy coat of lime mortar over the roughened Greek stucco on the capitals and entablature of the Doric fagade, on capitals of the Ionic columns, on wall blocks and doorways of the inner fagade, and on the inside of some of the shops. Such stucco was probably applied also on the walls of the second story but not in all parts of the building. The flat piersfrom the windowsabove the shopdoors in the fagade, the shafts and capitals of the small Doric columns from the second floor, and most of the small anta capitals found in the wells show no signs of having been restuccoed before they were discarded. Some parts of the stone work seem to have been replaced at the same time. In the wells were found fragments of the horizontal cornice and of Ionic columns of a workmanship and finish far inferior to those of the originalbuilding (P1.25 1, left). These pieces from replaced architectural members were found in the wells together

100

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

with material from the original construction, discardednot later than the first century after Christ. Possibly to the first Roman period belong the repairsin front of the Stoa at the west end, where the original gutter and front edge of the step and stylobate were removed and replaced in poros stone (Pls. 2 2, 5 1). This gutter, which clearly antedates the marble gutter of a later time, continued to function until the final destruction of the building. The benches between the doors of the inner facade may have been inserted at this time. It is more likely, however, that the original benches were added during one of the pre-Roman alterations (see above p. 93). The existence of benches in the Early Roman period is shown by a graffitoin Greek scratched in the Roman plaster on a block from the top of a doorway, ca. 2.50 m. above the floor. It would be virtually impossible even for a very tall person standing on the floor to write on the wall at that level, but if a stone bench, ca. 0.45 m. high, was conveniently located close to the wall, it would be quite easy to reach that height by standing on the bench. The inscription consists of two lines, the first of which contains the name Lucius and the second line, less well preserved,may have consisted of a second name.1It seems unlikely that the man idly scribbling his name on the wall would have gone to the trouble of bringing a chair or a table to stand on. The block (Fig. 29) with the graffito(P1.25 2) was found in the cryptoporticus of the South Basilica, which was filled up early in the second century after Christ. During the first Roman period the Stoa and 1 When the graffito was first discovered I suggested that the second line should be read as Aav[ilos, a Greek transliteration of the Latin word lanius, butcher. See 'Apx. 'E., 1937 A, p. 132. The first letter, written with a long left stroke and a very short right stroke, is more like a kappa. The incorrectness of my original reading was first pointed out by F. W. Housholder, who thought that the second line also contained a name, possibly Caniusin Greekletters. The suggestion that the Stoa with its shops was used as a food market at the time of Saint Paul's visit should in any case be discarded, since most of the wells had by that time been filled up and covered over.

101

its shops may have continued to serve its originalpurpose, but only for a short time, and little use seems to have been made of the wells. On the second floor the partition walls and even some of the windows of the inner fa9ade were removed and many of the architectural members were thrown into the wells; perhaps the whole second story, if it was not completely demolished,was then made into a large hall to be used for some unknown purpose. The roof was probably completely rebuilt in the first period of Roman repairs. In the shop wells large quantities of Stoa roof tiles, pieces of horizontal and raking sima and ridge palmettes were found in the destruction debris, which in most cases contained no Roman objects and thus would have been thrown in during the early years of the Roman colony. The wooden roof construction must have been seriously damaged during the century of desolation, and wherevera part of the roof collapsed few of the tiles from such a section could have been salvaged. A new set of tiles probably had to be made for the entire building during the first Roman reconstruction. A type of horizontal sima with lion's head spout, flanked by double spiral designs (P1. 26 1), has been found in sufficiently large numbers to indicate that it may have been used as replacementfor the tile roof of the Greek building. The sections are ca. 0.58 m. long, 0.04 m. less than the sections of the Greek sima. If the sima shown in Plate 26 1 was used on the north facade merely to replace individual sections of the Greekroof which had been damaged, a greater effort would have been made to match the old with the new in size at least, if not in ornament.2It is probablynot accidental that the new tiles, unlike the earlier tiles (see above p. 85), fit almost exactly the spacing of the columns of the facade, a further indication 2 Examples of two related varieties of sima have been found in the Agora, but since only isolated pieces come from the Stoa, it is not certain that they were all used in that building. They will be discussed in detail by Mary C. Roebuck in Corinth,IV, iii. Cf. Hill and King, Corinth,IV, i, Decorated ArchitecturalTerracottas,p. 32, fig. 35, and p. 82, S171.

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that they were made to order for the Stoa. Many other types of Roman tiles and simas have been found in the Stoa, and it is not always possible to assign each variety to its respective building, but most of them appear to be of later date. The individual structures built in the rear half of the Stoa were in most cases roofed separately, and since they were not all built at the same time a considerable variation in the tiles may be expected. EAST END OF THE STOA In the second Roman period, which probably began before the end of Augustus' reign, a complete alteration and rebuilding of the South Stoa took place. It is not possible to follow all the steps in this reconstruction, but it seems certain that the destruction of the shops and rear rooms and their replacementby administrative structures began at the east end of the building and continued toward the west, where the last of the Roman units were built as late as the end of the third century after Christ. Throughout this time the Stoa proper retained essentially its original form and continued to exist as an open colonnade. The east end, for a distance of ca. 35 m., was rebuilt about the beginning of the Christian era (Plan XV). Only the Doric columns of the fagade and perhaps a major portion of the east and south walls were left standing. The interior columns were removed and other Ionic columns of much larger proportions were inserted in their place (Fig. 68; P1. 262). Of these twenty-seven drums and three capitals have been found near the east end of the Stoa (P1. 26 3), none farther west. It is true that very few fragments of the original Ionic columns have been found in the western part of the Stoa and column drums can easily have been moved from one part of the building to another; nevertheless, if all the interior columns had been replacedin Roman times, it is

survivedat the east end andnonein the restof the building.From the evidenceat hand we may concludethat shops and rearroomsI to VII were first demolishedand that seven of the interiorcolumnsat the east endweretaken down and discarded. Such a thorough destruction of the interior doubtless involved considerablechangeson the fagadeand on the east flank. Thenewinnercolumnshad a lowerdiameter of at least 0.81 m., measuredin the flute, and ca. 0.90 m. on the fillets. The corresponding dimensionsat the top of the shaft are 0.68 m. and0.77 m. No basehas beenfoundto fit these columns,andonlythreecapitalsarepreserved, two of whichhave been trimmedon the sides so as to removemost of the details. The best preserved (P1. 262) has a total height of 0.522 m., and the abacus measures 0.87 m. on

the side. Between the volutes, of which only a smallpart at the outerrim remains,thereis an egg and dart patternwith five eggs. Only one in the center is complete,the other four being partly concealedby large corner palmettes. Beneaththe egg and dart patternis a plain astragal.Since all the preserveddrums and capitalswerefoundwithinthe Stoa, they cannotbelongto any otherbuildingbut must be restoredon the foundationsfor the inner colonnade,the originalcolumnsof whichwere removedin the early decadesof the Empire. The ceiling over that part of the Stoa must have been omittedwhenthe new interiorcolumns were inserted; their large lower diameter indicatesthat they should be restored high enoughto reachto the rafters.The total height was here ca. 8.40 m., and if allowanceis

madefor the thicknessof a purlin,the height of the column, including the base and the capital, would be ca. 8 m., 8.89 times the lower

diameter. That the originalinterior columns of the Stoa were broken up and discardedat this time appearsfrom the fact that many large remarkablethat so muchof that materialhas fragmentsof the Greekcapitalswerefoundin

CMS 10

0 ~UHUUL LFI

10

)0

)0 I 63I

NICO

40 I ,

50

60

M AD CPI

FIG. 63. IONIC COLUMN,DRUM AND CAPITAL

70

60

90

100

104

CORINTH

wells V and VII, both of which were filled up in early Roman times. Among these fragments are several that preserve a thick coat of lime mortar, showing that they had been once restuccoed in Roman times before they were discarded. Other fragments of Ionic columns are carved in a technique totally differentfrom that of the original colonnade (P1. 25 1), showing that they belong to the repairs made during the early period of the colony. Together with these brokenup Ionic capitals were found several pieces of the Doric cornice, including one (Fig. 15; P1. 95-7) from the northeast comer of the building. This shows conclusively that the eastern part of the Stoa was largely demolished and rebuilt at the time when the first three administrative units were constructed at the east end of the shops. Close to the east wall in front of shop I a foundation of re-used blocks was laid in Roman times at a level ca. 0.40 m. below the toichobate of the Stoa (Plans I and XIb), and the projecting foundations of the Stoa were trimmed down to the level of the new foundation. It extends from the front of the shop toward the north for a distance of 4.72 m. At the north end it has a width of 1.75 m., but in front of the shop wall it is only 0.80 m. wide, and the west edge is quite irregular. Possibly it was constructed as a bedding for a stone flooring,but if this was its purpose,it does not seem to have been finished. The foundation for the easternmost of the interior columns has been trimmed off along the south edge, as if floor slabs were to be inserted, but no such slabs have been preserved, and farther west there are no corresponding cuttings in the foundations. While these changes were made in the front part of the Stoa, the first seven shops and rear compartments were demolished, and three administrative units were constructed in the vacated area (Plan XV).3 The first of these is 3 Some of the Roman structures cannot be identified with any degree of certainty; they are labeled "A" to "J" on Plans XV-XXI, and described in order from east to west.

a large room occupying the width of three shops. Its length is equal to the combined length of shop and rear room I, which projected 1.75 m. to the south of the middle section of the Stoa. The south wall is here standing to a height of one course above the orthostate (see Section D, Plan XIb), and in the very southeast corner one block from the second course remains in situ. A westward extension of this wall was constructed behind rear rooms II and III, making a rectangular room, "A" with an inside measurement of 11.77 m. from north to south and 14.42 m. from east to west. Over part of the area a packed earth floor is preserved, ca. 0.17 m. above toichobate level, and extending over the foundations for the removed Greek partition walls of the shops and rear rooms. Where the earth was undisturbed, the fill below this flooring was consistently pre-Roman. It probably constituted the actual floor of the Roman building, since no pavement or bedding for a pavement was discovered. Of the north fa9ade of this structure only two blocks are left in situ (P1. 27, center foreground), one of which is the originaleast door jamb in shop I. In the door opening itself is a wall block, 1.45 m. long, which originally occupied a position at the cross walls in the second story of the Greek building (see above p. 76, Fig. 51). From the present position of this block it is obvious that the entrance to room "A" was not in the same place as the Greekdoorway of shop I, which opened on the east stairway. In the west half of shop II the toichobate course of the north wall has been cut down ca. 0.07 m., probably in order to mend the sill of the doorway into the shop, before the threshold into room "A" was laid. We have restored a doorway in the center and a window on either side, but for the position of these and for the windows in the rear wall there is no factual proof. In front of shop III Those buildings whose purpose is reasonably certain have also been designated with specific names in the plans, and in the text they are generally referred to by these names.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

the whole foundation for the front wall has been removed, and with it the evidence for the Roman wall at this point has disappeared. The east wall of the Stoa may have remained standing to the height of the second story. Two orthostate blocks at the south end of the wall are in situ, and farther north a single block, now only 0.68 m. high but originally having the full height of the orthostate, is left in its ancient position. The other walls were probably constructed entirely out of material from the demolished shops. On the inside of room "A" the walls were covered with a heavy stucco, ca. 0.035 m. thick, which was divided into panels by means of recessed horizontal and vertical bands with an outer width of ca. 0.07 m. (P1. 27, upper left). Since the edges slope inward, the inner width of the bands is only ca. 0.04 m. wide. One complete panel is preserved at the bottom, 2.33 m. long and 0.84 m. high at its west end, and ca. 0.87 m. at the east end. In the second row one almost complete panel is preserved; this had a length of 1.555 m., and traces of a vertical division further west indicate that this was the normal length in the upper parts of the walls. The lowest section of the wall, forming a dado, is so divided that two of the panels here have the length of three of the smaller panels above. Of the superstructure,apart from the walls described, very little remains. In the well of shop II were found fragments of an unfluted Doric column of Roman workmanship with a preserved diameter of 0.555 m., and a Doric capital (P1. 28 1) with a diameter of 0.48 m. at the neck, the abacus measuring0.60 m. on the side, and 0.108 m. in height. The surface was finishedwith a fine-toothed chisel, and covered with a thin stucco of lime mortar. This column may have been one of the interior supports of the ceiling, and in the restored ground plan (Plan XV) two rows of four columnseach have been added. There is a possibility, however, that the poros columns came from the north

facadeof the room.

105

Among the fragments found at the east end of the building is a section of a domed ceiling of concrete preserved to a length of ca. 1 m. (P1. 28 3). It consists of a hard opus incertum

made of gravel and small stones mixed with some binding material, probably a natural cement. The ceiling was divided into sections by raised ribs, 0.10 m. wide and ca. 0.04 m. thick. One preserved part of a rib is approximately semicircularin section; a second rib nearly rectangular in section crosses the first one on a bias, indicating that the ceiling curved in two directions. The slab is covered with a heavy coat of lime mortar showing traces of red color along the ribs. The top, i. e. the unexposed side of this concrete slab, preserves impressions from the strokes of a trowel, which seems to indicate that the ceiling cannot have been part of the lining of an underground structure but must have been constructed as a dome. The stucco and the divisions made by the raised ribs would go well with the paneled wall decoration, and it is not impossible that the fragment comes from the ceiling of room "A". The walls of the building seem too thin to carry the weight of a vaulted ceiling, but the thickness of the concrete slab is slight, and if the main weight was carried on interior supports such a ceiling would perhaps not be impossible. A voussoir block (P1. 28 2), found in the Stoa in front of room "A", might be regarded as evidence that the entrance from the nortf led through a series of arches. It belongs to the top of a pier preservingthe spring of two arches with radii of ca. 0.65 m. Since no other voussoirs have been found in the vicinity, however, it is more likely that this block belongs to some other building. On the rear wall of room "A" are traces of animal drawings executed by some amateur artist, probably in charcoal, on the white surface of the plaster (P1. 28 4, Plan XXII). At the top is a large animal, whose paws and long tail show that a feline, probably a leopard,

106

CORINTH

was intended. Of the head nothing is preserved that can be definitely recognized. Below his outstretched paw is the head of a bovine animal with horns, seen in three-quarter view, but with the eye renderedas if in profile. A broken line extends from the head toward the right beneath the figure of the leopard. The body of the second figure is omitted; the surface is well preserved and there are no traces of drawing where the body should be, nor would there have been room for it under the leopard. A little below this scene is the figure of a dog, poorly preserved but quite recognizable, in spite of a disproportionately large eye. To the right was the figure of a donkey or mule, of which only the head and traces of the tail are preserved. The curved nose, minute eye and bent-down ears lend this figure a particularly mulish expression. The artist, though no master of his craft, was capable of endowinghis animals with a lifelike appearance. All the preserved animals face left. In front of the leopard at the broken edge of the stucco are traces of a fifth animal, which probably faced right; it is so poorly preserved that its identity cannot be determined. Below are the last three letters of a name which we may take to be the artist's signature. The last letter is a lunate sigma, preceded by an alpha, in front of which are traces of two letters, probably omikron and rho or iota. What remains of the name is too uncertain to invite restoration. The second compartment in the series (Room "B", Plan XV) covers approximately the width of shops IV and V, with an inside measurement of ca. 9.30 x8.74 m. The partition walls and the foundations in this area were first removed, then a fill of earth and debris was thrown in so as to raise the floor level to ca. 0.20 m. above the toichobate level of the Stoa. Of the front wall not a stone remains, but a later foundation of rough stones held together with earth mortar was

constructedin the trench originallydug for

the front foundation of the two shops. On the toichobate course between shops III and IV now lies a rough poros block, 0.60 m. wide and 0.45 m. high, which is the only preserved part of the Roman wall separating rooms "A" and "B". Along the west edge of this poros block were found traces of veneer and mortar, showing that the interior walls were covered with marble slabs at the base. The rear wall of the stoa had been removed behind shops IV to VIII and a new wall was constructed ca. 0.50 m. to the north of it as rear wall of "B" and "C". Nothing remains of the north-south wall separating "B" from "C", but it seems to have been constructed on the foundation for the partition wall between shops V and VI. The floor of "B" was paved with thin marble slabs arranged in a pattern of blue panels separated by strips of white marble4 and with a border of wider slabs along the edges (Plan XV). A considerable section of this floor was preserved at the time of excavation (P1.29), but this was almost entirely broken up and removed during World War II. The panels of blue marble are ca. 0.58 m. long and 0.29 m. wide, and the white marble strips measure 0.038 m. in width. Though very little now remains of room "B", it was probably a very splendid structure. In Italy this type of flooring came into use near the end of the Republican period and continued into the age of Augustus;5 the evidence from Corinth indicates that room "B" was one of the earliest administrative units in the Stoa, probably from the early years of Augustus' reign. After the room was destroyed in Late Roman times, an east-west wall was built along the line of the partition wall separating the Greek shops from the rooms in the rear. 4 The same type of flooring, but with polychrome slabs, occurs in the Casa del Citarista in Pompeii (second style); Erich Pernice, Die hellenistischeKunst in Pompeii, vol. VI, p. 69, pl. 29, 4. Cf. Marion E. Blake, Mem. Am. Acad. Rome, VIII, 1930, p. 41, pi. 7, 1. A somewhat similar effect was obtained by using strips of mosaics to separate the squares of marble in Casa delle Danzatrici. See Pernice, op. cit., p. 87, pl. 39, 5; M. E. Blake, op. cit., p. 42, pi. 7,4. 5 Blake, op. cit., pp. 40ff.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

This probably belongs to a reconstruction at the end of the fourth century after Christ. Room "C" (Plan XXI), which is in a far better state of preservation, covers the width of about one and a half Stoa shops (VI and VII); its south wall is in line with the south wall of "B", ca. 0.50 m. to the north of the south wall of the Stoa. The inner dimensions are 9.03 m. from north to south and 7.62 m. from east to west. All four walls appearto have been constructed in Roman times, partly on the foundations of the Greek shops and rear rooms. Of the north wall only a single block at the northwest corner and the threshold are now preservedin their positions.The threshold, made of the hard cream-colored limestone from Acrocorinth,consists of two blocks, with a total length of 2.16 m., a width of 0.645 m. and a maximum thickness of 0.17 m. The outer edge, 0.31 m. wide, is 0.045 m. above the floor level, while the inner half, in which the door swung, is approximately level with the mosaic floor. The door opening was ca. 1.20 ni. wide. There are pivot holes at the ends but no cutting in the center for fastening the doors, which were probably secured by means of a horizontal bar. Two cuttings for the door jamb in the higher section of the threshold are 0.10 m. long, 0.032 m. wide, and ca. 0.02 m. deep. The west wall is constructed of wall blocks from the Stoa, recut for their present position. They have setting marks on one face, and anathyroses at the ends; most of them were orthostate blocks from the Greek shops, split through the middle and laid on their sides. The south wall was similarly constructed, but the blocks are here concealed under a thick coat of stucco, which was applied in two layers and divided into panels like those decorating the walls of room "A". Traces of such stucco are preserved on the south, west, and north walls of the room. Against the south wall, in the axis of the building, is a marble-covered bench (P1. 30; Plans II, XV)

with a total lengthof 3.23 m., and a maximum

107

projection of 0.565 m. from the line of the wall. The two ends project 0.055 m. farther into the room than the central part. The east projection is 0.62 m. wide, that at the west end only 0.58 m. The height of the bench was at least 0.50 m. and may have been slightly more. The seat was covered on the front and sides, and apparently also on the top, with slabs of bluish green marble with conspicuous dark and light veins. The central panel is separated from the projecting ends by upright slabs of white marble. The slab on top of the bench is not preserved in situ, but a large fragment, found close to the bench, of the same kind of marble as the front slabs may be from the top. Apparently a section of the wall behind and above the seat was also covered with marble slabs. On the floor is a mosaic in comparatively good state of preservation (P1. 30; Plan II). Close to the east and west walls were rectangles, 1.34 m. wide and 6.50 m. long, paved with broken pieces of marble slabs of irregular shapes and of different colors, arrangedwithout design.6Along the inner edge of these rectangles is a band, 0.125 m. wide on the west side and 0.115 m. on the east, which is made of tesserae, less carefully cut than those used for the rest of the floor, and of considerably larger size. Correspondingto the wide border of marble pavement on the east and west sides, there is a mosaic border along the north and south walls, approximately 1.25 m. wide, consisting of a pattern of diamonds with a cross in the center, enframed within a quadruple 6 This rather rare kind of flooring, which seems to have come into existence accidentally, occurs at Pompeii in the Casa dei Gladiatori. See Blake, op. cit., p. 48, pl. 9,4, who suggests that the technique originated from an "attempt to utilize the material which lay ready at hand" after the earthquake. Such a desire to salvage precious marble fragments may account for its occurrence in room "C" at Corinth. A variation of the "crazyquilt" technique, consisting of broken pieces of marble slabs separated by narrow strips of white mosaics, occurs in the Roman Baths at Olympia, dated by the excavators at ca. A.D. 100. See Kunze and Schleif, IV. Bericht iiber die Ausgrabungen in Olympia, 1940 and 1941 (published 1944), pp. 57ff., fig. 27, pl. 22.

108

CORINTH

band of white, red, and blue tesserae. The diamonds of the north border are practically square, measuring ca. 0.21 m. on the side, but in the southern border they are slightly more elongated. Here a double row of blue tesserae surrounds the bench, showing that the floor is either contemporary or later. It is not unlikely that the mosaics were laid to replace an earlier floor of marble, the slabs of which were broken up and used for the two rectangles on the sides. Within the bordersis a large panel, measuring ca. 6.50 m. from north to south, and 4.65 m. from east to west. A pattern of intersecting circles in white, blue and red colors surroundsthe central square, which measures ca. 3.05 m. on the side. It is composed of twelve small squares, decorated with birds and flowers, enframing the figure panel. In the small square at the southeast comer is a poorly preserved figure resembling a parrot, with green and blue colors on its wings, and in the southwest comer is a figure of a partridge standing above an overturnedcup. The northeast corner has the figure of a cock, relatively well preserved, and in the northwest corner is a wading-bird, resembling a sandpiper.7 Sprays and flowers are used as filling ornaments surrounding the birds. The other small squares contain floral and geometric designs, and a guilloche pattern frames all the squares and separates them from each other and from the panel in the center. The inner panel (P1. 31 and Color Plate facing p. 108) carryingthe chiefdesignmeasures 1.295 m. from east to west and 1.27 m. from north to south. On a light groundis depicted in naturalistic colors a nude athlete in front view, holding a palm branch and standing before a seated female figure. He is represented in an' attitude of triumphant victory, symbolized by the palm branch and the 7 For similar decorations with birds in small panels see R. P. Hinks, Greek, Etruscan and Roman Paintings and Mosaics in the Br. Mus., No. 42, fig. 134. Cf. Marion E. Blake, op. cit., p. 120.

wreath and fillet on his head. Before him sits the goddess of Good Fortune, holding a shield on her knee, on which the name E[YTY]XIAappears in Greek letters. The inscription was in two lines, but of the top line, which contained the first four letters, only the lower left corner of the epsilon is preserved. The second line of three letters is undamaged. The goddess is seated in three-quarterview to the left, facing the athlete. The upper part of her body to the waist is nude, but a corner of drapery hangs over her left shoulder and extends down her back. The rock or chair on which she is seated is entirely concealedbehind her drapery. Her left arm was bent at the elbow, and here a crude, ancient patch has largely obliterated the original design. She seems to have held a vessel of some kind, from which a narrow stream of liquid poured into a basin standing by her side. The basin consists of a circular bowl with two handles, and is supported on a stylized human figure, with his hands upstretched, his body emergingfrom a floral stem. The athlete, probably a runner, has come fresh from his victory to pay his vows to the goddess, whose aid he had invoked. The figure of the goddess, which may have been inspired by a cult statue, has her left foot on a footstool and her right knee is bent, concealing the right foot behind the drapery. The color of the background changes from white at the top to a creamy gray at the bottom. This change in color comes at a height of 0.29 m. between the two figures; behind the goddess it is 0.65 m. above the bottom of the panel. The athlete's feet and the foot of the basin cast shadows in a greenish gray color. The style of the figuresand the combination of decorative patterns point to the second half of the first century after Christ as the most likely date of the mosaic floor. It shows close affinity to the earliest of the mosaics from Antioch, especially the floors in the Atrium House and the House of Polyphemus, both of

which are dated beforeA.D. 115. In the ren-

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THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

dering of drapery and shadows and the subtle change in the color of the background, the Corinthmosaic resembles the scenes of the Drinking Contest and the Aphrodite and Adonis from the Atrium House, the floors of which seem to have been laid between the time of Claudius and the earthquake of the year 115.8 The use of the simple guilloche as a border between panels, a comparabledesign of intersecting circles, and birds pecking at floral sprays on subordinatepanels occur also on the floor of the House of Polyphemus. The two-ply guilloche occurs as a border design in mosaic floors in Italy during the first century after Christ, but is more common in the beginning of the second century.9 The meander and the wave motive, which are among the most common of the geometric designs from the first century after Christ, do not occur on the athlete mosaic at Corinth. Corroborativeevidence for the date of the mosaic floor is provided by the two side panels paved with marble chips. This kind of "crazyquilt" flooring, which seems to have been in vogue only for a short period, made its appearance in Pompeii between the time of the earthquake in A.D. 63 and the eruption of Vesuvius in 79. The South Basilica (see below p. 114) is known to have undergone some repairs following an earthquake in the time of Vespasian, and it is likely that the mosaic floor in "C" was made during repairs necessitated by destruction at that time. From the architecture of room "C" little remains except the pieces of walls described above. We may assume that there were windows in the front wall on either side of the door. The room was roofed without interior supports. In the late fill above the mosaic floor and in the surrounding area were found numerousfragments of roof tiles of the Roman period, among which were many sections of a 8 Doro Levi, Antioch Mosaic Pavements, vol. I, pp. 16, 25, 625, pls. I, II. 9 Marion E. Blake, Mem. Am. Acad. Rome, VIII, 1930, p. 108; XIII, 1936, pp. 96ff.; Doro Levi, op. cit., pp. 373ff.

109

sima with a lion head spout in the center, flanked by a beardedhead on the left side and a female head on the right. Similar tiles were found in the Roman Fountain farther west (see p. 124). Rooms "A", "B" and "C" may have formed a unit together and were probably constructed at one time. They have common partition walls, and, although the easternmost of the three rooms extended farther south, all three could have been roofed together. That "A" and "B" are of the same period may be inferred from the fact that some of the tile fragments from the well in shop II joined with pieces found in well V, indicating that debris from the same part of the Stoa roof had found its way into the two wells, which were probably filled up at one time. Furthermore, the stucco on the walls of room "C" was divided into panels, exactly like those preserved on the walls of "A". For the date of construction, the contents of four of the shop wells, II, IV, V and VII, are of particular importance. All four had the usual habitational deposit at the bottom, and above that three of the four wells contained debris from the destruction under Mummius, thrown into the shafts during the early decades of the empire. Well IV, instead of the destruction deposit, had a fill that seems to have been made up of debris from a preMummian fire in the Stoa, but at the top it contained some pottery of early Roman date, from the end of the first century B.C. or the early years of the Christian era. The fill near the top of II, V, and VII was of a similar nature, but at the top of VII were found some pottery and Roman lamps from the end of the first century after Christ. This may well have been thrown in subsequent to the construction of the three rooms, probably at the time when the mosaic floor was laid in "C". The stuccoed decoration on the walls (Pls. 27, 28 4) offers further evidence for the comparatively early dating of the three offices.

Elsewhere,as at Delosand Pompeii,this kind

110

CORINTH

of wall surface is dated in Hellenistic times, and is generally agreed to have gone out of existence about the time of Sulla.10A more nearly contemporary example, tantalizingly fragmentary,is offeredby bits of stuccoed decoration which seems to have been used for the interior of the Odeion of Agrippa in Athens, built about 15 B.C.11The Odeion fragments and the stuccoed walls of the Corinth structures show conclusively that this style of wall surface continued to be used, perhapsin imitation of earlier buildings, as late as the beginning of the empire. Rooms "A" to "C", probably constructed in the reigns of Augustus or Tiberius, continued in use for some three hundred years, and some repairs must have been made during that period. The mosaic floor is worn and patched, but there are no signs of other alterations prior to the destruction at the end of the classical period, when the Roman walls were largely removed and the new partition walls inserted. At the east end of the Stoa there was a late wall slightly to the west of the partition between shops and rear rooms I and II and extending over the well in shop II (P1.29, extreme right; Plan I). It was made of re-used Stoa blocks showing traces of Roman reworking and stucco. The preserved top of the wall when found was only 0.85 m. above the toichobate level of the Stoa and it does not appear to have been higher. The whole area from this wall to the east end of the Stoa was covered with a loosely packed rubble and mortar bedding, the top of which was approximately level with the top of the wall. A 10 This is the type of stuccoed wall decoration that appears in most of the houses of the Theater district on Delos which were destroyed and abandoned in 69 B.C. or earlier; J. Chamonard, D6los, VIII, pp. 71ff.; W. A. Laidlaw, History of Delos, pp. 244f., 258ff. At Pompeii the "encrustation style" apparently went out of vogue as early as 78 B.C.; August Mau, Wandmalerei, pp. 11-123. The paneled division of the wall surface, with little use of color, occurs in the Basilica (Mau, op. cit., p. 16) and with more polychrome effect in the House of Sallust, the House of the Faun, the Temple of Jupiter, etc.; H. G. Beyen, Pompejanische Wanddekoration,vol. I, pp. 37ff., figs. 4-5. 11 Homer A. Thompson, Hesperia, XIX, 1950, p. 84, pl. 56.

small section of this rubble pavement is still left standing along the west wall of rearroomI. From the coins found in the fill it seems to have been laid down as late as the fourth century after Christ, and room "A" was probably still in use at the time when the floor was raised. At a somewhat later period the front wall of room "C" was removed and at the time of our excavation a late, very roughly constructed wall was standing on its foundation. The material consisted chiefly of poros drums from the Roman interior colonnade of the Stoa (P1. 32 1, right center) and of some fragments of the Doric fagade. This materialwas removed for the purpose of exposing the whole mosaic floor, and a new wall was constructed in 1934, when the room was enclosed and roofed over. The late column drums have since been set up on the column bases in order to indicate to visitors the spacing of the interior supports (cf. P1. 26 3). Although there is nothing definite to indicate what purpose rooms "A" and "B" served, we may assume that they, like the other buildings constructed over the shops of the Stoa, were public offices. The representation of the mosaic floorprovides a clue to the identity of room "C". The athletic nature of the scene points to some function in connection with the Isthmian Games, the control of which was returned to the Corinthians after the Roman colony was established in 44 B.C. Probably this room was the office of the Agonothetes, the chief officialin charge of the contests, whose title was one of the most highly esteemed among the honors bestowed by the city. Since rooms "A" and "B" seem to have been part of the same complex as "C",it is not unlikely that they too served some purposein connection with the Isthmian celebrations. "A" is rather large to have served as office for a single magistrate; it seems suitable as a meeting place for the Hellenodikai of the Isthmian Games, who were, like their col-

leaguesat Olympia,ten in number.Another

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

important function, probably related to the contests established in honor of the emperors, was exercised by the eisagogeusand his office may have been somewhere within the same complex, perhaps in "B". Without epigraphical or other factual evidence, however, these suggestions regarding the use of the quarters must remain a matter of conjecture. WEST OF THE AGONOTHETEION The next unit toward the west, room "D", (Plan II, XVI) consists of a large rectangular hall, measuring 9.80 m. from north to south, and 8.30 m. from east to west, entered from the north through a portico, 2.84 m. deep (P1. 32 3). On the facade were two columns or piers, but of these nothing now remains but the cuttings on the stylobate; the eastern one measures 0.74 m. X0.67 m. The supports presumably consisted of Ionic columns set on plinths with an anta on either side, projecting ca. 0.71 m. from the face of the east and west walls of the portico. The opening between the east anta and the east column was approximately 1.53 m. wide; the west opening, where the cutting for the support of the column has largely disappeared, was presumably of the same width. In the central opening, which was ca. 2.22 m. wide, the sill has a width of 0.76m., as comparedwith 0.675 m. on either side of it. The doorway from the porch to the main room has a width of 2.485 m., including the thickness of the doorjambs, which are missing. At either end of the threshold is a shallow square dowel hole with pour channels for the fastening of the jambs. The clear width of the door opening between the jambs measured only 1.99 m. The marble threshold, made of a single block, measures 2.765 m. in length, and 0.67 m. in width. The outer part, 0.27 m. wide, is raised 0.075 m. above the floor of the portico; the lower, inner part, approximatelylevel with the floor of the chamber, is 0.39 m. wide.

111

at the east side is 0.235 m. long, 0.14 m. wide, and 0.027 m. deep; the correspondingcutting on the west side has somewhat smaller dimensions. A little to the east of center is a cutting, 0.027 m. deep, for the fastening of the upright bolt. The threshold shows slight wear, greater on the west half than on the east. The east door, secured by the vertical bolt, appears to have remained closed most of the time. The preserved portions of the walls are constructed almost entirely out of re-used material from the Greek shops. At the northeast corner of the portico four courses of the east wall are preserved to a height of 1.85 m. above the floor level. The east wall of the main room is only 1.20 m. high, and the south wall is preserved to the same height, whereas the west wall is standing to a height of only ca. 0.80 m. The wall between the portico and the large room is constructed like the side walls and bonded into them. The walls both of the portico and of the chamber were veneered with marble slabs, fastened by iron clamps and a thick layer of lime mortar. All but a few small pieces of the veneer has disappeared. Along the walls runs a low "dado" (barely visible in Pls. 32 3, 33 1), ca. 0.45 m. high, and projecting ca. 0.04 m. from the line of the wall; a row of iron clamps, some with the metal still in place, is preserved at this level. The "dado" seems too low to be merely a part of the decorative finish of the wall. It probably marks the height of a marble bench along the walls, and in well VII were found fragments of bench supports with crudely carved lions' paws. The height of one complete support (P1. 322) is 0.415 m., and traces of stucco

covering the lower part indicate that the support was partly sunk in the floor with only 0.38 m. extending above floor level. A fragment of a seat slab was found in the same well, and the combined height of the two is approximately the same as the height of the bench indicated in the stucco on the walls.

The cutting for the bronzeshoe of the pivot The marble seat is too narrowfor the pre-

112

CORINTH

served support, but it is possible that the benches varied somewhat in width in different parts of the two rooms. Above the projecting edge of the "dado" are preserved the impressions of a horizontal course, ca. 0.085 m. thick, which probably representsthe thickness of the seat slabs at the rear edge. The space between the supports of the marble seats was apparently open, and the wall in the rear was veneered with marble down to the floor level. A few small pieces of white marble slabs, approximately 0.015 m. thick, are still left in place at the base of the walls. Above the seats the walls were veneered with marble, at least to the height of ca. 1.20 m. above the floor level. Possibly the veneer was carriedup to the ceiling; more likely the upper portions of the walls were stuccoed and painted. The marble seats, as indicated by the iron clamps, apparently extended along all four walls of the chamber, and on the three walls of the portico. The south end of the large room presents some interesting features (P1.33 l, cf. P1. 32 3; Plans II, XVI). At the southeast and southwest corners, for a distance of ca. 0.85 m., the south wall has the same thickness as the east and west walls, which is ca. 0.45 m., the same as that of the Greek shop walls. Then there are short sections of the wall, 1.05 m. to 1.15m. thick to the east and west of the axis, and in the middle the south wall of "D" extends to the north wall of the South Basilica and has a total thickness of ca. 1.80 m. The reason for this increasein thickness of the central portion is given by three recesses, a deep exedra in the middle, and a shallow niche on either side. The exedra measures 1.35 m. from north to south and 2.08 m. from east to west on the inside; its flank walls, made of brick-facedrubble, are ca. 0.74 m. thick. The bricks are 0.03-0.04 m. thick and 0.295 m. long. They seem to have been made square but were subsequently broken up into strips of approximately half the width of the brick. A diagonal line was

baking. The layers of mortar are ca. 0.03 m. thick, only a little less than the thickness of the bricks. The brick walls were apparently covered with marble veneer, the mortar bedding for which still clings to the surface, and in the east and south walls are cuttings for clamps for fastening the marble slabs. No other brick construction has been found either in room "D" or in any of the administrative Roman buildings erected over the shops of the Stoa. But in the walls of the Roman bath in the western half of the building bricks of the same dimensions and broken up into half bricks in exactly the same way were used as lining for rubble walls (see below p. 145). The floor of the exedra, which is now ca. 0.60 m. above the floor of the room, is made of large poros blocks, and was probably, like the walls, originally covered with marble. The entrance from the large chamberto the exedra had a width of 1.38 m., and a rough cutting at the base of the walls seems to be for the insertion of a moulding 0.19 m. high. The poros blocks of the floor, which rest on loose fill without foundation, do not tie in with the rear wall of the chamber, as do the thick wall sections with the niches on either side, and the door opening into the large recess has been rather crudely cut through the wall, leaving on the west side a very thin block, only 0.25m. thick. All these peculiarities, added to the difference of the material, show clearly that the exedra was added at a later time. The niche on the west side, which is the best preserved, was ca. 1.25 m. above the floor of the chamber, and had a width of 1.03 m., and a depth of ca. 0.60 m.; its height is not preserved. Remains of lime mortar indicate that the interior of the niche was veneered with marble slabs. The eastern niche is too poorly preserved to permit measurements; it was probably roughly similar to the western niche. The floors both in the portico and in the main room were made with thin marble slabs

impressedon one side of the brick before laid in mortar. The floor of the portico, of

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

white marble throughout, is the better preserved. The slabs differ considerably in size, and they seem to have been laid according to a definite pattern, but since they were all of the same color, this probably has no particular significance. The floor of the chamber was made with alternating white and blue rows of slabs, with four rows of wider slabs along the edges. The central rectangle was made of narrower bands in the same two colors, and one small fragment of red marble, preserved at one inner corner, indicates that a third color was added. The pattern is not completely regular, and it may be that some patching has been done which makes it difficult to restore the scheme with certainty. Close to the doorway and on the threshold are traces of fire on the floor. A marble block found close to the doorway (P1.33 2) is probably from the top of one of the walls of the portico. It is 0.285 m. high, 0.57 m. wide at the widest part, and the preserved length of the two contiguous fragments is nearly one meter, but it must have been considerably longer. At the preserved left end is an anathyrosis, and along the upper edge of the front face is a rabbet, 0.11 m. deep and 0.098 m. wide, which has been cut with a saw leaving a broken edge at the base. The lower part of the front face consists of a series of mouldings with a total projection of 0.095 m. The top has a cutting for a hook clamp at the preserved end, and at the edge of the break, 0.085 m. from the end, is a larger cutting roughly circular in shape, with a diameter of ca. 0.09 m. and a depth of 0.06 m. The edge around this hole has been trimmed off, and the hole seems too large to have resulted from the removal of a metal clamp. Presumably the wooden ceiling over the porch rested in the rabbet above the mouldings. On either side of the entrance in the portico stood statues supported on marble bases (P1. 323), one of which was found close to its

original position. It has a moulded base,

113

finished on three sides and beveled on the rear, indicating that it was set against a wall. An inscribed pedestal of coarse-grained marble, which fits the base, measures1.05 m. in height, 0.44 m. in width, and 0.37 m. in depth. The top has anathyrosis and a dowel hole in the center with a pour channel for fastening the moulded top of the base. It supported a statue of a certain Gaius Cerialis, who was procuratorof the province of Achaia under the Emperor Hadrian (P1. 33 3). The inscription reads: C(aeo) CERI[ALI] PROC(uratori)IM (peratoris) CAESARIS TRAIANI HADRIA NI AVG(usti) PROVINCIAE ACHAIAE L(ucius) GELLIVS MENANDER AMICVS DEC(reto)DEC(urionum).12 The lowerpartof a second base with similar profile was found at the west side of the door. It too is roughly finished at the back, and on the left side is a cutting for a mend. The two statues probably stood approximately in the position that the bases now occupy, flanking the doorway. Between the west wall of room "C" and the east wall of "D" there is a space, 2.62 m. wide, through the middle of which runs the foundation for the partition wall between shops VII and VIII. The orthostate and first wall course of the front wall of the Greek shops are preserved to a height of 1.585 m., and 3.90 m. farther south there is a rough cross wall (visible beneath the reconstructed roof, P1. 19 2), between the west wall of room "C" and the east wall of "D". Only the north face of this cross wall, from about 0.70 m. above toichobate level is finished; the other side is very uneven. Apparently the space to the north of this wall was used as a closet, entered from the Stoa at the northeast comer of the space, where the original Greek door jamb has been trimmed off, leaving an opening, 0.68 m. wide. 12A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, p. 568; Edmund Groag, Die romischen Reichsbeamtenvon Achaia bis auf Diokletian, p. 148. The inscription will be published by John H. Kent, in volume VIII, iii of the Corinth series. Kent, who kindly sent me a copy of his text, agrees with Groag that the C. Cerialis in the Corinth inscription is the same man whose name occurs in an inscription from Rome, Dessau I.L.S., No. 8717.

114

CORINTH

The room can hardly have been used for any important purpose, since the walls were only roughly finished on the inside. In the fill packed against the south face of the cross wall between the two buildings were found some lamp fragments of type XXVII from the second century after Christ. The crosswall, which abuts against the east wall of room "D", is probably contemporary with it and is certainly not earlier. This would show that room "D", which, unlike rooms "B" and "C", projects toward the south, beyond the line of the Stoa south wall, was constructed not earlier than the second century after Christ. The contents of the two wells, VIII and IX, covered by the floor of the portico are not of one date. Well IX seems to have been filled up in the early decades of the Roman colony, but well VIII contained some Roman coins from Augustus to Claudius and pottery and lamps from the end of the first century after Christ. The date of this fill, the statue base of Cerialis, and the lamps found between the walls of "C" and "D" show clearly that "D" is later than the three rooms at the east end of the Stoa, and the fact that it was separated by a narrow space from "C" would indicate that it was roofed as a separate unit. The only evidence for the use of room "D" is furnished by the inscription in honor of Cerialis. Since the only title mentioned in the inscription is that of procurator,it is not unlikely that the room served as his office. The relation of room "D" to the adjoining structures on the east and west and to the South Basilica is, in the main, clear. "D" is definitely later than the room with the mosaic floor, which, as we have seen, probably goes back to the time of Augustus. When the mosaic floor was laid shops VIII and IX, now covered by the portico and main chamber of "D", were probably still standing, although well IX may already have been filled up. We may assume that the space between room "C" and the partition wall between shops VII and

VIII was left open to provide room for drainage. That the shops were still standing until room "D" was built is shown by the fact that the walls are made exclusively of blocks from the shops, and it is not likely that this material would have been available for use, had the shops been demolished at an earlier period. After the construction of "D" the waste space between "C" and "D" was filled up with earth to a height of ca. 1 m. above the Stoa toichobate. The sherds found in this fill are not likely to be later than "D". On a later occasion, the north end of the narrow alley between "C" and "D" was excavated to provide space for storage. The crosswall was constructed as a retaining wall and as the south wall of the closet, and a narrow door was provided in the north wall of the area. The South Basilica was constructed in the time of Claudius(A.D. 37-54).13Its north wall, facing the rear of the Stoa, is smoothly finished and stuccoed down to the toichobate, which is ca. 0.35 m. below the toichobate level of the Stoa. The narrow space between the Basilica and the South Stoa may have been used as a passage before room "D" was built. It is clear that the builders of the Basilica intended the north wall to be seen down to its foundation, and this entailed removal of the shops in the Stoa. When room "D" was constructed, however, the space between the South Stoa and the South Basilica was needed in order to allow for a portico at the north end of the new building. Consequently the south wall of the Stoa was removed, together with the partition walls of the shops and room "D" was pushed southward to within less than a meter of the Basilica. The space between the two buildings was then filled up, leaving no passage between them; at a later period a part of this fill was removed and the exedra built against the north wall of the Basilica. On the basis of coins, lamps and pottery discovered in the 13

The evidence will appear in Corinth, I, v, now in process of preparation by Saul S. Weinberg.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

fill of the cryptoporticus, it appears that the South Basilica underwent a thorough reconstruction during the reign of Hadrian or possibly somewhat later. The builders of "D" seem to have respected the east doorway into the cryptoporticus of the South Basilica, which was walled up when the Basilica was reconstructedin the second century; room "D", then, was probably constructed somewhat earlier in the second century. When the South Basilica was constructed about the middle of the first century after Christ, shops X and XI were demolished to provide communication between the Agora and the Basilica through the South Stoa. The main floor of the Basilica was ca. 3.25 m. above the toichobate level of the South Stoa, and a broad marblestairway was constructedleading to a porch at the main floor level on the north faqade of the Basilica (P1. 34, cf. Plan XXI). On either side of the porch was a small door leading from the north into a cryptoporticus, which surrounded the inner rectangle of the Basilica. The approach to the east door led through the east half of shop X, the walls of which had already been removed. If the Fountain House to the west existed at the time when the South Basilica was built, as seems likely, the entrance into the cryptoporticus west of the stairway was reached through a passage between the Fountain House and the Basilica. If shop and rear room XII were still standing an approach to the west door might have been provided through the rear door of this unit. The two entrances were probably used rather infrequently, and when the cryptoporticus was filled up in the second century both doors were walled up. The entrance to the South Basilica was greatly altered in appearanceabout the middle of the second century of our era, when an ornamental fa9ade was built on the line of the Greek shop front (P1. 39 1), but the stairway leading up to the level of the Basilica Porch

continuedin use.14

115

THE FOUNTAIN HOUSE Shops XII and XIII together with their rear compartments were converted in early Roman times into a Fountain House, "E" (Plans III, XVI, XVII), the most elaborate of all the architectural units constructed over the rear half of the Greek Stoa. The partition walls within this area were removed, but on the east and west sides and in the rear the walls of the Stoa appear to have been utilized for the new building. Originally the Fountain House extended from the east wall of shop XII to the west wall of XIII, a total width of ca. 9.40 m. It was entered from the north through a colonnade with two columns between antae. The central opening was about 2.80 m. wide, those on the side ca. 2.30 m. The room 15 was lavishly decorated on walls and floor with marble veneer in a variety of colors. Only a small part of the flooring remains in place, but the impressions of the marble slabs were preserved in the mortar bedding when the building was first excavated (P1. 35 2). Around the edges ran a frame of blue marble slabs, 0.60 m. wide, which was carried along the north side between the columns of the entrance. A slab of this order, more than 2 m. long, is still in place in the easternmost of the three openings. Within this outer frame was a narrower border, 0.255 m. in width, of conglomerate red and white marble. The rest of the floorseems to have been all covered with very thin squares of a mottled yellow and reddishbrown marbleof the Skyros variety. Each square measures 0.29 m. on the sides and only about half a centimeter in thickness. There are traces of thick mortar bedding for revetment on the east and west walls, but none of the marble slabs is preserved in place. 14 For further detail see forthcoming publication by Saul S. Weinberg. 15 For a preliminary study of this building see Richard Stillwell, A.J.A., XL, 1936, pp. 32-39. Three of his drawings, figures 11 and 15 and plate II of his article, are reproduced here as Figures 64, 65 and 66.

CORINTH

116

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A marble fountain stands in the center of the building at a distance of 5.40 m. from the original facade (P1.35 1-2). It was constructed out of re-used poros blocks of the Stoa and revetted with marble both on the inside and the outside. The basin, which is covered on the inside with hard cement and encrusted with lime, measures 3.05 x0.80 m. at the bottom and has a total depth of 0.75 m. The front wall is preserved to its full height, lacking only the marble moulding at the top, which, however, was found near by and replaced by the ex-

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poros, 0.38 m. X0.60 m. in plan, with a preserved height of ca. 0.23 m. There was originally at least one more stone, but the full height cannot be determined. The pedestal, which does not have the same orientation as the fountain and is placed off center, was covered with the heavy watertight cement that lines the lower part of the basin. The front of the basin was revetted with stone slabs in five panels. Of the central panel of "onyx" (probably a stalagmitic marble), 0.46 m. in width, only small pieces remain at cavators (P1. 35 2).16 Close to the rear wall of the base. It was flankedby large slabs (0.903 x the basin stands the lower part of a pedestal of 0.40 m.) of bluish green marble of the Karystos 16During World War II part of this moulding was type, and at the extreme ends were smaller removed by officers of the occupying forces who intended to panels, 0.347 m. wide, of mottled Skyrian carry away the pieces, but most of it was recovered by the marble. The two panels to the west of the guard of the museum.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

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center, which are now missing, were in place when the building was excavated. At the base above a plain band of blue marble, 0.112 m. high, is a base moulding (Fig. 64, 6) of white marble with a narrow torus at the bottom carved with a leaf pattern. It is divided into four sections of unequal length, and the leaves of two adjacent sections run in opposite directions. The sections are separated by narrow bands decorated with small upturned leaves. Above this design is a cyma recta, on which is carved a series of festoons of olive branches between boukrania from which fillets hang down. From each boukranion a row of three clusters of triple leaves with olives extends toward either side and is met with a similar swag from the next boukranion. Where they meet, the longer leaves in the center are tied together in a double knot. A cyma reversa

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with a Lesbian leaf pattern runs along the top of the moulding. Above the panels is a crowning moulding (Fig. 64, 5; P1. 37 1) with a bead and reel pattern at the lower edge; the design on the cyma recta of the main part consists of alternating akanthos leaves and water lily leaves; above it is a Lesbian leaf design on a small cyma reversa, and at the top a plain band. The carving is exceptionally delicate but not very deep, and the whole front of the basin is still so heavily encrusted with a lime deposit from the water that flowed over the edge that much of the carving is concealed. The basin was flanked by pilasters of conglomerate purple and white marble, set on heavy white marble bases (Fig. 65; P1. 36 1-2), and spaced to correspondto the two columns of the original entrance into the room. The total height of the bases is 0.35 m. and the

118

CORINTH

width at the bottom is 0.625 m. At the bottom is a plain band, 0.225 m. high, above which there is a large cyma recta. The front edge of the bases rests on plinths of blue marble, 0.145 m. in height and projecting 0.66 m. from the face of the fountain. On the two plinths in front of the pilaster bases stand low poros pedestals, 0.41 m. square and 0.31 m. high, now stripped of their marble encrustation. The edges of the plinths have been cut back to receive a base moulding on two sides, the front and the sides facing the center in front of the basin, and discolorations caused by a top moulding are left on the marble pilaster bases in the rear. When the marble revetment around the pedestals was intact, the front of the pilaster bases was almost entirely concealed. Neither the blue marble plinths nor the white pilaster bases fit tightly against the front of the basin, and no effort was made to mask this incongruity. Furthermore, the pilaster bases stand 0.15 m. above the floor of the room and the base moulding in front of the basin continues behind the bases and the plinths, where it cannot be seen. In view of these anomalies we must assume a change in the original design. It would have been very simple to cut away the base moulding so as to push the plinth and the base up to the face of the basin; instead of that an unsightly open crack was left between them (P1. 36 1-2). In a room so sumptuously

decorated the architect can hardly have intended such an illogical arrangement,and we must assume that both the plinths and the white marble bases belong to a not very skillful reconstruction, of which there is much other evidence in the building. The pilaster bases, with their high plain band and heavy profile, are less carefully finished than the other mouldings from the fountain, and the marks from the toothed chisel are left unsmoothed. Furthermore,the flutes on the face of the pilasters were not carried down to the bases, and originally the lower ends must have

been intended to be covered with a base moulding, at least 0.07 m. high. There is no room for such a moulding in their present position. The return of the pilasters on the inside juts out beyond the stuccoed face of the basin and give the sides a very unfinished appearance. These irregularitiescan hardly have been part of the original design. The low marble plinths supporting the pedestals in front of the pilaster bases rest directly on the floor slabs, which were already in place before the pilasters were attached. Behind the western plinth is preserved part of a plain marble base board, 0.10 m. wide and 0.04 m. high above the floor. This marble piece, which rests on the mortar bedding with the floor slabs laid against it, is perhaps all that remains of an original arrangement in which the fluted pilasters came down almost to the floor level and a base moulding above the preserved marble band covered the unfluted lower part and served as a low pilaster base. In the top of each of the existing pilaster bases are two leaded iron clamps fastened to the stone masonry behind, and the ends of the pilaster returns on the flanks of the basin rest directly upon the clamps, thus the bases cannot have been added without the removal of the pilasters. If the bases were added later, as they must have been, we must assume that the sides of the fountain were largely rebuilt in the second period. There must have been strong reasons for such a thorough remodeling and we may assume that the objects supported on the two marble-linedpedestals were sufficiently important to cause the change. The water of the basin was allowed to flow over the top into a narrow gutter which connects with a tile drain extending toward the south (see Plan III). There was a considerable flow of water over the front wall, as shown by the heavy encrustation of lime deposit on the marble base moulding, but the sheet of water did not extend along the entire front of the fountain. At the two ends, for a space of ca.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

0.40 m., a fillet at the top raised the height of the crowning moulding above the lip in the middle part of the parapet, and the inner edge of the basin at the two ends was flat on top and covered with carved marble slabs (Fig. 65, Section). At the level of these slabs there is a horizontal groove, 0.06 m. high and 0.015 m. deep, in the return of the pilaster, the flutes of which begin above this groove (the grooves are visible in P1. 36 1-2). The pilasters are fitted into the edge of the blue marble slabs that line the upper part of the fountain on the sides and in the rear, but they jut out beyond the face of these slabs in the manner noted above. The marble slabs do not reach to the bottom of the basin, but terminate unevenly 0.28-0.45 m. above the floor, and the lower part is covered with stucco, which was painted a bluish green, probably to suggest the color in a deep body of water. The grooves at the lower ends of the pilaster returns continue the line of a moulding of white marble which ran along the flanks and back of the basin. No part of the moulding was found in situ, but with the aid of two clamps and impressions left in the mortar it was possible to replace two small pieces in their original positions on the east flank (P1. 36 1, upper right). The two fragments preserve both ends of a single strip, reaching from the pilaster at the northeast corner to the southeast corner of the basin. The moulding, which measures only 0.06 m. in height, has an astragal at the bottom above which there is a cyma recta surmounted by a plain fillet. The profile of the marble strip on the east wall is continued by another fragment which has been replaced above the rear wall of the basin (Fig. 65, d; P1. 35 2). This differs from the strip on the east wall by carrying at the top a moulding with a base cyma reversa cut out of the same piece of marble. This formed the base for a row of panels above the rear of the basin. This base moulding at the top of the strip is

119

fillet, but at intervals of 0.24 m. it turns a right angle and is carried out to the edge, forming a miniature pilaster base, 0.14 m. in width at the bottom. Only one whole and one half such bases are preserved on the existing fragment, sufficient, however, to indicate the intervals between the small pilasters that divided the rearwall of the fountain into eight panels. One fragment of pilaster of mottled green and white marble has been found fitting the dimensions indicated by the pilaster bases. It has at the top an irregularcutting with a hole through the slab for a water spout, probablyin the form of a lion's head. In the reconstructed rear wall of the fountain, it has been wrongly placed with the hole 0.15 m. above the pilaster base, whereas the spout should probably be at the very top (cf. Fig. 65, Elevation). Above these pilasters ran a crowning moulding, three contiguous fragments of which preserve one whole and one half pilaster capitals, whose dimensions and spacing fit the pilaster bases at the bottom. As now restored the panels between the pilasters are 0.33 m. high; they should probably be higher to allow sufficient space for the spouting of the water above the water level of the basin. Both the top and the base mouldings are heavily encrusted with lime deposit, showing that water was brought to the fountain at a high level and made to cascade over the rear wall with its polychrome architecturaldecoration. In the space between the two pilaster capitals, the inner edge is rounded into a lip resembling the beveled front edge of the basin (Fig. 65, e). The capitals and one fragment to the left of the complete pilaster capital are flat on top, and the moulding underneath shows no sign of lime encrustation. This fragment as now placed surmounts the panel in the extreme southeast corner where no water can have flowed. Presumably the water was made to flow over the six panels in the center, but not over the two at the ends. We may thus picture a fountain

set back 0.033m. from the edge of the outer with a sheet of water splashingover the rear

120

CORINTH

wall into the main basin and with fountain streams issuing from lion head spouts at the top of pilasters. As a prominent feature in this display we must add a figure, probably of bronze, standing on the pedestal in the basin a little to the west of center. From the basin the water flowed over the parapet, wetting the marble encrustation which thus added its colors to the rich display of running water. The architect of the fountain may have failed to take into account the high content of lime in the Corinthian water, which in the course of time covered and almost obliterated the fine details of the marble decoration. Of the flanking pilasters on the fagade a single fragment from the lower part has a dowel in the bottom which fits a dowel cutting in the top of the base, with a pour channel to the front. There were seven flutes17separated by fillets, 0.017 m. in width (P1. 37 2). The lower part of the pilasters had cable fluting which changed to regular fluting at an undeterminedheight above the floor (Fig. 64, 4). A pair of semicircles, turned in opposite directions to each other, forms the transition between the two kinds of flutes. At the top is a similar semicircle above each flute and the fillet terminates in a dart. The slabs forming the pilasters are 0.07-0.09 m. thick, but the conglomerate marble of which they are made is so brittle that the existing fragments,though numerous, are very small. A little less than a half of one pilaster capital, 0.46 m. high, is preserved, a superb example of Roman architectural decoration (P1. 37 3).18 At the bottom is a row of alternating 17 Many fragments of the pilaster were found, but none preserves the full width. Stillwell, op. cit., p. 36, refers to five flutes, but since each flute is ca. 0.064 m. wide it requires 7 flutes to make up the required width of ca. 0.47 m. The fillets along the two margins are slightly wider than those separating the flutes. 18 Although the details are very different, there is a general resemblance between this fine specimen and the large pilaster capitals from the Odeion in the Athenian Agora. See Homer A. Thompson, Hesperia, XIX, 1950, pl. 30. The quality of its carving is rather similar to that of several members from the marble decoration of the Bema; Robert Scranton, Corinth,I, iii, The LowerAgora, pi. 49, 2.

lobed and sharp-spinedacanthus leaves, above which is preserved one acanthus leaf folded over at the middle vein so as to show both sides of the leaf. A half acanthus leaf decorates the large volute at the corner, and at the upper edge are two upturned volutes, one with a, rosette in the center, the other with a half palmette filling the space above the tendril. There is a series of tongues above the volutes and at the top a very flat ovolo. The capital had been doweled to the wall both at the top and the sides. The existing fragment, which is not carefully finished at the right edge, probably belongs to the return of the pilaster above the east end of the basin. The architrave spanning the recess over the fountain (Fig. 66) had three fasciae, measuring 0.046, 0.054, and 0.068 m. in height, counting

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from the bottom to the top, and a total height of 0.23 m. including the moulding at the top which is a cavetto-crowned cyma reversa. The bottom was coffered with a carved rosette in the center of each square. The existing fragments are thin slabs, which originally formed an L-shaped block as seen in section. The top of the block has been cut away with a saw leaving a revetment for a beam, probably of wood. Apparently a solid beam of marble was judged to be too heavy to be supported on the pilastersand the thin side walls of the fountain. In the top of some architrave fragments from the front are clamp holes for fastening the

marble veneer to the beam. Among the

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

numerous pieces of marble veneer from the fountain are fragments of other architraves, differing somewhat from the described piece both in measurement and profile (P1.37 4). No definite place in the building has been assigned to these members. No recognizable fragments of a frieze have been discovered, but a rabbet in the top of the architrave indicates that the frieze consisted of thin slabs. Fragments of a cornice, with separately attached modillions, agree in size and decoration with the architrave. Between the modillions were rosettes with a poppy capsule in the center. The modillions themselves (P1. 38 1, right), decorated with two acanthus leaves, one lobed, the other sharpspined, were fastened by cylindrical dowels to the flat panel carrying a moulding which was cut in one piece with the cornice. A second series of cornice fragments of somewhat similar design but poor workmanship also came from the fill around the fountain (P1. 38 1, left). The modillions are here cut in the same piece as the cornice and its bed moulding is decorated with an egg and dart design with small rosettes at the corners. The carving is very inferior, totally unlike that of the other members attributed to the fountain. If this cornice belongs to the same building it must be from a reconstruction. To the right and left of the fountain was the entrance to a small chamber, ca. 2.75 x1.75 m. in area, the floor of which was raised slightly above the level of the floor in the main room (Plan XVII). The walls of the western chamber have almost entirely disappeared, but a cutting for the base moulding along the west wall indicates that the arrangement here was the same as on the east side, except that the western chamber was shorter (Plan XVII). There was an opening into each chamber from the north, almost 2 m. wide, between two antae. In the rear of the eastern chamber is a raised shelf, ca. 1 m. in height, the walls of

121

marble veneer, and the disposition of the various elements in the whole building is so strictly symmetrical that we may restore a correspondingshelf behind the western chamber. What purposethey served is not apparent, but the fact that there were two similar chambers with shelves in the rear may be of significance for the identification of the building. The whole interior of the fountain house was richly decorated with marble in a variety of colors. Thereare pieces of unfluted colonnettes, only 0.105 m. in diameter at the top, and halfcolumns in conglomerate marble with a top diameter of 0.11 ni. (P1. 38 2). A base of white marble fits the half-columns, but no capital of the proper dimensions has appeared. The three-quarter capital shown in Plate 38 3 is slightly too large to have belonged to the same series. There is a wide variety of exquisitely carved mouldings, mostly consisting of architraves and cornices of different sizes, thin slabs fitted together and pinned to the walls in a pseudo-structuralstyle that would make any attempted restoration largely a matter of guesswork. The east wall of the fountain, built from reused blocks of the Stoa, was prolonged towards the south until it abutted against the rear wall of rear room XII of the Stoa, where it is standing to a height of ca. 1 m. above the floor of the basin. The correspondingwall on the west side is missing, but the arrangement seems to have been nearly symmetrical throughout. Between these two walls was a room, measuringca. 3 m. in width from east to west and 3.63 m. in length. Its floor, which is made of small lozenge-shapedbricks arranged in a herring-bone pattern (Plan III, XVI), is 0.50 m. below toichobate level and ca. 0.13 m. below the level of the marble flooring of the main room. It probably belongs to the second period of the fountain or to a still later reconstruction. The bricks were laid in a bedding of very hard mortar which in places was

which retain some of the mortarbeddingfor laid directlyon stereo.Alongthe west side of

122

CORINTH

the room, just below the level of the brick flooring,runs a terracotta channel that carried off the overflow from the fountain. This was made in sections, 0.55 m. in length, wilh an inside width at the broad end of 0.185 m. and a depth of 0.155 m. The sections narrow perceptibly towards the lower (south) end where it has a narrow flange fitting into the next section. The present cover consists of square bricks, measuring0.295 m. on the sides.19The channel begins at the west end of the narrow gutter in front of the basin, then passes southward under the floor of the basin and cuts through the brick-floored room in the rear. The bricks covering the channel are here approximately level with the herring-bonefloor of the room. The channel passes under the rear wall of the Stoa and extends southward to the edge of the great drain, then turns east (P1.38 4, Plan III). Below the present channel were found some sections of another water pipe (seen in the foreground,P1. 38 4) connecting with a terracotta jar; this may represent an earlier outlet for the overflow from the fountain, but it resembles the pre-Roman conduit south of rear room XV (see above p. 67) so closely that it may be part of a similar arrangement for bringing water from the shop wells to the rear of the Stoa. As in shop XV there is a narrow channel (not indicated in Plan III) leading from the rear of the building to the well in shop XIII. This channel, which runs underground beneath the basin, does not seem to have any connection with the fountain. The foundations for the South Basilica here extend to the bottom of the great drain behind the Stoa, some 2 m. below the level of the later terracotta channel. The latter probably turned slightly southward, then passed beneath the heavy foundations for the north porch of the South Basilica, which has a tunnel throughthe masonry, 19These bricks have exactly the same dimensions and appearance as those used in the exedra of room "D" (see above, p. 112) and in the Roman Baths which appear to have been constructed about A.D. 300 (see below, p. 145).

0.44 m. wide and 0.55 m. high, large enough to permit a man to crawl through on hands and knees. Although the connection between the channel and the tunnel has been interrupted, there can be little doubt that the tunnel was made for the purpose of conducting the water from the fountain to the east of the Basilica Porch; beyond this point its course cannot be followed because of late intrusions that have obliterated further traces. In the east wall of the room with tile flooring behind the fountain, there is an opening, 0.80 m. wide, resembling a doorway, and a little farther east is a similar opening, 1.16 m. wide (Plan XVII; Pls. 39 l, upper right, and 35 l, left of fountain).20The floor level, however, is ca. 0.50 m. lower than the bottom of the four upright poros blocks that formed the "door posts," and there are no thresholds and none of the usual cuttings for doors. The foundation blocks on which the upright stones rest and the lower part of one of the posts are in several places covered with a hard deposit of lime, showing the action of running or dripping water over a long period of time, a condition ill suited to a doorway. It is apparent that the four posts served as supports for a water tank from which the fountain was fed through a channel, the height of which was at least 1.20 m. above Stoa toichobate level and may have been higher. Some small leaks in the bottom of such a tank would have caused the lime deposit to form on the foundations. A short spur wall, jutting out from the east wall into the tile-floored room behind the fountain (Plans XVI, XVII), may have served as one of the supports for the water channel. The tank was probably constructed for the purpose of storing a sufficiently large amount of water, the flow of which could be manipulated as the occasion demanded, and it would also have functioned as a catch basin to clear the water just before it reached the fountain. 20

Cf. R. Stillwell, op. cit., p. 38.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

123

of the east anta, and to compensate for this curtailment a porch was built extending into the area of the Greek Stoa. The foundation for the new porch seems too wide for columns, and it is not unlikely that the fagade was made in the form of three arches, two of which would have been closed; that on the east to mask the heavy western wall of the South Basilica entrance way, that on the west for symmetry, while the central arch would have been open and served as entrance to the fountain house. The two original columns of the fagade either remained undisturbed or were replaced with piers. Their existence, shown by cuttings in the rear of the new foundation, would have been requiredto support the north wall of the shops which was probably still partly standing in the second century after Christ. In the restored plan (Plan XVI) half-columns have been placed against the spur walls supporting the three arches, but in the absence of architectural members that can definitely be assigned to it, the reconstruction of the new porch is largely conjectural. To the same period as the porch we may assign the modification of the front of the fountain, when the pilasters were reset on the white marble bases. The delicate little Fountain House (the date will be discussed below) with its rich architecture gives the impressionof being part of a cult building; the small chambers flanking the fountain may have been the shrines of some deities whose images were placed on the shelves at the rear. When the eastern chamber was sacrificedas a result of the encroachmentupon the area of the fountain by the South Basilica entrance way, it would have been necessary to find a new place for these cult images, which may have then been placed on the two pedestals erected to the right and left of the basin. The speculation about the use of the fountain may be advanced a step further through consideration of some fragments of terracotta sima of Roman date, discovered over a wide Housewas likewisedestroyedby the removal area from room "C"in the east to the Fountain Against the rear wall of the room with the herring-bone floor are two buttresses, one of which rests on the floor, while the other is the south end of the toichobate course for the partition between rear rooms XII and XIII of the South Stoa. Possibly these supports carried the channel that brought the water, the source of which is unknown. At some late period, after the original outlet from the fountain had been blocked, the overflow was apparently collected in the room with the tile flooring behind the fountain. At the level of this floor a terracotta pipe, circular in section, takes off from the west wall and passes westward through the foundation between storerooms XIII and XIV (Plan III). Then it curvesnorthward, passing below the floorsof rearroom and shop XIV, then through a hole cut in the front foundation of the shop, and continues northward beneath the floor of the Stoa proper. Its northward extension can be traced as far as the north facade of the Stoa, where it passed through a hole in the foundation beneath the stylobate and continued toward the north. The care taken to collect and re-use the flow from the fountain testifies to the increasing scarcity of water in Corinth as the city grew in size under the empire, a condition that eventually led to the constructionof an aqueduct bringing water from Lake Stymphalos. The fountain suffered considerable modification in the Antonine period, when the large marble gateway was constructed as an ornamentalentranceto the South Basilica. The heavy foundation which now runs along the east side of the fountain room was then laid and the delicate architecture of the earlier structure was ruthlessly curtailed (P1. 39 1, center right; Plan III). This foundation cuts into the easternchamberof the FountainHouse, which at this time may have been abandoned, and the eastern opening beneath the water tank was blocked up by the new wall (Plan XVI). The original fagade of the Fountain

124

CORINTH

House.21There are two varieties of the same size, in the first of which the details are sharp and crisp and show signs of having been retouched after the removal from the mold (P1. 39 2). At the top below a plain band runs an egg and dart moulding and two astragals in relief. In the center is a lion's head spout and to the right of it is the head of a female figure with her back toward the lion's head. The hair is gathered together at the top and tied with a fillet over the forehead. On the left side of the spout is a bearded male head, also with the back toward the lion's head. The two heads would thus face each other on adjacent sections of the sima. The heavy locks of the hair and beard, a pronounced downward curve of the moustache and the serene features of the face lend to the male head an appearance of divine majesty reminiscent of the Pheidian Zeus at Olympia. The second variety (P1.40 i) is similar in most respects, but the details are somewhat less sharp, though better modeled. The heads are slightly smaller, the female head has its knot of hair at the nape of the neck instead of at the top, and the moulding at the top of the sima is smaller and lacks the two astragals. The difference in the two varieties may be explained as the result of a reconstruction of the roof. It is not certain, however, that all the simas with the two heads come from a single building since they were scattered over a considerablearea, but the largest concentrations were in the vicinity of the fountain and the Agonotheteion. The heads are probably more than mere decorations. It was not uncommon in Greek and Roman architecture to make allusions to the use of buildings by figured representation or inscriptions on the tiled roof. We may thus conclude that the building to which the sima belongs was consecratedto the cults of a god and a goddess, whose images at first stood in cult rooms flanking the fountain but were later 21 See A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, pp. 562-3; XXXIX, 1935, pp. 58-59.

transferred to the pedestals in front of the basin.22

Shop and rear room XIV, to the west of the fountain, seem to have retained their original walls throughout antiquity, but it is likely that the east-west wall separating the two compartments was removed so as to join them into one large room (Plan XVII). The original Greek doorway into the shop, later narrowed by insertion of a block against the east jamb, is preserved to its full width, 1.58 m., and the orthostates of the north wall are all standing in their original position (see above p. 50). Over the well in the center of the shop has been reconstructed one of the original curbs (P1. 14 3). The preserved floor of the shop is ca. 0.85 m. below the toichobate, but the original floorwas probablyat a higher level. The terracotta conduit (see p. 123) passing through both the shop and storeroomis just below the level of the present floor, and a hole has been cut through the north foundations for the pipe. In the well of shop XIV, which was filled up in early Roman times, was found a Doric column capital (Fig. 67; P1. 402) with unfluted neck, the dimensions of which fit the shafts of the unfluted columns in the second story of the Stoa. Except in size, the capital is totally different from the columns, and it is probable that it was made during the early Roman repairs to take the place of one of the original capitals with fluted necks (see above p. 73). There is no clue to the use of these two rooms in the Roman period. Like shops XX and XXI west of the Bouleuterion (see below, p. 132), shop XIV with its storeroom in the rear must have served some utilitarian purpose considered sufficiently important to assure its continued existence. Its position between the fountain and room "F" suggests that is was somehow related in function to 22 For a conjectural interpretation of these and for other evidence of cults in the Corinthian Agora, see my article in Hesperia, XI, 1942, pp. 154-156, and the references given there in note 78.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

these two structures. Since there is no other logical approach to the rooms behind the fountain or to the west door of the South Basilica cryptoporticus, a door has been restored

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in the southeastcornerof rearroomXIV. The courseof the water pipe (Plan III) adds further probabilityto the existenceof a doorin this place. The area occupiedby shop and rear room XV (Plans III, XVII) was completely remodeledin Romantimes,but the originalpartition walls were left partly standing.The Tshapedorthostateblockin the northeastcorner is still in position with its west arm partly trimmedaway(visiblein Plate41, centerright)

125

and the first wall courseis in place at the same corner. Farther south the partition wall between shops and rear rooms XIV and XV have been removed down to toichobate level. Parts of two orthostate blocks are preserved in place in the west wall near the northwest cornerof the room, but the rest of the wall has been rebuilt. On the north foundation of the shop there is a late wall of heavy blocks in two courses, some of which have a wide drafting around the edges with a projecting panel in the center (the west end of the wall appearsin Plate 42 1, lower left and in Plate 41, to the right of the road pavement). The trimming of these blocks has been done with a rough toothed implement in typical late Roman manner. The original entrance to the room in Roman times was presumablyfrom the north, as restored in Plan XVII, but the late wall of heavy blocks covers every trace of the doorway. A heavy foundation of large poros blocks taken from the Stoa extends over the entire area of shop and rear room XV; the partition wall between the shop and the rear room had been removed before this foundation was laid. The main room constructed over this area had a length of ca. 7.50 m., its width being that of the shop; and at its south end is a cross wall of rubble masonry which originally extended across the entire width of the room. This wall rests on the heavy poros foundation which extends southward to the rear wall of the Stoa. The small room in the rear does not appear to have been used for any important purpose, since it did not have a properflooring,and the cross wall was left rough on the south side. The floor of the large room is covered with multicolored marble in intricate patterns, but its state of preservation is such that a complete restoration of the color scheme is impossible (see Plate 41, to the right of the road). It was divided into two unequal sections, a larger one on the north oriented like the room and a smaller section in the rear with its long

126

CORINTH

axis at right angles to the room (Plan XVII). The division between the two comes very nearly at the line of the original rear wall of shop XV. The larger section had a panel of small squares, 0.295 m. on the side, in three colors: a dark gray, resembling slate, a purple and white conglomerate, and the yellow and white Skyros variety. There were some half squares along the east edge which seem to have been inserted in order to stagger the rows of full squares as shown in Plan XVII. Around the panel was a border of purple and white conglomerate, which was slightly wider on the north and west side than on the east and south. The panel was off axis to the west, presumably because of the position of the door in the north wall. The slabs of the panel in the rear have mostly disappeared, and some of the existing pieces are probably patches. There seems to have been a border of blue slabs, but the color scheme of the rest cannot be recovered with certainty. Around the entire room ran a narrow border of a dark shade of conglomerate gray and red marble. Some slabs of the wall decoration are left in place in the southwest corner. At the foot of the walls was a base board, 0.37 m. high, of conglomerate purple and white marble and above that ran an elaborate moulding carved in white marble (P1. 40 s). At the bottom was a torus with an intertwined leaf pattern with small buds sprouting from the base of each leaf; the middle part, a scotia, is decorated with a tongue pattern above which is a cyma reversa carved with a Lesbian leaf design.23 Above the mouldingwere slabs, at least 0.55 m. in height, of the same type of conglomerate marble as was used for the base board. Room "F", like the small chambersflanking the fountain, would serve admirably as a cult room; the division of the floor into two panels 23 A section of this moulding was found in place on the west wall but it was carried away by foreign officers during the occupation of Greece in World War II. It is now known only from the photograph in Pl. 40 3, which appearedin Stillwell's preliminary report in A.J.A., XL, 1936, p. 39, fig. 17.

would be suitable to such a use. The small panel in the rear would indicate the place of the cult image, which may have been a small portable object. Room "F" and the Fountain House were doubtless built at the same time as parts of a single complex, to which the area of shop and rear room XIV served as connecting unit. This is shown by the similarity in the carved marble encrustation from the two rooms, and by the square floor slabs which have the same dimensions in both cases. There may have been direct communication through doors in the west wall of the Fountain House and in the east wall of "F", although no traces of such doors are now visible. The contents of well XV and the construction at the mouth of the shaft have an important bearing upon the date of room "F" and of the Fountain House. The lower fill, from a depth of 6 m. to the bottom, consisted of Hellenistic debris which had accumulated in the shop from the time of the Mummian destruction in 146 B.C. to the first Roman restoration of the Stoa after 46 B.C. Among the contents of this fill were some pieces of Stoa roof tiles; nearly all the fragments of the well curb; a considerable amount of late Hellenistic pottery, including Megarianbowls and amphorahandles of the first half of the second century B.C.; lumps of white, yellow, and red pigments; 175 small terracotta tubes, for which no convincing explanation has been found;24 and 12 coins, the latest of which extend to the second century B.C. No recognizable object in this deposit can be dated later than the destruction of Corinth in 146 B.C. The fill from 1.70-6 m. contained mixed Hellenistic and Roman objects, including tiles from the Stoa roof; much pottery, both Greek and Roman; lamps of types XVI, XVIII and XIX;25 lumps of red and blue pigments; a 24

Hesperia, XVI, 1947, pp. 241-42, pl. LXII, 22. 25Corinth, IV, ii, pp. 56-70.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

large variety of miscellaneous metal objects; and a coin, containing the names of two duovirs, INST(eius ?) and L(ucius) CAS(tricius Regulus?), whose year of office has been placed in the early years of the Roman colony.26 At the top of the well was a fill of rubble and stones, among which was found a small sherd of Arretine ware. The mouth of the well was securely sealed over by the marble flooring of room "F", which thus is later than any object from the well shaft. Beneath the marble floor the heavy poros foundation covers the entire area of shop and rear room XV, including the waste space to the south of room "F". The purpose of this foundation, which contains much re-used material from the Greek shops, is uncertain. It does not seem to have been laid merely as a bedding for the marblefloor; it is unnecessarily solid for such a purpose; besides, it extends ca. 2.60 m. farther south than the floor. The rubble south wall of room "F" rests upon the poros foundation. When this foundation was laid the well in shop XV was still used for some purpose, although the shaft, from a depth of 6 m. to the bottom, a total of ca. 4.50 m., had already then been filled up with destruction debris. There was a small aperture, only 0.80 m. in diameter, through the poros foundation, above the well, and some fragments of the well curb were too large to go through this narrow opening. Thus the poros foundation had been laid at some time after the cleaning up of the Stoa in early Roman times but before the construction of room "F". Although no very exact date can be assigned to the late fill at the top of the shaft it seems to extend into the first century of our era. Furthermore allowance must be made for two periods of construction between 46 B.C. and the laying of the marble floor. The type of flooring used both in the Fountain House and in room "F", thin slabs of marblein a variety of colors, was introduced 26Katharine M. Edwards, Corinth, VI, Coins, p. 6.

127

at Pompeii about the middle of the first century after Christ.MarionE. Blake27makes the statement that "although the type was started in the period of the third style, its chief development occurred during the time of the fourth." No systematic study has been made of floor construction in Greece, and it would be unsafe to conclude that this chronology applies equally well in Greece where marble and mosaic floors may have followed different traditions. A comparable, though far more elaborate, example of polychrome opus sectile flooringis found in the Odeionin the Athenian Agora, which is dated in the time of Augustus, and was probably begun at the time of the Athenian visit of the donor, M. Vipsanius Agrippa, in 16 or 14 B.C.28It seems necessary to assume that the variegated marble floor came into use in Greece as early as the beginning of Augustus' reign and continued in use for some two centuries. The pavement of the orchestra in the Theater of Dionysos in Athens,29 probably a part of the Neronian reconstruction, shows a comparable use of squares and colored marble. The Bema complex and East Central Shops in Corinth30provide the closest parallels to the Fountain House and room "F", so close, indeed that the two sets of buildings must be approximately contemporary.The superiorquality of the marble carving of the Bema and its scholae compareswell, in quality more than in design, with the marble work of the two buildings in the Stoa area. The Bema, however, was designed as an unroofed structure, in which the marble covering of floors and walls had to be correspondingly heavy. The central room in the eastern group of the Central Shops was constructed and decorated like the Fountain House and room "F". The walls of this shop, unlike those of the smaller shops 27

Marion E. Blake, op. cit., pp. 45, 49, pls. 8, 9. Thompson, Hesperia, XIX, 1950, pp. 59-60, 87-88. 29 A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, The Theatreof Dionysus in Athens, pp. 257-258, fig. 121. 30 Robert L. Scranton, Corinth, I, iii, pp. 91-117. 28 Homer A.

CORINTH

128

on either side, were built of poros blocks and revetted, at least to the height of the dado, with marble slabs backed by heavy plaster. The variegated floor pavement, the design of which centers around a rectangular slab of onyx31 identical with the stone used for the central panel in front of the basin in the Fountain House, gives the surest indication of the contemporaneity of the two buildings. The date of the Bema complex has been fixed to the period shortly before the middle of the first century after Christ, and the shops are little if any later than the Bema. All the evidence points to this time as the most likely period of construction of the Fountain House and its annex, room "F", to the west. THE KENCHREAN ROAD Over the area of shop and rear room XVI there is a road pavement (PI. 42 i; Plans III, XVII) of heavy limestone blocks similar to those used for the pavement of the Lechaion Road. They are 0.10 m. to 0.20 m. thick and vary considerably in size, one of the largest measuring1.62 m. x1.03 m.i n area. The pavement extends up to the very north edge of the shop and fits closely to the partition walls on the east and west sides; this indicates that when the pavement was laid these walls were standing, at least to a height of the orthostate course. Where the pavement terminates at the front wall of the shop there was a gateway, somewhat less than 3 m. in width. There are traces of large circular cuttings at the ends of the threshold, indicating that a double gate closed the entrance at this point. The long marble block, which is now used as a step at the north edge of the pavement, was placed there in early Christian times, but the difference in level between the road pavement and the Stoa floor required a step like that restored in Plan XVII. At the line of the partition wall between shop and rear room XVI, 31Probably a stalagmitic form of onyx marble.

there was a low step, only 0.132 m. high, in the road pavement and farther south along the line of the rear wall of the Stoa there were two steps, probably of slightly greater height. Since the pavement occupies the full area of the shop and rear room, its width through the Stoa is ca. 4.50 m., but directly behind the Stoa it cannot have been more than ca. 3.35 m. Its east wall makes a jog ca. 0.90 m. deep, then turns slightly westward. The west edge of the pavement is not preservedat this point, but it seems to have continued approximately parallel to the east edge for a distance of 3 m., then turning an almost right angle toward the west it probably extended up to the wall of the Bouleuterion. At the distance of ca. 13 m. south of the Stoa there seems to have been another step, but the pavement is here very poorly preserved. The road may have turned eastward at a point slightly south of the South Basilica and then joined with another road out of the city in the direction of the harbor at Kenchreai. The road enters the Agora a little to the east of the axis of the South Stoa, which is also the middle of the Upper Agora (Plan XXI). A short distance to the north of the Stoa, directly in front of the point where the road emerged into the Agora, stood the Rostra (Bema) which was the focal center in the Administrative section of the city. The Lechaion Road, the principal approach to the city from the north, also points towards the Rostra.32In the first century after Christ, at the time of St. Paul's visits to Corinth, these two roads were probably the principal thoroughfares into the city from the two harbors. Since both were interrupted by steps they could not have been used for wheel traffic. The merchants who brought their wares on carts, if they came by these roads, had to unload 32

The course of the Lechaion Road was determined before the Bema and Central Shops were laid out. The Kenchrean Road, approximately contemporary with the Bema, seems to have been laid out with reference to it and to the Lechaion Road.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

before they reached the principal business section, and take their goods on pack animals or by hand into the city. The road issuing into the Agora through shop XVI was not the only approachfrom the south. At the west end of the South Stoa there was a road, whose successive layers can be traced from the level of the Stoa floor up to the present ground level. In the bank of earth at the edge of the excavation appears the east edge of a paved roadway, sloping toward the north and entering the Agora at its southwest corner.Beforethe constructionof the Southeast Building closed the entrance, a road from the south seems to have led to the Agora at that point also. Both there and at the west end, the Agora could be entered through the South Stoa; the heavy wear on the stylobate between the corner columns and the corresponding antae shows that these entrances were in frequent use. After the construction of the road leading into the Agora through the middle of the Stoa this would offer the most convenient approach to the city to visitors arriving from the harbor at Kenchreai. For the date of the pavement there is no certain evidence, but the awkward jogs it makes south of the Stoa can best be explained on the supposition that the road was in existence before the construction of the Bouleuterion, but later than room "F". If the waste space between the east wall of the Bouleuterion and the road had been available (see below, p. 130) it seems likely that it wouldhave been utilized so as to make the road of approximately uniform width throughout. When the pavement was laid, shop XVII was presumably still in use and the road builders were restricted to the width of a single shop. Once the roadhad been made and the gateway constructed, it seems to have remained unchanged throughout the Roman period. The well of shop XVI, beneath the road pavement, contained no objects of Roman times except

129

The shaft was found empty to a depth of 5.70 m., but a hole in the pavement directly above the well was covered with a loose marble slab, and the two coins could have been carried by streams of water forming on the sloping pavement during heavy rains. THE BOULEUTERION The first of the Roman buildingsconstructed to the west of the Kenchrean Road is the elliptical structure identified as the Bouleuterion, whose massive walls are the most prominent of the ruins in this section of the city (P1. 41; Plans III, XVII). Between its eastern wall and the west edge of the road there is a space, ca. 1.35 m. wide, where the walls of the Greek building seem to have been left standing, at least to the height of the road pavement and possibly higher. What purpose this space served after the construction of the Bouleuterion is not apparent. The partition wall between shop and rear room XVII has been removed, but a new cross wall, built directly south of this partition, divides the space between the road and the Bouleuterion into two sections of unequal length. The partition wall between rearrooms XVI and XVII, which became the west edge of the road, may have continued standing to the level of the original ceiling over the two rear rooms, and the space between this wall and the Bouleuterion could have been roofed over and used as a storeroomor tool shed. In the southeast corner of rear room XVII, the L-shaped orthostate block of the Greek building is standing in its originalposition, and the top, which was only slightly below the level of the road pavement, shows signs of wear. Between this block and the east wall of the Bouleuterion, there is an opening, 1.05 m. wide, through which it was possible to reach the eastern end of the paved area behind rear room XVII. The enclosing walls of the

two coinsfromthe fourthcenturyafterChrist. areaare standingto a heightof 0.22m. above

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CORINTH

toichobate level. The south wall lines the north edge of the great drain, and at this point, close to the wall of the Bouleuterion, was found a poorly constructed latrine (see above, p. 66, P1. 16 3), which seems to have undergone several modifications during its period of use. The three sides of the niche are made of separate stones, ill fitted together, and the seat block is very crudely carved as a separate piece. Unlike the seat in the latrine behind shop XXVII (P1. 16 4), which was carved out of a single block, the patch work arrangement of this structure has no trace of cement lining. That it continued in use after the construction of the Bouleuterion is shown by the fact that a small block in the wall of the Bouleuterion has been notched at the back to make room for the west side of the latrine niche (P1.43 i). The Bouleuterion or Council House of Roman Corinth is of unique design (Plan XVII). It consists of a truncated ellipse, the inside width of which is 11.80 m. at the widest point; the greatest length of the large chamber is 13.85 m. on the axis. At the north, open end the walls turn and extend in a straight line for a distance of ca. 2 m. as far as the front wall of the building, which had three doors, a wider one in the middle and narrower ones on the flanks. The middle doorway had an opening somewhat over 2 m. in width. The original door jambs are missing, and two upright stones inserted at a later date have narrowed the doorway to slightly over 1 m. (P1. 42 2). A Corinthiananta capital of marble (P1.43 3), now placed on the east side of the door, may have occupied this position at a higher level. The western side entrance now has a door opening 1.26 m. wide, but a cutting for the east door jamb seems to indicate that the original door was only ca. 1.00 m. in width. The correspondingdoorway on the east side is not preserved, but the wall between the east side door and the central doorway is still

standingto a heightof 1.70m.

In front of the north wall with the three doorways there was a shallow porch, 2.60 m. in depth, terminating in an apse at either end. A colonnade of four columns, spaced in pairs, has been restored on the foundations for the front walls of the shops, and a marble block, found at the east end of the porch (P1. 42 2, lower left comer), probably formed the east anta. On the front and right side are sunk panels surrounded by mouldings; the other two sides are rough, showing that they were covered by masonry. Both this anta block and the Corinthian capital of the doorway may be from a reconstruction; in the first period the entire building may have been of poros. A base and a capital of a poros pier with an attached half column were found in the vicinity (P1.43 4); it is not unlikely that these were originally used on the fagade. The west wall of the elliptical porch is standing at one point to a height of five courses, 2.83 m. above the floor of the building, and at the south end four courses of the wall are preserved. The east wall, with the exception of five blocks of the orthostate, was missing at the time of excavation, but a number of curved wall blocks found within the building and in the vicinity have been placed upon the foundation. The west wall shows signs of fire near the floor, probably caused by the same fire that destroyed shops XX and XXI in A.D. 267 (see below p. 134). A headless statue of a man wearingthe toga was found in the building and is now standing against the east wall. Among the poros blocks removed from the mediaeval walls within the building are several pieces from a bench with profiled front, the curvature of which correspondsapproximately to that of the elliptical wall. They are ca. 0.40 m. in height, but their width and depth vary considerably. In the top are shallow grooves which may have held arm supports of wood. Eleven pieces of various lengths have

been found and placed against the rear wall

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

of the building (P1. 42 2; Plan XVII). They may have been used originally as a continuous bench running along the walls of the entire room. The pavement within the large room seems to have consisted of packed earth mixed with clay. The ground level was much disturbed by building activities in the middle ages, but in many places the originalfloorlevel is preserved, and it seems unlikely that all traces of a hard flooring should have disappeared had it once existed. The floor sloped gently down from the south end of the chamber to the entrance on the north. Immediately inside the doors it was about level with the toichobate course of the Greek shops, which is preserved across the entire width of the chamber. At the south end the floor covered the retaining walls around the paved areas behind rear rooms XVII to XIX, and these walls are ca. 0.17 m. above toichobate level. In the southwest corner of the area behind rear room XVIII a part of the hard pebble pavement is still preserved, and near the east end of the area there is a funnellike cutting in the south retaining wall which provided an outlet into the great drain. The paved area behind shop XVII, which was cut in two by the east wall of the Bouleuterion, has two such outlets into the drain, one just inside the Bouleutprion and the other at the east end where the late latrine was discovered. The roofingof a building of this shape would have presented great difficulties to the architect. The simple expedient of constructing a rectangle around the ellipse as support for the roof was not adopted, although the original shop walls might have been partly utilized for such a purpose. No tiles of peculiar shape have been found that would indicate a roof made to fit the elliptical chamber,nor are there any bases for interior supports. Possibly the chamber had no permanent roof, but merely an awning of a type used in outdoor theaters33 33In theaters and amphitheaters such use of awnings is well known. See Lucretius IV, 75; Ovid, Art. Amat. I, 103; R. Cagnat, I.G.R.R.P., IV, 1632. The canvas was stretched

131

to protect the members against the sun and rain. Furthermore,the treatment of the walls, which are neither revetted with marble nor very smoothly finished on the inside but have only the joints touched up with mortar, and the absence of a hard flooring would be more suitable in a building without a permanent roof. This would also account for the gradual slope of the floor from south to north, a necessary precaution to provide drainage in an unroofed building. The area to the south of the Bouleuterion (Plan III) presents a confused picture of walls and floor levels from different periods. The ground level in Roman times was here ca. 1.50 m. above the floor of the Bouleuterion, and at that level there is a terracotta water channel close to the rear wall. The preserved section, which is only 1.55 m. long, slopes steeply down towards the east. Farther east another channel, built of rubble masonry and using large tiles for the floor, extended from south to north for a distance of 3 m., until it reached the wall of the Bouleuterion, where it turned northeastward and probably emptied into the large drain behind the Stoa. This drain was in use until mediaeval times, as is shown by the fact that many of the late channels at high levels pouredtheir contents into it. Evidence for the date of the Bouleuterionis not abundant. Of the three shop wells underlying the building, one, XVII, is unexcavated; the fill of the other two, XVIII and XIX, contained Roman pottery of the first century after Christ. Well XIX, however, seems to have been openedat a later period, toward the end of the second century, but this might be due to settling and an accidental breakthrough in the floor of the portico. So far as the contents of the wells offer any evidence, the building might have been constructed any time before the end of the first century after Christ. The masonry is very similar to that of from masts anchored in the rear of the wall encircling the auditorium.

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the cryptoporticus of the South Basilica, in which we find the same type of large poros blocks, the joints similarly touched up with mortar on the inside. Both the South Basilica and the Julian Basilica, in which the same kind of stone work is found, appear to have been constructed in the time of Claudius, and the Bouleuterionprobably belongs to the same era of expansion and lively building activity in Corinth.34 For the identification of the building as the Council House or Bouleuterion, the peculiar shape alone would offer sufficient evidence.35 Although no very close parallel to the shape is known, there is a general resemblanceto the Bouleuterion at Olympia. The shape lends itself best to an assembly hall, and the curved seats found within the building indicate that the chamber was so used. Furthermore, its central position in the administrative section of the Agora and its location in relation to that of the Bema, which is rather similar to the position of the Curia relative to the Rostra in the Roman Forum, are in keeping with this identification. There seems to be little doubt that the elliptical structure was the meeting place of the legislative body of Roman Corinth. AREA WEST OF THE BOULEUTERION West of the Bouleuterion two shops and rear rooms, XX and XXI, appear to have remained standing with some modifications throughout Roman times and into the early 34 Robert L. Scranton, Corinth, I, iii, pp. 130ff., connects this burst of building activity with the administrative change of the provincial government between A.D. 15 and 44, when the Province of Achaia was placed under the governor of Moesia. 35The portico with its two apses is very similar to the entrance hall of the Church of Santa Costanza in Rome, but there the main chamber is circular. See Michael Stettler, Rom. Mitt., LVIII, 1943, pp. 76ff., and Beilage 1. For the elliptical shape of the main room I know of no close parallels, but the south wing of the Bouleuterion at Olympia with its apse, its curving side walls, and front porch is an early ancestor of the type. It is possible that Plutarch (Cleomenes, 19, 1), speaking of the liberation of Corinth by Aratus but with the Roman city of his own time in mind, refers to the Bouleuterion, as William A. McDonald, The Political Meeting Places of the Greeks,p. 149, has suggested.

Christianera (P1.441; Plans IV, XVIII). Most of the orthostates are still standing in their original position, and many of the wall blocks in the first course are in place. The orthostates in the front wall of shop XX are preserved to the east of the doorway, and the doorjamb on the east side is still standing, but its west face and the door trim have been roughly hacked away. The distance from the east wall to the east edge of the door trim measures 1.755 m. at the height of 0.50 m. above toichobate level. A rough cutting in the south face of the orthostate block east of the doorway measures ca. 1 m. in height and 0.65 m. in width, but does not extend through the full thickness of the block. A small hole, ca. 0.10 m. in diameter, extends from the top of the block into the cutting, and near the bottom is a somewhat larger, irregular hole through the north face of the block. These small holes appear to be water-worn on the edges, indicating that the larger cutting served some function in connection with the drainage of the shop in post-classical times when the floor was at a higher level. Here, as elsewhere throughout the building, the north face of the shop wall is much worn from long exposure to the elements. Of the door jamb on the west side nothing is left, and the original condition of the door sill has been obliterated through later alterations. A threshold block of pinkish grey limestone, now in place, belongs to one of the Roman reconstructions. It measures 0.55 m. in width, 1.75 m. in length, and 0.12-0.18 m. in height. It has a pivot hole at either end and two smaller cuttings, resembling pry-holes, along the long axis of the block. To judge by the position of the pivot holes, the late doorway represented by the limestone threshold measured approximately 1.75 m. in width, some twenty centimeters more than a normal shop doorway. In the northeast comer of the shop the Tshaped orthostate block is preserved; but its

THE STOA IN-ROMANTIMES

133

height of the orthostate, and in the threshold are cuttings for doors enlargedand reshapedin later times. The west wall of shop XX is preserved for a distance of 1.80 m. from the southwest cornerof the shop; ca. 0.50 m. to the east of this wall runs the tiled water channel described below. The inside of the walls preserve traces of a late stucco, extending from the top down to within ca. 0.15 m. of the toichobate in the northeast corner of the shop. In the southeast comer the level was higher, indicating that the floor sloped perceptibly toward the north. The stucco is of a poor, rough quality and left unpainted at the base, but at a height of ca. 0.83 m. above orthostate level there was a wide red band. Underneath the final coat of stucco are traces of earlier stucco with paint, which seems to have been applied in patterns. Beneath the partition wall between the shop and rear room a rough hole, ca. 0.25 m. in diameter, has been cut in the top of the toichobate course, probably as inlet for a water channel which is not preserved. At the distance of 0.89 m. from the northeast corner of the rear room a door opening, 0.915 m. in width, has been cut in the east wall, and 0.335 m. farther south there is a second opening of slightly smaller dimensions. Both have been blocked up in a manner similar to that of the two openings in the east wall of shop XX. In the south opening of the rear room the toichobate is deeply worn as if this doorway had been in use through a long period. Nothing remains in situ of the south wall of rear room XX except a small bit of the orthostate in the southeast corer. The orthostates of the west wall are all preservedexcept for an opening, 1.15 m. wide, close to the southwest corner of the room. In late Roman times the rear wall of rear room XX was removed and an addition was made, extending ca. 3.33 m. towards the south. but the west door jamb is preservedto the The east and west walls of this extension are

eastern arm, which extended in front of shop XIX, has been cut away. The east wall of shop XX shows a number of changes which must have taken place prior to the construction of the Bouleuterion. At the distance of 0.59 m. from the northeast comer a door opening, 0.91 m. wide, was cut through the wall (a similar opening in the same relative position may be observed in the partition wall between shops XXX and XXXI). The door opening in the east wall of shop XX has been neatly filled up with blocks taken from the shop walls. Since the space between shop XX and the Bouleuterion is too narrow to serve as a passageway and its walls are too irregular on the inside to have been visible, the door in the east wall of shop XX must have been in use before the construction of the Bouleuterion, either during the first period of reconstruction after the founding of the Roman colony, or before the destruction of 146 B.C. To the south of the opening a small piece of the second orthostate block and most of the third orthostate remain in their original position; but the top has been partly cut away at some late period. South of the third orthostate block a second opening was made in the wall, having a width of 1.46 m. It is not clear what purpose this served, but its period seems to be the same as that of the door farther north, and it has been similarly filled up very carefully with masonry made of blocks from the Stoa. Both the larger opening and the smaller doorway were walled up prior to the construction of the Bouleuterion, which blocked communicationwith the area to the east. The partition wall between shop XX and rear room XX is partly preserved.The western arm of the cross-shaped block in the comer and the orthostate block adjoining it remain in their original position, and in the top are rough cuttings for two late doorways, 0.44 and 0.25 m. above toichobate level respectively. The western half of the wall has been removed,

CORINTH

134

made of Stoa blocks, probably from the removed original rear wall of the room. The south wall of the extension was built of tall upright blocks from the Stoa, set far apart, and the spaces between them were filledwith rough masonry of smaller stones and tile fragments. At the time that the southward extension was made the floor level was ca. 0.45 m. above toichobate level. This floor, sloping gently from south to north, could be traced over the entire area occupied by shop XX and its enlarged rear room. At the time of the excavation a well marked layer of ash was found above the floor, and near the center of the rear room was found a cache of 64 coins, much corroded and damagedby fire. Fifty of the coins could be identified as follows :36

MarcusAurelius (A.D. 161-180) 1 Septimus Severus (193-211) 1 Caracalla,Patras (198-217) 1 Alexander Severus (222-235) 2 Julia Mamea 1 Maximinus I (235-238) 1 Valerian I (252-259) 3 Valerian I or Gallienus1 Gallienus (253-268) 27 Salonina 5 Salonina or Gallienus 1 Obverse illegible, but reverse of Gallienus6 Wholly illegible 14 With the coins were found the iron trimmings of the box in which the cash had been kept at the time of the fire. The preponderance of coins of Gallienus and his wife Salonina indicates that the fire took place during their reign, and this correspondsto the date of the invasion by the Heruliansin A.D. 267. Further evidence for the extent and magnitude of the fire is furnished by a limestone statue base,

standing close to the east wall of the room.37 The top of the block has disintegrated in the fire, but the lower part, which was probably covered by debris, is well preserved. The base has been twice inscribed, the first dedication having been erased to make room for the second. The latter contains a dedication to the Roman colony of Corinth, whose complete name, COLONIALAVS IVLIACORINTHIENSIS, became known for the first time from this inscription. The base must have supported a statue in the form of a personificationof ti'e colony,38but in the position in which it was found it probably served a less important function as support for some store furnitureor household object. Against the south wall of the southward extension stands a rather carelessly constructed base, which in its present condition rises to a maximum of 0.60 m. above the late floor of the building. Among the ashes in front of this structure was found a marble head of Serapis (P]. 442), wearingthe polos. Though the head was damaged and cracked in the fire, it was possible to determine that the face had originally been entirely covered with gold leaf, and much of the gold still adheres to the marble. There were no traces of any other parts of the statue, which were probably of wood and would thus have perished in the fire. The rubble structure in front of which the head was found may have been some kind of house altar, but is too poorly preserved to make any kind of reconstructionpossible. Beneath the late Roman floor is a complex of poorly constructed walls and an open drain, ca. 0.21 m. wide, sloping from northwest to southeast and originally emptying into the large sewage canal south of the Stoa. Underneath these late ruins there are traces of the original refuse area. The walls of rear room Hesperia, X, 1941, pp. 388-390. coins of Corinth represent the Genius of the Colony in the form of a male figure holding cornucopia and patera. Br. Mus. Cat. of GreekCoins, Corinth,etc. Nos. 553, 558, 560; Katharine Edwards, Corinth,VI, Coins, p. 9, Nos. 104, 123. 87

86

Josephine M. Harris, Hesperia, X, 1941, p. 145. The destruction wrought by the Herulians in Athens has received factual documentation from several discoveries in tbAAgora; Homer A. Thompson, Hesperia, XVI, 1947, p. 202, 206; XVIII, 1949, p. 217.

38 Some

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

XX, together with those of the southward extension, were covered on the inside with a poor, crumbly plaster applied in several layers. At the bottom is a band painted in a speckled grey and white, probably to imitate common stone. A black horizontal line separated this from the upper section of the wall, which was decorated in a marbled red and yellow color scheme. Part of the wall seems to have carried a figure decoration, of which only uncertain traces now remain. The stucco also covered the rubble structure tentatively identified above as a house altar. The front wall of shop XXI has been entirely removed down to the level of the toichobate, and for a distance of almost 2.50 m. the foundation too is missing, but in the southeast comer the walls are preservedto the top of the orthostate. In the wall between the shop and the rear room, at a distance of 1.00 m. from the east wall, there is a cutting in the top of the orthostate for a late doorway, ca. 1.13 m. wide, at the height of 0.68 m. above the toichobate. The entire length of this wall is in place, and the original Greekdoorway between shop XXI and its rear room is comparatively well preserved.The door opening, at a distance of 2.88 m. from the east wall, measures 1.405 m. in width at the bottom. At the time of excavation two large blocks filled the doorway, the lower of which rested on a fill of earth, 0.19 m. thick, in which are further traces of the fire that gutted the two shops and rear rooms. Thus the doorway must have been blocked some time after the fire. The east wall of rear room XXI is well preserved to the top of the orthostate, except for the opening in the southeast comer, made at some late period to provide communication between rear rooms XX and XXI. The rear wall of rear room XXI is preserved to the top of the first course of wall blocks, a total height of 1.605 m. The orthostate blocks have the normal length of ca. 1.24 m., and the normal

135

southwest corer the doorway, ca. 0.92 m. in width, into the paved area has been filled with rubble masonry resting on a layer of earth, 0.28 m. thick. Like the fill in the doorway between the shop and the rear room, this represents the floor level in late Roman times. The fill of the doorway in the south wall, however, seems to antedate the destruction of A.D. 267. The wall block east of the doorway has a length of 1.38 m., and the block at the east end of the wall is 1.42 m. long (see above p. 58). The west wall of rear room XXI is completely preservedto the top of the orthostates. It was left standing when the large room "H" with the marble floor to the west was built and probably owes its preservation to this construction. The inside of the walls in rear room XXI are covered with a crumbly stucco, the lower edge of which is 0.25 m. to 0.40 m. above toichobate level. Here, as in the adjoining rear room XX, the floor level in Roman times sloped perceptibly to the north. At a distance of over three meters to the south of rear rooms XX and XXI there is a terracewall (P1.44 i; Plan XVIII) constructed out of small stones with a few pieces of tiles intermixed. Its good face is on the north, its other face having been concealedby the higher groundlevel to the south. The wall has a thickness of 0.65 m., and at one point it is preserved to a height of ca. 1.00 m. Its north face was at one time covered with stucco, and the same coat of stucco extended over the east face of the west wall and on the south face of the rear wall of rear room XXI. Here the lower edge of the stucco extends down to within 0.62 m. of the Stoa toichobate, where the ground level was at the time that the stucco was applied. The area between the rear wall of rear room XXI and the terrace wall served some important use requiring that the walls be stuccoed. No very clearly defined floor level cor-

wall blocks are of the same length. In the respondingto that lowerline of the stuccohas

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CORINTH

of the same area the rubble wall turns a right angle and extends eastward for a distance of ca. 2 m. along the south wall of rearroomXXI. The face of this wall was stuccoed. At the same time the floor level was raised to ca. 0.90 m. above toichobate level at the west end of the area; it slopes towards the east and north until in the northeast comer it is only about 0.45 m. above the Stoa toichobate. Along the west edge this area was paved with large tiles, 0.57 m. square; the rest is covered with a water-tight stuccoshowing a striatedtreatment of the surface. This floor extends eastward as far as the east wall of rear room XXI, where there is a cross wall constructed out of reused material, probably from the demolished rear wall of room XX. In the northeast corner of this area there is a doorway, 0.91 m. wide, and the cement floorextends into the doorway. Theremay have been a low cross wall here, but the flooring is so poorly preserved that the exact arrangement remains doubtful. Just inside the cross wall, close to the northeast corner of the area, the cement flooring slopes down and forms an outlet through a terracotta pipe, which opens into a terracotta channel extending northward through rear room and shop XX. Except at the very mouth of the channel, where the water pours through a tubular terracotta pipe, the channel is rectangular in section, built of tiles with flat bottom and vertical edges and covered with square tiles. It measures 0.19 m. in width and 0.10 m. in depth, and has a slope towards the north. Its cover tiles were just a little below the floor level represented by the layer of ash from the Herulian destruction. At the partition wall between shop XX and its rearroom, the channel rests on the original stone sill of the doorway, where the floor level at that period seems to have been about 0.25 m. above toichobate level. At the north wall of shop XX the level of the channel is low enough to pass under the limestone thresholddescribedabove. west end of this area.At the northwestcorner No trace of the channel has been found north

been observed, however, and the exact use to which the area was put in its earliest phase is uncertain. The terracewall originallyextended eastward from the southeast corner of room "H" as far as the east wall of shop and rear room XX. It does not run exactly parallel to the line of the Stoa. At the east end of the terrace wall the distance between it and the Stoa measures 2.60 m. as comparedwith 3.17 m. at its west end. Since the rear wall of rear room XX was removed and the addition made at a late period, it is impossible to determine whether the whole area between the terrace wall and rear rooms XX and XXI formed a single unit prior to these alterations. We may assume, however, that this was the case, since the north face of the terrace wall retains traces of stucco where it was hidden by the south wall of the extension to rear room XX. It is likely that the roughly built walls and the curving water channel south of rear room XX were somehow connected with the use of this area. The water from the roofs of the surrounding buildings may have been collected and led off through the curving channel into the large drain behind the Stoa. Regarding the date of the terrace wall there is more definite evidence at hand. Its west end abuts against the southeast comer of room "H", and the stucco on the east face of the east wall of this room was applied after the construction of the terrace wall. Hence the terrace wall is probablycontemporarywith, or not much later than, the construction of room "H", the south wall of which, as will be shown below, had buttresses and served as a terrace wall to support the fill to the south where the ground level was much higher. At a period subsequent to the construction of the terrace wall and room "H" the area behind rear rooms XX and XXI underwent considerable modification. A rubble wall constructed of small stones and tile fragments was built against the east wall of room "H", at the

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

of this point, where mediaeval cellars and storage pits have caused the complete removal of the earlierfloorlevels. It is obvious from the care with which the water channel was constructed, that the water collected in the area behind rear room XXI was intended for use, and we may thus interpret this enclosed area in its latest phase as a collection tank for the water from the roofs of the adjoiningbuildings. In the tank were found numerous fragments of Roman eaves tiles terminating in a spout (P1.44 3) which may have served some purpose in connection with the collection of rain water from the roofs. The water may have been brought through the channel to the vicinity of the Bema. At the time when the tank was used for the collection of water, the area behind rear room XX had already been added as an annex to this room, perhaps to serve as a shrine. The south wall of this extension is built directly against the terrace wall, and rests partly upon the cover slabs of the great drain which have been trimmed down to make a bedding for the wall. The history of the space covered by shops and rear rooms XX and XXI seems to be as follows. In the pre-Roman period the two shops were used, like those of the rest of the building, as taverns and places of entertainment. The floorlevel at that time was probably not much below the level of the toichobate, but nowhere have any traces of the Greek shop floors been discovered. In the space between the back wall of rear room XX and the great drain was the refuse area, the level of which was only a few centimeters above toichobate level. The first Roman reconstructionmay be represented by the doorways in the east wall of shop and rear room XX, antedating the construction of the Bouleuterion, and providing communicationwith the shops and rear rooms toward the east. Then followed the construction of the Bouleuterion, probably about the middle of the first century of our era, and

137

closed and the masonry covered with stucco. The floors of that period must have been lower than the floor level of Greek times, as shown by coins and Roman lamps found in the fill considerablybelow the toichobate of the shops. Room "H", west of shop and rear room XXI, was built later than the Bouleuterion,certainly as late as the Antonine period. By the time of its construction the two shops and rear rooms just described had probably acquired some official use in connection with the functions of the Bouleuterion, perhaps as club rooms for the magistrates and administrative staff, or possibly they continued to function as shops until their destruction by the Herulians. The next period is represented by the construction of the terrace wall on the south and the stucco on all the walls surroundingthe area enclosed on the south by the terrace wall. At this time the rear wall of rear room XX was probably still standing, but the rear doorway in the southwest cornerof rear room XXI had already been closed, as is shown by the stucco on the rear face of the south wall which extends across the rubble filling of the doorway. The floor within the building had now risen to some 0.25 m. above the Stoa toichobate; its level is indicated by the rubble wall of the doorway which rests on an earth fill of that thickness. In the next period the back wall of rear room XX was removed, the extension to the south was constructed, and a cross wall built along the line of the partition wall between rear rooms XX and XXI, extending as far south as the terrace wall. This enlarged rear room was now stuccoed and decorated with conventional patterns and perhaps with wall paintings. Not much later the bench-like structure against the south wall was built, apparently to serve some religious purpose. Its occupants were foreigners or at least worshipers of foreign gods, as indicated by the discovery of the Serapishead. The area behind

at that time the doorwayshad alreadybeen rear room XXI was now convertedinto a

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collection tank for rain water and the terracotta conduit was laid, bringing the water into the Agora. This represents the latest reconstruction of Classical Roman times, and the building probably continued to serve some commercial purpose even at this late date. It was totally gutted by fire resulting from the invasion by the Herulians in A.D. 267, and subsequently fell into ruins. Its post-classical occupations are represented by the doorways cut in the wall between the shops and rear rooms; the later history of the area belongs to a study of Mediaeval Corinth. The largest of the Roman administrative buildings (Plan XVIII, "H") constructed over the rear half of the South Stoa is an almost square room with an inside measurement of 14.18 m. from east to west and 13.75 m. from north to south. On the south side it extends ca. 3.82 m. south of the Stoa wall. At the present time its east wall, and parts of its west and south walls are preservedto the top of the orthostates. The Greek partition wall between shops XXI and XXII was left standing, at least to orthostate height; the building material taken from the demolished shop walls was used in the construction of the southward extension. Along the north wall of this large hall there is now a late wall (P1. 45 1), constructed entirely from re-used material and standing to a height of more than two meters. This massive wall covers the foundations for the fagade, but on the north edge of the Stoa toichobate may be observed the cuttings for four piers and a projecting anta on either side. There were five openings into the building, the central one being the widest (Plan XVIII). Whether the supports consisted of square piers or columns cannot at present be determined, nor are there any blocks in the vicinity that can have served as columns or piers. It seems unlikely that all five openings in the front wall were intended for the use of doors, and we may reconstruct a series of five arches with a door

Since the middle wall of the Stoa probably remained standing and carried the roof, such a fa9ade with arches would provide better support than a colonnade. The south wall is constructed entirely out of re-used material from the shop walls demolished when room "H" was constructed. The T-shaped orthostate blocks at the back of the rear rooms were reversedso that the tail of the T is turned to the south, forming a series of outside buttresses. Since the ground level on the south side was probably higher than the top of the orthostates, these readymade buttresses are on the wrong side of the wall for effective support. A bench or dais was constructed against the south wall of the room. Only the base moulding at the east end is preserved (P1. 44 , center right), but the traces left on the wall and the floor indicate that it was ca. 0.42 m. high and projected 0.82 m. from the face of the marble veneer on the wall. If it was placed symmetrically against the wall, as is likely, its length was ca. 7.70 m. The interior of this large hall was covered with marble veneer, at least to the height of the orthostates. The floor is made of very thin marble slabs, some of which are only a little over a centimeter in thickness, and as much as 1.60 x0.90 m. in area. Such thin slabs can hardly have been intended for heavy wear, nor do they show any signs of long, continued use. The lower part of the walls is covered with slabs of a multicolored gray, white and pink marble, of a very brittle nature, much thicker than the slabs of the floor. They are attached to the poros walls by mortar bedding, in some places having a thickness of 0.10 m., and at the top they were fastened to the orthostates by iron dowels imbedded in hard cement. The end of the dowel attached to the marble slab is hooked, the other is straight and inserted into a small hole in the poros wall and made fast with cement. At the wall base runs a

in the centerand windowsin the otherarches. white marblemoulding,on whichthe colored

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

slabs rest. Above orthostate height the walls were presumablystuccoed. For the west wall of the room the partition wall between shops and rear rooms XXIV and XXV was used. The orthostate blocks of this partition now support the east wall of a Roman bath of later date (see below p. 145). The fact that no wall blocks are here preserved above the orthostate level shows that the Greek wall had already been demolished before the Roman bath was constructed. It is clear that room "H" had fallen into disuse and that the ground level had risen to 1.501.65 m. above the marble floor before the bath was built. Two cold water basins, which were part of the baths, were constructed in the northwest comer of room "H", and the condition of the walls of these basins indicates that the ground level was ca. 1.60 m. above the marble flooring at the time of their construction (P1. 45 2; Plan XXI). A considerableportion of the marbleflooring still remains in place (Pls. 44 l, 46 1) and the mortar bedding for the marble slabs is intact over most of the area where the slabs are missing. In spite of the large dimensions of the room, there were no columns or other interior supports, and we must assume that the roof was carried on large trusses. There is no evidence of alteration in the building between the time of its construction and the late third century after Christ, when its floors became buried in a deep deposit of debris and several walls were built over it. In the southern part of the room there is a well constructed wall (Pls. 45 2, 46 1, right center; Plan IV) preserved to a height of 2.30 m., and measuring ca. 8.65 m. in length from east to west. Its orientation is different from that of the earlier building. It rests directly on the mortar bedding for the floor of room "H"; the marble floor slabs had been removed along the line of the wall before its foundation was laid. North of the wall the floor slabs were in

place at the time of excavation,quite intact

139

up to the very edge of the wall, but on the south side only in a few places is the marble flooring preserved. The ends of the wall are irregular,as if they had abutted against a bank of earth, and only the south face of the wall is smooth with carefully plastered joints from the bottom to the preserved top. In the upper section the stones have been roughly outlined with double strokes of a trowel, and near the west end of the wall the rough outline of a fish was similarly traced in the plaster (P1. 43 2).39 The north face of the wall is rough and unplastered to a height 1.65 m. above the marble flooring, but the upper part is more smoothly finished. At the east end a roughly constructed wall extended at nearly right angles toward the south (see Plan IV), where it abutted against the rear wall of room "H". It was loosely built and unplastered, and has since been partly removed to give access to the area south of the late wall. A second wall extends southward from the west end of the long wall for a distance of ca. 4.70 m., where it crosses the south wall of room "H" and continues into the unexcavated area to the south. Its east face is smooth, except for the lowest part to a height of ca. 0.50 m. above the floor level. Those two north-south walls are not bonded into the east-west wall, which extends 0.90 m. west of the juncture with the westernmost of the two north-south walls. It is not clear what purpose these late walls served, but they may have been built partly as terrace walls at a time when the ground level had risen to ca. 1.65 m. above the marble floor of room "H". The north wall of room "H" with its five doorways had been entirely removed before the Roman baths were built. On the foundations for the front wall of the shops now stands the heavy wall of late construction referred to above (P1. 45 1), which is made entirely of re-used material of the Stoa. Its 39Such figures of fish have been observed elsewhere in Corinth on walls from Early Christian buildings; Broneer, 'Apx. 'Eq., 1937 A, pp. 129ff.; A.J.A., XXX, 1926, p. 50; cf. J. F. deWaele, A.J.A., XXXIV, 1930, pp. 453f.

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CORINTH

east end, as now preserved, reaches almost to the northeast corner of room "H"; its west end abuts against the west door jamb of shop XXIV, where it is continued by the Greek shop wall, here preserved to a height of two courses above the orthostate level (cf. P1. 50 2, extreme left). The north face of this north wall is smooth and was apparently exposed from the toichobate level up to its preserved top. On its south face the lowest section, to a height of 1.50 m., is rough and unfinished(P1. 51 2). Here, as in the southernhalf of room "H", the ground level, as stated above, was 1.50 m. to 1.65 m. above the marble floor at the time when these late walls were constructed. The high north wall consists of four courses of large blocks. In the lowest course are short blocks, measuring ca. 0.57 m. in length and 0.56 m. in height, some of which seem to have been removed from the demolished foundation of the east-west wall between shops and rear rooms XXII-XXIV (Pls. 44 , 46 i; Plan IV). The floor of room "H" originally extended over this foundation, which was crudely broken up after the room had fallen into disuse and the toichobate blocks were removed to be used in the late north wall. The blocks in the second and third courses in the high wall were taken chiefly from the inner fagade of the Stoa at the height of the frieze course (see above p. 81, and Fig. 59). The fourth course consisted of frieze blocks from the north fagade of the Stoa, trimmed down to give the desired thickness. The regulae and taeniae and the rear face have been chiseled away; but the original length, 2.34 m., and height, 0.75 m., of the blocks are preserved. Upon the foundation for the partition wall between shops XXIII and XXIV now rests a late wall built of small stones laid in earth (P1. 46 1, lower right corner). Its north end abuts against the rear face of the long north wall in such a way as to indicate that the north-south wall is of later date. In the middle of this wall is a doorway, 0.74 m. in width, its

end (P1.45 2, left center). Its poor construction would seem to place this wall at a very late date, but its east face is finished down to the level of the marble flooring, which, as indicated above, had become buried beneath a deep layer of earth before the long north wall was constructed. The short north-south wall may have been part of a cellar excavated in this fill not long after the high north wall was constructed. Since the door opens into a small space to the east of the unfinished back wall of the two cold water tanks of the Roman bath (see below), the cellar must have been in use before the construction of the tanks and the Roman Bath. There are traces of a similar cross wall along the line of the partition wall between shops XXII and XXIII (P1. 461, center foreground), but the doorway, if one existed here, has disappeared.These two walls extend southward to the line of the wall between the shops and the rear rooms. There probably was a late wall constructed along this line, joining the south ends of the two north-south walls, but this is not preserved. Near the west edge of room "H" and ca. 5 m. north of its south wall is a large manhole, ca. 0.70 m. square (P1. 46 1, right center; Plan IV), leading down to a drain running from south to north. The mouth around the manhole, which is 1.55 m. above the marble flooring, is built largely out of re-used stones, several of which are Doric cornice blocks of late, careless workmanship.The regulae measure 0.31 m. in width and the viae are 0.06 m. wide. The floor of the drain, at 2.10 m. below the marble pavement, consists of large tiles which project beneath the poros block on either side of the manhole. A terracotta pipe with an inner diameter of ca. 0.18 m. lies ca. 0.15 m. below the tile floor. It is preservedfor a distance of ca. 0.80 m. to the south of the manhole, where it is broken off irregularly. How far it extended in this direction cannot be determined, since the existing floor of the

doorjambsmadeof largere-usedblocksset on drainis here lowerthan the level of the pipe

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

would have been. This water pipe and the drain offer the best evidence for the date of construction and later history of room "H". About 0.50 m. south of the large manhole is a smaller opening, now covered at the top with a slab. This too is encased with poros blocks, extending down to ca. 0.50 m. above the tile flooring of the drain. The sides of the drain are here cut in stereo, and the roof is made of large poros blocks. About 1 m. south of the manhole the drain passes under the foundations for the south wall of the Stoa, which extend down to within 0.70 m. of the tile floor of the drain. At a distance of ca. 2.00 m. to the south of the large manhole, within the paved waste disposal area of shop XXIV, the drain passes through a circularwell. The shaft is larger in diameter, ca. 1 m., than the wells of Classical Greek times, and its sides and toe holds are less carefully cut. The fill below the bottom of the drain contained very little pottery, a few coarse sherds and some of distinctly Roman character. The shaft stopped 5.75 m. below the Stoa toichobate, before any water can have been reached, and it is obvious that the well was left unfinished. In the lowest toe hold on the north side a lamp was found of local make, type XXVII B, with the signature CEKOYNDOY impressedin the wet clay before baking (P1. 46 2, a). It had probably been used by the diggers and inadvertently left standing when the well was abandoned about the middle of the second century after Christ. The drain, which runs through the top of the well, was made or re-opened after room "H" had been abandoned. To tile rear of the Stoa, where the sides of the channel were built and covered with stone slabs, the mortar bedding for the marble floor has been broken through and the loose black fill extending down to the top of the channel contained lamps (P1. 46 2, c) and pottery of the fourth century after Christ. The well must have been

141

present form was made, and before the construction of room "H"; it is unthinkable that a crude well shaft was sunk through the marble floor and left unfinished while the room was in use. When the drain was made, probably not earlierthan A.D. 400, the square manhole near the west edge of the marble room must have been built to give access from the higher level to which the ground had risen by that time. There may be a purely accidental connection between the drainand the terracotta conduit at its bottom, which certainly antedates the construction of room "H". The southern extension of the conduit was apparently destroyed when the drain in its latest form was made. It is impossible at the present time to determine where the conduit started or where the sourcefor its water supply was located. All we know for certain is that the water flowed from a source south of the Stoa toward the north, where it was probably used to supply some fountain in the Agora. Since the conduit lies deep below the foundations of the Stoa, it could have existed before the erection of this building, but this is unlikely. The channelin which the conduit was laid was apparently rediscovered by the makers of the drainin the second century after Christ, who enlarged and used the same channel for their own purposes. South of the well in which the Secundus lamp was found, for a distance of about 1 m., the lower part of the drain is cut in stereo, but the upper part is constructed of bricks and small stones laid in mortar. At the point where the drain passed through the large drainage canal south of the Stoa the sides of the northsouth drain are likewise built up of rubble masonry. The top consists of poros slabs laid at a height of 1.50 m. above the bottom. The drain has been cleared for a distance of 3.50 m. south of the unfinished well, and at that point there is a short brick wall across the top, and below the wall the channel con-

dug and abandonedbeforethe channelin its tinues towards the south. It is here cut in

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stereo and is only 0.45 m. wide, barely enough to permit a man to work. We return now to the large, square manhole into the drain, at the bottom of which there is a circulardepression,0.60 m. in diameter and 0.42 m. in depth, cut through the tile floor of the channel. In the sides of this hollow, the top of the terracotta pipe appears. North of the manhole the drain was apparently at one time interrupted by a poros block, 0.43 m. high, through which a narrow channel was subsequently cut. Farther north the drain is cut in stereo for a distance of 2.90 m., and then passes under the east-west partition wall between the shops and the rear rooms. North of these foundations the drain has a cover consisting of marble slabs and one unfluted poros column. The well of shop XXIV, which has not been excavated, opens out from the side of the drain, at a distance of 2 m. to the south of the foundations for the front wall of the shop. The upper part of the shop well is lined with poros slabs carefully cut in a perfect circle with a diameter of 0.75 m. North of the well an unfluted column like that mentioned above serves as cover over the drain. Up to this point our digging operations were carried on underground through the square manhole, but directly south of the front walls of the shops, i. e. in the rear of the high north wall, a pit was sunk through the mortar bedding of the floor in order to reach the drain from the top. There were no tiles on the floor of the drain, but the terracotta pipe encountered below the manhole was found intact at this point. The channel continues under the foundations for the front wall of the shops, where its sides are cut in stereo, the Greek foundations forming the roof over the channel. North of this point poros slabs cover the drain at a somewhat lower level than the foundations for the shop walls. In the Stoa proper, close to the base of interior column 25 and ca. 5 m. north of the

front walls of the shops, a sectionof the con-

duit was exposed for a length of a little more than 2 m. The channel is here cut entirely in stereo, and no cover slabs were found. It measures only 0.47 m. in width at the bottom. A well preservedstretch of the terracotta pipe was exposed, one section of which has a hole in the top, ca. 0.04 m. in diameter, apparently made for cleaning. Directly south of the front foundations of the Stoa, another section of the drain was cleared. The top of the pipe at this point is 2.50 m. below stylobate level as compared with 2.35 m. south of the front walls of the shops. Thus on a distance of ca. 12 m. the northward slope of the terracotta pipe is ca. 0.17 m. (the stylobate of the north fagade is here ca. 0.02 m. lower than the toichobate at the front of the shops). Sections of the pipe measure 0.37 m. in length, exclusive of the flange fitting into the next section. The joints between sections are filled with a white substance, which appears to be pure lime. A tunnel, 0.50 m. wide and 1.30 m. high, had been cut through the foundations of the Stoa fagade and in it the terracotta pipe was laid, ca. 0.27 m. below the lowest course of the foundations. It is clear from the nature of the tunnel that it was cut after the construction of the Stoa. At this point there is no sign of a flooring above the pipe, as is the case farther north and at the manhole in room "H". The fill of the tunnel through the Stoa foundation consisted of loose black earth with many animal bones and some fragments of nondescript pottery. North of the Stoa the drain continues underneath the ruins of a mediaeval bath40(see 40 The bath is mentioned in the excavation report for 1950; Hesperia, XX, 1951, p. 297. In that brief campaign a marble relief of a maenad was found built into the hypocaust of the bath. The ruins were apparently laid bare in 1937, but there is no reference to it in the report for that year, A.J.A., XLII, 1938, pp. 362-370. Cf. plan in A.J.A., XLIII, 1939, p. 256, fig. 1, which shows boundariesof the areas clearedin the campaigns of 1936-1938. This late bathing establishment, which goes beyond the chronological limits for a publication of the South Stoa, will be published by Robert L. Scranton, who is making a study of the post-classical building remains of Corinth.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

below p. 145), near the west edge of whlichand 4 m. from the Stoa faqade a broken section of the terracotta pipe was found. Here the sides of the channel are built with stones and mortar and the flooring is made of marble slabs. The west wall of the channel in places extends below the level of the marble floor slabs, which are laid against the wall, whereas the east wall rests upon the slabs. There is a cover of poros slabs over the channel, ca. 1.14 m. above the level of the marble flooring. At a distance of 8 m. north of the Stoa, the terracotta pipe was again found intact, and at ca. 10.50 m. from the Stoa the pipe emptied into the lower half of a terracotta jar, with an inside diameter of 0.54 m. Originally a pipe issuing from the basin extended toward the west, but the opening has been blocked with a stone packed around with lime. The jar contained some loose fill and at the bottom were found two bronze coins, one of which is too poorly preserved to be identified, the other is a coin of Lucius Verus. This coin offers conclusive evidence for the use of the water pipe in the second half of the second century after Christ. North of the jar the drain divides, one channel continuing almost due north and another in a northeasterlydirection. The northern branch may have led to a reservoir at the north edge of the upper Agora, and its water was probably here used to feed a public fountain. From this description of the water pipe and the later drain, it becomes clear that the construction of room "H" is not earlier than the Antonine period and may be as late as A.D. 200. The technique of the marble veneer is similar to that in room "F", which may have been built before the middle of the second century after Christ. The same type of veneer was used in the Odeion at Corinth, which was rebuilt and revetted with marbleat the expense of Herodes Atticus, as late as ca. A.D. 175.41 41Corinth, X, The Odeum,p. 146.

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The lamp with the Secundus signature, from the middle of the second century, and a Corinthian coin of Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 161180), found in what seems to have been undisturbed earth packed against the south wall of the room, give the terminus post quem for the construction. The top of another lamp of the same type (P1.46 2, b) but of a definitely more advanced date came from the fill of well XXII, which was covered over by the floor of room "H". It cannot be earlier than the last quarter of the second century after Christ and may even date from the beginning of the third century. In the same well were found quantities of Roman roof tiles, some with stamps of the first century after Christ. They had probably been used for the roof over the shops demolished before the construction of room "H". The sequence of events in this area may be summed up as follows. Before room "H" was built, while the shops in the rear of the Stoa were still standing, a conduit was laid beneath the Stoa foundations, bringing water from somewhere south of the Stoa into the Agora. The well dug in the paved area behind rear room XXIV may have been intended as the source of the water, or it may have been dug merely to test the ground. In any event it was dug about the middle of the second century but was abandoned before being finished. Water was probably found at some source farther south, and the pipe continued to bring water into the Agorauntil late in the Antonine period. At that time shops and rear rooms XXII-XXIV were demolished and the material used in the construction of room "H", the largest single unit created by the program of reorganizationwhich turned the south half of the Stoa into the administrative sector of the city. The building continued in use for some three quarters of a century until the Herulian destruction. After this event the debris was allowed to accumulate over the

marblefloorto a depth of 1.50 m. About the

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CORINTH

end of the third century the dilapidated walls and fagade of the Stoa were taken down and the high north wall was built along the front of room "H". Perhaps at that time it was intended to serve as a retaining wall for the fill that had collected on the floor of room "H" since the destruction of 267. The floor in the Stoa proper seems to have remained at about its original level until the end of the fourth century after Christ, whereas the level in the South half of the building rose rapidly after the destruction. A little later than the construction of the high north wall the fill to the south was removed and two cellars were constructed in the area of the Greekshops XXIII and XXIV. Probably not long after that, about A.D. 300, the Roman bath was built, partly over the area of room "H", and the basements then became useless and were abandoned. In the course of the fourth century, another building was constructed in the south half of room "H", and the channel dug to contain the water pipe was now rediscoveredand enlarged to be used as a drain. The square manhole was then built, giving access to this channel, which seems to have continued in use into the Middle Ages. Nothing has been found in room "H" to indicate what purposeit served. From its large dimensions and sumptuous interior finish it would seem to have been an important unit in the complex of administrative buildings of Corinth. It might have served as office of the chief executives, the duovirs, who were the colonial counterparts of the Roman consuls. Against that interpretationit could be pointed out that the building came late into existence and remained in use only for a comparatively short time. It is quite large enough to house a large body of people, and, though it is not constructed as an assembly hall, it might conceivably have been intended as an annex to the Bouleuterion to provide a comfortable meeting place for the senate in times of in-

Over most of this area (Plan IV) the mediaeval ground level was lower than that of classical times; Byzantine cellars and storage jars have been sunk deep below the Stoa floor. In front of Shop XXI the foundation for the front colonnade is missing for a distance of about 5 m. Of the foundations for the inner colonnade that of column 20 has been entirely removed, those of 21, 22, and 23 partially preserved. Of the foundation for column 24 only the cutting in stereo is left; one stone of the foundation for column 25 remains in place, but other blocks found in the vicinity have been used to restore the foundation to its full height. In the south half of the area the original floor level of the Stoa is preservedin some places. Stereo comes here to within 0.30 to 0.40 m. below toichobate level. The pre-Stoa wall described on p. 8 has well marked wheel ruts in the top, which run approximately parallel to the Stoa at a distance of 1.60 to 3.40 m. north of the shop fronts. Similar wheel ruts are visible at the east end of the Stoa where they cross the foundations between the eastern anta and the corner column of the north facade. In late Roman times, but before the Stoa proper had been entirely demolished a wagon road seems to have run from one end of the building to the other. Along the southeast face of the pre-Stoa wall a narrowchannel had been cut in stereo to a depth of ca. 0.55 m. below the top of the wall, and a terracotta water pipe with an inner diameter of 0.13 to 0.19 m. laid in the channel (Plan IV). The sections measure 0.41 m. exclusive of the flange, which is 0.06 m. long. The pipe runs diagonally across the Stoa and has been followed eastward to a point north of shop XVIII; farther east it has been destroyed by later intrusions. At the southwest end of the pre-Stoa wall a late, probably a Turkish, pit

clementweather.

hascausedthe destructionboth of thewall and

AREA NORTHOF SHOPSXX-XXIV

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

the water pipe. The latter must have curved at that point following a line parallel to the Stoa. A short, well preserved section has been exposed in front of shop XXIII (Plan IV), and in front of shops XXVII and XXVIII (Plan V) the pipe is preserved for a distance of nearly three meters. It is here only 0.30 m. below the toichobate, as comparedwith 0.70 m. at a point 20 m. farther east in front of shop XXIII. Thus the water flowed from west to east, but neither its source nor its purpose has been determined. The area between the north fagade of the Stoa and the terrace wall north of shops XXII-XXIII is occupied by the ruins of some mediaeval structure with a poorly preserved hypocaust (Plan IV). On the east side three vats or basins can be distinguished, still containing the water-tight lime mortar on the floors and walls. They may have originally connected with each other but the evidence for any such arrangementhas been obliterated. The hypocaust was heated from the east through a vaulted passage between the north and the middle basins. A narrow passage extends from the furnace toward the north and south, passing beneath the floors of the three basins and terminating in vertical flues at either end. The floor of the hypocaust, ca. 7 m. square, consisted of irregular slabs of poros and an assortment of marble blocks of various shapes. The ancient drain from below shop XXIV (see above p. 142) passes under the west edge of the room with the hypocaust. When the building was constructed the facade of the Stoa had long since been removed and the foundations had been demolished to the fourth course below the stylobate. The south wall of the room with the hypocaust and the southernmost of the three basins at the east end rest on the lower courses of the Stoa foundations. The orientation of the late building is differentfrom that of the Stoa. The masonry consists of a mixture of ancient blocks, bricks and mortar, forming a fairly

145

hard opus incertum.Probably the building was a bath, a late successor to the more elaborate establishment to the west of the marble room "H". It shows the unmistakable earmarks of mediaeval times; a more detailed study of its meager remains will be made in connection with the other post-classical remains of Corinth. THE ROMAN BATHS West of room "H" a bath of late Roman times (Plans V, XIX, XX) occupies the area

of shopsand rearroomsXXV-XXVII. In the south half of the building are three chambers (P1. 47), oriented north to south. The largest is on the east side, a rectangular room, measuring 4.85 m. in length and 1.80 m. in width on the inside. The air space and brick lining of the walls, traces of which remain at the floor, had a thickness of ca. 0.10 m., thus reducing the width to ca. 1.60 m. The walls show a mixture of stone and brick construction, and the inside, exposed to the heat from the hypocaust, is lined with bricks, liberally interspersed with stone masonry. The bricks were originallysquare, measuring0.29-0.30 m. on the side, and 0.03-0.04 m. in thickness, but they were normally cut in half and laid so that the finished edges are turned toward the face of the wall. The mortar between the courses of bricks is 0.02-0.03 m. thick. The east wall of the room rests on the orthostates between rear rooms XXIV and XXV, which had been left standing and became part of the west wall of room "H". The base moulding and marble veneer of room "H" still adheres in places to the east surface of the orthostate blocks. That room "H" had fallen into disuse already before the construction of the bath is indicated by two large poros blocks (see Plan V), projectingirregularlybeyond the line of marble veneer at the south end of the wall. At the time when the baths were con-

structed,the groundlevel over the area was

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CORINTH

ca. 1.50 m. above the marble floor. Above that level the east wall of the Baths is smoothly finished on the east side. The west wall, dividing the east room from the middle room of the bath, is constructed chiefly out of poros blocks and rubble masonry with a scant interspersal of brick masonry, but its west face is lined with brick. Brick and rubble constructions are so thoroughly intermixed that there can be no question that these types of masonry belong to the same period. The south wall is faced with bricks on the inside, the outside showing the usual combination of brick and rubble (P1. 48 1, right). The floor of the east room, which is well preserved over most of the area, was ca. 1 m. above Stoa toichobate level at the north end, rising gently towards the south. It was originally paved with large bricks, ca. 0.58 m. square and 0.04 m. thick, but there has been some patching, chiefly along the east wall, where a large marble slab has been inserted among the bricks. At the south end of the room are traces of a rectangular basin, ca. 1.25 m. wide and probably about 1.75 m. long (Plan XIX). In the north wall of the room are cuttings for a threshold, where the principal entrance to the bath from the north room seems to have been. A doorway, ca. 1 m. wide, provided communication between the east room and the next room to the west. The walls in the east room lack the usual flues, except at one point in the east wall, 0.75 m. from the northeast corner of the room, where there is a shallow flue beginning at the height of the orthostate, here ca. 0.12 m. above the floor of the bath. The inside lining of the wall consisted of square bricks with bosses, 0.06 m. in length, which served to separate the brick lining from the wall. This air space connected with the hypocaust and allowed the circulation of hot air through the walls. The floor over the hypocaust is supported by four rows of columns constructed of circularbricks ca. 0.20 m.

XX). The bricks set close to the walls were shaved off on one side so as to form engaged columns. All the columns were originally covered with a heavy stucco, very little of which now remainsin place. The circularbrick columns, five in each row, extend from the north end of the hypocaust to a point 2.75 m. north of the south wall; the south end of the room with the basin is supported on rectangular brick piers. The piers in the first row from the north, which measure 0.88 m. in length and 0.28 m. in width, are built of square bricks similar to those used in the construction of the walls. The piers in the second row are only 0.20 m. long, and engaged half piers are set against the walls on the east, west and south sides. The hypocaust has a clear height of 0.78 m., and the floor above it, which has a total thickness of 0.27 m., consists of four layers of large bricks separated by thick layers of lime mortar. The hypocaust was heated from the south end (P1. 48 l, right center) where there is an opening for stoking, 0.40 m. wide and ca. 1.10 m. high, at the entrance. The opening is spanned by large bricks, above which is a brick arch. The south wall rests on the toichobate of the south wall of the Stoa, which has been cut down beneath the opening to permit cleaning of the hypocaust. The east room was seldom heated, as we may judge by the fact that the opening and the hypocaust show only slight traces of the effect of fire. A rectangularroom in front of the furnace south of the east room, measuring 1.58 x2.00 m. on the inside, probably served originally as a storeroom for the fuel, but it seems to have been constructed later than the baths. In its south wall is an outlet into the large drainage canal. At a late period, probably after the baths had ceased to function, part of this room was converted into a lime pit, the floor of which was ca. 0.25 m. above the Stoa toichobate. The middle room (P1.49), which has an apse

in diameterand 0.06 m. in thickness (Plan at the east end, measures1.98 m. in widthand

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

3.45 m. in length at the middle of the apse; like the other two large rooms it had a hypocaust which has largely disappeared. The floor of the hypocaust consists of rough stones, about the size of a fist, laid in a thick layer of mortar, which rests on a loose fill containing many broken roof tiles and bricks. In a pit dug close to the north wall a second floor level, consisting of trodden earth, was encountered at a slightly lower level. Only a centimeter or two below it is a layer of loosely fitted poros blocks, probably inserted to fill a pit of preStoa date (see above p. 67). The north wall of the room extends down to the deeper floor level, which continues beneath the wall, showing that the trodden earth floor antedates the bath. The west wall rests on the toichobate of the partition between rear rooms XXV and XXVI. All the walls up to a height above the hypocaust, ca. 1 m. above the floor, are entirely lined with brick, similar to the brick masonry of the east room. The upper parts of the walls, less exposed to the heat, are constructed of mixed brick and rubble. The wall of the apse is standing to a height of 2.20 m. above the floor of the hypocaust, which is approximately the same as the toichobate level of the Stoa. Since the floor of the middle room is not preserved and even the inside linings of the walls have disappeared, it is not clear whether there was a semicircular basin in the apse, similar to that in the west room, but we may assume that this was the case. The fact that the room had its own furnace, although its hypocaust is connected with that of the west room, may be regarded as evidence for the presence of a basin directly above the fire. There are four vertical flues in the walls, beginning 0.12-0.15 m. above the hypocaust floor. The opening through which the hypocaust communicates with that of the west room (P1.49, lower right) is 0.39 m. wide and 0.90 m. high. The lintel consists of a double thickness of large bricks surmounted

147

gular flue to the south of the opening and a smaller flue farther south also provided circulation between the two rooms. There is at present no communication between the hypocausts of the middle and east rooms, and it is unlikely that one ever existed. The hypocaust of the middle room was stoked from the south through an opening, 0.51 m. wide, in the axis of the room (Pls. 48 1, center; 49, center). It seems to have been arched over, but the present brick arch is modern, built to prevent the further destruction of the ancient masonry. The sides of this opening are completely crumbled and corroded from intense heat. At a level slightly above the main floor the doorway, previously described,communicatedwith the east room, and another doorway in the west wall, 0.90 m. wide, with a preserved marble threshold provided access to the west room. At the west edge of the door opening are two shallow cuttings presumablyfor the pivots on which the door swung. As there seems to have been no doorin the north wall, the middle chamber could be entered only through the east room. South of the middle room is an enclosure, measuring 2.18 m. from east to west and ca. 2.80 m. from north to south which may have been partly open to the sky (P1. 48 1). It was from this area that the hypocaust of this room was stoked. In the west wall of this enclosure is preserved an orthostate block of the Stoa, showing the cuttings for the rear doorway (P1. 13 3) and for the wooden threshold, and at the height of 0.45 m. above toichobate level there is a hole for the wooden dowel by which the door frame was fastened. The westernmost of the three compartments in the south half of the bath consists of an almost square chamber, measuring ca. 2.40 m. on the side, from which an apse extends toward the south (Pls. 47, 48 2). Like the other two rooms it has a hypocaust, with a clear height of 0.95 m., supported on square piers set

by an almost horizontalbrick arch. A trian- againstthe wallsandon circularcolumns,each

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resting on a square brick. The flooring of the hypocaust is made like that of the middle chamber of small stones set in mortar. The piers and apparently the walls were originally covered with a heavy plaster, most of which has disappeared,and only a part of the ceiling above the hypocaust is preserved (P1. 47). It consists of two layers of large bricks separated by a thick layer of mortar and supporting a thick flooring of rubble masonry. The total thickness is more than 0.30 m. There are five vertical flues, two in each of the east and north walls, and one in the west wall close to the northwest corner. In the west wall of the hypocaust is an opening, 0.39 m. in width and 0.80 m. in length, spannedby large bricksabove which is a horizontal brick arch. The room is apsidal on the south end. The hypocaust in the apse is entirely preserved and, like the other hypocausts, its ceiling rests on brick columns covered with mortar. A brick wall separates the apsidal part of the hypocaust from that under the square room. In the middle of this wall is an opening0.41 ni. wide and 0.68 m. high, and on the east side is a triangular flue. There is now a second openingclose to the west wall, but this does not seem to have been part of the original construction. The floor of the square room was originally covered with bricks or marble slabs, probably the latter. Only the mortar bedding remains, but pieces of marble veneer adhere to the lower sections of the walls. The square room is separated from the apse by a thin wall, whose originalheight was probably 0.55 m. Thereis a single step for descent into the basin, the floor of which was 0.42 m. lower than the floor of the square room. The walls were lined with mortar and revetted with marble, and two large marble slabs still cover the floor. The water was led into the basin through a pipe at the southwest corner of the square room, and a small lead pipe at the bottom of the basin provided a means of emptying out the water.

brick, has a thickness of only 0.13-0.19 m. and is separated from the outer, heavier wall by an air space, ca. 0.09 m. wide (P1. 48 2, center). The outer wall is of conglomerate masonry, lined with bricks on the inside; two large upright flues in this wall communicate with the hypocaust. To the south of the apse the orthostateblocksof the South Stoa are standing in their original position (P1. 50 1), and the ground level at this point was higher than the top of the orthostates. West of the square chamber was a small rectangulartank (P1. 50 1), entered by a single step from the squareroom,and underneaththis tank was a hypocaust, communicating with that under the west room. In the west wall of the hypocaust beneath the tank was the furnace for heating this part of the bath. It is lined with a heavy coat of mortar, and the stones and bricks of the sides have disintegrated from the intense heat. Therewas a brick arch above the opening, but only the spring of the arch on either side is preserved. The tank had an inside measurementof ca. 1.40 x0.97m., and the depth seems to have been ca. 0.60 m. Its floor and walls were originally covered with marble slabs. Like the walls of the semicircular basin, the walls of the tank have an air space in which bossed tiles separate the inner thin lining from the heavier outside walls. Two rectangular flues, one in the north and the other in the south wall, communicated with the hypocaust. The tank was apparently used to heat the water piped to the semicircular basin of the west room, which had no furnace of its own. Being directly above the spot where the hypocaust was fired, the water in the tank could be quickly heated and led off to the basin, but the tank was provided with a step on the side of the door and would thus have been used as a hot water tub. The pipe bringing the water from the outside into the bath has not been found; a hole through the south wall near the bottom was used for emptying the

The inner wall of the apse, made entirely of tank. The water flowedout into a small area

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

lined with bricks south of the tank (P1. 48 2, lower left), and from there a tile drain at one time led southward to the main drainage channel behind the South Stoa. The lead pipe from the semicircularbasin of the west room emptied into the same brick-lined area. The floor of this area is now ca. 0.60 m. above the Stoa toichobate, but may have been lower during the first period of the bath. A drain covered with marble slabs and rough stones leads diagonally across rear room XXVII at a level slightly below the toichobate (Plan XX). There is a roughly cut opening for the drain through the toichobate course of the partition wall between rear rooms XXVI and

XXVII. The space of rear room XXVII was apparently used for storage of the fuel required to heat the bath. The orthostates of the south and east walls are standing in most places to their original height, except at the opening into the hypocaust of the tank where a lined tunnel was made for the stoking of the bath. In the center of rear room XXVII is a rough unfluted column, 0.52 m. in diameter, and correspondingto it a pier, consisting of a single block, stands against the east wall. These were probably used to support the ceiling over the room duringthe last period of the bath. A short spur wall abutting against the south wall of the room may have served the same purpose. The west wall of rear room XXVII is the best preserved part of the whole Stoa (see above, p. P1. 13 4). It has a total height of 2.65 m. and consists of three regular wall courses above the orthostate course. The wall between rear room XXVII and its shop has been almost entirely removed, and slightly farther south there is now a late wall of re-used blocks consisting of a single course of large building blocks from the demolished walls of the Stoa (P1. 50 2, center foreground). The bottom of the wall is ca. 1 m. above the toichobate level. When the baths were constructed

the originalwall between the rear room and

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the shop with its doorway at the west end was probably standing. The north half of the baths consisted of a large rectangular chamber, from the east end of which are the descents into two water tanks, probably used for cold plunges (P1. 51 1-2). Though built over the marble floor of room "H" (P1. 45 ; Plan XIX), these tanks are clearly part of the bath establishment. The walls are built of the same type of rubble masonry as the rest of the bath, and the drain from the two tanks is joined by the drain from the east room. The walls of the tanks are very heavy, constructed largely of poros blocks and rubble masonry with some bricks and tiles interspersed. The south wall of the smaller, southern tank, which measures 0.60 m. in thickness, is rough on the south side up to a height of ca. 1.80 m. The east wall, which has a total thickness of 1.15 m., is also rough on the outside, showing that the ground level in the area occupied by room "H" had risen to a height of over 1.50 m. at the time when the bath was constructed. The smaller tank, measuring 1.19 X1.12 m. on the inside at the bottom, was entered from the west by a series of three steps (P1. 51 1), the lower two of which are preserved.Both the steps and the inside walls were lined with marble slabs of different colors, and on the north side is preserved a large slab of mottled grey and white granite. At the height of 1.18 m. above the marblefloora strip of marble is laid flat with the edge toward the inside, and 0.20 m. above that there is a similar strip, the two beingdivided by narrowslabsof alternating white and colored marble. This forms a frieze, dividing the dado from the upper part of the walls, where the marble veneer continued. The effect of this polychrome covering of the walls is pleasing, but the workmanship is careless and the different colors of the marble are fitted together without much regard for regularity or symmetry. Unlike the semicircular basin and the tank at the west end, which

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were obviously made for hot water, the two tanks at the east end have solid walls and no hypocaust. At the northwest corner of the smaller tank a lead pipe passed under the steps and emptied into a tile drain to the north (Plan XX). The partition wall between the two tanks, which has a thickness of 0.55 m., exclusive of the marble veneer, is built of rubble masonry with very sparing use of bricks. The east wall of the larger tank has about the same thickness at the top as the partition, but is considerably thicker at the bottom. Here large, re-used building blocks were employed, with rubble masonry and brick filling the interstices. For its north wall the larger tank makes use of the late poros wall constructed in front of the room "H", but since this wall is very uneven on the south side, it has been lined with rubble masonry and marble (P1. 51 2, center). The descent into the large tank was from the west by means of three steps. The inside measurements at the bottom are 1.68 m. x 2.37 m.; floor and walls, as well as the steps on the west side, were lined with marble slabs set in mortar and fastened with iron clamps. The marble veneer was obviously taken from other buildings, and one slab retains the original moulding, which is out of place in its present position. Although the south wall of the larger tank is preserved to a height of 1.65 m., there is no trace of the inlet for the water, which must have come in above that level. An outlet is provided near the southwest corner, where a lead pipe passed under the steps and west wall and emptied into a small clearing basin, with a length of 1.29 m., a maximum width of 0.48 m., and a preserved depth of 0.86 m. (P1. 47, lower left corner, Plan XX). The water from the largertank entered the clearing basin at a height of 0.45 m. above the floor of the basin; the tile drain from the smaller tank emptied into the basin at a higher level. A

from a small catch basin in front of the east room into the clearing basin at a height of 0.78 m. above the bottom. This pipe, which has since disappeared, is clearly visible in Plate 47, lower left. The outlet from the clearing basin was at the west end, where a tile drain takes off at 0.27 m. above the floor. On the bottom of the basin was found a layer of sand extending to the height of the outlet, and in this silt were found twenty-two small bronze coins in very poor condition. Only eleven survived the cleaning process, and of these only one is sufficiently distinct to be identified. It appears to be a coin of Julian II (A.D. 355-366), and the rest seem to be coins of the late fourth century. The north hall of the baths, west of the two cold water tanks, has suffered so much from mediaeval intrusions that its original condition can only be conjectured.A small section of the Greek wall is standing to a height of two courses above the orthostate in the northeast corner of shop XXV (P1. 50 2, left) and one orthostate block remains in situ in the northeast corner of shop XXVI. In the doorway of shop XXV there is a late threshold, 0.62 m. above the Stoa toichobate (P1. 52 1, lower left), which represents the approximate ground level in this area at the time when the baths were in use. On the south wall of the room the plaster extended down to the same level, and in the southwest corner is a short wall reaching the same height above the Stoa toichobate. At the west end of the area, close to the partition wall between shops XXVI and XXVII, a piece of mortarbedding is preserved with impressions from the brick flooring, 0.70 m. above toichobate level. These scanty remains tend to show that the area occupied by shops XXV and XXVI was a single large hall, the floor of which was about level with the floors of the three rooms to the south, and since the two cold plunges as well as the three heated rooms could be reached only through

third pipe, also built of tiles, led the water this largeroom,it was obviouslythe entrance

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

hall of the baths, but may also have served as dressing room (apodyterium). Although a very small and unpretentious structure, this late bathing establishment contains all the essential features of the large Roman thermae. The westernmost of the three principal compartmentswith its two hot water basins was the warmest part of the building and probably served as sudatorium. The central chamber, which had its own furnace, was doubtless the calidarium; and the large eastern room, though equipped for heating, seems to have been used as tepidarium. Thus the bather after undressing in the apodyterium would first enter the tepidarium and pass through all the rooms to the west end; then, beginning in the sudatorium he would go from a warmer to a colder chamber until he reached one of the unheated tanks of the frigidarium, where he could take a cold plunge before returning to the dressingroom.42 The baths were the last of the buildings of any pretention to be constructed over the shops and rear rooms of the Stoa. The question of the date of their construction is closely related to the period of use and destruction of room "H", which, as shown above, was built not earlier than the last quarter of the second century and was destroyed in the Herulian invasion in A.D. 267. The baths cannot have been constructed before the ground level had risen to a height of ca. 1.50 m. above the marble floor of room "H" and not before the high wall had been built along the north faqade of the room. The north fagade of the Stoa was demolished at that time and the material built into the wall. If we allow time 42 The disposition of the rooms in the Roman thermae seems to have remained substantially unchanged from early imperial times. Few of the small Roman baths in Greecehave received much attention from the excavators. One, resembling very closely the Baths in the South Stoa, though of earlier date, was excavated in Athens southwest of the Agora. See Rodney S. Young, Hesperia, XX, 1951, pp. 279ff. A small bath, probably of a private establishment which was excavated in Corinth in 1932 west of the Oakley House Annex, has not been published. It is very similar, both in plan and construction, to the Baths in the South Stoa, and is probably of approximately the same date.

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for these changes to take place before the baths were built, we must bring their construction down to about A.D. 300. A marble moulding (P1. 52 2)43 of late design, found in the bath, may have been used at one time as architectural decoration of the building. The coins found in the clearing basin beneath the floor of the apodyteriumshow that the baths were in use as late as the second half of the fourth century. The last definite date relating to the building is provided by a hoard of 387 coins found in 1937 within the hypocaust of the east room. With the exception of one Sikyonian piece from the third century B.C., these coins range in date from the time of Numerianus (A.D. 282-284) to the time of Justinian I (A.D. 527-565).44 As there were only six coins of Justinian and ninety-two of his predecessor, Anastasios I (A.D. 491-518), it seems likely that the hoard, which was found concealed in a terracotta jug, had been buried during the early years of Justinian's reign. While it does not necessarily follow that the baths were in actual use at the time when the hoard was deposited, the building cannot have been completely in ruins, since the access to the hypocaust was still open. THE ROMAN LATRINE West of the Roman baths is the large building "J" (P1.53 i; Plan XIX), consisting of two parts, an entrance room on the north side, the floor of which was ca. 0.30 m. above the Stoa toichobate, and a larger room to the south, where the floor level was ca. 1 m. above toichobate level. It was entered from the north through a large hall, measuring 6.60 m. in width and 4.85 m. in depth on the inside. In the center was an impluvium, ca. 2 m. x 2.25 m. in plan and sunk ca. 0.15 m. below the 43 The design of the rinceaux seems too late for the original construction of the Baths. If it belongs to the building it is likely to be from a reconstruction; more likely it has come from some other building of early Byzantine times. 44Charles H. Morgan, A.J.A., XLII, 1938, p. 363; Josephine M. Harris, Hesperia, X, 1941, p. 145.

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level of the surrounding area. The floor was once covered by marble slabs; at present only the mortar bedding remains and through it several pits have been dug for late burials and other purposes. The toichobate of the fa9ade is not preserved, but there were probably two doors with a solid wall between them in front of the impluvium. Several voussoir blocks of poros were found in the vicinity; these may have come from arches over doors or windows of the fa9ade. The north half of the building may have been unroofed, like the entrance court in front of the South Basilica, which also had an impluvium; more likely the court in "J" had a roof on four sides shedding the water into the impluvium. From this lower area on the north two stairways, 3.51 m. apart, led to the higher floor level on the south. The eastern stairway, which is the better preserved, had an inner width of ca. 1 m. In the south half of the building at the higher level was a roofed colonnade, ca. 3.65 m. in depth, and an open court in the center, the floor of which was slightly lower than that of the colonnade. The building had a total width from east to west of 11.90 m., measured on the inside. The east wall of the Roman structure incorporated the Greek partition wall between rear rooms XXVII and XXVIII of the Stoa, here preserved to a height of 2.65 m. (P1. 53 , left center). The western wall consists of rubble masonry lined with bricks on the inside. On at least three sides of the building, north, east and west, ran a channel with an inner width of ca. 0.47 m. and a total depth of ca. 1.05 m. below the cover slabs. The floor of the channel is made of flat roof tiles laid end to end (P1. 53 2), and the walls of the east and west branches were lined with bricks. This brick construction returns at the northeast and northwest corners and continues for a distance of over 2 m., but the middle section of the channel on the north side lacks the brick lining. Where the bricks are

missing, especially along the east wall, the

poros orthostate blocks of the Greek building have disintegratedto such an extent that wide openings have formed along the vertical joints (P1. 53 2). The clue to the purpose of this channel and of the building is given by the discovery of several fragments of marble slabs with circularholes, the typical seat blocks in a Roman latrine (P1. 53 3).45 None of the slabs was found in situ and only some small pieces are preserved, but the purpose they served is unmistakable. Only the north half of the building has been excavated. The east and west channelsextending toward the rear probably connected with a fourth channel along the south wall. On the north side of the large room there was an exedra between the two stairways, with an inner measurement of 2.48 x ca. 1 m. This may have been employed as a niche for statuary. In front of the exedra and the stairways the north channel is covered with heavy poros blocks, 0.46 m. in height, and since this is only a connecting channel no brick lining was required. The interior of the building was encrustedwith marble. Numerousfragmentsof very thin slabs were found in the fill, including a wide variety of stones of many colors, some cut into narrow strips, which appear to have been used for decoration in opus sectile (P1. 54 i). There were also a few mouldings of white marble, mostly rather flat and obviously late Roman work. The building does not seem to be earlierthan the end of the second century after Christ.46Possibly it was part of a larger establishment, perhaps a gymnasium extending towards the south, to which 45A better preserved, smaller latrine with seats of poros stone has been excavated on the east side of the Lechaion Road, near the ruins of a large Roman bath. See Guide to the Excavations of Ancient Corinth, Fourth Ed., p. 22. A very elegant latrine, exceptionally well preserved, was found in the gymnasium at Philippi; see P. Lemerle, B.C.H., LIX, 1935, p. 288; Paul Collart, Philippes ville de Macedoine, p. 365, pl. LV, 1. The excavators suggest the Antonine period as the date of the Gymnasium. 46 Opus sectile decoration of a similar character formed an important element in the second period of the Odeion at Corinth, dated in the time of Herodes Atticus; Corinth, X, The Odeum,p. 145.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

the Roman baths were added about a century later. There were no clear indications of fire among the marble fragments; presumably the fire which destroyed the structures west of the Bouleuterionin A.D. 267 did not extend so far toward the west, nor could there have been many things that would have burned in a building of this kind. Just above the tile pavement of the east channel was found a coin of Gallienus(A.D. 253-268), and from the west channel, among the pieces of marble revetments and fragments of the seats, came a coin of Theodosius I (A.D. 379-395). The latter probably dates the destruction of the building. THE WEST END OF THE STOA IN LATE ROMAN TIMES The Roman baths and the latrine would have utilized a considerableamount of water, and the disposal of sewage from these adjacent buildings became a matter of special importance in late Roman times. The large drainage canal in the rear of the Stoa was probably filled up, and its very existence forgotten by the beginning of the fourth century after Christ. At the time when the Roman baths were built and even somewhat earlier, a new set of channels was constructed, leading off the waste water toward the north. An outlet was found through an earlier pre-Stoa drain (Plan XX, "a"),47extending diagonally across the Agora from the southwest corner toward the center, where it was joined by the large east-west drainage canal in front of the Bema. Slightly north of the Stoa terrace, directly in front of column 65, there is a square opening, measuring ca. 0.80 m. on the side, into which all the many drains in this area poured their contents. The earliest of these (Plan XX, "b") takes off from the west end of the marble gutter, in front of the seventh Doric column from the 47Charles H. Morgan, Hesperia, XXII, 1953, pp. 134ff., fig. 1; Robert L. Scranton, Corinth, I, iii, p. 75.

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west end of the Stoa (inner column 32) where a small hole (seenin Plate 1 i, lower left corer) is cut through the north edge of the gutter to permit the water to flow into the drain. There may have been an earlier channel slightly further west, where there is another outlet from the gutter. Here a late building north of the Stoa seems to have caused the displacement of the drain. Channel"b", which follows the east wall of this building, is ca. 0.25 m. wide and 0.24 m. deep, built of small stones and brick and floored with overlapping roof tiles. It may have been intended to be left open, as indicated by a tile covering on its east wall; later it was roofed with marble slabs, which seem to have been taken from the Agora pavement. At the Stoa terracethe channel was cut through the terrace wall. At this point another late drain (not labeled in Plan XX), conducting rain water from some mediaeval structure, joins channel "b" whose course has been altered to a certain extent by the construction of the new channel. The early date of "b" is indicated by the fact that its water came from the Stoa roof, which must have been taken down before the construction of the Roman bath. In its latest period of use "b" poured its water into a large channel "c", 0.43 m. wide and ca. 0.50 m. deep, which in turn emptied into the large opening in "a". Channel "c" runs from west to east, but a mediaeval wine vat interrupts it, and its further extension toward the west has not been investigated. The next channel (Plan XX, "d") in chronological sequence comes from shop XXX. It began apparently as an open gutter, in the southeast corner of the shop, where the rain water from the near-by roofs, especially of the Latrine, poured through a vertical channel into "d". Following the south wall of shop XXX to the southwest cornerit turned a right angle, and continued along the west wall of the shop. It is here ca. 0.50 m. wide and 1.15 m.

deep; its walls are built of bricksand covered

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CORINTH

with stucco, and its floor is paved with roof tiles. At the northwest corner of the shop this deep gutter emptied into the covered drain "d", which passed through a hole in the front foundation of the shop, then across the Stoa close to inner column 32 and through the foundation for the north fa9ade. Its bottom was here covered with tiles, 1.40 m. below stylobate level (one tile from the floor of "d" is seen in Plate 5 3, at the top of the third course from the bottom). North of the Stoa fagade "d" turned slightly eastward and continued for a distance of ca. 5 m. and then merged with channel "e", which took the water from the Roman bath. Channel "d" is now blocked at the junction where it emptied into "e", but originally it must have followed channel "e" as far as the opening into the large drain "a". Channel "e" comes from the rear part of the Roman bath, whereit provided an outlet for the waste waters from the sudatoriumat the west end. Close to the north wall of shop XXVII it was joined by channel "f", which served as outlet for the water used in the tepidariumand the two cold water tanks at the east end. How the water from the middle room (calidarium)was disposed of is not clear, but there may have been a connection with the eastern chamber, which poured its waste waters into the clearing basin in front of the large basin of the frigidarium.From the coins found in the basin and in the hypocaust it appears that the baths were in use as late as the end of the fourth century and probably up to the time of Justinian. By that time channel "d" had fallen into disuse and its outlet was blocked. Within shop XXX it was partly destroyed and completely buried when a tile floorwas laid over the area at a level ca. 0.15 m. above the Stoa toichobate and 1.25 m. above the bottom of the channel. The tile floor probably belongs to a period after the destruction of the Roman latrine, when channel "d" was no longer needed, and its outlet into

channel"e" could be blockedup to prevent

the waters from the bath from backing up through "d" into the area of the Stoa. The gradual demolition of the rear half of the Stoa to make room for Roman buildings did not extend all the way to the west end. The

last three shops, XXXI-XXXIII, together with their rear compartments apparently remained standing until mediaeval times (P1. 54 2); and, if we may judge from the large number of coins found on their floors,48they continued in use as commercialestablishments at least as late as the sixth century of our era. Not only did the rear half of the building at this end escape the complete remodeling that the rest of the shop area underwent, but the fagade of the Stoa seems to have retained its original characteruntil the end of the classical era. This is indicated by the fact that the marble gutter and marble steps inserted in Roman times extended from the east end of the Stoa only as far as the sixty-fifth Doric column north of shop XXXI, where the gutter poured its water into drain "b". From this point to the west end of the building, a stretch of ca. 13.50 m., the steps and the gutter are of poros, the original stones having been replaced by new blocks in the same material. It is quite likely that the repairs in poros, which certainly antedate the marble steps and gutter, extended farther toward the east, possibly along the entire fagade, and that the repairs in marble represent a second reconstruction which stopped short of the west end of the building. The abrupt termination of the marblegutter in front of the sixty-fifth column and the absence of wear and weatheringon the remaining portion give the impression that this part of the fagade was somehow protected or covered over in late Roman times. There are ruins of a late foundation, extending from the west end of the marble gutter to the west end of the Stoa (Plans VI, XX), but its construction is so irregular and its remains so 48 Katharine M. Edwards, Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 249; cf. A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, pp. 565f.

THE STOA IN ROMANTIMES

scanty that no intelligible plan can be restored from them. The problem is further complicated by the heavy foundation at the west end of the area supporting a row of archaic monolithic columns (P1. 542, right of center; Plan XXI), which seem to have been taken from the interior of the Archaic Temple.49This colonnade, continuing the line of the Stoa west wall toward the north for a distance of ca. 25 m., carried an aqueduct that brought water to a large tank at the west end of the central shop complex. A heavy mass of masonry abutting 49 See A.J.A., XXXVII, 1933, p. 566. T. W. Heermance, who discovered a capital of one of these columns in 1904, commented on the similarity of its profile to that of the columns in the "Temple of Apollo"; A.J.A., VIII, 1904, p. 439.

155

against the Stoa foundation at the northwest corner of the building probably supported the westward extension of the aqueduct, which may be part of the Hadrianicwater works that brought water to Corinth from Lake Stymphalos. A final publication of this interesting structure, which closed the quadrangle of the upper Agora at the west end, must await the excavation of the area west of the Stoa. The paved way that entered the Agora from the south at this point is at least partly preserved, and the place where it passed under the aqueduct may have been markedby a gateway correspondingto the gate at the north end of the Kenchrean Road, and the Propylaia through which the Lechaion Road entered the Agora.

CHAPTER

V

SUMMARY The great South Stoa with its impressive array of Doric columns on the facade became the dominant architectural feature of the CorinthianAgora. Before its erection the area appears to have been fairly crowded with smaller buildings, mostly private houses and individual establishments. Until a complete study has been made of the pre-Stoa building remains, it is too early to comment on the character of the city square in that era. The important fact in connection with the new city plan is that the South Stoa cut ruthlesslyacross the lines of streets and buildings of the earlier period. Its effect upon the whole aspect of the Agora was one of complete dominance with a total disregardfor anything that went before. Such a break in architectural development and city planning presupposes a decisive turn in the city's political history. The date of the building, as indicated by its architectural features, by the pottery found in areas concealed by the construction of the Stoa, and by lamps and vases from the shop wells, coincides with the historical changes occasioned by the defeat of the united Greeks at Chaironeiain 338 B.C. The victorious Philip embraced the policy of Panhellenism and chose Corinth as the administrative center of the new Hellenic world.1In this programof united efforts,under the strong hand of Macedon, the unique plan and immense size of the South Stoa at Corinth find a logical explanation. The fourth century B.C. was a period of unprecedented progress in the development of civic architecture throughout Greece. In 1

On the events relating to the organization of the Hellenic League and the settlements between Philip and the members of the League, see Carl Roebuck, C.P., XLIII, 1948, pp. 73ff., and the referencesgiven in his notes.

Athens it was the era of Demosthenes and of his associate Lykourgos, under whose administration more non-religiousbuildings were erected than at any earlierperiodin the history of the city.2 At Epidauros and Olympia and other cult centers many large buildings arose to serve the needs created by the movement toward world unity. At Megalopolis, which another conqueror, Epaminondas of Thebes, had founded in 371 B.C. to be the capital of the united Arcadians, the market square received organic form through the erection of an immense stoa named Philippeion3in honor of the Macedonianbenefactor. The choice of Corinth as the capital of United Greece was hardly accidental. A contributing reason may have been the fact that the Corinthians had taken no active part in the war against Macedon,but the geographical location alone would have been enough to recommend the city as the most suitable center of the Hellenic League. The honor bestowed by Philip upon Corinth was doubtless accompaniedby more materialadvantages. Delegates from most of the Greek states came to Corinthfor the sessions of the assembly, and this obviously stimulated traffic and commerce with all the cities represented by the 2 Note especially the stoas projected (although never completed) on the Pnyx; Hesperia, XII, 1943, pp. 269ff., fig. 7. A much smaller building with a plan rather similar to that of the South Stoa at Corinth, though without the projecting wings in the rear, has just been excavated along the south side of the Athenian Agora, Homer A. Thompson, Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pp. 34, 39-45, fig. 1; it has been dated at the end of the fifth century B.C. and is referred to as South Stoa I. 3 E. A. Gardner, et al, Excavations at Megalopolis, pp. 59ff. In details the Stoa at Megalopolisdiffers markedly from the South Stoa, but its plan, with projecting wings on the facade and two exedras in the rear, shows a certain relationship to the Corinth building.

156

SUMMARY

League. Those who had goods or talents to offer for sale would be on hand to take advantage of the congregation of visitors from out of town. The South Stoa seems to have been planned originally as a Grand Hotel, in which the important delegates and other distinguished guests could be housed and entertained in a manner suitable to the high purpose of Panhellenic organization under the patronage of Philip. Work on its plans may have begun shortly after the victory of Philip at Chaironeia, before the first assembly was held at Corinthunder Philip's presidencyin the winter of 337. With unlimited funds available, the construction probably proceeded very rapidly but even so it must have requiredconsiderable time to complete the gigantic structure. There is nothing in the building to suggest a change in plan or delay in construction; on the other hand, the meticulous care with which every detail was finishedgives no indication of haste. If it was begun shortly after the League was organized, it can hardly have been finished during Philip's lifetime, nor is it likely to have been ready to receive delegates at the time of Alexander'svisit in 336 B.C., when the Greeks assembled at the Isthmia and voted for his leadership in the expedition against Persia. The architect of the South Stoa deserves a special place of honor in the history of architectural design. Facing the task of creating a suitable building to house the representatives of a new world order, he accomplished his purpose with inventiveness and ingenuity without departing from the accepted canons of architectural form. He chose an existing type for the basic plan of the new building and by dividing it into two parts, a double onestory colonnade in front, and a two-story complex of small roomsin the rear, he was able to combine the elements of monumentality, diversity and practical use in a successful design. He lavished his attention on subtle

157

which seem almost out of place in a secular structure. He invented a practical system of refrigeration and added measures of sanitation and sewage disposal unparalleled in ancient Greek architecture. The facade of the building containing these utilitarian features he designed as a gigantic curtain, screening the Agora from the private city quarters that probably extended up the lower slope of Acrocorinth. But such are the gaps in our knowledge of the architectureof the Greeksthat no information about the South Stoa has come down to us from ancient authors and the architect's name is likely to remain unknown. How long the Stoa continued to serve its original purpose we do not know. In the confusion created by the death of Alexander, the Panhellenic movement could not prosper, and the League, like so many later efforts to unite the feuding factions of any geographical area, was destined to early failure. Steps were taken to revive the League near the end of the century under Demetrios Poliorketes, but this abortive attempt to stem the tide of disintegration came to no lasting results. The South Stoa remainedas a monumental symbol of the hope and frustration of the Greek people in their first effort to unite and live as a single nation. The impetus given to trade and commerce by the founding of the Greek capital at Corinth doubtless continued after the League had ceased to function. Even before the time of Philip, Corinthhad traded on its reputation as the amusement center of Greece, and the entrepreneurs who leased the shops on the ground floor of the Stoa doubtless did everything they could to enhance this reputation. The building itself, erected to serve a more sublime purpose, was well adapted to become the locale of the world's most celebratedentertainers. As the center of such enterprise, Corinth continued to attract people from all the world. After the liberation of the city from

refinementsandmeticulousexecutionof detail, Macedonianoccupation in 243 B.C., when

158

CORINTH

Corinth became the head of the Achaian form in which they had been left a century League, the Stoa may have revertedto the earlier. The South Stoa was restuccoed and use for whichit was constructed.In 196 B.C. reroofed. The decayed wood work and other the Greek people were summoned to the damaged parts of the building were replaced, IsthmianSanctuaryto hear the proclamation and for some years the building appears to of the freedomofferedby Rome,but the period have functioned more or less in its original of hope was destinedto be of short duration. capacity, except that the shop wells were The Greekswereslow to lear that liberation largely discarded and filled up. After the first acceptedas a gift becomessynonymouswith two or three decades, characterized by the foreign conquest. The Achaian League soon completion of many such emergency projects, becamea thornin the fleshto the worldrulers a new era of city planning began in which the at Rome, and Corinth - like Carthage in North Africa - was too important a rival to

civic center was converted from its original Greek form of agora to a Roman forum. The remainunpunished.Exactly fifty years after immense Stoa with its numerous small subthe "liberation"it was sacked by the libera- divisions in the rear did not fit into the new tors. This time the destructionwas thorough. city plan, which, however, did not entail the The city becamedepopulated,its womenand complete destruction and removal of the childrenwere carriedaway into slavery, the building. The colonnade itself, reconstructed male populationgiven to the sword. For a and partially refitted with new interior collittle overa centuryCorinthwas a ghosttown, umns, continued to serve as a monumental its lands occupiedby neighboringcities, its backdrop to the daily drama enacted in the buildingsand public monumentsdemolished Agora by the new settlers. Only the south and carriedaway to embellishthe capitaland half of the building was gradually sacrificedto private villas of the conquerors.The bronze make room for a series of structures required statues,whichhad gracedthe approachto the to serve the public life of the city. The CoStoa, were wrestedfrom their bases and the rinthian Agora, one of the largest known, now dedicatoryinscriptionsbrokenup andusedfor became divided into two parts, the lower and other purposes.Overthe foundationsof these largerof which became the forum of the people, structures,two cart roads now crossed the the upper and smaller section the adminiAgora;theirrutscut deepinto the foundations strative quarter. The conversion of the buildof the monumentsby the cartsuponwhichthe ing began at the east end and proceededin no buildingmaterialand artistic treasureof the strict order toward the west. The first three of the new structures, "A", "B" and "C", were city werehauledaway. In this generaldestructionthe South Stoa erected in the area vacated by shops and rear itself appearsto have escaped,with only such rooms I-VII. Room "C" doubtless served as damagesas time and the elementswould in- the office of the Agonothetes, and possibly fict. A century later Corinthwas chosen by "A" and "B" provided office space for other Julius Caesaras the site of a new colony and officials connected with the Isthmian games. was destinedonce moreto becomea centerof The next in chronological order are the commerce and the hub of communication Fountain House and its annex, room "F", between the East and the West. When the probably erected shortly before the middle of new colonistsarrivedfromacrossthe sea there the first century after Christ. This may have was little time for elaboratecity planning. been part of a larger building project, inWhateverbuildingsexistedin conditionto be cludingthe Southeast Building, with its Portico

used,the colonistsrestoredmoreor less in the at the east end of the Upper Agora, and

SUMMARY

the Bema and Central Shops separating the Upper from the Lower Agora. Not much later, about the middle of the century, followed the construction of the South Basilica and its twin creation, the Julian Basilica. At about the same time or somewhat later a new entrance was made into the Agora close to the middle of the South Stoa, where a paved roadway was constructed, which probably communicated with the eastern harborat Kenchreai. This was followed by the construction of the Bouleuterion, which may have been built as late as the reign of Nero. In the time of Hadrian a new building period was inaugurated. West of the Agonotheteion, room "D" was constructed, possibly to serve as office of the procuratorof the Province of Achaia, and about this time the cryptoporticus of the South Basilica was filled up. About the middle of the second century a new imposing entrance was made from the Stoa to the main floor of the South Basilica. Toward the end of the Antonine period, but probably before the beginning of the third century, a large square room "H" with marble-encrusted floors and walls was constructed west of the Bouleuterion,but what purposeit served remains unknown. About the same time, the large latrine was built near the west end of the Stoa, perhaps as a part of a more extensive building complex, which still remains to be excavated. In the area between the Bouleuterion and room "H", shops and rear rooms XX and XXI continued to function either as commercialestablishments or as public buildings of some kind. The next important event in the history of the Stoa is the invasion of the Herulians in A.D. 267 during the reign of Gallienus. The Bouleuterion and the area to the west of it were gutted by fire, and over the marble flooringin room "H" the debris was allowed to accumulate. The Herulian destruction marks the end of the South Stoa as a colonnade. The

159

and its material re-usedfor retainingwalls, and here and there cellars were dug down to the originalfloorlevel. Perhaps some columnswere still standing, but the vast area of the Stoa must have presented a picture of devastation and neglect. For a time the Stoa may have served as a thoroughfare between the southeast and southwest corners of the Agora. It was probably in the reign of Diocletian that the small Roman bath was constructed in the space originally occupied by shops and rear

roomsXXV-XXVII. Its east end encroached upon the area of room "H", which by this time was completely buried. The baths were the last unit of any importance to be constructed in the area of the Stoa during the Roman period; they continued in use at least as late as the end of the fourth century and possibly into the reign of the Emperor Justinian. After their destruction and possibly to take their place, another bath was constructed to the north using the type of masonry common to post-classicaltimes. The last quarter of the fourth century was a period of destruction and general decline in Corinth as in the rest of Greece. The earthquake of A.D. 375 caused the demolition of many buildings, but during the next twenty years efforts were made to rebuildthem. So far as it is possible to trace the effects of the earthquake and the character of the subsequent repairs, the picture it presents is one of overwhelming disaster and material decay, reflecting a general exhaustion and deterioration of the creative ability of the people. In A.D. 395 the invading Goths under Alaric delivered the coup de grace to this unhappy period of twilight of Classical Corinth. After this destruction Corinth ceased to exist as a GrecoRoman city. In the Early Christian period and during the first centuries of the Byzantine Empire, many of the classical buildings continued to be used, but the ruins of that era bear the marks of material dilapidation, ar-

fa9ade was now, at least partly, demolished tistic declineand civic helplessness.

160

CORINTH

Before that state is reached the story of the South Stoa comes to an end. In the minds of later generations a picture remained, distorted and misjudged, of a pagan past which made Corinth a synonym for luxury, beauty and moral corruption. The South Stoa, more than any other of the ancient buildings, has

helped to remove the disfiguring additions of later times and to reveal the originalcolors and clear contours of that picture; its ruins preserve a reflection of the brief era of Hellenic unity during which Corinth bore the distinction of being capital of the ancient world.

INDEX provinceof, 113, 132 n. 34, 159. Abacus,32, 45, 102. Acroteria,83. Administrativebuildings,Roman, 23, 104, 106, 138. Adonismosaicin Antioch, 109. Aegae, 56 n. 23, 59 n. 24. Agonotheteion,124. Agora:Athenian,120 n. 18, 127; Corinthian,3 and n. ACHAIA,

Attalos, Stoa of, Athens,42 n. 17, 48 n. 20. Axial distances,20 n. 6, 22, 24, 25 n. 9, 33, 85. Axis, 92. BACON,

F. H., 56 n. 23, 86 n. 40.

Barrier,15. Base: circular,3, 5; marble, 113, 117; pilaster, 118, 119.

Basin, 143, 145, 148, 151; circular,69; coldwater,139; of fountain,116, 119, 120; in mosaic,108; rectangu143, 153, 156, 158; lower, 3 n. 2, 159; upper, 128, 143, 158, 159; see also MarketPlace. lar, 146; semicircular,148, 149. Baths, 8; medieval, 142, 145; Roman, 10, 60, 67, Agrippa,M. Vipsanius,127. 145-151, 153, 154, 159. Akarnania,64 n. 30. 159. Alaric, Batter, of doorjamb, 56. Beams: marble,120; wooden,81. Alexanderthe Great,98, 157. Beam cuttings, 53. AlexanderSeverus,134. Bema, 5, 34, 120 n. 18, 127, 128, 132, 159. Altar, 10 n. 4, 134. 97. Bench,28, 101, 138; marble,111;marblecovered,107, Alterations,pre-Roman,93-94, 33. 131 n. 108; poros,22, 130, 131; stone, 30, 93. Amphitheaters, Amusementcenter, 99. Beveling, 24, 40, 42. AnastasiosI, 151. Beyen, H. G., 110 n. 10. 113. Birds, 108. Anathyrosis,19, 22, 33, 58, 77, 82, 107, Animaldrawings,105. Blake, MarionE., 106 n. 4, 107 n. 6,108 n. 7, 127 and 32. n. 27. Annulets, Blister ware, 95. Anta, 19, 22, 39, 40, 70, 77, 111, 115, 121, 123, 138. Anta capital,40, 70, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 100, 130. Bohn, Richard,56 n. 23, 59 n. 24. Ante-chambersof secondstory, 75, 76, 77, 98. Bonding of courses, 25. Boukrania,117. Antefix, 85, 86 and n. 41, 87. 97. 66, 67,128,129-132 andn. 35, 144,159; Gonatas, Bouleuterion, Antigonos constructionof, 137; at Olympia,132 and n. 35. Antioch, mosaicsfrom, 108. Aphrodite, 8, 10; on Acrocorinth,99; in mosaic, Bowls: large, 62; Megarian,126; mixing, 98. Antioch, 109. Bricks, 55 and n. 22, 112, 141, 145, 149, 150, 153; 151. circular,146; lozenge-shaped,121; square,122 and Apodyterium, n. 19; unbaked,69. Apse, 130, 146, 147, 148. Buttresses,75, 76, 77, 123, 136, 138. Aqueduct,90, 123, 155. Arcadians,156. CAESAR,62, 100, 158. Arches,105, 123, 138, 152; brick, 146, 147, 148. Architrave,33, 34, 36, 40, 42, 120, 121; backers,33, Cagnat,R., 131 n. 33. Calidarium,151, 154. 79; coloron, 34; of innerfagade,80. Cantilevers,36. Argos,97. Canvas,131 n. 33. Aristophanes,61 n. 25. Arretineware, 127. Capitals:Doric,30, 32 and n. 13, 36, 73, 74, 77; Ionic, 38, 45, 46, 81, 102; of miniaturecolumns,79; piArris,30. laster,119, 120; seealsoColumns. Asklepieion,17 n. 9, 89 n. 46. Caracalla,134. Assos, 56 n. 23. Casa del Citarista,Pompeii, 106 n. 4; delle DanzaAstragals,38, 64, 98, 102. 61 25. trici, 106 n. 4; dei Gladiatori,107 n. 6; see also Athenaios, n. House. 28 n 96. Athens, 1, Cash 108. box, 134. Athlete, AtriumHouse, Antioch, 108, 109. Cassander,64 n. 30. 1, 4, 5, 7, 30, 89, 90, 91, 93, 98, 124 n. 22, 138, 141,

161

162

INDEX

Catchbasin, 13, 16, 29, 122, 150. Ceiling,6, 13, 14, 15, 44, 57, 76, 81, 102, 105, 112, 148, 149; beams of, 35, 38, 53, 54, 55, 79, 81, 82, 93; domed,105; heightof, 53, 57; slanting,76; wooden, 113. Cellars,137, 140, 144, 159. Cement,11, 12, 16, 55, 60, 87, 105, 138; pebble, 42, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70; water-tight,17, 97, 116. Cemetery,8. CentralShops, 5, 128 n. 32, 159. Cerialis,Gaius,113, 114. Chaironeia,battle of, 98, 156, 157. Chamber,15, 121, 123; rectangular,149. Chamonard,Joseph, 74 n. 35, 110 n. 10. Channel:on doorway,55; water, 5, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 22, 59, 61 n. 25, 65, 68, 69, 93 n. 52, 96, 122, 131, 133, 136, 141, 142, 144, 152, 153. Chevrons,38. Chronology,62; see also Date of Stoa. Cistern,7, 11, 12, 16, 17, 28. City planning,156, 158. Clamps,6, 33, 36, 41, 82, 96, 111, 112, 113, 118, 119. Clampcuttings, 38, 112, 120. Clearingbasin, 28, 150, 154. Clerestory,57, 76. Cock,108. Coffers,81. Coins,65, 94, 97, 110, 114, 126, 127, 129, 134, 137, 143, 150, 154; silver, 64 n. 30, 67. Collart,Paul, 152 n. 45. Colonnade,152, 155; Doric, 18, 28, 32; of Fountain House, 115. Colonnettes,unfluted,121. Colony,Roman, 62, 89, 134, 158. Color,6, 34, 38, 46, 84, 100, 105, 108, 109, 113. Colorscheme,125, 135. Columns,69, 79, 111, 117, 142, 149; archaic,monolithic, 4, 90, 155; brick,146, 147, 148; Doric,outer, 6, 19, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 39, 80, 91, 92, 93, 102, 153; height of, 32, 34; spacing of, 101; Doric, small in second story, 73, 74, 76, 77, 100; Doric unfluted, Roman, 105, 124; Ionic, interior, Greek,4, 8, 12, 13, 22, 23, 33, 38, 45-48, 64, 81, 82, 100, 102, 104; Ionic, interior,Roman, 102-104, 110. Columndrums,height of, 32. Compartments,rear, 6, 55, 57, 58, 68 and n. 33, 69, 82, 99, 104, 154; of secondstory, 75. Conduit,28; terracotta,124, 138, 141. Construction,of Bouleuterion,133; of Stoa, 18, 96. Coolers,61 and n. 25, 98. CorinthianLeague,98 and n. 69, 99, 157. Corners:drafted,83; projecting,23, 25, 26. Cornercontraction,30. Cornice,54, 58, 59,62,64; Doric,horizontal,33, 36-39, 42, 44, 81, 83, 84, 100, 104, 140; raking,42; Ionic, 121. Cornicecourse,83.

Cornucopia,134 n. 38. Corridor,57, 75, 76; see also Passage. Counters,64. Courby,C. M., 96 n. 59. Coursingof wall blocks,40. Court,8, 152. Cryptoporticus,50, 115, 125, 132, 159. Cubicles,8. Cultbuilding, 123. Cultimage, 126. Cult rooms,124, 126. Cups,63, 95, 97, 98. Curia,132. Curtains,75, 76. Curvature:horizontal,91-92; of Parthenon,91 n. 49; see also Refinements. DADO,105, 111, 128, 149.

Daimon,64. Date of Stoa, 13 n. 8, 94-99. Davidson (Weinberg),GladysR., 11 n. 7, 97 n. 65. Deities, 63, 64. Delegates,accommodationof, 98, 99, 157. Delos, 74 n. 35, 109, 110 n. 10. Delphi, 33 n. 14, 96. Demeter,64. DemetriosPoliorketes,64 n. 30, 97, 157. Demosthenes,156. Deposit: destruction,64, 95, 101, 109; habitational, 62, 95, 98, 99, 109; of pottery, 94; of terracotta objects, 94, 96, 97. Destruction:Herulian,135, 136, 137, 143, 144, 159; by Mummius,62, 67, 68, 79,89,93,99,109,126,158. Destructiondebris,see Deposit. Diamondpattern, 107, 108. Dice, 64. Dimensions:of CorinthianAgora,3 n. 1; of reardoors, 58; of shops, 24, 48; of Stoa, 33. Diminutionof columns,30, 91. Dinsmoor,WilliamB., 3 n. 4, 33 n. 14, 87 n. 42, 91 n. 49, 96 n. 60. Diocletian,159. Doors, 93, 133, 152; front, of shops, 41, 48-52, 57, 70, 76; inner, 55, 56, 57, 68, 69; in partition walls, 93; in rear wall, 42, 44, 58, 68, 93. Doorframe, 93; wooden,48, 50, 52, 58. Doorjamb, 48, 49, 50, 55, 58, 69, 78, 93, 107, 111, 130, 132, 140. Door trim, 48, 49, 50, 52, 132; of inner door, 56, 57. Doorway,15, 49, 52, 58, 100, 111, 113, 130, 132, 135, 136, 146, 149, 150; normal,49, 50; rear, 147. Dorpfeld,W., 87 n. 42. Doves, 10. Dowels, 36, 38, 120, 138; cylindrical, 121; wooden, 49, 147. Dowel cuttings, 33, 48, 50, 56, 111, 120. Drafting,20, 22, 44.

INDEX Drain,28, 60, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 149, 154; great, 42, 65-68, 93, 94, 122, 130, 131, 146; tile, 118, 150, 153. Dressingroom, 151. DrinkingContestmosaic, Antioch, 109. Drinkingparties, 64. Dunbabin,T. J., 17 n. 9. Dungeon,15. Duovirs, 127, 144. Dwellings,see Houses. Dyggve, E., 87 n. 42, 96 n. 60. EARTHQUAKES,107 n. 6, 109, 159.

East CentralShops, 127. East Portico, 7, 19, 89 n. 45. Eaves, 44, 82. Echinus, 32. Echo Colonnadeat Olympia,95 n. 58, 96. Edwards, G. Roger, 62, 64 n. 30, 95, 96. Edwards,KatharineM., 127n. 26, 134n. 38, 154n. 48. Eisagogeus,111. Eleusis, 61 n. 25. Elevation, rear, 42-44 and n. 18. Ellipse, 130, 131. Empolion, 31, 32, 46. "Encrustationstyle", 110 n. 10. Entablature,19, 38, 40, 44, 100; see also Architrave, Cornice,Frieze. Entasis, 30, 91. Entrance,to Roman Bath, 146, 150; ornamental,to South Basilica, 115, 123. Epaminondas,156. Epidauros,5 n. 10, 156. Epigram,Latin, 89 n. 46. Erechtheion,46 n. 19, 58 n. 24. Euthynteria, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 91, 92. Exedra, 112, 114, 152.

Flues, 145-148. Flutes: of bone and ivory, 98; on columns, 80; on pilasters,118, 120. Foot length, 25. Forum,Roman, 3 n. 1, 158. Foundations,7, 8, 10-15, 18-26, 28, 33, 67, 89, 92, 104, 106, 114, 125, 127, 145, 154; of interiorcolonnade, 22; of South Basilica,66; of terracewall, 90. Fountain, of Hadji-Mustapha,16. FountainHouse,Roman,109, 115-124, 127, 128, 158. Frieze, Doric, 24, 33, 34-36, 40, 42, 79, 81, 140; of inner fa9ade,80, 140; in cold water tank, 149. Frigidarium,151, 154. Fuel, storageof, 146, 149. Furnace,145, 148. GABLE, 83; east, 85, 86.

Galleries,12-17. Gallienus,134, 153, 159. Gambling,64. Gamingboards,64, 98. Gardner,E. A., 156 n. 3. Gateway,155. Geniusof the colony, 134 n. 38. Glauke,fountainof, 17 n. 9. Goddess,8, 64 and n. 29; of GoodFortune,108. Gods,foreign,137. Goths, 159. Graffiti,65, 101. Granite,149. Graves,10. Grill,56. Groag,Edmund,113 n. 12. Guillochepattern, 108. Gutta, 33, 34. Gutter, of Roman Fountain, 118, 122; of Stoa, 18, 28-30, 101,153, 154. Gymnasium,152; at Philippi, 152 n. 45.

FAiADE, north, Doric, 22, 26, 30-38, 39, 81, 83, 88,

91, 100, 140, 151, 154; inner, 27, 80, 81, 101, 140; ornamental,115. Fasciae, 22, 78, 79. Female head, 124. Figurines,7, 8, 10, 11, 97. Fire, 130, 134, 138, 153, 159; pre-Mummian,109; see also Destruction.

Fish, 139. Flank, 82; east, 29, 30, 42; west, 29, 30, 40, 41. Floor, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 76, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 148; cement, 68; late Roman, 134; marble, 106, 141, et passim; packed earth, 90, 104, 147; pebble cement, 12, 90; tile, 142. Floor level, 18, 122. Floor space, 6. Flooring, 55, 60, 148; brick, 150; cement, 136; in shops, 97. Flowers, 108.

163

HADJI-MUSTAPHA,

Fountainof, 16.

Hadrian,113, 159. Half-column,79, 121, 123, 130. Handles, stampedamphora,62, 126. Harbors,128. Harris, JosephineM., 89 n. 46, 134 n. 36, 151 n. 44. Headers,18, 19, 23. Heermance,TheodoreW., 4, 5, 22 n. 8, 25 n. 9, 94, 155 n. 49. HellenicLeague, 156 n. 1. Hellenodikai,110. HerodesAtticus, 143, 152 n. 46. Herring-bonepattern, 121, 123. Herulians,134 and n. 36, 136, 137, 138, 143, 151, 159. Hill, Bert H., 5. Hill, Ida Thallon,83 n. 37, 86 n. 41, 101 n. 2. Hinks, R. P., 108 n. 7. Holland,Marian,28 n. 11.

164

INDEX

House, of the Faun, Pompeii, 110 n. 10; of Polyphemus, Antioch, 108, 109; of Sallust, Pompeii, 110 n. 10; see also Casa. Houses, 8, 10. Housholder, F. W., 101 n. 1. Hypocaust, 67, 142 n. 40, 145-149, 151, 154. Hypocaust Bath at Olympia, 55 n. 22. IMPLUVIUM, 151, 152. Inscriptions, 63, 134. Intercolumniations, 4, 19, 48. Intersection of walls, 19, 25, 26. Inundations, 5. Invasion, Herulian, 151, 159. Isthmia, 157. Isthmian Games, 110, 158. Isthmian Sanctuary, 89 n. 46, 158. JAMBS, see Doorjamb.

Jar, 67, 68, 143. Joint, 22, 24; beveled, 20. Judeich, W., 42 n. 17, 48 n. 20. Julia Mamea, 134. Julian II, 150. Julian Basilica, 132, 159. Justinian I, 151, 154, 159. KALYDON, 87 n. 42.

Kameiros, 5 n. 10, 61 n. 25. Kantharos, 95 n. 53. Karystos marble, 116. Kavvadias, P., 5 n. 10. Kenchreai, 129, 159. Kenchrean Road, 66, 128 n. 32, 128-129. Kent, John H., 91 n. 48, 113 n. 12. King, Lida Shaw, 83 n. 37, 86 n. 41, 101 n. 2. Kitchen, 10. Kitchen ware, 62. Knucklebones, 64. Kotyle, 95 n. 58. Kourouniotes, K., 61 n. 25. Kunze, Emil, 55 n. 22, 95 n. 54, 107 n. 6. LAGYNOS,29, 62.

Laidlaw, W. A., 110 n. 10. Lake Stymphalos, 123, 155. Lamps, 13 n. 8, 64 n. 30, 89 n. 46, 95, 96, 156; Roman, 109, 114, 137, 141. Lang, Mabel, 62 n. 26. Latrines, 65, 66, 67, 68, 130, 131; Roman, 151-153, 159. League: Achaian, 158; Aitolian, 67, 68; Corinthian (Hellenic), 98, 99, 156 and n. 1, 157. Lechaion Road, 3, 4, 128 and n. 32, 152 n. 45. Lekythos, 95. Lemerle, P., 152 n. 45. Leonidaion at Olympia, 5 n. 10, 96.

Lerna, 17 n. 9, 89 n. 46. Levels, 18 n. 3. Lime pit, 146. Lining, brick, 152. Lintel, 15, 41, 50-53, 56, 57, 147. Lintel course, 55, 58. Lion's head spout, 84, 85. Loomweights, 96. Lucius, 101. Lucius Verus, 143. Lucretius, 131 n. 33. Lykourgos, 96, 156. MACEDON,156.

Male head, bearded, 124. Manhole, 7,11,16,17,24,59,60,95,140,141,142,144. Marble: from Karystos, 116; from Skyros, 115, 116. Marcus Aurelius, 134, 143. Market Place, 3; see Agora. Masonry, 145; brick, 146, 147; rubble, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150. Masons' marks, 26-28. Masts, 131 n. 33. Mau, August, 110 n. 10. Maximinus I, 134. McDonald, W. A., 132 n. 35. Meander pattern, 84. Measurements, see Dimensions. Megalopolis, 156 and n. 3. Metopes, 34, 40, 41, 100. Middle Stoa, in Athenian Agora, 74 n. 35. Mitering, 96. Modillions, 121. Moesia, governor of, 132 n. 34. Morgan, Charles H., 5, 8, 10, 90 n. 47, 151 n. 44, 153 n. 47. Mortar, 11, 55, 87, 121, 131, 132; earth, 106; lime, 52, 100, 104, 105, 111, 145, 146. Mortar bedding, 110, 112, 118, 138, 139, 142, 148, 150, 152. Mosaic, 107-110, 114. Moulding, 55, 57, 75, 78,79, 81, 93,112,113,116,119, 121, 124, 126 and n. 23, 151, 152; base, 117, 118, 119, 121, 138, 145; cavetto, 52, 85; crowning, 119; cyma recta, 117, 118, 119; cyma reversa, 38, 45, 54, 85, 117, 119, 120, 126; hawksbeak, 38, 40, 42, 52, 54, 96; ovolo, 84, 85, 120; scotia, 126; torus, 117, 126. Moulds, 84, 97. Mummius, 30, 62, 64, 67, 89, 93, 100, 109, 126. Mutules, 36. fluted, 74 n. 35. Nemea, 85 n. 38. Nero, 159. Niche, 10, 15, 112, 152. Nilsson, Martin P., 10 n. 4, 63 n. 27. NECKS,

INDEX Notches, 22, 84, 86. Numerianus, 151. ODEION OF AGRIPPA,in Athens, 110, 120 n. 18, 127. Odeion at Corinth, 143, 152 n. 46. Olympia, 5 n. 10, 55 n. 22, 87 n. 42, 95 n. 54, 96, 98 n. 69, 107 n. 6, 110, 132 and n. 35, 156. Olynthos, 95 and n. 53, 96. "Onyx", 116, 128. Opus incertum, 105, 145; see also Masonry, rubble. Opus sectile, 127, 152. Orientation, 7, 8, 10, 12, 17, 116, 139, 145. Orthostates, 6, 39, 40, 50, 93, 105, 107, 113, 124, 125, 129, 130, 132, 133, 139, 145, 147, 148, 149. Orthostate level, 3, 22, 42, 43, 55, 56, 104. Overflow from fountain, 122. Ovid, 131 n. 33. PALM BRANCH, 108.

Palmettes, on Ionic capital, 45, 102; ridge, 86, 88, 101. Pandroseion, 59 n. 24. Panels: marble, 106, 107, 116,119,126,130; of mosaic, 108, 109; stuccoed, 105, 109. Parapet, 71, 72, 76, 77, 120. Parrot, 108. Parthenon, 91 n. 49. Partridge, 108. Passage, 69, 75. Patching, 108, 113. Patera, 134 n. 38. Paton, James M., 46 n. 19. Pausanias, 3 n. 2, 4. Paved areas, 42, 58, 65, 66,67,68,88,93,131,135,136. Pavement, 104,128,131; cement, 94; marble, of Agora, 89, 153; pebble, 131; of road 128. Pease, M. Z., 95 n. 55. Pedestal, 116, 120, 123; poros, 118. Peirene, Fountain of, 5, 15, 17 n. 9, 59; channels of, 96. Perachora, 17 n. 9. Peristyle, 74 n. 35. Pernice, Erich, 106 n. 4. Personification, 63. Philinus, Cn. Babbius, 89 n. 45. Philip, 98, 156, 157. Philippeion: at Megalopolis, 156; at Olympia, 96. Philippi, 152 n. 45. Pickard-Cambridge, A. W., 127 n. 29. Piers, 14, 100, 105, 111, 138, 149; brick, 146; capital of, 79; low, of second story, 76; poros, 130; thin, of second story, 70, 71, 72, 77, 81. Pigments, 126. Pilasters, 117, 119, 120, 123. Pins, metal, 84. Pipe: lead, 148, 149, 150; terracotta, 67, 68, 122, 123, 125, 136, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145. Pitchers, 62, 98. Pivot holes, 48, 49, 107, 111, 132, 147.

165

Plaster, 128, 135, 139, 148, 150; Greek, 52. Plinth, 60, 111; marble, 118. Pnyx, 156 n. 2. Pompeii, 106 n. 4, 107 n. 6, 109, 127. Porch, 130; of South Basilica, 115; see also Portico. Poros stone, 6, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, et passim. Portico, 111, 131; see also Porch. Posts, wooden, 75. Pottery, 7 and n. 1, 8, 10, 11, 13 n. 8, 14, 62, 65, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 114, 126, 141, 142, 156; Roman, 109, 131. Pour channel, 111, 113, 120. Preservation, state of, 3, 4, 17. Priene, 48 n. 20, 74 n. 35. Procurator, 113, 114. Proportions, 46 n. 19. Pry-hole, 52, 82, 132. Ptolemy III, 97. Purlin, 82, 102. Purpose, of Stoa, 94-99, 157. QUARRIES,89.

RABBET,38, 55, 76, 90, 113. Rafters, 38, 75, 76, 81, 82, 83. Rebuilding, of Stoa, 102. Recesses, 112. Reconstructions, latest, 138; Roman, 18, 107, 124, 130, 132, 137; see also Alterations, Repairs. Refinements, 6, 91-93, 157; see also Curvature. Refreshments, 64. Refrigeration, 61, 98, 157. Regula, 33, 34. Relief, of maenad, 142 n. 40. Relieving surface, 32, 45. Remodeling, of Fountain House, 118. Repairs, 93, 94, 97, 110; pre-Roman, 88; early Roman, 100-102, 104, 124; to roof, 84, 94, 101; see also Alterations, Reconstructions. Reservoir, 7, 11-17, 22, 24, 61 n. 25, 91, 92, 95 n. 58, 143. Retouching, 84. Revetments, 115; marble, 116, 118. Richardson, Rufus B., 3 n. 2, 4. Riser, 20. Road, 4, 8, 30, 89, 90, 93, 129; modern, 4, 19 n. 5, 65; wagon, 100, 144, 158. Road level, west of Stoa, 22. Robinson, D. M., 95 n. 53, 96 n. 61. Roebuck, Carl, 17 n. 9, 89 n. 46, 98 n. 69. Roebuck, Mary C., 83 n. 37, 101 n. 2. Roman Forum, 132. Roof, 36, 41, 42, 74, 82, 83, 88, 93, 101, 131, 138; arched, of reservoir, 13, 15, 16, 17. Rosette, 120, 121. Rostra, 128, see Bema; in Roman Forum, 132. SACREDFOUNTAIN, 90, 91.

166

INDEX

Saint Paul, 101 n. 1, 128. Salonina,134. Sanctuary,8. Sandpiper,108. Santa Costanza,Churchof, 132 n. 35. Schede,Martin,48 n. 20, 74 n. 35, 96 n. 62. Schleif,H., 55 n. 22, 107 n. 6. Scholae,127. Schrader,H., 74 n. 35. Scranton,Robert L., 3 n. 2, 89 n. 45, 120 n. 18, 127 n. 30, 132 n. 34, 142 n. 40, 153 n. 47. Screen,76, 79. Seat block, 29, 94. Secundus,141, 143. Septimius Severus,134. Serapis,head of, 134, 137. Setting line, 26, 42, 52, 82, 107. Sewage,disposalof, 59, 153, 157, seealsoPaved areas. Shaft: of pier, 14; unfluted,74 and n. 35; of wells, 13, 16, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 95, 127. Shelves, 121, 123. Sherds,see Pottery. Shield, 108; terracotta,96. Shoe, Lucy T., 96. Shrine,137; underground,8, 12; see also Sanctuary. Shutter,wooden,56. Sikyon, 97. Sill: of anta, 22 n. 7; of door, 48, 50, 104, 132, 136; of window,56. Sima,horizontal,38, 44, 84-87, 101; marble,85 n. 38; raking,44,85,86,87,101; Roman,102,109,123,124. Skias, A. N., 3. Skyphos,95. Skyros,marblefrom, 115, 116, 126. Sleepingquarters,99. Slots, 84. Snakes,10. Soffit, 42. South Basilica, 50, 66 and n. 32, 101, 109, 114, 115, 122, 123, 125, 128, 132, 159. SoutheastBuilding,89, 129, 158. Spintharos,96. Square,public, see MarketPlace, Agora. Stage, 8. Stairways,6, 13, 16, 24, 48, 68-70, 75, 77, 94, 152; marble,115. Stamps: on amphorahandles,62; on tiles, 88. Statue, 10, 93, 113, 134, 158; equestrian,89. Statue bases, 89, 90. Steps, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 22, 29, 30, 39, 101, 148; marble,18, 19, 154. Stereo, 18 n. 2. Stettler, Michael,132 n. 35. Stevens, GorhamP., 46 n. 19, 59 n. 24, 86 n. 40, 91 n. 49, 92 n. 50. n. 43, 115 n. n. , 10, 88 n Stillwlll, Richard,5 8 28 n. 120 17. 15,

Stoa of Attalos, Athens, 42 n. 17, 48 n. 20. Storagejars, terracotta,62, 97, 144. Storagepits, 10. Storerooms,68 n. 33, 146. Story: lower,74 etpassim;second,6, 70-79,80,82,98. Stove, terracotta,98. Stretchers,18, 19, 20, 23, 24. String course,54, 55. Stucco, 6, 13, 28, 29, 34, 40, 52, 56, 72, 73, 79, 100, 105, 107, 109, 110, 111, 119, 135, 136, 137, 146, 154. Stylobate,3, 13, 18, 19, 22, 26, 30, 33, 39, 88, 91, 101. Subdivision,25 n. 9. Substructures,23. Sudatorium,151, 154. Swan, 8. Symmetry,44. TABLE,

8; marble, 64, 98.

Taenia, 33, 34, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 81, 83, 93; slanting, 44, 82. Tank,137, 149, 150, 155; cold water,140, 154; rectangular, 148. Tavern,10, 12, 17, 98, 99, 137. Taylor,Lily R., 89 n. 46. Temple:of "Apollo",3 n. 2,4; of Apolloin Athens,96; of Apolloat Delphi, 33 n. 14, 96; Archaic,3, 18 n. 3, 155; of Ares in Athens, 28 n. 11; of Jupiter at Pompeii,110 n. 10; at Tegea,96; of Zeusat Nemea, 85 n. 38, 96. Tepidarium,151, 154. Terracewall, 7, 8, 9, 10, 88-91, 93, 100, 135, 136, 137, 139, 145, 153. Terracottas,architectural,62, 79, 83 n. 37, 96. Terracottaobjects, deposit of, 94. Tetrapod,10 n. 4. Theater: at Corinth,28 n. 10, 88 n. 43; of Dionysos in Athens, 127 and n. 29. Theaters,awningsin, 131 n. 33. TheodosiusI, 153. Thermae,151; see Baths, Roman. Tholosin Athens, 87 n. 42. Thompson,HomerA., 48 n. 20, 74 n. 35, 87 n. 42, 95 n. 54, 96 n. 60, 110n. 11, 120 n. 18, 127 n. 28, 134 n. 36, 156 n. 2. ThrasyllosMonument,96. Threshold,48, 49, 68, 104, 107, 111, 113, 128, 132, 133, 136, 146, 147, 150. Thrust,38. Thyrreion,64 n. 30. Tiles, 14; bossed,148; in drain,140, 149; roof: 44, 62, 64, 65, 68, 83-88, 101, 126; half, with upturned edge, 82, 87; Lakonian,88 and notes 43, 44; opaion, 87; overlapping,153; ridge cover, 83; Roman, 67, 102, 109, 137, 143, 152, 154; saddle, 86; size of, 86 n. 40; with trough,87. Toe holds, 12, 13, 15, 60, 141. Toga, 130.

INDEX Toichobate,8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18 n. 3, 19 n. 4, 20, 22 and n. 7, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 39, 55, 56, 58, 65, 66, 69, 70, 92, 104, 114. Tomb, 8. Tonguepattern, Doric, 38. Tread,19, 20. Triglyphs,34, 35, 41, 85. Troizen,coins of, 97. Trusses,139. Tub, hot water, 148. Tunnel,13, 60, 122, 142. Tympanum,42. UNIFORMITY,50.

Units, of length, 24, 25. 134. Valve, of door, 49. VALERIAN I,

Vases, see Pottery.

Veneer,marble,106, 111, 112, 115,120, 121,138, 143, 145, 148, 149. Vespasian,109. Vessel, in mosaic, 108. Vessels,drinking,10. Vesuvius,eruptionof, 109. Vitruvius,3 n. 1, 92 n. 50. Volutes, 45. Votives, 97, 99. Voussoir,105, 152.

167

89 n. 46, 139 n. 39. Walls: cross, 114, 129, 137; east, 27, 39, 40, 93; interior east-west, 25; middle, 41; partition, 25, 50, 54, 69, 70, 75, 82, 92, 93, 101, 104, 106, 109, 110, 114, 115, 133, 150, 152; rear, south, 25, 43, 48, 68, 93 n. 52, 104; rubble, 137; west, 27, 40, 41, 93. Wall decoration, 126. Water tank, 38, 122, 123. Water works 12-17; Hadrianic, 155. Weinberg, Saul S., 5 n. 8, 63 n. 27, 66 n. 32, 114 n. 13, 115 n. 14. Wells, 7, 11, 13, 15; in shops, 5, 11, 59-65, 99, 156. Well curbs, 60-65, 68, 70, 97, 124, 126, 127. West, Allen B., 89 notes 45, 46. Wheel ruts, 8, 89, 90, 144. Wiegand, Th., 74 n. 35. Windows, 43 and n. 18, 56, 57, 58, 78, 100, 101, 104, 109, 138; clerestory, 82; rear, 43, 44; second story, 72, 76, 77, 80, 81; service, 57; slit, 42, 58. Wings, 6, 42, 44, 58, 82, 156 n. 2; east, 42, 58, 87; west, 20, 82, 87. Wreath, 108.

DE WAELE, JOSEPH,

88 and n. 44, 93. XENOLAOS, YOUNG, RODNEY

S., 151 n. 42.

ZEUS, OF PHEIDIAS, AT OLYMPIA, 124.

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