H,mpd ,rod Ow<"","" , '~J , af'l'linti"" of lkm["I ' ""'bodoIosy in m y wurl:,
s..
Rubin, ,991, 14--'6 ....
,o.
"orr«. 1..1, Pbpp<~ ,9,,_ Itohn ,
'97",
, .... "«ph"" 0( ' p""J;gm 'hll Jo., "'" m,,,n 'hot " H ,< Iu-.own (,," in 'h, r~ld, from thi, """ ' . K"..J;n8 to ~"hn, K""" ... ubi«,""" on< """"3 ' ""m", of ,h«x." ;, ","'!ori"",,- ,rod ;" '"""";';'r ..,""'" "n i""..IIY""'pI,J_ If ,o. th,.,,J. ,m"ri<J;n8 '0 ",rn",l,n d Pbpp< ,. 'o. p".-a.Hgm ~'iII Hkdy I..d "' "",,";'" k",,~-kJg< , s." .... h n, '~7<> , ~ _
,
PART ONE, ]ot"",,",,""
mind" which ch.nnel> the collection .nd das.ific.tion of data by me"", of d ... iflC.tion c.tegories. The th<m.. ry of the link. betw,""n 'he c.tego"''' •• nd prm'ides t he frame within ",hich to ftt t he puzzle pifi: .. ,
Theory as a De"ice A critical r.. d ingof a text mu.t be both .ynchron i<: . nd d;"chronic." A reading .. ,),nchronic. in the >en'" th.t the tu' .. re.d in conn«!ion "'ith ne .. by ted. "" well •• in connection with text. with . imil.. ,ubi, A re.d ing i • • )nchronic •• 1", in the >en.. th.! .nth ropologic.l interpret.tio n comp.re. the phe""men. to . imil.. phenom~. in .imil.. ly .tructured cuiture. " .. n whe .. the .. i. no temror.t or geographic ocietie>, ten,ion exi." betw,""n the Hud text . nd t he changing context Change .. , low. and ""I""d. o,.. r • long period of time, '" Braude! pu!> it." .nd .. eei,'", post factum volue .nd justific.tion," Th .. • pproach P"'Uf'l'O'<"' the rei.homhip of extern.l f.c tor> that influence the h.!akhah. The t rad itional commentary pre""n!> ch.ng< a, ""noni nnoYat i..; • shift . o r the d iscover), of the exi"ent in the ",urce .. " We mw;t now .n.".. r the met hodologic.! qU"Iion, what i. the ",ur« of the ",,,,...,he,, confidence that he indeed expl.un. ", h. t he pr .. umes to expl.in? In other woro., wh.t i. the ,..tidity of the explan.t ion, that is. are the ",Urce. collected by the re ... rcher .ctually consi.te nt "' i!h the theory!
"
• "
Ilu."
1><1ow), s." Il,up'm.on. 100' ,
tn ron "..t w;,h th< """ ,, ',"'" h,"",'an, who» .00,«' rn,"", " th< "''''' -'"m 'f"" ofhmr.l'<mond ",,,,.Jd.nd '"' mrmbr" .,(,1.. Aonal.. ",0001.'!"," "",""n, .,( low, . n.l '" tOkly '" f", ""n",,",.,( r
,,,
• "
•
""n
tn "(,1>< .... d I",. ,bh" ,,, ... ~ 00.00 ~ _naI.. 200 ,. ~ , =m;, """~"'r. ,.... , 'll<>rial ,hang< (=
",,,,l>
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"'''y I""'g!.., """"d _ " """",.1 'hong<. 'n """"l "foc", '"' , '073. K.. ,"- ] ,,",,_ Sr< 'll< J'ocu.~on byT.m" 1to.. 1"""}, "I', "",,_.), SloIlrnan. 200, _
,ho,
0...1"<' 1. 11>< SocioIor;r on.! Andu"' .... fofT.......... T""
h Iher. no possibil ily of <xptaining Ih. f.. ts by mean, of .nother Ih"''''lical frame",o,kllbe .n.wer 10 Ihe fi rst quut ion i. th,llh••tudy i. valid when il mecl> Ih«ondilion, of con,lrue( valid ily. According 10 C ronbac h and Meehl." "con.lrucl validily" i.the potenl i.l for uplanalion inh... nt in the lhe<:>",lkol .true(u ... T hi' pol. nt ial u i.ts ",·hen the .mpirica l data thaI were collecled ·beh..·. . . .nticip"t.d by lhe th.oretical ,tmcture that lhey are .uf'll"" collected by lhe ", ...archer from ",hieh he f.. hion. hi. hypot h.,i., Bruno Latour depieted ",;'ntiflC ",or. "" differenti.> ting betwun lhe b...ic ml"SOfie> Ih.t the hybrid re.lity combine>. and ,d""ti.ts oct 10 "purify" and "'p",te the inlenning\<J categor;' •. He defined this .. 'creating order out of d ioorder"" The theory therefore del.,min~, ",hich d.t. will be ..1t'Cted and ",'h ieh r~i«teJ. A. r"Sard. the ... con d qu ..tion. it i. d efi nitely po>,ibk thaI .nother theory will provid •• Jiffer~nlupl.nation, . n)' other npbnalion i. lry i. inlernolly cohere nt and «plain. • majority of the ca ... th.t weI< examined. It mould .00 be ,taled ,hallhe ",;"nlifk object. or lhe ",;'ntific product, that re.ull> from the .Iudy. i. not only a technic. 1 product of the "laboratory' in t he ",,,,.rcher', mimI. it i••1.., . 'ymbolic. K>Ci.l•• nd polit ico1 l"'oducl. In .U.iningge>al.of 0 re",arch, II>< "' .... rcher" invoh 'ement doe. m>lend with Ihe mal~rial before him. hi> inl'<,kement . 00 <xle nd . to Ihe wcial-cultural world, Whdh., he will, il or not . ideologie>. rd igiou. worklvi ew., co>JTloiogie>, and oo i, II>< realm of met.-ocienc~."
" •
• •
,,«",'9".
Cronb.dr '" Th< ruoc<'"",n ".,.,,,,,,,1 ,.I_M,; "",,,,"," , .Ldil, : ."d """""ruct • .I i_ d"¥-- Ho, .. I..- ,Iv ,tudr .,('''t ~ 001)' "",,,"noct " lid,,)'" i, m,,,,,,"'gful . On ntiJ"r " ', ' . ~ . , o:r. u ,~ Milkr ,00 RubIO. IOn ,6_Jl, lk)lh_M.rom. , .... Jl_H l .. """ '''''1, J, ~ 01< Wool!!>" .. "", 1<1_". SOudi.. in ooc"""'sY .,( •• ,,>min..! ,)" prom. of """t""'ing 1<noooI<~ ~·"h in 1"""'""",- 11>< oO
"".«
i"""""
""""r",
""'n'
•
PART ONE. lot"""",, ....
A Socjologic~1 ~nd Sodl>-amhropoJogical Appr""ch One of the met hod. th,t J employ examin .. te,t. from a,tructural 't~nd point." Thi, i•• >ocioiogical and a social anthropological approach" which i> b.oed on Claude Levi-Strau ..', .tructural p.radigm that point at the compo.itwnal power of a model, fmding. e~ be ordered and int .. pret.J by mean. of the modd. According to th is paradigm. the text'. meaning i. deri"ed from social .tructure, and the interpreter mu.t therefo .. find the modd mo.t proximate to the .truetu... The .bility to arrin at .uch • modd i> d'l"'ndent on the degree of identity bet"".n the r.... rcher'. t hought .tructu.. and the thought .trocture of the " .. to" of the text, or of it> ..ad'r> •• in« they all ore conditioned by th.t >arne .trocture. levi-Strau. . . rgu .. that t he .truetu..1 methodology prm'id... n "obje<:ti'''" tool th.t .id. the ",~.rcher to ",m,,,,hat ""ape the . ubjedi" ity w. indicat.J .00...• , t hat i., t he influen« of the re!.tionship bet"'~n the ..... rch .. and t he field of ",~,rch. Thi> methodology .Uow, the met.-.t ruct ural cultural .y.tem to be re~aIed. We may , t. te th.t the ... umption of t he extern.l met.-h.!.U,ic conception .it> well with Levi-StraWl" The e'pl.nation for hum.n behavior and social and cultural phenomena i. al", to be >ought in t he unconoeiou. ,trat um ofhum.n thought. In the final an.ly.i., t hi> condition. vi.ibk human b.havior and dict.t.. >
..-ri,,,,,:
In .oort, . nthrorolo!;iul writing. m tb.m" lv<> interpretation~ and >«ond .nd 'hird 00<> to boot. I...] the lin. bel,,·.." moo. of "'pm-rntalion .nd ,u"'tanti", content i> .. undrowaN. in cultural waly..... il i. in p>iming; and that b.et in tum ",em. to th",.ten the obj.div. " " ... of
" "
" "
'n
;." ,_&- ,I>, , 'h; , _ _ ""'km ... ,hrorology "d', ·;J.,j into''''' main "",urn ".1 moo Iud", 00.. "" .... oJ i. t.74.
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t9n J-+5---48_
0...1"<' 1. 11>< SocioIor;r on.! Andu"' .... fofT.......... T""
. nthrorological lnowl«lg< by .ugg«ting ,hat i" ",ure. i. not ""'W ," lity bu, I< hola, l~ .nific<. It dot. th""l on in "uh pi",,, [ ... J It i, not 'ga;m,. t.OOyof uninl<'P'.t, " di ",Uy thinn«l d=,ip'ion~ ,h.t w< mtl>' mum" ,t.. trangm. "
00' ....'
,,'Iu,
~t"" tM OIlth,opologi" de'p.air! [". J No, IlK,,,,,, ' h", i> IlOO'M, a"
of "I'I'roo,h to th. p>rticl<> and h gm.nu of dern coU«t<Xilanding ofU", b..!i.e foundation. of hunun "i>trnc<. [ ... ] Th< mind of man;"., OOnorn, ...... ywh ... 'h, ...m. [... J It i. by inl th." from ck.p "'""ath its ",
,,,,,,,.pond.
,n.
Gurtz ne".. thele» dem:md. th.t the re ••"lITher. ;nterpr.talion be do.., to the worlJ of the .ubi.d. und .. . t udy .nJ 10 the w'y th.y "Ppl)" i! to thei, "pe,;'n«. H• .J", .l,...... lh. importanc~ of ... mining the pfOC~»e! of chang. in the soc;.1 ,truct ure .M in lh •• yrnbol .)">t.m. According to hi> ,'i.w, .rmbo!. .. pl.;n lhe ",ality. but the cOll.tant .... ch fo, m .. ning in changing social .y.t~m. create. the ch. ng"" in the .)'mbolic .),.t~ms .nJ lhe conl.nt n",ibeJ to lhem. Soc;all.n.ion. ad", when the "",,;.1 ,)'>t.m ch.ng" .t . .. Ie f.. t« th.n th,t of the .ymbolk .pt.m. lh,t i •• ~,tz .....-u thai • Jimen.ion of J i.chronk anal)~i> mu.t b. indudeJ in diocu .. ing >oci<\y .nd culture. in o,de, to ob..,rv~ !he 1'0,011.1 chang. of the oocial .yl udy of ,nd.nl l<x\>. Th. ,,,,,,ucher of .uc h !<xl> ""Yiou..ty od.ty under .tudy, but he mu.t •.. k· the t~xt< the qu .. tion. lh.l h. woulJ ha,.. put 10 lh.
Gm',,- '97',,, '6_ G"".~
..n ,10- 51.
s.. ,I>< .... Iyu. ",h;, m
PART ONE.
'ot"",,",,""
member> of th,t >ociety. ;f he could h,Y< .ro"'n with them. The .tructure from which he romeo ~mbl .. him to •• k the rel",'.nt que.tion .. Levi-St .. u» continues t he .tructucal trodit ion begun by Durkh< im .nd \\'eb the .Iemenl> of the sociol .tructure .nd examine> the d.j;ree of .u it.bility between the .trueture·, comro .... nl>, .nd the parollel changing of the", comronenl> 0"" time. for enmple, if oboe"..tion for • prolonged prt of the soc;oI .tructure, doe. t he f,m ily . t ructu .... the political .tructure, or the soci.1 .tmtine.tion .tructure as well, unJergo modification. p.rolleling this chang<' or do oil the p.>rt. of the .true'ure ch.nge on. by one! Thil method'. primary t""j i. the mode~ or Weber', "iJeol t )'P"," by mean. of ",hich ,,'e compo>< • theoreticol ron,t ruc" ",h .... comronent •• r< t.k~n from with in the >ociolhi.torical re.lity, while the typ< it",lf i. not the octuol re.lit y, Mor~'.. r, the ideol typ<' not ",'en .uit.ble to •.,." .. . ",heme for. unique ,itu,t ion or ,ction. II h.. the meaning of. pu ... and ideol~ limiting concep'. ",hil. for t he r"",.rcber. it function •••• valiJ me",uring in'trument to which he comp., .. the .ctuol reality, in order to enm ine lhe degr« of tbe 1.1Ier'. con.iltency wit h t he ideal typ<," Th;. .-hi,lorical method i. ".Iid.ted by comparing the model to hi.toric.1 re.lity, In the .tudy of R.bbinic text .. Ihi. model could "',,·•• s . Iheoreticol fmmework in ",hieh th~ ",urr~. coukl be incorporaled .. in a mo.. ic. Wilhoul. model. Ihe r_.rrher i. liabl. loenl.,. a maze of tri.1 .nd error."
" • "
W
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IJ.. ~ in 'M ...... 01. oomUily ",i" in "'" ",.J i'l" id<.J i, 1M logKoJ ..... , on.! "'" in 1M monl = .. 01. ....... "m",,'· M_ s., W.... ,. ' ''''''' "_'" R"'II"" "76, ' ' '_56. Gw" 1.. 74, jl_ "') ",,,,,,,," ,I>< W...."', id<.J 'll"'''' """"'1_10,... J;,hoc, f,om • mm modf. Th< """",_01. ~ Mn';,'" mo.kl_ fur i, ''''''''''', obk to ,,,.t< • fur "ploi" ins
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"'" rn.,,-d<, to dl b< m.J. 01.">. """t.d rom'm'" f", ,I>< oem';,y uul ' ptrm.h" ,l\u .. "ru.too of inb 1(,,, " " ,I>< lr,;lb!u" 01.\1\" mdbod ;n joIj>h S<...bn. H i, book I ")0), '. ~ . do<> noI d''''',,", ..proto< hi"_.J ""'""y, but '" ....J 'yp< 01. rommun;,y with ito "",oJ in""u''''''' Ik ron~'"'t«l ,h;. 'lP< frum 'h< «.J;'y, bu, 'h< rommu"it, d.p;< hi~_oJ «.Jrll- I, an, oo~·",. b< romp"".] to on,
",.1'..",....
rommunr')';" \1\, hi"_.J ".Jity. s.. .1", K,t.. '''''3.
"
,Iw, 'PP<" in "i~oriaI
"""""8'.•""h ...""',. "'''r,· "bw-"""'O<J': 0< "m.rum.hc """"""l-" Ik
A Cultural-Anlhropologic~1 ApprO 10 unde"l.nd til< implicil meaning of lhe ,),mbolic ,),.tem under .ludy, .. a oet wilhin the . '\..,y legitim.te interprelation "'ill be ".lid if it ••ymbol. relate to each other
The Use ofThrory to Confirm Hypoth~se,
J will now .ttemptlo .how ho,,' we can .. t.bli.h the veradty of h)'polhe",. u.ing ••odologi,,1 0' anthropologi,,1 t hror- oure", J "' ill refer to > in thei, entirety . r< cited in my
"",C.
• " "
s..ob<>, '971; "rth. ''In 'S_"'; koch, " "'" Tum.r. '%7_ E.g., """ph T''''''po-), "' .J ,!;,"", '0 tbe h i"ori
.'.fl...,
Kokho. ~t;"".
PART ONE. ]ot"",,",,""
:\g~ at
Marriage"
In the d i>cu»ion of'g<.t m.rriage J u.... tructurol method th.t conn«:1< the socioeconomic .tratiflCation with .ge .1 marriag< .nd ",pl.in gender difference, beiw .. n the mOfri.ge of . m.l. minor .nd a girl minor. In t he cou= of my inquiry. J roined the roncept' of ""f'f>t minority' and ""s gi"e .n u rl)' age for both. other> ",t .I.ter age for both •• nd )'ft other sehol." gi,'e an early age for 0"'" >ex. All lhe .. ,iew •• re ,ub.tanli.lIy b.oed on Ihe .. me >oure ... A> j noted above. in t hi' orhde j will "'" ",t fort h the "ariou. opinion. and oourc ... whkh 1 p", .. nted.t length in my book.... but rather the sociologicol .nd . nlhropologicol p.ttern of m.rriage age. whic h I will u"" to explain the .ign ifica nce of the oource> ",lot ing to th i' question. I will do 00 by conneeting m.rri.ge .ge with the ,oeioeconomic and f.mily .truclure>, '" i•• ccepted in ,,'hich a 'pou", in . tfUetuml an.l)"i,." Thi' pattern .bo expI.in' the i. frum that in .n .grku lturol society•• nd boIh are different frum t he f.mily «juently. the .ge of marriage diff.", in varioWl social .tructur... The Biblical fam ily,,'" u.ually one of herder>. Of of independent former> or .h.recropper>. lhe f.mily in lhe s..ge" >ou re<. ord inarily work.d lhe I.nd. from independent pea.ant> to '!7kultu,,1 d.y labore,." or " .... trociit ionol urb.n family. Bre.kdown by ",dal d ... m ight ex pl.in d iffe"nc.. in m.rri.g.. b~.g< .nd the age gap between bride .od groom, n... "mmet Iheory" of Ieetion i. a oociologicol th..,ry t hat .xpl.in, the way of choosing 0 'I"'u .. in a gi,'en society . nd lhe diff.renc .. in the 'g<' of marri'g<, ~ M th,""ry. pwple e ng'g< in bolj;ain ing• • nd t t>. futu r. 'rou'" were e".l",,«1 .ccording to • Kole of valu .. th.t impoct«l on the match ••• Jacob Katz expI. in«l." Men po .... >e
,,'.y
'poIl" ..
" " " " "
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du.i< bo"l" ""u.Jock. '"'''''' 000 ""'ing. ,.", CojJ;m. , ..... rtonorn«.oo t:.mdy ~ 0« Ru\>;n, , .. 7,
On '"" ronna' .... brt_n ,I><
'S_13. Coffi .... '"",,, 2]8_ .... K.< .. ] 974, lJ'O--42.
",U<1 ....
0...1"<' 1. 11>< SocioIor;r on.! Andu"' .... fofT.......... T""
worth, pr..t ige, a nd rower, and Ihe ..-omen, the alu .. of beauty, sexu.1 aUmcti,,,ne .. , .nd dome.ti< .kill •. These resourc .. cha ng< with .g~: Ihe man'•• ""'" incre... a. hi. economic , tanding becom.. more " tabli.oo,t ,,'hile th"", of the ",oman decreaoe .. .he becomes worn with 'g<, lhe men'. increasee>. The gr~ater the hu.bond'. ",,'ourc ... the )'Qunger hi. wik Th. . . ry rich m ... ry be.ut iful young ",om"", .nd. the other , ide of the coin : very rich women murr )'Qu nger prdty boy,,) For many yeu. it wo • • ccept~ .mong "'0010" th.t. u ntil the Indu.triol Revolution, the rurol . gricultural socidy in Iurop",'s well, "'.. compo<~ of extended f.mili .. with many children who muri~.t.n eoo., due to Ihe inability of the form economy to .uf'lX"1. .11 the marri~ ",n' in the paren'. family. Sons .nd d.ughtm who did not inherit had to "'"" their parent. home once they bec.me .dult, .nd fin d their li,,,lihood .. w.ge earne" or .. craft.men in the city or ,;liage, Young reorle ","orkeJ until. relotively .d.. nc~.g< in order to .m"", the mea", to .. tabli>h • f.mily, The Iote marri.g< age re.u1teJ in, smoll number of 19- 20 y~." old, The upper nobilit y betroth~ it< Jaughter>e,,,n .t the age of nine, ~ Thi. t.. in different hi>tork.1 pt'fiod>. and sim ilarly in the Lond 0([".<1 in Iote .nt iquity." WHarmot 'p".k of. marriage age dk t . t ~ by the halo1h.h, ",,,n t hough it contain. r«om mend.tion. for the preferable m.rriag< oge fo r men 3!ld women. The marriage age for each of the "X".•nd the 'j;< d ifference bet"'",,n the two, w.. lik
• •
A .... """ , I.... 0" Ih~ """0«';"", "".!oo [luon, 1%60 rut. 1, 2:10_>1.
"
PART ONE. lot"""",, ....
Groom. coukl marry at the .ge of 18-20 (or older) "'ith. )'QUng girl, tw.lY< )'ur> old, who h.d "rucheJ puberty." Thi, p"U.rn could hOl'e exbted in • later rerioo.., well, in tbe L.nd of hra rermiUing. After the Creat re",sh Revolt (iO eE) .nd <>p«i.lly .fter the B.ar Kokhb. revolt (132-13' eEl. th. numbe" of independent farm." w.ned, wit h. corr .. ponding increa« in day-laborer farming f.milie>, or tho .. of urban labore" .nd craft.m.n. In th.. e families, the coupt. h.d to .tand on it. own «onomic.lly, without th. option of r.li.nce upon the p"renti m .. n., so Marriag .. were therefore po.tponeJ until the bride .nd groom were older. Som. men m.rrieJ .... n to".-ard. the age of thirt)" and women remained unm.rried eY, .ince th.y con,tituted.n «onomic burden, for girl. in an urban oociety did not contribut.to the family income; morro'ler, they h.d to be provideJ with a dowry for their marriag •. It w...1", feareJ th.t they would not m.intain their >irginit y, In romequ.nce, tho .. who were cap.>ble of doing 50 ,,'ould marry off their daugh .. " "dose to their reaching puberty: Marri.g.. at.n .:trlp ge were mordrequent in B.bylon ia. beeau« of the economic .tructure th.t f"i lit.teJ t he «;,ten« of hou«hoId> "'ith ext.nded famili .. th.t could aboorb )'o ung f.mili ... " The ""tu.1 .ge.t m.rriage differeJ between men and women, in oerordane< with cia... nd <'<<> u, with another :upeet of hOVl' the Rabbi. rerceiv. d the qu..t ion of gender, w. le.rn th.t «xu.lity .nd the .. ooc;"ed oocio1 obligatio", differed by gender, for girls, the reriod of li"t mino rity ", •• .,t.bh.heJ, from birt h to the ag. oIthre •• in which. girl "'.. not fit to be morrie the rerioo of .. oond mino rity, in which her fat her rould betroth her "' ithout her con«nt," If her father had d ied, .nd her brother> or mother betrothed her. then ,he could refu .. ,uch. m.tch. Th. rerioo from birth to
• " " "
On ,I>< «onomK .i,"''''''' in ,I>< .. «n'un.~ >« "',.... , , .... , Ru",n, ',"" ~L_"j , n< ..JJ.,;.",.,d I"m' = In .he nn. Il< """''' on thi. 1opK. t "'/'" ,I>< «..!<, '0 my boo!: (>00<, 08-6.). M ,",'ubo! I"~, ..." ' _ T.",,",," "" l >< ut
0."',"'....""' ,
n'
0...1"<' 1. 11>< SocioIor;r on.! Andu"' .... fofT.......... T""
the .ge of nine wa ... t.blioheJ a. a bo(. fint mi""nty, in ,",'h ieh the father could not .rrange hi. betrotha~ nor could the ",n do.., by h im ..lf.~ In the period of .. cood minority, from the age of nine to thirt..,n, the boy wu not enti~eJ to betroth, but if he engaged in .ex",,1 ret.tion~ thi> ocl ,,~uired the girl and bet rotheJ her.'" Why d.... this gender di.linction exi.t! The difference betw.en the boy', po>ition .nd th.t of lhe girl apparently e n.ued from the f.ct that t he girl rem.in. dependent "..,n .. an .Ju II. She therefore i> P'" rceiveJ •• pa .. i",," anJ i. cap.ble onl), of. negati,.. :>ct, th.t of ",fu..1to Ihe p ropo...J m.tch ",hen ,he i. a minor," but not. po.itive me .. u", .uch •• accepting the betrothol." According to our .Iructurol .ppm.. h, this i, ~u ite unJe"tanJ.bk ,,'en if ohe ,",'ere to be t.ken in morriage while.n adult , ..... till would 001 be inJep"'nJe nt ><>ciallyanJ legolly, for.he would be .ub ... ,vient to her hu.bond (a> ",e ohall .. e below, concern ing t he .Iotu. of the ""amh) .nd could not determine her fate. COJU, including Ihe abilil y to detenn ine hi. ><>cia! .t.tu" :KcorJingly, h i, fate i> not to be JolermineJ in .J".lKe by marr),:ing him off ,",'itooul hi> con .. nt,
Thr Statu, ()f N"h...,h" l he .tructur.ll .pproach ""e h,a,.. .., forlh enoble. y, to clorify on .ddition.! qu",tion for whkh ",holOfly ",..arch h •• )'el to provide 0 . . ti,factory on.",er, Why wa, the 'r«ial ,t.tu. of naa,oh fa period of .ix month. from the age of t",ek . ),,,a,, and one Ja),), betw.en "minor anJ ....J ult," ",t.bli>hed for girl., but not fo, bo)"'?'" I ""ill add. ,ymbolic interp",tation to a , jmcl ural .pproach.
" " "
• " " "
s..ob6-0; fl' KKlJu>h;n U , S\>c; RJ Y"....<>< _ BT s..nt.<.d,;" 7< 'hough' 1><0; ... ,1>< onaiut)' ;' ,hot of u.. p.r .. ;•• y of ,I>< >romon, ~k "'" oIwo ~ .. tW, '" ,'",.""" U(); 1Jot _1, T ~"'.mol , ',L E.g., T ~WId " >h;" ",Rubin, !roI; 36-51!. 1m, "._" w..""" tlu. ~, .. , 11, "" n'""" ,I>< .b,."", of. ",n.nd of .... "" to. 00)" , bur ...""",, "" kgal "g,,;f,w>« '" rh;, f.ct, N,,,,",,,,,, fo.c" rum..tf '" prov< ,ho, ,I><", i> no folnd.mmr" d;/Im",< I><'~''''n u..~ " ofbo)" . nd g;rb. 11r;, ;, '" .po!og<';' ., ;tnJ., I>< ,I>< halalli>h o.k< •• ill 11m,,' , ..00 ",S',o ;n3 !!" ......... s.., f""I><' on rl>< kgol d;,';",b"" bd w", n • trl. ..... " (k mok m;no<), ' """",",• .".j .I>og< .... (r.mok . dork), "'-mOO!!'" 1%1.
"""b.""",
".",,,,,,,,<),
"""",ty
"
PART ONE. ]ot"",,",,""
Due to the socioeconom ic .t,"du... o( the Jewi,], "",my. ,"'oman', .tat", ,.... not ,tabk. Until her morriage. she bo... the identity of h.. f.the", hou ..hold .nd line.ge. Onc. sh. m."ied, >he .", umed the identit y o( her hu,band·. line,ge. And if >he w.. widowed or d ivorced. she ret urn. to her f.t hd. lineOS'" if sh. remarried, .h. . .qui .... the identity of new hu.oond line'ge, Her >on. will continu. t he lin ..ge ofher hu..b.an d, ,"'hile her d.ught." will chmge t heir identity. following th.line.ge into which they ,"'ill marry." Thi. i notability i•• ymbo]ically repr..., nted by the """nih .ge category. bet ",een minority .nd . dulthood Toroh la", d"", not .fford onyoreci.! .ignificon« to the category o( no"mh. which;' similar to her m.k count"p.,t, the na;', (. boy (rom puberty to tho ,ge o( m.rri'ge), Th. R,bbi" however, gave t he """mh h.lakh ic .ignif"on« in the context of rrulHiag. ond the .nnulment of ",,"'s. ,"'hile refra in ing (rom inve.ting the Ira"r with .im ilar me.ning." The tran.ition from minor to .dult .nd the in,,.bility of the tr.n,ition.! f"riod w.... given .ymbolic me.ning by the R,bbi, in the wom.n·. body, .nd the .t... of her bre.,t, within her phy.ical d.velopme nt '],0 .ymboliu, soc;"] ch.nge. Her b ... a.ts.r< comp.,ed to. fig: a m inor girl wit hout breo.t> i•• "pagoh" (liter.!ly. unrip< (ruit); 0 n""mh, who h.. begun to d.v.k>p phy,icall)', ;. • "boiJar (lh.t originally den",..! an interim .t~ge in the development of t he fig); ond .n adult wom.n is. "tumd' (the wt .t.ge in the f'g·' growth)." The bohd i. the interim ph .... neither h .... no.-lhe .... but .1>0 both he .... nd ther•. Th. >ame i. true of her sociol .t.nding in this period: if .h. i. muried, ,he i, under the .uthority of both h" hu.o..nd and her f.t her, While t he fem.l. minor i, .ub..rvient to her father,.nd the morri"! odult ,",om.n, to her husb.nd. the betrothed or marri"! naamh i•• n".'olulion for •• itu.tion th.t wu pot.ntWly lraum.tic (or the girl Clo". to becoming on .dult, .he ;. token out of her home to become part ofher hu.band·, howehold, wh ich i, fo... ign to her. Her new hom. wo. frequen tly di.t.nt from her p. ... nt" home and d.ily cont,,1 with them. Th. joint .uthority of her f. th", .nd her hu.o..nd enabl..! a «rt.in moderation of the cri,i., .ince ,h. knew th.l .h• •till hod, prot«tor in her f.the,. hom .... Th. mol. minor, In contr ..l. woo.. identit)· is unch.nging during hi, en,ire life, .nd ",tain. hi. lineage. 00.. not
.... ....
For. d<"~N di",""""" of,1><
~if"
....."y. ..., ~_ . ]m, 17_1' .
M N1_1, BT N,duim 620, M Nidd.h " ,_
tn my book (200<, 1"_11) I >how< .. Of,. ,"">1M""" I"l.""" from 1><, l;n"S') ... , to m<.d .. " o.'""n ""';n«S' and ,t..< of"", hu.o.nd du,;ng di'I''''''~ and ,ud", ofh;. b",,8"S« "", .n. I ;" ,hi. book "g",d;"g '""'",,"_
""'."om<
0...1"<' 1. 11>< SocioIor;r on.! Andu"' .... fofT.......... T""
undergo the rna.. of naarut. neithe, rhy.icoUy no, in hi. ",d.l .t~u>, .nd '" hi. tron.ition from minOT to odult i. di ... ct."
Arrangrd Marriagr,.. The di>, •• weU. "'iU employ. , tructu ... l .pproach th.t t ie. the choK' of. 'rou~ with socw , tratification. One Conclusion from t hi. di>cu»ion .n.ble. u. to underst.nd the i»ue of the hft..,nth of A,' celebration. (if they actuo.lly exi.ted). th.t p... ~nt. the po»ibilit y of r."",nal choice •• , orp"'ed to .rr.nged m.rri.ge •. It "' almo>t .. iom.tic K<ef>led th.t in • t... dihonal society I"'",nts .rrange m.rriage> fOT their child,en, ,",hil•• modem ",dety o.llow, for the f'O'-'lbility of roUrces of their own, , uch os ..!ucation. profes.ion. and r independent c"Pit.!, • family could be established withou, r>rent.! surport. Thu., in mo" c..... srou .. l choice i. r<>no.l. In. h"",'ewr•• society in ",hich the extended family am .. a rorporation. a. in .grKultural f"",ili ... nd r ••toral famili ... in wh",h the accumul.tion of property i. a collecti,.. effort. and ;, r • ...J on to the next ge""",tion by mole line,,!:e (or, by femo.le line"!:e. in a m,trilineo.l OO(iety), the . itu,tion i. diffe ... nt. fomili .... range m.tch .. bet",,,,,n them",I,'" in order to "",inlain or inc .... '" their re><>ur<es. The accumu l.ted rror<> social"""," tM! include. inter ,,)ia. poI i'ical poW"". r",.lige, mowWge. and f.mily .btu., Thi, i, why the f,m ilie. do nol r that lead to rom""tic Jo... , Th .... without means. how",.. r, mu.t po.tpone the .ge of m:u-riage in order to buikl "" <"COnomi. foundation, Widow.,., "'ith m.. n ~ or young reopIe who .r< not der'~. but in """t co ..... ~.'"' if the m:u-ri.g< i, the r.. ult of r<xi.! norm ..nd clash "'ith public opinion. ""b",,,I.
,'.n
60_ ... ugu<' ,Iw by ..!dong '"" nI
r>bb; ,
;"'1"""«1 "", ,,,ndU,S' 1 am "'" """';oc,J of!h;,_ s.. ""bin.1004. '''_, n ... """ t " pi.; n wh) j ddt",", ,,\,;noo, Romn, 1004. 71_101,
m', .
"
PART ONE,
'ot"",,",,""
Arr.ngd marri.ges were innuenced by the >oeioe derrndent on hi. hou> ,",'ere made to marry girl •• t. young age. eYen tho .. from f.m ili", without economic m .. n~ I... t they 10.. thei, . i'ginity. A woman did not haYe the po'''ibi~ty of economic inde""ndence. and at e.... 'y age n.. ded the f.mily·, protection. She was .I",.y> tied to the hou .. hold. ",.. n if .u/flCiently . dult • • nd therefore Wlll! .ubj
• M ..... wha,)'<>II woukl choose for )'<>IIr>
"
'I""" f... "" . "bhVt....
t" h i' childnn .. ,,, mmy '00n .. I, M KMldw.h," ,,7; T KoJdw.hin to! l. TI>< ,J ..I of ,I>< Robb;"" ,hI< ;n ,I>< Land of tuxt mol i" Roby_ km" "", fu< tl><;, """ ,,, h in _I. " h kh "'n.; ...... tl><;, ""p'n< f,olK, ""I . ...,,;00>1)'. tl>< " 'p"bil"y of '"P'''' '~ ng t1o< cOO.. "I" w,1<, W, .,am I",m ,I>< ""IT"';,", of tl>< t.I< mm;"S' of R_ I>!ud, " "" Ml",I, mol "'l!,d mOHr'" J'O'll'B "S' {...... d< _1ii+i ",,,a.,,". \,,,,,,", A. <m "'" ofll.mor " k<,,"Th1 m, ,M. girl .. . w;k" (o.;.n, ><;41. ,,",n 'hough I>< hod ol"od,- <,; . nol ,,,", s..m"", •.t.d h" PO""" to till. "''' f", him from among olK I"hi~~ i"".,.{]" I>< hod f.... n .. """' ~'.h h", (Md, s.m..x.~ ""''''''' ""'l"",toonab/y .."'" of h ~ ""'p'noi< n<"", hd ... "qIk"> .. J h;, PO""" ,,, . ," a. ;n'",m.Jiori<" ~'''".-.lly. '" .I", 1><", of th, .. ".nS'",,"" mool. by I""n" from olK "",,", Ahnhom', " mnl " " ... to h" """"':. t"om;ly of ",is'n ,,, bri,,!! " "'"' ,..". h.. "'" t...t (G,n.l',' --67); I,,,];th i. muri<, f... "", ];n"'g< U..ldh . ,1)• .."d mor<, 1M" 'p'wda tl>< morn..g< w", ",,,,Uy ",'''''g< r<-<'~' .. P',,;.,d, .. w< "",;at ",,,,t,,,, w.. "m,b" On ,I>< m",ug< of 1"""8 P'opt, un"", p"', ... 01 '"1'' ''''''''' in 011><"",,",,,. '" Good'. 11'~ H ild"J G"", ' < , _ wl>
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0...1"<' 1. 11>< SocioIor;r on.! Andu"' .... fofT.......... T""
The", puz.zling >ourr.. , 04'0 romantic n.'u .... att ..t to th~ po.. ibility of the f re< cooice of. 'pouse, ,. ithout .up'rvi.ion .nd without n""ding the """ice. of • m.tchm""r. Thi. event w.. in contra.t to the normati", world "fthe R.bbi •• "'00 in.i>tro on ><J"'rntion between the sexes .nd on m.rri.ge. ammgro by .n intermroiory. M.ny ",hoi"" rai~ v"""us hypothesn, which we connot expand upon he,~.". I im.gine th.t the R.bbi> ... lated to the>. cd~bration ••• • «,emen iai r"Pre",nt.tion. which ..btro that "onee." in the di.t."t past, men came to choo.e wi,.... If . uch donee f.. hvai. occurred, the)' WOOymou. city Ii..., )eru.aiem. It may r.a",nably he ... umed th.t • b.,;e hete",!;eneouocity. unli..., • .mail and oomogeneow community, would contain m.ny people without the .uitabk conn«ti"". for fm ding • '1""'>< in the . «eptro fa.hion. R. A.ron h.Kohen of Narbonne (th irte.nth c~ntury) therefor~ .poke • sociological truth, !.ome wonder: how (Quid 'he Robbi> ha,.. 'PI',o.«I of this practice, which • m. n woold .n. tch hi, wife . nd, H.... n forbid, i, would ... m .. if tt.. daugh'''' of 1.....1~.. r< f, .. for tt.. .. king' Bu, thi. i, not puuling: for 1"" mould know that .nyon< with the whe,."rlh.al to marfJ' off hi, daughte, ~'oukl 00' .. nd 1><, ,he he, l>eing .. len, fo, rhe i, not l>et,,,,h«i withou, l>e, f"h<" con",n,l And if sh. ~"r< a or . n .dul', ifh< f<, '0 do '" he woukl warn h<1 '0" \>e,roth«i only '0 OM WOO " .. fitting for her•• nd i, i. ~.. n-lnown tha,. """",n m.y .. h< gir~ ~,oo.. f. th<" d,d no' po>1<" tt.. meon. '0 m"-'~ them off, .nd th..,. would ,it Ii.• • rem. in 'rin'''''1 until the h,ir of ,h.i, ",. d would 'urn ~·hi .. , if i, ,..r< not for ,h i, pra
"""raJ.
Betrothal EJJwed b), Me~", of Mone)" or Sexual ReI~tion'"
~
iVrit,
I will u>< t he long -duration anaiyticol method of Br.udef' to diocu" the ch.nge thai took pu« in lhe method. of e([..:ting "trothai, from the 1. gihmacy of hetrothal by e ng.ging in ><.u.1 ,~blion. to the u>< of money for th is purpo~. The Imn betroth. the wif. in th< "urin ceremony. Th. h. L:,u, ic
, , ,
>« ,1>< "k""'" 01,>< ........: ""I>n, )""': 1:01 "'" pa<"- 61 . ~ubin, 1tXH: 107_". Abov<, n . n.
,4--,"" and,1o< h" of • ..,."",,.
PART ONE,
'ot"",,",,""
>ourn. d i>cu .. th ree mode. of eff.di ng betroth ol: ><xuol rel.ti"n~ • writ, and mOlley," The queotiOIl th. t ari.., •• fte ra .tudy of the :IOU" es i. whether the .. • re th"", .ltem.tive method. th.t were in practice in different time>, '" different .itu.t ion~ or were th ... th "",method. employed contem"",. neouoJy "ver the cou= "f. cert.in pt'riod, .nd at some ""int in time the monetory p.yme nt g.ined exciu,ivityf' >ociologico.l logic would dict.te th.t if there ",'ere three betroth.1method., there would 01", h".. be.,n th ree com"""nding d i,'e"" sociol .)'.tem., If not. only •• ingle m.thod ",,,uld ha,.. ,ufficed, just ... there i. only a'ingle method fo r divorc<. lnJeeJ, tM T.nnaitic ><JUrc .. ind icate th.t they did not think of the .. three betrothal method ••• • Item.t .. t h.t were in pmctice at the .. me time:' W. m.y ""50nobly ... ume that eoch method corresponded to • different .y>tem of "",i.1 organizat ion. Thi> con be unde"tood if we ex.mine • long-term h i.torical pro« ... II<xual relation. h •• meani ng in .n .griculturol "",iety, t hat i> booed on line.ge .nd the extended f.mily. with each .uch unit being a cor""r>tion wit h political .nd «onomic in!ere.ts. Th. coupli, S<'xuol .ct .ymOOlic.lly link> the corporation>, .nd r"Pre",nt> • p.ct th.t w.. •... Ied· between tMm th.t con,i." m.inly of the right. th.t the hu.bond'. lin .. g< r«ei,... over the off'pring th.t will be loom to the wom.n. The he i. finol ized only ""hen the couple h.v" . If the wife d"". not give birth, th i.... we "n"",' from different cuitures, might ju.tify divorce, W. know from "",ieti.. "f .im il., . tructu", th.t in .uch •• itu.tion the wifi. f.ther. or brothers, mu>t ret urn the hride-pric., or to gil'e in exorne other w<>man from hi> f.mily,~ Within .uch • socia! .trLKhlre, di»greements .re settled within the frame",,,,k of the line'ge, in the pre>, and the)' have no need fo, document • • tt« ting to the existence of 'gr«men". 0 ' of courl. to confirm them , We do not find .11 ofthe", e~me n" in the lewish hol.dili:ili. but it i•• imil., in ..,wal "'I'<'t.,
, •
M K.... ..,,;n U : T ~Wld u ,j"n I_J, Thi. ;,. ,"" opmi"" 01. AI>r.harn F,dmonn ( ''' ' ~ ....J oi Clunokh All>rd (1... , 17_'", <>p_ n_13), Alb«k ,'.goroudy «j«1«i ,'" "l!"m,,," by u..~ " " f",,'n ( '~n) Ih< ink oLoi Ih< Mi," .. " """"'y" ... n".oo ",. uaI ,d., .... , "'1";'"
,ho,
"'S<'''',-
,
,,
,ho,
'1'", l,n"'K I••""",,, <>tobO>hr, ,'" halou..t. 1>r,,,,,hoI " .ffatrJ"by """"Y, by. writ,.,. by •.,uaI ",labom," s.., JT Kod.luohin L I, 530; M,ilo,l .. ,u_1W>bi />h.....t (rJ. u .,."""_Kobinc Mro..lI. d 'lOWb; /,.....t. 19310 , ,., Sifm on l>r"""""""r (rJ. Fl nl«b'rin, 1'N<> 1"1). Sr. Kotwk. ,.74, JO'O_n lr,,_S< ........ I%'}._
0...1"<' 1. 11>< SocioIor;r on.! Andu"' .... fofT.......... T""
In tmditioml ><>ci.t~. th.t ... not com~ of ind'1'mdent farme" or herd .... but of urb>n d,..el1.", sh ... crop!"' ....gricultural 1.00,..,,,. and .rti...... m.rriage con abo he an agreement between indi" idu.I •• and not only between lineag... M.rriage agrNmenu, howe,..,r•• re w;ually d","n up he'", .. n t he couple'. parent.. 0, between cu.""liaru. In the~ ><>cietin, .mong famili.. that ar~ not ext.nded corporativ< bmili ... an :><:1 of sexual ,eI.tio", d .... not ",tabl;'h or confirm a linhg< bet",een two group., Th. children oom to the couple do no! helong to ,h. f.ther'. ~neage, but to the parent. alon<, In order to create. ,·.lid m.rital un ion in t he lewi.h ,,,det r, • document mu.t he written and deli"erN in the p",,,,n « of Iwo witn ..... , Writ., how",er, are m<>ci.1 order. and 1I'h.n there i •• court or .nother legal .y.tem that con c""firm the writ, If .... then it i.lhe "'itn .... on and the cou, t that mok~. !"'ct-repr<s<>cial fact, A IITit i. "",:mingl... ,,'ithout • legal .)~tem cap.ble of confi,ming it. A monetary Ir. n>a no mor~ than . tffhn ic.l.ymbohc m~.n>, Nonethele... mon.tuy het, oIh.l, lih hetmt h.1with . "',it. r~u i,~. wit""... , to con fi,m t he .ct on the p ublic'. hehalf, .ince hetrot hal i. not • ""Iely pri"ate matter; it ;. of great in«re.t to the public, which dem.nd • • upervision in this .. alm, 'Ibi. ovmight is nff~""y, for example, to prevent inc.,t uou •• nd other forb idden unions, ""d o!h~r negati,'e phenomena. The witn....", who r<pr... nt the public, gi'''' the h:.Jilli< .nd ethical .anction to marriage. A wom.n m.y he betrothed with mon~ or. w,i t by .n ' g""t and wit ....... , without the groom heing present. Among the th ird generation ofSab)'lon i.n AmOT.im W~ fi nd the view that, at times, the p, octke or publi< opinion 0.. th. witnes",. th.t an . elf upon thi. unde"t.nding." Thi •• jew i, rejffted, beeous< "we he .. witne<. th.1
"
PART ONE. lot"""",, ....
this wa •• menable for her. follo",ing the v;.'" of Re>h lilish. for R.. h L.kish ",id; 'It i> better to d ",ell a. t",o th.n to dwell '" 0 widow:'" Following thi>. >orne I{j,j,OIIim ImeJieval Jewish .uthorit"") ruleJ that cLl>tom c.n ""rY< ... "itn .... fo r ",.mpl., in a place ",here the c u,tom Wll> to ",nd , i,umot (pre",n!» to the bride, and tho man ", nt her the.. gift., it i. pr .. umed thot there Wll> on oct of betroth.l. for "we bear witne<> th.t h. betrothed her," thr.., mod .. of betroth. l therefore corr<>pond to th .... diffe "nt form, of ><>ci.1 org.nizalion. Th. indWlion of. new mode dO<'> nol tol.lly concel the previous mod ... but wealen. them. They con be found I"'rtially o',erlapping one .noth", OI'e r the rou .... of • lengthy p"riod. 8e1 rothal by ",mal intereou "" gradually Ji"'l'p" .... d due to .tructural ch.ng•• to be replac«i by mon more common. i>Kau .. of it. flexibility. A> time !"'ogr....d. betrothal by ",xu,1 int.reour.. "'"' prohibited. .nd cam. to be regardeJ as. li«ntioWl oct." it mighl >«m par.d",ic.1 Ih.t betroth.! by ",x""l inlereour'" wu legitim ized 'peoe;'ty in which the coupl. wer. under o .trict ,urervi>ory .y.t.m th.t d id not allow for the free choic< of oni. 'pou.." It .hould be understood. ho"""er, t hat .ffecti," .up, who", daughter> d id nol work ou!>ide the homo; and in.n urbon roc;.ty. only in "decent" re.id.ntial quarter>, for only the ",e.lthy c<>u k! im!",i>on their daughter> al home, In sm.lI f""" •• in conlrut, women h.d to do their .h.", of work in the hou><>cial .tanding, th.y, 100. t.ndeJ to confine th.ir daughler> to the hom., In t he Biblical ooc;'ty, th.t wu ' I"',toral sociel), fo r part of the time and in >orne Iocalili ... Ihe ,up"",i,ion o,'e r girl> couklllOl be completo. A ca>< .uch., "but if the man com .. "pon the betrolheJ girl in the field'" ",1.teJ to t he ~'''-)'day ",alit)', .i n« women worked in lhe field" SI""ping in the field, .. in the c."" of Ruth .nd 110..." could not b. pre .. nteJ, which .. plain. the at mosphere in lhe Song of Songs." In lhe po>l -Biblicol agricultural > could not be .ure rvi..d . lI the time, h.. t.n<.. of premarit.1 .. xual relation •• hould
n..
" " " " "
H "'''' Komm. " ... _" , .. t...< b
..
0...1"<' 1. 11>< SocioIor;r on.! Andu"' .... fofT.......... T""
,,'.y
therdo r~
come.., no ,urpri><," lhe to >OI,'e tha problem. ~.n if only .ft" t he foci. "'" to legitim ize "'xu.l-r~l.tiom betroth. 1. although the Rabbi, >ought to pr«lud. ,och betrot h.:tl, ",h'er tl>< line>g<' could .upe< it> >on, and daught.". Thu" d.ught"" could be .upervi>ide the home in the urban middle d .. ", em'ironment, in ",h ich ",omen did not work out>ide t he hom., and .mong the doughter> of the rich, ",hether in the cityor in t he village, In, however, a rural environment in wh ic h women ",ork~ out>ide the home •• uch ,upervi,ion w.. not "'y, The Amorum .ttempt~ to inaHdate ,",xu.l-r,".t ion. betrothal. and tl>i"" . but it .. em, from the n.rr.tive. in the T.lmud that aU.,t to complaint> by hu.bond. th.t tl>ion. "".w-",I.tion. betrot hal posN • th",,, to the t ... d ilionol family ,tr""tUI<, out of fear thot fath." would 10.. tl><><><>ety undergoing u,bani",tion, with • .t.bI. judicial 'ptem th.t could e nfore< law and confi,m ",rits, lni' method ,.... '<><;'ty, .., well. It could •• ,ily be implemented and did not requiI<' cour! to confi,m the betroth.l. The", wer" period. of overlap betw""n the methods. befo", the finol .doption of monet"y betrothal
Summary It i. d •• , th.t. th..,retic.l framework con "cr.. t. o,der out of dioo,der" in the 5Ourr ... O,der doe. not .ruue ,oldy from hi,torical int"p,et.tion, it emerge< from a theoreticol ,tru
but i•• uppor!~ by hi,torical dat. e",h'ed from long-term e.. minotion. The h.lakhic .y.tem of tl>< R.bbi, h.d 10 r~.pond to th~ changing >0<;.1 "oIity, ",h ile being ch.ined to .. cr~ .nd immutable tex\>, Th. libe,ti.. tl>< conlext ch.nged. by mean, of midmsh hokrkl,oh and miJra,h ostodoh, origin.t..J, whether conociously or not, in the infra.tructure. th.t evolved o,'~, time. lne implicit foundation of
• •
.\\ "'lobo< I,,,
>if'"
on Ix u",rooomy (<
t>
,,,,,_Ie
.",Jrw/r T""",,;m on
PART ONE. lot"""",, ....
the h.t.khic .ystem ""rond. to ",.lity by mean. of r.. pons< ruk. ,h., are .mbeddeJ within the .y.tem. For ex.ompk. ,"'e Wld""t.nd th.t ag•• t marriage "'.. not d.t< thwry of f.mily , t rueture en.bleJ u. to qu .. tion. tho"" at tim .. ev.ded ",hoI.,,,, Why w .. 'he category of "naarah" . ddeJ. but not the corre'ronding m.1e ""aar? Why wao • m.tehm.k.ing 'pp"ratu, put into oper.tion. with f"", choice not p list thr« method. of b.trothol' Along ",ith additional q"",tion. th.t I did not mi>< in this ort icle. The po>.ibility of ordering ".,iou. ""urn. th.t ... Iate to • di,..,,,ity of topics from the >arne uni\'erR of content by empk>ying •• ingle thw.-y .trengthen. the 'con,truet val idity· of the explan.tion, In this I'ie,"' theory and ",al ity h'l'e. redprocal rel.tion feeding back into one .nother to g.ner ... underst.nding,
m
PilAT Twll
TIME
CHAPTn
2. THE CLOTHING OF THE PRIMORDIAL ADAM AS A SnlBOl OF APOCALYPTIC TIME IN THE MIDRASHIC SOURCES
Th~ Perc~plion of Time in t h~ Bib le and
in the Rabbinic Sources One rebt .. to exi,t.nlio! rulity thr<>ugh the .,n>e. th,t on" , cu lture .uppli ... ' Th. culture of .. ch ""'kty. in turn. indude< t he w.y it relat .. to tim •• nd. u. result. to hi.tory.' Time as a phy.icol qua ntit y ",ould 'pre"' to be a n.utral concept. but it. m ••• uremen' i. arbitra ry. Ti me i. « rta inly not neutral in .ny cu ltuTO. It ... um .. various qu .liti... depending on the .ymbolic m .. ning that P<"""" aUribute to it.' One therefore find d iff..ent approach .. to hi.tory or to the ... riling of h i.tory in different cultur... 11>< Greek> In the da .. ic.1 .nd Helleni.t era. anJ the Roman. in the onde nt "'orld . Uempt.J to " .. ite hi.tory for it. own oake .nJ '0 .oti.fy intellectual curio.it y. On the oth .. hood. the A"yrions, Bobylonian •• • nd Egyptian. " ..ote chronographi... but not h i.tory in the ",.. '.. n .. n>e. Anci.nt " .. <1 Ii .. het"'«n t h. ..., Oil< find. hi>toriogr.phy in the Bible. but not hi. tory for ito own .......·Th. Bibl. pre",nt. a view of Divine Providence in hi.tory. 0" '0, Uok i>« DOugW ("'J).
U"k<.!
""'U'"
0" """ .. 'u '"' ooc .. t " """",,, and .. Il=,.("." rnu >g;ng from on< ,um"h"". •" Bloch ( " I'm. ;'".J.o ~ .... " I '''7). A S"''' .hl of l.,""",,, bo, "",n "';""" .00.., th< ,lo,~'i< .. "", of ';m<' ,",o· PT;'.i hm< . nl ,;"" and ""noK ,;"". GoU
"m<. "'''"''
'i!t',
li"",
<"8""'''' ""'" 0" '"" 1"'''1''_ of ';m<;n '"' "",;.or. '" .00 Roo;n (,""I, 71_M), 1J",""n (1971). "" , d i,,"""'" '"""' ,10< "'~.• of , "'h rnpoiog;~. Il>Iuth<;m. Evan>· Pn<11 j·"m. S« 'kIT ("17). Su "0'" 1_ 1 f", tKbhoy >phy of ,10< hioloriosnphy of,"" ,""""" "","K>ood "'''' ,nol
""i'"
('''''2) J,ff","h.", i>
"
PARTTwo,n..,
with God', .... n.. l> .nd in cel. bralion on th. Sh.bbat, f.. live ""y" .nd mourning .nd f.. l The.. do nol r~ui" t ho .. doing the remembering to l>< hi"",;"n., On lhe cont rary, •• ociety lh.l mold. it. m.m!>'" in . in t h.m 0 collecli," m.mory, which lran.mil> o.ingl. incont.. l.ble m....g •. The rabbinic lilemtu .. i. differenl from lh. Bible in t h.t, ",hil. il do<> offer >orne ,,'idenee of hi,loric.1 " .. nt. (... lle .. d legend. in t he l:"lmud .nd Midra.h, SM in the Bible underwent 0 ch.nge, .nd the rabbink writing. evince wh.t LeviStrau .. refe .. to . . . totemic tim. view. ~ Ih. Rabbinic corp"' "pre»e> c.unl "plan.tion of diff..enl .ven!> in mythologic.l .nd ""halologicol lerm>: day-to-d.y event> of life .ll.in , ignific.nce in ref.ren .. to ideologies .nd mylh< of the form.live era. a nd they le.d to a pr<'Ord.ine
""y.,'
•
y"u.... .ru (1'i8l); Ilub;n (1 .. 7, 8), Th" finJ "r""i"" ,Iw 'n II", To"h', dOff",n'
po>'''''' """'""nJm
to
" .... mb<, "" , ",m'n""",,,,," ,I>< ,rod", from f.S).... ,I>< ~''' n g 01. tl>< Tonh on M,"m' ,"" ai, I.. "tum '"""",, uf Am.okk. ,o. w, 01. .\\in..m, I.. s..bb.J.h, . nd to. ""r <.;<><1 ..... 'nsmol 'n ,I>< ".",< m<Xn'n! ,ft" ,I>< morn'ns pr')'"
....• ..
S«,]!m (lO77); Robin (1""1) onJ t'rl>och (1""). y'm .... .ru (1 'i8l, 'n"oo..""", n. , onJ ch , 1); r . ,'" (1 "IIJ J. On ,I>< "8",f",,,,,,, 01. mytholof! .... t 10 ..... >«. f", , ... mpi<. Uub.,_T"""'" (952), '-<,.;_5<.-.. (1 .... ' 1"_1,", I. On ,I>< OOO<;n (1.. 7, 11_J>l, ~', u""' r
(19", 1to) ,
a..p." ,. Th< """",do.! AJ.m .. .
Symbol of Apxaln"" T,.., •.
It i. not h ;"tory, ••• hi>torian ",con.truc!> it, th.t sh'p<'> the worldview of the Jewi.h cult ure of the Sag... but the coll"tive memory of. oociet y, con.tructed of. combination of pa.t memori .. of IndiviJu,.I •• nd grou!", th. t tran,form •• nd combi n •• t he~ memor'" into. continuum with .ign ificant meaning. Thi. proc... con .tit ut•• th.t society .. a ",member ing community," Of oou"., • colhtin m.mory "i.t> in both modem .nd t,.dit ion.1 >ociet i.., both In sodeli .. th. t .re .ware of history .nd t ho", th. t "'" not, The diff.,ence i. in the n.tu" ofthi. memory; this coll.. ti,·. memory i•• ilher hi.torkal or . -hi.to, ic.l, dep it> h i.tor y. th e historical .tory d Ol",lo!" in • prog", .. ive mu •• l line from post to future. eyen t hough indi"idu.1 m.y acqu ire 0 mythic.1 Jimen.ion In the pro«», Conve.-..ly, • ooc .. ty th.t is un.war. of it> h i.tory p<"e;" " time .. co nt inuou.ly cyd ical. exp" .... ing the p< th. t hov•• tt.ined • m)·thical d im.n,ion bocom .. p, 0 Lord, i> righteou, ne.." I), . n op, I he .. hymn.- wit h • 'p<eific hi.torical .ign ificance- .re in an .b.tm .. po of t he commun ity can understand, Th. Import.n« of the p
..
"
Th, f"" "",oo.J",.t .. ",tip''''''' of ,o. I;'..""l.ob"" of tl>< roIl<,ti,'< mnno<J' «>m< from Il.olbwoit.,., ~'I><,rl>y ,I>< p< p..t ,~ri< . ",J.oc, "'th '"" 'n",,'" of tl>< pi"'''''. A m"", w. fa- ",,>t'nu"y 'n th< p"'",nt' pG of'l>< po";' that ofD",-1). A th,nlo!,!,"""", .. "",JonS 10 whom boOh «. "'« .100 Noro 119""). 0" ,I>< [,<<<oc"'t "' ~'" Glli>< ,·T.Jrnoo ( '9~' ) ;
"
>«. f", ,umr k Gokhhm;d, II";').
'''W,
'n...
"""""'0)' """;.,
~.o;"Il'i 7 ) .
"on< 'n
PARTTwo.n..,
10 (;od, and Ih. r","eo' for ab..,lulion, ,h. melndy, .Imo.phere and tim. are .11 .ub.t.nl ive porI> of the rilu.l lhat ili'r< .nd tron.m il the memory. Th. change in Ih.lrealm.nt of time from Ih. vi.w oflhe biblical lilerolure .nd Ih.1 of the r.bbinic lil ... lure "'M .I .. n.ilion from. colhti ... hi.loric.] memory 10 acoll«li ... ohi.loric.] memory. 1'he r, .. [ "'ill vi, il co nfu. ion upon you .. ."), O n. mu.1 rectify one•• in. in this """Id ," Tni, j, perc.plion of tim .... hich i. opl imi.l ic in n.t ure, b«.u .. it permil' Ihe reclifk.'ion of ,,'ronp wilhin t he re.lm of hi.tory (for .,,"mple. ooci.1 .. il•• re rectified by m •• ", of Ih. s.bb.tical .nd Jubil .. yea"J ," It d<= not gonerally fo"' .... cot •• lrophe in Ihe world to com •• b.cau.. wrong. can be rectified. Thi. i... oppo .. d 10 Ihe vi .... of Ih. o.,.d Se. . .ct" fo r ..ample. which, "hil•• till optimi.tic, i, .uch only for Ih. cho .. n group. wh..... all oth." will me.1 0 cot.. lrophic f.le. " [n Ih. s..!;"'!' rt.lic l im. loo~ rool .nd de"el oped in. ><>ciety l.c~ing le.. itor y .nd .n oulonomoWl political fromework.'" [I> t roubl ... nnu ll.d In. "i.w th.1 rew"d .nd puni,hment. re po .. ible in t hi. wodd .nd I .. n,f. .. ed Ih ... lo lhe "orld 10 come. Th.1 Ihi. view i, .bo optim;,t ic by n.lure .nd not cal .. lrophic. howe"er. i. becau .. lhe ext ramund.n. ",,,'arJ com .. to ,,·eryon. Je .. "ing it, Thi•• hift i. coincide> with Ih. lra"" ilion 10 • du.Ii,lic world, iew Ih.t .m·;'ion, a .. porat ion bet",..,n body .nd ",u1. Thi. world i. temporary .nd .il> bet",.., n two ",orlds; Ih. world from which ,,'e came . nd In. ",orkilo ",hich "e are going, One mWlt Ii". prope d )' in Ih;. world. ",hil. Ih. reward .nd puni,hme nt ore for Ih. fu ture. in the world to com.,"
" " •
Erod.1o". l< IfiO/;.h [,<""phon 01",;"",... , fl"".!d",," .. d KaI. (, .... ). 1 Enoch ','_1; 9, '; '0,'--6; -1<>'1,
""bi" (, ....).
"'" (". ''''''pi<.
">t.
, ",,""'h 11_1>. "" al ><>. Man,,,. (, .... ). Un rl>< d;><w.,""" "'. ti<
H"_ It ( '.7U) .
"'" """'" ( '''''7); "'""". (I '0750 "I),.nO I-'a;n, ("'" 1tl). $0". da< " ""," ;" kngrh;n ~_ . , _ .• oJ
"
a..p." ,. Th< CIotI,;""of,'" """",do.! AJ.m .. .
Symbol of Apxaln"" T,.., •.
Tin,. and Social Structure
w. believe "" Dous!» formu!. t"" il,"thal chang.. in the rerception of time in temu of changing ,ymbolic p.ttern. in die.t"" a link wilh the p.ttern of .0d.1 bound"i... By thi •• ",'e wi.h 10 .ay t h.t hum.n exi.'enti.1 exreriencr ""ilhin different ",d.1 bound.,i"" p,oduce> different co.mologi.. to «pl.in lhe meaning of «;'tencr. Any ch.ng .. in lhe rerceplion of the >ociet y', boun d.ri.. corr.. pond 10 lh. ch.ng. in life ex""riencr of indh'iciual and .odely. Acoci.tie .. In .n individu.li,tic >ociety the obligation. of individu.l. to the .odely i. ,,oci.ty 0\1" individu.l • .,e al", minim.1. Thi. i, cha,.cteri.tic of modern democratic .odely, for ex.mpl •. The mo.t prominent f.cto, in .uch •• oci.1 .tructUr< i, the aulonomy of the in dividual. Th. indi"idu.]', ",I!hood d .... not derend upon the community. and hi. min d i. fre •. Ther< are no forbidden thought. in thi' "",iety. The next i. the ob.dienl >ociet y. in wh ich the o bligalion. of the m.mb." toward t he oociety'. imtit ution •• rr w.. k, ""hil. the ,urervi.ion by lhe imtitution. of the ",d.ty', m.mb." i. m."im.1. Thi. i, char.cteri.tic of f.ud. l >ociety, fo, eump!.. in th.t individual. in .uch • ",ciety ore powerl. . . . nd d.f.n..,l..... in the f.ce of tho .. with power. Th. third i. lhe h ierarchic.l ,ociely, in "h ich the oblig.tiom of the Individual. to lhe .oci.ty arr con,icierable, and lhe .od.ty'. direction and control o,-er it. memb." i. maximal. The individu.1 know, hi, or her ploe< in the group, a pl." ,ubject to elite who .. authority;' ex
'n
l>oug!<. (t9a " _04) . S« al", t.<, 10", """"~ and ",ruougIo> ('97>; 1911" (t"2,
".-"t).
~-t,,
J-!t;
'"" <>«pI 19117; Do.gIo, .00 w;1d.r' ''y
"
PARTTwo,n..,
the gen ...1><>ratioo exi.t. bet""en the ind ividual ",If and the rolledi"., in the other thru tyre' the individu.l is subordinale 10 the colht i"". The wmmunity i. the source of .uthorily .nd rewards, 'me priv.te opinion> of indi> idu.I •• re liable to ' prear as .eriou. violat ion. and a. potential he retical. Such heret ical thought , jf it becomes public, co n bring about punishment, or. • yen when private, can re,ult in . 1"", of re",aH)' in the world to Come ("one who den i.. Ihe reviv.1 of t he dead h., no plac< in the world to come")." In a hierarchic.1 societ y or a fr.ctio nal society, the ",If-identity of th e re"on .Iem. only from hi. or her being part of. society character ized by of the Tomh, .nd after,,'ard. their interpret.tion by t he Sag... h.red. society wilh dear c.t.gori .. of beh"'ior. II .upplied it> membe" with . uniform worldvie ... . nd behavior p.attern" After the 10.. of political indef'< ndence, the S.ge., through their 'pirit u.l.uthority, .till had th e po .... r 10 world," A poIl itiY< appred.tion of life in this world. with a concom it.nt dear .y.tem of pre. According to t his >iew, history i. r.ol t hreaten ing but now. in. c).,ar line to a future which i. not cat .. trophic. A soci.1 and polit ico! earthquake .hook hrael ... re.ult of the den"e. of Hadrian and the Bar Kokhb. re"olt. When pun i.hment. were Ihe re.ult one'.
" " "
Cl., .... m.mroJ<. M Sonh<Jnn HH , On ,I>< offK ... ofBibiK.l ""' .... y, >« KnOOI An . ,,,",,,, M;ohnili in >:iJd.u,i. " " ,~ " If. ""n p'<>Orm. """ >ingk
"'''''y
Url>o
(''''j_
a..p." ,. Th< """",do.! AJ.m .. .
Symbol of Apxatn"" T,.., •.
ob .. rv.oce of th«ommandme nt.,. cri.i. off.ith am ... " .nd the traditional beliefi n rew.rd and p~ni.hment in this world became untena bk Accordingly R.bbi Aki," turned thing> op> id. down: death .nd .uffering were not • pun;,hmen, but. reward, S.nction. became re", .. d •. from that roin' on, "",.rd •• re not fo r th is world, but fo r the world to com•. " A martyr. d.at h i. the be<:am. the highest honor po<.ibk, be<:.05< the individual ha. off..ed h i. lif. for the commu nit y. in order for it to .1I0w it. .u",ivol. Th. rew.rd, for deed. '"" .... hencefort h. in the world come." ).wi,h .00i.1 "ructure began to moYe toward the >
'0
•
0" """...land pun''''""nt "' th< Il;bticalp"'''l''oo . n< So!!"" and "" ,I>< <mng< ;n ,I>< p< m'" .m<»j>hn< w< "'..! on ,I>< Iotl",,"og """"" . < land of l"wI and ,',k '00,1;"" for ,I><..u of ,t.. rornmanu .. 1 "", umd..J my "'" '" I>< . n 1,,..1,,.: 'Wh)" " you l>< T""h: 'Wh y u< ).. . bo;n~ 1«3 "", "'"' <,,",.tal'· '11<" ... 1 ot. th< unkm,, ,.d ""'''': 'Why . ,,)"" JI<1"ns , hom.lml I......' ·'B«."'" J I"'riOnn.d tl>< """"'"yof'l>< lulob" (A"'khdl. J.._1« _,)T &rokho/ . ,7. ' tolo 0" th< '1"',0" "wanl ",,,,,.-aj I\..- ~ who ~ ... lh<;, Ii"" on t...oIf of ,I>< romm"",,y. ",. th< orWY",of l< . ,",,',,'" by R. T.""", . ~ """ ,I>< "",nl ~ ''''n to ,t.. "8.""'" in oM Fu'u" '0 Come' ( M -" ", 0.- ,I>< ....-.l. of R. , .. ..""," "11> .. ~ ..... I>< good for)"" II""" n 7), in ,I>< wOOd tho, ~ ootal~· soo.!-' TI>< roochWon of 'h< Tolm ud " ,ho, .,1><" .. "" ",,,,.,-d 'n 'h ', ..-oo.l ""' I'" rf",m'oS oomm
,>1>_.
• •
',7.1"'.
,,,----44,),
,,17),
. i>
'n 'h ', voN",,) .
"
PARTTwo,n..,
beh.vior." Thi. . .bins Ih, ..i.l,n« of Midrashim .rguing Ih.1 Ihe Palri.rch., .nd ,,'en the . nleJiluvi.n. orue",eJ .lIlhe 'lorah. Sh,m, .on of Noah, Ihm .I".dy h.d.n academy called "Iho lIelh Midr",h ("ho we of .Iudy) of Shorn .nd Eb","" 'l'h. Sage> Ihu •• nnulled all hi.tor ic.1 d"",loprn.nt, bee.u", the Torah "'. . . vulobl. to .11 eyen before ib promulg.tion .t Sin.i. Th.1 thought p."ern h., operated throughout I,,,, i.h hi.tory ever .ince, hen gre.t tragedi .. ",ere un.ble to ch.nge thi> thought p.ttern. h"ything has become. function of Goo'. gr'ce, ,,'en the mo.t terrible ,,,,nb. No room exi,b, therefore, fo r polilic.1 or .ny other interpret.tion,
Clothing as
R,p"5tnt Jtiy~ of a
Perceplion
ofTim~
In this eo.mologic.1fr.mewor'.f< t,,'o b.. ic ax"" in tim •• nd 'p.ce: a ,,,,rtic.1 .. i. t hat ronnxi. linking t he worl d of the pa,t to t he world to come. In t he Biblical .nd po.tbiblicol "a>, ",ith Ih,ir lin ... -hi.toriml vi.w of the ",orld, ti>< up/do"'n .. i. predomin.ted, In th"", eros fea t uring an .h;"l",ic.1 m.mory, t hi. inte",,,,ted. ~Vfuture .. i•. On, ""y of expre .. ing th",. conception. of lime .nd 'p". was through dothing met.pho", A •• cultural item, doth ing .erye both the biblical ",r it,,, .nd the Sage> a>. mean. of coO\'e)"ng their differing perception. of time .nd 'p.c<, The biblical .nd po.tbiblical world, a n era of clearly delineated extern.1 boun d.. i.., ch.racteri>tic.lly emph",iz.. the proh ibition .gain.t wearing clothing m.de of a wool-lin,n mixture (maatnr.), or garment> of t he oIh" ><1, 50 . , to en.Uf< • de" boundary bet,,'«n Ii>< ... <s, ~ The boundari.. bet",,,,,n Ii>< pri.. l. and the reot of Ii>< n.tion 01>0 t.ke "i.ible form in the di.tinct i,', garm.nt. of t he former, Cloth ing Ihu. serve to pr"'fI'e the boundari... mong per>on. of d iff"enl .I.tu... ,
.00.'.
• "
•
11_11), s... oJ", ""oIw (191S) , c.. ..,', ""IW}, 610,"_ 1'h< !'onf.. "", .to., """,,,',J ,J-.< < 'l ....h, ""'.hom 'n M ~'dd"'}'''' . ,o<."d T MlJl<,n'" S,"; t..., in H"",,", , 3I>; Joe"" in G,""i, _ HIO, ~loKh ...... , .., I>< "...t;.d in n ... 0.., m,dnui> of st.'rn • ...3 E",,On ' "' , .hu ,01 • ...3 oori.d "lI",t","", of doIh'ns, ... ' Krod>< 'k...... ond 'nfl"' ..... """...3_ of ,""w-., ... s.", !
Oougloo(l"",,
•
,.n; 1913, 'O8l)_ s... ....., Coop<' 110'7),
a..p." 1. Th
Symbol of Apxaln"K T,.., •.
Clothing as a Bridge Betw,""n the World Above and the World Below In . ddition to this role, clolh ing .1.0 help. to bridge t he g.>p bet",«n the world. . bove .nd below. At Ihe very outsel one .hould note Ih.1 both the h.. v """ cu.tomary in the an ci.nl Eo.I," in lorael holy .... t ments fe. tured prom inently in Ih. temple. God com· m.nded Moses, "You .hall make. holy garmenl for your brolher Aaron," and the aim of t his command i" "For re.pe<:1 and glory,'" It would app.. r Ih. t donning the holy garments help. 10 .. nclify t he pri.. I:" a. h. 2&3 puts it, "They shall m.ke Ihe g.>rmenl> of Aaron to sanctify him," n-,..., doth .. could noll ..,·. the holy pr""i ncl>," .nd Ihe pri.,l. had 10 dofflhem befo .. le .. ing Ihere, Thi. clothing u>umeJ 'pedal .ttributes of it> o"'n, independe nt of it> ",-.arer, Wearing ",gal dolhing .dd •• ulhoril)" .nd • dim.n.ion of Ihe ",gal" l he Bibk .100 'Ir~ lhe tra",fer of Aaron"l""ietly g. rmerrn, 10 h i. >On Eka...,-," Th. ", are also garment> unique 10 propheu, .uch •• s"mue!'•• pecial co.t"
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ond Elij.h'. di.tincti,'e mantle." The holy g.,menb of the Bible thus help link the world .bo,'e to th.t belo,", H.re t ho garment doe. not function for ron.1 te"itori.1 "parotion .n d defen"" of .. Ifhood, but for linking the world., Thi. 'rrment c.n h"'e • deleterious effect , The g.rment repr .. enl> the ,h.,i,m. of a formal p", ition "' i'ho\lt • direct reference 10 the qu.lity of the pri ..1 wearing il. A, th ... g.>rmenb denote a form.1 p""ition, their d.,ign i, .1>0 form.1 .nd unalter.ble, The g.,ment of the prophet , too, lin .. the world.-for ...",pl<. Elij.h', garmenl, which continue> to b< mimculo", e .. en in EIi.hi. h.nd •. In Ih. Mid,.,hic ,",orld of the Sage<, lhe myth ic garment . 1.., m.de., • met.phor t),ing logether p .... t, pre .. nt, .nd future. Whateyer the world nero ...i.leJ already in the form.ti,·e era of t he Torah tim ••• nd .ny .ub...,uenl e",nl i, merely a duplicahon of the p"1. "The deed, of the f.lhe" are • p.radigm for the children."" For ... mple. '" we will «puin b, .nd there.fter it p",oed to pri.,!> u. group, Thi. g.>rment thu •• ct. in both tem""ral .nd .pat ial dimen.ion •. It conn«!> p.. t .nd future, '" repre .. nting O5OCiety ",hooe world" iew i. limin.1. one which ;, betw .. n two world., .nd whose co>moiogy relal .... tory that one Con only decode by unde"ting th.t it ..",till.. the Iimin.1 , itu.lion, with the g.>rment ... n "pre.. ion of th;, view. 10 b< the exclu.ive In the world of tlie s"S"" this holy g.>rment prop
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When th.t date c.me. he ente",d th, iklh Midra,),. ",nfold<"! Amo ....'im (Sage. acti," between th. th ird .nd fifth centurie.) pro,', th.t by th. ir em this w", a n "copted .acred rit u.l. One con .1<0 note from this .nd other sourr .. t h.t th is enfolding (ilufl ", •• not a n e""r yd.y ,,'ent but ", • • • ra", exp",,,,, ion of.n indi>"idu.r. dra"'ing do •• r to God .t • time of di.tr... , 'f hu ~ R. L..i .. id, "When Mordech.i >ow H.m.n coming to",-.rd h im. hi. ho",e in Mnd ... wh.t did h. do? He ,nfolded h im .. lf in hi. la/it (· pro)"" , hawl") .nd . tood up to pray, .."" P.rson. e nfolded t hem",I,'" in a garment not only duri ng pray..-, but al.o for oth..- .ctio", in the re.lm of the ,",,<" talil . nd th.y both sot o n • rock underne.th . n oIi.. tree, .nd h. 1'<,;);,. ok·"" • .:.M ... (M...J.lboum, ,.i) ,<>I, '. ,I>< 0"", =mmand"",nt, 1'1'. ' 0_ ,,,. tflh', ",m t.rn NT "'>i, h,,.,,... """",,, of,", lr.n~'ional !!'''''" .... brt..-an ,I>< T""",,"m and th< Amori'm , 001 " " mo<, Iog;al 'o .. own< R, l.<";. ,n Amon oith< ,hjnlB''''''''''''' I;""g"' L..-.n,;", AiIK,k('''''', "'_"" ' 56-2'1). An "p«wly drom .. " In.rirt"''' of.h" "4"to"' found 'n eT nom. Jib. '" "" ""'" ofR , "ohanm, 'n to, "1""';'''''' "" ,I>< """. "TI>< Lon! f'O...-d bdot-. h" fx,." d I>< rukJ ou'" (Ex, HN "I ud '"' ",,'" "'" ... ,«1 '" rn'gorically. , h"rould no< h,Y< ""'" .. Od, Th', ,,,,,,,," u, .h .. ,I>< holy on<. hla.«! h< "' "".ppal ",,,,,,tf leu ,nd ~ M"",, ,I>< ",ok, ul P")'''''. Th" " ... ",,", ul K. Yoh."." imph" ,hot ., not 'my P'"'''''' who pn)"'d "'''ppN h'm"Lf, Out only 'M ,"" "'. ,;.., .I", on hlu-l"h ( m). T 1'<>, 2,," (ul>
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(Ih •• Iudenl) nrounded ,,, h im ,' " One .1", e nfolded on .. elf in a garment ""hen .,ud),ing Torah" or . itting in judgment." Much later R""hi (1040l lO~) explained this cu.tom: "When one .its in judgment, one (e nfold. one .. lf) out of feu for the !}i.in. Vre>< aim w.. to .n.ble one to concent,.t. on the matter.1 h.nd. Thi. vi.w ap""a", ho"",,'«, in on e"lier Mid,,,,,, where th e pe"on enfolding him«lf mu.t include hi. hamb •• ""ell, Th"" w. find in I'e,ikt. R.bb.ti (c • . nlnlh century): "What do.. on< enfoldl If oni. arm wa. bar<, on< (OW" it and ",cil.. ,I>< bl." ing, in order to perform the commandment ""ith (Ihe proper) . we:'" Enfolding i. thus not merely a t«hnic. l mean. of concentrating one'. thought., but reflect. a worldyie"" th.t deman d, that one ,ubme,!;e oni. individuality into the Jimen,ion of holin .... T he jeru.,lem T.lmud t hus ""it.. in «S"d to the g"ce after m•• l"
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If on. at< ~'hil. ""Iking, Oil< .tand. and =it .. the gr"" if Oil< '" ~'hik """ding, Oil< .in down and !'Kite. the groc" if on. a.. whil. ,ilting, on. «din.. and «ci .. , th, grace, if on .... whil< reclining, on •• nfold. him> tl>< ministering angel., II'MI i, the "a!On ~ (II i• .. lhe .."",)'With two (.. ing'l) h. co'~red hi. flOC. and with two hi> 1,<1' (1 ..,6:1), "
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A 'imilar notion .pp.... in the B.ab}'lonian T.lmud regaming ,'i.iti ng t he .ic'-" Th. Sag...1.0 cu.tomarily .nfoWed them",I,..,. (iluj) ., the time fo, w.lcoming in the S.bb.th 'ppro.>cheJ." Whot i. thi' ilufi Th e POO' at the time of the s..g.. would war only on. garmen'. 0 ploin undergarment-Hke piere known",. halu'. A f"'r>O n of >ome mean. might ,"'", of the.. ," In co nt,,,,t to the , impl. halu.,,, the laiil ,"'a, brood and h.d mony fold •. '" In order to differe nt iate bet,.... n t he t,.,-o tyf"" of garment •• t he former wu wmet ime. refe"eJ to .. malhurh and the .. cond a. ali/ah."
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