Trends in the Transport Sector How have the passenger and freight transport sectors evolved in recent years and during the crisis? And what about road safety? This publication presents data on global trends in the transport sector with up-to-date figures on the impact of the recent economic crisis. In addition to highlighting major trends in the transport sector, this brochure provides the reader with the latest statistics on transport markets in the International Transport Forum member countries for the period 1970-2009 for all modes of transport. It also describes trends on transport infrastructure investment and maintenance expenditure.
Trends in the Transport Sector • 1970-2009
1970-2009
Trends in the Transport Sector
-:HSTCSC=VUXZ^X: (74 2011 03 1 P1) ISBN 978-92-821-0359-3
2011
International Transport Forum 2 rue André Pascal 75775 Paris Cedex 16
[email protected] www.internationaltransportforum.org
1970-2009
2011
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009
2011
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where governments work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the UHVXOWV RI WKH 2UJDQLVDWLRQ¶V VWDWLVWLFV JDWKHULQJ and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
3
Also available in French under the title: Évolution des transports 1970-2009
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Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
4
INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT FORUM
The International Transport Forum at the OECD is an intergovernmental organisation with 52 member countries. It acts as a strategic think tank with the objective of helping shape the transport policy agenda on a global level and ensuring that it contributes to economic growth, environmental protection, social inclusion and the preservation of human life and well-being. The International Transport Forum organizes an annual summit of Ministers along with leading representatives from industry, civil society and academia. The International Transport Forum was created under a Declaration issued by the Council of Ministers of the ECMT (European Conference of Ministers of Transport) at its Ministerial Session in May 2006 under the legal authority of the Protocol of the ECMT, signed in Brussels on 17 October 1953, and legal instruments of the OECD. The Members of the Forum are: Albania, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, FYROM, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
5
Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States. 7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 7UDQVSRUW )RUXP¶V Research Centre gathers statistics and conducts co-operative research programmes addressing all modes of transport. Its findings are widely disseminated and support policymaking in Member countries as well as contributing to the annual summit.
Further information about the International Transport Forum is available at the following address: www.internationaltransportforum.org
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ................................................. 9 1.
The Economic Outlook ...................... 10 1.1. The world economy, recession and recovery ................................. 10 1.2. World trade.................................... 11
2.
Global Trends in Transport ............... 14 2.1. Freight transport ............................ 14 2.2. Passenger transport ...................... 25
3.
Road Safety ........................................ 31
4.
Investment and Maintenance in Inland Transport Infrastructure ......... 34 4.1. Introduction ................................... 34 4.2. Trends in relation to GDP .............. 35 4.3. Volume of investment .................... 37 4.4. Modal split of investment ............... 39 4.5. Trends in road maintenance .......... 40
5.
Statistical Information ....................... 43 5.1. Data sources, definitions and country notes ................................. 43 5.2. Tables and graphs......................... 53
References ................................................ 89
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
7
INTRODUCTION
This publication describes global trends in transport and illustrates changes that have taken place in the sector since 1970. In order to provide context for the discussion of transport trends, Section 1 briefly analyses the macroeconomic situation and trends in international trade and establishes some links to activity in the transport sector. Recovery from the recent economic crisis is of core interest here. Section 2 introduces global transport trends for freight and passenger transport and Section 3 focuses on road safety performance in 2009. Section 4 summarizes and discusses aggregate trends in investment and maintenance in transport infrastructure. The final section presents detailed statistical data in the form of tables for International Transport Forum member countries. Road, rail, inland waterway transport, coastal shipping and container handling data are provided to us by the 52 member countries of the International Transport Forum. The data in the detailed tables at the end of this publication relate to the last year (2009) for which comprehensive and uniform data were available at the time this brochure was compiled. Where possible, preliminary data for 2010 are included in the text. In addition to our own data collection, a variety of other sources is used to describe global trends in the transport sector in the text part. In some cases, indicators include estimates for Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
9
certain countries for which recent data are not available. Data on air transport in the detailed tables is produced in co-operation with ICAO.
1. THE ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
1.1. The world economy, recession and recovery The global economy has rebounded from the most severe recession since the Great Depression. Overall, world Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew only 1.4% in 2008 and contracted 2.4% in 2009. By mid-2010, global industrial production and trade had climbed back to their pre-crisis activity levels (World Bank, 2011) and GDP is estimated to have expanded 3.6% in 2010 (WTO, 2011). There are marked differences between regions (Table 1). GDP grew fastest in developing Asia (China 10.3%, India 9.7%), while 6RXWK DQG &HQWUDO $PHULFD¶V JURZWK ZDV PDLQO\ GULYHQ E\ %UD]LO¶V XSWXUQ 'HYHORSHG economies grew more slowly, with the United States growing 2.8% and Europe 1.9% (WTO, 2011). Forecasts for global economic growth in 2011 are positive, ranging between 3.1% (WTO, 2011) and 3.3% (World Bank, 2010), but the prospects differ greatly across countries. At the time of this publication, the latest OECD short-term forecast for the G7 countries (outside Japan) suggest that the growth could rise to an annualised rate of about 3% in the first half of 2011. It is also suggested that the recovery is becoming selfsustained (OECD, 2011). Domestic demand in developing economies is likely to play a major role Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
10
in recovery and the GDP in low- and middle-income countries is expected to expand 6.0% in 2011, compared with more moderate (2.4%) growth predictions for high-income economies (World Bank, 2010). Table 1. GDP by region, 2008-2010 (annual % change) World North America United States South and Central America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia China Japan India
2008 1.4 0.1 0.0 5.1
2009 -2.4 -2.8 -2.6 -0.2
0.5 5.5 4.8 5.3 2.8 9.6 -1.2 6.4
-4.0 -7.1 2.1 0.8 -0.2 9.1 -6.3 5.7
2010 3.6 3.0 2.8 5.8 1.9 4.3 4.7 3.8 6.3 10.3 3.9 9.7
Source: WTO, 2011. South and Central America includes Caribbean.
Precisely how strong the recovery will be is unclear and is exposed to a number of short-term and long-term risks, including continuing financial turmoil in Europe and structural challenges to the sustainability of public finances. Uncertainties remain also on what will happen once the economic stimulus packages come to an end. Recent geopolitical events and natural disasters create more uncertainties for future growth. 1.2. World trade The recession had a strong impact on world trade. Real growth in trade in goods was 2.2% in 2008, down from 6.5% in 2007. In 2009, the Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
11
volume of global trade is estimated to have contracted by 12.2%, the largest decline since the Second World War (WTO, 2011). However, together with the rebound in industrial activity, world trade had bounced back to pre-crisis levels by the end of 2010. Nevertheless, Tables 1 and 2 highlight the weak economic performance of developed economies in 2008 and 2009. Indeed, exports in high-income countries are estimated to be at the level of those in 2007, still around 10% below their pre-crisis peaks. Nearly half of the global increase in import demand is estimated to emanate from developing economies, highlighting their importance in the recovery of world trade (World Bank, 2011). On the other hand, world exports are estimated to have grown 14.5% in 2010 in real terms and imports by 13.5% (WTO, 2011). Table 2. Merchandise trade by region, 2008-2010 (Annual % change)
World North America United States S. and Central America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia China Japan India
2008 2.2 2.1
Exports 2009 2010 -12.0 14.5 -14.8 15.0
2008 2.2 -2.4
Imports 2009 -12.8 -16.7
2010 13.5 15.7
5.8
-14.0
15.4
-3.7
-16.4
14.8
0.8
-7.9
6.2
13.2
-16.3
22.7
0.2 2.0 1.2 3.5
-14.1 -5.2 -4.2 -4.3
10.8 10.1 6.5 9.5
-0.6 16.4 14.6 14.2
-14.2 -25.6 -5.0 -7.8
9.4 20.6 7.0 7.5
5.5 8.5 2.2 14.4
-11.2 -10.5 -24.8 -6.8
23.1 28.4 27.5 19.9
4.7 3.8 -1.0 17.3
-7.5 2.9 -12.2 -1.0
17.6 22.1 10.0 11.2
Source: WTO, 2011. South and Central America includes Caribbean.
The recovery in global trade flows has been uneven. Exports in the United States and Europe grew faster than imports, while in CIS countries Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
12
growth in imports exceeded that of exports. Growth in export volume was greatest in Asia, led especially by China and Japan; real exports grew by around 28% in both countries. In the United States and Europe, growth was slower, with 15.4% and 10.8% growth, respectively. The growth in world trade in value terms was greater than the increase in volume terms in 2010. This was mainly due to rising commodity prices and a depreciating US currency (WTO, 2011). The fall in world trade during the crisis was much greater than in previous recessions. A specific feature of the decline was the globallysynchronised nature of the trade collapse. As noted in the last edition, a number of reasons have been suggested to explain such a steep decline in trade volume. Contraction in demand is the fundamental cause but the globalisation of production processes, facilitated by improvements in transportation technologies, has likely increased trade elasticities over time. The fragmentation of production and the global nature of supply chains mean that any impact on value-added in each production stage is multiplied, as exports of manufactured goods involve multiple border crossings of intermediate goods. International supply chains and advanced information technologies also imply that producers in different regions react to changes in market conditions rapidly, wherever they occur (OECD, 2009). Due to the interconnected nature of the global economy, it is not surprising that the crisis had an extremely strong impact on the transport sector, right around the world. Indeed, while transport was hit hard by the crisis in 2009, transportation was also the fastest growing segment of exports of commercial services in 2010. We now turn our focus to global transport trends in 2009 in the midst of the crisis, with some preliminary data for 2010 that reflect the way the transport sector is recovering from crisis. Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
13
2. GLOBAL TRENDS IN TRANSPORT
2.1. Freight transport The economic crisis at the end of 2008 and the collapse of world trade in 2009 have had a major impact on the transport sector. Global freight transport showed slight growth for 2008 as a whole, but the full impact of the economic downturn was felt in 2009. Maritime transport remains the backbone of international trade, with over 80% of world merchandise trade by volume carried by sea. The collapse of global trade was therefore quickly felt in maritime transport in terms of tonnes loaded; the volume of international seaborne trade fell by 4.5% in 2009, to 7.8 billion tonnes, down from 8.2 billion tonnes in 2008. Minor dry bulks (steel and forest products, fertilizers, sugar and agribulks) and containerised trade segments were among the hardest hit (UNCTAD, 2010). Developing countries account for the largest share of global seaborne trade, reflecting their importance in global economic development. Figure 1 shows that the developing economies load more international cargo than they unload. However, during recent years, the outsourcing of production and increased wealth in developing countries has started to shift this balance towards equilibrium.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
14
Figure 1. World seaborne trade by type of cargo and country group (million tonnes) LOADED
6000
Developed economies
5000
Developing economies
4000
3000
2000
1000
0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2006
2007
2008
2009
2007
2008
2009
6000 Crude oil
5000
UNLOADED
Petroleum products Dry cargo
4000
3000
2000
1000
0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2006
Source: UNCTAD, 2010.
Looking at seaborne trade by category, world shipments of crude oil fell by 3.4% in 2009 as a result of the decline in energy demand. Falling demand for gasoline and diesel resulted in a fall in world shipments of petroleum products of 2.4%. Dry cargo volumes (dry bulk, containers, other dry cargo) fell 5.2% in 2009, the first recorded fall since 1983. Containerised cargo declined the most, as described in Table 3. Nevertheless, dry EXONWUDGHJUHZGULYHQPDLQO\E\&KLQD¶VPDVVLYH stimulus package and expenditure on infrastructure (UNCTAD, 2010). The impact of the crisis in container traffic was obvious already in 2008. World container traffic increased by only 4.6% in 2008, while a year Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
15
1
earlier growth in TEU s exceeded 12%. In 2009, according to recent revised estimates, world container traffic fell by nearly 10%. Table 3. World container traffic (TEU) Year TEU (000) ¨% 2007 488 281 12.1 2008 510 826 4.6 2009 460 049 -9.9 Source: Containerization International, April 2011. Data for 2009 exclude some ports.
$VLD¶V ZHLJKW LQ ZRUOG PHUFKDQGLVH WUDGH remains strong. This is illustrated in Figure 2, showing the size of world container movements by region of origin. The main container movements in 2008 originated in Asia, destined for Europe and North America. As Table 4 also illustrates, the ZRUOG¶V OHDGLQJ FRQWDLQHU SRUWV DUH ORFDWHG PDLQO\ in Asia, with only one of the ten biggest ports, in terms of TEUs, located outside Asia. These ten ports accounted for more than 30% of all container transport in the world in 2009. Table 4. The 10 leading world ports in terms of container traffic (TEU) Total TEU (000) World ¨% Port 2010 2009 ranking 10/09 1 (2) Shanghai 29 069 16.3 25 002 2 (1) Singapore 28 431 9.9 25 866 3 (3) Hong Kong 23 532 12.1 21 040 4 (4) Shenzhen 22 510 23.3 18 250 5 (5) Busan 14 157 18.4 11 955 6 (8) Ningbo 13 144 25.1 10 503 7 (6) Guangzhou 12 550 12.2 11 190 8 (9) Qingdao 12 012 17.1 10 260 9 (7) Dubai 11 600 4.3 11 124 10 (10) Rotterdam 11 146 14.4 9 743 Source: Containerization International.
¨% 09/08 -10.6 -13.5 -14.1 -14.8 -11.1 -6.4 1.7 -0.6 -5.9 -9.8
1
Container traffic measured as all containers handled, including full, empty and transhipped containers. Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
16
Figure 2. World container movements by region of origin
Source: ITF Secretariat, based on Containerization International.
Box 1. Maritime freight and recovery The impact of the economic crisis on container traffic was drastic and traffic fell by nearly 10% in 2009. Preliminary data shows a recovery in 2010 with growth in the ten leading world container ports is estimated at around 15%. However, monthly data from the end of 2010 show that the recovery is still weak, in the sense that volumes for total exports and imports by sea are still below their precrisis levels (EU27 -4%; USA -5%) measured in tonnes of goods carried (Figure 3). External trade by sea shows variations by region. 8QLWHG 6WDWHV¶ WUDGH, in tonnes of goods moved, has stagnated since September 2010 and fell in the last quarter of 2010, especially with Latin America, compared with the previous quarter (Figure 4). Recovery for EU27 trade is more dynamic, although trends for some segments (notably imports from China by sea) show a slowing down and even a decline, measured in tonnes of goods transported. Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
17
Figure 3. External trade, percentage change from pre-crisis peak Jun-08 (Tonnes, monthly trend, seasonally adjusted)
Dec-10 -4.2
-16.9
-6.7
Jul-08
Jun-09
Sep-10
EU 27 trade by sea
Dec-10 -5.1
Sep-10
-15.9
-5.4
Jul-09
Jul-08
USA trade by sea
Figure 4. US external trade by sea in 2010, percentage change over the previous quarter µ000 tonnes, seasonally adjusted) 8%
6% 4% 2% 0% -2%
-4%
Af rica
Asia Pacif ic
Latin Middle East America and The Caribbean
EU27
BRIC
Q3 Q4
-6% -8% -10% -12%
Source: International Transport Forum Statistics Brief, March 2011. Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
18
Air freight volumes collapsed in 2008 and an unprecedented 22.6% fall in volume was recorded in December 2008 over the same month the previous year. 2009 was the second consecutive year of negative growth. Air freight fell by 7.1% to 37.8 million tonnes in 2009. Factoring in the distance transported, the decline in tonne-kilometres was even bigger, 10.4%, with a 6.8% decline in domestic freight tonne-kilometres and an 11.1% decline in international trade (ICAO, 2010). Shippers are likely to prefer cheaper transport modes during a recession, and this is believed to be a major factor in the sharp fall in air freight. Europe and North America were hardest hit by the economic downturn and the fall in international trade, and international air freight fell by 16.1% in Europe and 10.6% in North America in 2009. The Asia/Pacific region, led by continuous positive economic growth in China (9%) and India (7%), registered a slightly less severe drop of 9.2% in international air freight. The Middle East was the only region resilient to the global downturn and recorded 3.9% growth in international air freight (Table 5). Table 5. International air freight growth by region 2009 and 2010 (freight tonne-kilometres) Region Africa Asia/Pacific Europe Latin America Middle East North America Total
¨% 10/09 23.5 24.0 10.8 29.6 27.6 22.9 20.8
Source: IATA, 2011 and 2010.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
19
¨% 09/08 -11.2 -9.2 -16.1 -4.0 3.9 -10.6 -10.1
Data on air freight transport from the International Transport Forum member countries for 2009 confirm the regional analysis. Total freight volume, measured as tonne-kilometres, fell by 11.6% in the ITF member countries as a whole, while the fall in the EU 26 area was 16% (see Annex, Table A7). Box 2. Air freight leads recovery The slump in 2009 was followed by a strong recovery in 2010. Preliminary data from IATA show 20.8% growth in total international air freight in 2010. Total freight measured in both tonnes and tonne-kilometres has not only reached the pre-crisis level but attained a higher level than ever before. It is worth noting that the strong rebound has so far been mainly in international freight while domestic traffic is still below the 2007 peak. The strong air freight upturn globally in early 2010 was largely driven by inventory restocking, which tailed off towards the end of the year. Air freight growth for 2011 will then be more dependent on consumer spending (IATA, 2011). While air cargo has fully recovered from the crisis, some uncertainties still remain, as external trade in tonnes of goods moved by air in the United States has fallen for five consecutive months, according to the monthly data collected by the International Transport Forum (Figure 5). Both the EU27 and the United StateV¶ H[WHUQDO trade by air show slower growth or declines in nearly all markets in the last quarter 2010 compared with growth in the previous quarter.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
20
Figure 5. External trade, percentage change from pre-crisis peak Jun-08 (Tonnes, monthly trend, seasonally adjusted) 13.9
15.1
Sep-10
Dec-10
-20.5
Jul-08
Apr-09
EU 27 trade by air
3.3
1.1
Sep-10
Dec-10
Feb-09 -20.9
Jul-08
USA trade by air
Source: International Transport Forum Statistics Brief, March 2011.
Rail freight transport was also severely hit by the global economic crisis in 2009. In the European Union, rail freight volumes fell by 18% to around 350 billion tonne-kilometres, the lowest level since 1992. In the Russian Federation and the United States, rail freight volumes fell by 12% and 15% respectively (see Annex, Table A1). The United States and Russia account for around 90% of the overall rail freight of Forum member countries, excluding India which joined the organisation in 2009. In India, freight traffic increased by 6%, according to UIC figures. In China, rail freight growth slowed down from nearly 4% in 2008 to 1% in 2009 (UIC, 2009). Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
21
Figure 6. Rail freight in 2008 and 2009 (billion tonne-kilometres) 3 000
billion tonne-km
2 500
2 000
1 500
2008 2009
1 000
500
United States
China
Russia
India
EU
Source: International Transport Forum; China and India (UIC).
Box 3. Recovery in rail freight Data collected by the International Transport Forum shows that the rail sector was hit hard by the economic crisis. Rail freight volumes fell continuously from the second quarter of 2008 until the middle of 2009. In the EU area, freight volumes were 25% below their pre-crisis levels, while in the United States and Russia decline was slightly smaller, 18% and 20%, respectively. The positive trend in rail freight since mid-2009 continued through 2010. For the third quarter of 2010, International Transport Forum quarterly statistics showed that in the United States the volume of rail freight volume was only 5% below pre-crisis levels. In the EU area, where rail fell more during the crisis, the volume was still 14% below the peak attained in the second quarter of 2008 (Figure 7).
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
22
Figure 7. National and international rail freight, percentage change from pre-crisis peak Q2/08 (Tonne-km, quarterly trend, seasonally adjusted)
Q3/10 -4.8
Q2/10
-17.7
-6.9
Q2/09
Q3/08
USA rail freight
Q3/10 -6.9
Q2/10
-20.1
-7.1
Q1/09
Q3/08
Russia rail freight
Q3/10 -14.2
Q2/10 -15.6
Q1/09
Q3/08
EU 27 rail freight
Source: International Transport Forum Statistics Brief, March 2011.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
23
Road freight transport suffered in 2009, with marked differences between regions. The decline in activity, expressed in tonne-kilometres, was of the order of 9.0% in the EU in 2009. Tonne-kilometres fell by 15.1% in France, 12.6% in Spain, 11.3% in the United Kingdom and 9.9% in Germany. Outside Europe, road freight in Mexico declined 6.9% and in the Russian Federation by 16.7%. Japan and Turkey saw slightly smaller declines, 3.9% and 3.0%, respectively. Only a few countries saw road freight volume actually increasing in 2009; Australia by 0.6% and Poland 9.9% (see Annex, Table A2). Data on freight transport by inland waterways is limited, but where available show substantial declines in tonne-kilometres across countries in 2008; Netherlands (-19.8%), Croatia (-26.6%), Russia (-17.5%) and Germany (-13.4%). Freight carried on inland waterways fell in the EU area as a whole by around 11% (see Annex, Table A3). Box 4. Slower recovery in road freight Recovery in road freight has been slow. Quarterly data for 2010 reveal that volumes in the EU area were nearly 14% below the pre-crisis peak at the beginning of 2009. Freight is recovering only slowly, when measured using seasonally adjusted data on tonne-kilometres performed (Figure 8). There are marked differences between countries and regions. Road freight volumes fell only around 6% in Japan during the crisis and are now around 4% below pre-crisis levels. In Russia, on the other hand, volumes fell by around 20%, with a strong recovery at the end of 2009. 2010 saw another fall in Russia, with road tonne-kilometres 22% below the pre-crisis level in the third quarter of 2010.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
24
Figure 8. National and international road freight, percentage change from pre-crisis peak Q2/08 (Tonne-km, quarterly trend, seasonally adjusted) Q2/10
Q3/10
-11.2
-10.4
Q1/09 -13.8
Q3/08
EU 27 road freight
Source: International Transport Forum Statistics Brief, March 2011.
2.2. Passenger transport The global economic crisis had a significant impact on passenger transport in 2009. All modes of transport, including passenger transport by car, saw a decline, with air transport affected the most. 2009 was challenging for air passenger traffic, with many air carriers seeing their figures in red. The effects of economic uncertainty were exacerbated by the H1N1 influenza pandemic. The total number of passengers dropped 0.7% to 2.3 billion in 2009 compared with the previous year. The impact was seen most in international air travel, which fell 2.1%, while the number of domestic passengers remained at the 2008 level (ICAO, 2010). Revenue passenger-kilometres fell for airlines in almost all regions except the Middle East and Latin America. The total volume of air travel fell by 3.5% in 2009 (Table 6). Passenger-kilometres by air fell throughout the International Transport Forum member countries, with a total 4.3% decline in 2009. For the EU 26, the decline was even Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
25
greater (5.2%), while in OECD countries the overall fall was 4.4% (See Annex, Table B6). Table 6. Air travel growth by region in 2009 and 2010 (Revenue passenger-km) Region
¨% 10/09 12.9 9.0 5.0 13.2 17.8 7.4 8.3
Africa Asia/Pacific Europe Latin America Middle East North America Total
¨% 09/08 -6.8 -5.6 -5.0 0.3 11.2 -5.6 -3.5
Source: IATA, 2010 and 2011.
Box 5. Strong recovery in air travel in 2010 2010 saw a rapid recovery. Following a gradual recovery at the end of 2009, led mainly by emerging markets such as China, India and Brazil, passengers transported by air recorded a healthy 7.1% growth in 2010 compared with 2009. A total 2.4 billion passengers (domestic and international) were transported in 2010, 6.4% more than the precrisis peak level (IATA, 2011). Growth in passenger kilometres was 8.3% in 2010, with growth across all regions (see Table 6 above). The volcanic ash crisis that originated in Iceland disrupted air travel and the number of passengers plummeted in April 2010. Around 50% of total international revenue passenger-kilometres involve passing through European airspace, and the North Atlantic route itself accounts for 20% of total international passenger-kilometres and the impact of the ash cloud was felt across the industry. Many passengers rebooked cancelled flights in the following months, with the result that the impact on annual passenger traffic was less profound than the impact on airline revenues. Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
26
Rail passenger transport felt the full impact of the crisis in 2009, later than other sectors. In the EU, passenger-kilometres fell by 2.1% in 2009. Among European countries, traffic fell by 3.7% in Spain, 1.5% in Germany, 0.7% in France and 0.4% in the United Kingdom. Outside Europe, passenger-kilometres dropped also in Japan (-2.4%) and Korea (-0.8%). They also fell by 13.9% in the Russian Federation and 8.9% in Ukraine. Only a few OECD countries recorded growth in 2009; 6.1% in Australia, 5.4% in Turkey, 4.6% in Canada and 1.8% in Sweden (see Table B1 in Annex). India recorded growth in passengerkilometres of 9.9% in 2009, down slightly from 11% in 2008, while in China rail passenger traffic grew only 1% in 2009, down from 7% in 2008, according to the UIC data (UIC, 2010). Figure 9. Rail passenger traffic (billion passenger-kilometres) 900 800
billion pass-km
700 600 500 2008
400
2009
300 200 100 0 India
China
Europe
Japan
Russia
Source: International Transport Forum; India and China, UIC.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
27
Box 6. Rail passenger transport and recovery Although the rail sector was affected by the crisis, the full impact was only felt later in 2009, while in air transport, for example, the impact was immediate. With impact setting in later, the recovery has also been slower. Preliminary data show that the decline has actually continued in the rail passenger sector in 2010 in some regions. The latest data for the third quarter of 2010 show that seasonally adjusted passenger-kilometres are 2.8% lower than during the pre-crisis peak in Q4/2008 in the EU area (Figure 10). In Japan, the pre-crisis peak is estimated at the first quarter of 2008 while the passenger-kilometres for the first quarter of 2010 are 3.5% below the peak, according to available seasonally adjusted data. Figure 10. Passenger transport by rail in the EU (Passenger-kilometres, seasonally adjusted trend) 96000 94000
million pass-km
92000 90000 88000 86000 84000
Q3/10
Q2/10
Q1/10
Q4/09
Q3/09
Q2/09
Q1/09
Q4/08
Q3/08
Q2/08
Q1/08
Q4/07
Q3/07
Q2/07
Q1/07
82000
Source: International Transport Forum, Quarterly Transport Statistics.
Data on passenger-kilometres travelled in private cars are less detailed and less up to date Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
28
in many countries. Within the EU, the decline was on average 0.7% in the 18 countries where data is available for 2008. In the United States, passenger travel by car fell 3.4% in 2008, the largest drop since the economic crisis of the 1990s (to compare, passenger-kilometres by car fell 3.6% in 1991). Some studies have suggested a saturation of passenger travel by car in some developed countries. While our data does not lend itself to a detailed analysis, it seems that some levelling off of car travel has taken place in some of the developed economies. Figure 11 presents data on passenger-kilometres by private car in selected countries, indicating the year after which there has not been any significant increase. How much these trends are due to the economic crisis or oil prices, among other potential factors, is as yet uncertain. The limited data available suggest a return to growth in 2009; total passenger-kilometres by car grew 2.3% in Spain, 0.5% in France, 0.3% in the United Kingdom and 1.0% in Sweden (See Annex, Table B2). Figure 11. Passenger-kilometres by private car (2000=100) 160
150
Germany
140 Australia
130 France
120
United Kingdom United States
110 Japan
100
90
80 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Source: International Transport Forum, see Annex, Table B2.
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2007
2008
2009
Passenger transport by bus and coach saw a mix of trends. While data for bus transport is not as detailed as for rail passenger transport, they indicate some similarities with rail. In 2008, bus transport grew by an average of 1.3% in International Transport Forum member countries, with a similar figure for the EU area. Data on the few countries for which it is available indicate that the impact of the economic crisis was felt in 2009 (see Table B3 in Annex).
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3. ROAD SAFETY
The first ten years of the 21st century saw record road safety performance in most countries of the International Transport Forum. The number of people killed in crashes continued to fall in 2009, improving on 2008 when the number fell below 150 000 for the first time (excluding India). Estimates of fatalities indicate a drop of 9.9% in 2009 following an 8.9% improvement in 2008; the two biggest annual improvements since 1990. The overall picture for road safety shows the number of crashes falling on average by 1.7% in 2009. In the European Union, the number of fatalities fell by 11%, crashes 9% and serious injuries by 4% in 2009, according to estimates. It is significant to note that the number of fatalities and injured fell across almost all the EU Member countries. Many of the non-European ITF member countries also recorded significant improvements in road safety in 2009. The United States saw the number of fatalities fall by 9.3% in 2009, reaching the lowest level since our records began. The Russian Federation also recorded significant declines for all three indicators, -6.7% in injury accidents, -5.9% in casualties and -12.9% in fatalities. The weight of the figures for the United States and Russia strongly affect the overall trends for the International Transport Forum member countries (See Annex, Tables C1-C3). These positive developments should not hide the economic costs and human tragedies behind Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
31
the data, and crashes continue to damage and kill an unacceptable number of people. Moreover, while high-income countries look back on a record decade in reducing road fatalities, 90% of global road deaths occur in low and middle-income countries and estimates put annual global road fatalities above 1.3 million, with 50 million serious injuries. Box 7. First indications on road safety in 2010 First indications for 2010 from the International Transport Forum¶V quarterly database reveal a continuation of the trend in reduction of the number of road deaths for most countries. Although provisional figures need to be treated with caution, 2010 appears to show results as favourable as 2009. Preliminary data for the first three quarters of 2010 indicate a decline of around 8% in road fatalities for 2010 compared with 2009. It is significant to note that road fatalities have declined in all of the nearly thirty countries where data is available through Q3/2010. Source: International Transport Forum, Quarterly Statistics.
The figures given above describe trends in a few key indicators. However, the degree of risk on the roads in any given country cannot be assessed simply by looking at road fatality trends. The number of killed has to be related to population, the number of motor vehicles, and annual kilometres driven to gain a clear picture of road safety. These indicators vary greatly from one country to another (Table 7). In terms of deaths per 100 000 inhabitants, the UK (3.8) did best in 2009, followed by Sweden and the Netherlands (both 3.9), and Israel (4.2). Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
32
The highest road death rates according to this measure were recorded in Greece (12.9). Measured as road fatalities per billion kilometres driven, the risk of dying in a road accident is smallest in Iceland (3.9), Sweden (5.1), the UK (5.2) and Switzerland (5.6). At the other end of the spectrum, Korea recorded 20.0 deaths per billion kilometres and the Czech Republic 19.4. However, not all countries systematically collect data on vehicle-kilometres travelled. Table 7. Road deaths per 100 000 inhabitants and billion vehicle-km Country
Greece Korea Poland United States Lithuania1 New Zealand Belgium2 Czech Republic Slovenia Hungary Portugal Italy2 Austria Luxemburg2 Australia France Canada1 Spain Denmark Ireland Iceland Finland Germany Japan Switzerland Norway Israel Netherlands Sweden United Kingdom
Killed per 100 000 inhabitants in 2009 12.9 12.0 12.0 11.1 11.0 8.9 8.9 8.6 8.4 8.2 7.9 7.9 7.6 7.2 6.9 6.8 6.3 5.9 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.2 3.9 3.9 3.8
Country
Killed per billion vkm in 2009
Korea Czech Republic Slovenia Belgium New Zealand Austria Denmark France Japan Canada United States Norway Australia Finland Germany Israel Ireland Switzerland United Kingdom Sweden Iceland
20.0 19.4 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.0 8.2 7.8 7.7 7.3 7.1 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.4 5.7 5.6 5.2 5.1 3.9
Source: International Transport Forum, IRTAD database. 1. Provisional data; 2. Year 2008 data.
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4. INVESTMENT AND MAINTENANCE IN INLAND TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
4.1. Introduction The International Transport Forum statistics on investment and maintenance expenditure on transport infrastructure for 1995-2009 are based on a survey sent to 51 member countries. The survey covers total gross investment (defined as new construction, extensions, reconstruction, renewal and major repair) in road, rail, inland waterways, maritime ports and airports, including all sources of financing. It also covers maintenance expenditures financed by public administrations. The Secretariat has collected and published data on this topic since the late 1970s. The latest survey covers the years 1995-2009. Member countries supply data in current prices. In order to draw up a summary of aggregate trends for selected countries, data has been calculated in Euro values at both constant (2005) and current prices. In order to ensure comparability, the Secretariat has devoted a significant amount of effort to collecting relevant price indices in order to make calculations at constant prices. Where available, a cost index for construction on land and water is used. Where these indices are not available, a manufacturing cost index or a GDP deflator is used. Despite the relatively long time series, these data are often dogged by problems of definition Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
34
and coverage, which make international comparisons difficult. Also there exists no purchasing power parity corrected general index for transport infrastructure investment. We therefore advise caution when making comparisons of investment data between countries. This summary covers only aggregate trends in inland transport infrastructure (road, rail, inland waterways). Detailed country data on other items (maritime ports and airports) together with more detailed data descriptions and a note on the methodology are available at: www.internationaltransportforum.org/statistics/inve stment/invindex.html 4.2. Trends in relation to GDP Investment in inland transport infrastructure (road, rail, inland waterways) as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has declined steadily in Western Europe since the 1970s. Our first reports from the 1980s noted this decline from an average 1.5% in 1975 to 1.2% in 1980 and further to 1.0% in 1982, after which it levelled off. This level of 1.0% of GDP remained a norm for many years such that it became a de facto political benchmark, though with no theoretical underpinning. The share of GDP needed for investment in transport infrastructure depends on a number of factors, such as the quality and age of existing infrastructure, geography of the country and transport-intensity of its productive sector. Our most recent data show that investment in inland transport infrastructure as a percentage of GDP declined again in the 1990s in Western European countries (WECs), to around 0.8% in 2000, where it has remained (Figure 12). However, there are marked differences between countries,
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especially for recent years, varying from 0.5% in Denmark to 1.1% in Spain in 2009. Data for North America show a rather constant GDP share (0.6%) since our data series began in 1995. However, the latest data indicate a slight growth in the GDP share of investment, reaching 0.7% in 2009. Growth has been particularly strong in Canada, where investment in inland transport infrastructure was recorded at 1.2% of GDP in 2009. Trends for Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) differ markedly from those described above. The share of investment in inland transport infrastructure, which until 2002 had remained at around 1.0% of GDP, has grown sharply, reaching 2.0% in 2009 ± the highest figure ever reported by these countries (1.9% in 2008). In the Russian Federation the investment share of GDP has been more volatile. Investment accounted for 1.9% of GDP already in 2000 but declined back to 1.2% in 2006. Latest data show renewed growth in investment levels, varying from 1.7% (2008) to 1.5% (2009). Rising levels of investment in Central and Eastern European countries certainly reflect efforts to compensate for the earlier underinvestment in the road network capital stock, reinforced by the demands of growing economies. Data for Japan show a very different trend. Historically, transport infrastructure investment has been relatively high in relation to GDP but has been in decline since the 1990s. Expenditures have been affected by general budget cuts since WKH HQG RI WKH ¶V DQG Jasoline and car registration tax revenues are no longer earmarked for highway development and maintenance, partly explaining the decline in investment relative to GDP. Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
36
Figure 12. Investment in inland transport infrastructure 1995-2009 (as percentage of GDP, at current prices) 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 % 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 WEC
CEEC
Russian Federation
Japan
North America
Note: WECs include Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. CEECs include Albania, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, FYROM, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia. North America: Data for United States 2003-2009 estimated. Public road investment based on Bureau of Economic Analysis data on Investment in Government Fixed Assets (highways and streets). Private road investment based on U.S. Census Bureau data on Construction Spending. Private rail investment based on U.S. Census Bureau data on Construction Spending. Public rail investment estimated based on Bureau of Economic Analysis data on Investment in Government Fixed Assets (transportation) using fixed share for rail investment based on 2003 data. Inland waterways investment estimated based on data from U.S. Census Bureau data on Construction Spending (from 2003 level annual change). Source: International Transport Forum.
4.3. Volume of investment In Western European countries, the volume of investment (expenditure in real terms) remained nearly unchanged from 1995 to 2000. This period of stagnation appeared to end in 2001 when investment in inland transport infrastructure increased by 15% in real terms through 2003. The level of investment then declined again to 2008 when it was 1.7% above the 2003 level. The latest data for 2009 show growth of 3.6% over 2008 (Figure 13). The volume of inland infrastructure investment in North America grew by around 30% from 1995 to 2001. Lack of comparable data for Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
37
the United States from 2003 onwards has somewhat limited analysis, but our estimate based on available data suggests that the decline in investment volume continued all the way to 2009. Our estimate for 2009 suggests a 10.5% growth in the volume of investment over 2008, returning to the 2001 level in real terms. Figure 13. Investment in inland transport infrastructure 1995-2009 (at constant 2005 prices, 1995=100) 350 300
CEEC's
250 Russian Federation
200
North America 150 WEC's
100
Japan
50 0 1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
Note: For calculations for arriving at constant values, see Introduction. CEECs and WECs in Euros, constant prices, 2005 exchange rates. Source: International Transport Forum.
The volume of infrastructure investment has accelerated strongly in Central and Eastern European countries since 2003. This growth has shown no signs of slowing down and the volume reached yet another record level in 2009. Investment in inland transport infrastructure increased 7.6% in real terms from 2008 to 2009. Also the Russian Federation shows a surge in investment volume since 2003. Our data show that the growth in the volume of inland infrastructure investment continued strongly in 2009, rising to a new peak in real terms, growing 7.3% from 2008 to 2009. Data for Japan appear to reflect both the declining funds available, especially for road Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
38
investment, and the maturity of the national transport system. Inland transport infrastructure investment in 2008 was nearly 47% lower than in 1995 in real terms. 4.4. Modal split of investment Data presented in Figure 14 show long-run trends in the modal share of investment in Europe. In the Western European countries, the share of investment in road infrastructure has declined slowly with a gradual increase in rail investment. While the share of road investment amounted to close to 80% in Western Europe in 1975, figures for 2009 put it at 66% of total investment in inland transport infrastructure. The share of inland waterways has remained at a constant 2% in recent years. Figure 14. Distribution of infrastructure investment between modes (Euros, current prices, current exchange rates) WECs 100% 90% 80%
CEEC
2
2
2
30
30
31
32
69
68
67
66
66
1995
2000
2005
2009
1995
2
11
3 22
2 14
4 13
84
83
2005
2009
23
70% 60% 50% 40% 30%
75
20% 10% 0% 9 9
2000
Source: International Transport Forum.
The rail share of investment is particularly high in Austria (65%), the United Kingdom (55%), Luxembourg (52%), Sweden 45% and Belgium (41%). The trend observed in our data Western Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
39
Europe is partly a reflection of the political commitment to the railways, and the recent data does not seem to indicate any change in this commitment. Whereas Western European countries have increasingly directed their investment toward rail, Central and Eastern European countries are investing more heavily in roads. The share of roads in inland transport infrastructure investment increased from 66% in 1995 to 83% in 2009. The last five years, however, suggest a stabilisation of the trend and the modal split of investment remained rather constant from 2005 to 2009. While overall trends in the levels of investment were similar for Western European countries and North America, the modal share of investments differed between the two regions. The same observation applies to the Central and Eastern European countries on the one hand and the Russian Federation on the other. In the United States and Canada, the share of road investment is relatively high; road accounts for around 85% of investments in inland transport in the USA and around 95% in Canada. In the Russian Federation, rail accounts for around half of all inland transport investment. 4.5. Trends in road maintenance In this section, we examine overall trends in road maintenance and the relation to investment. As with investment data, maintenance data is also prone to limitations and uncertainties (such as the allocation of spending between maintenance and renewals). However, the available data seems to suggest that the balance between maintenance and investment has been relatively constant over time in many regions.
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Figure 15. Share of road maintenance in total road expenditure 1995-2009 (Euros, current prices and exchange rates) 40 35 WEC
30 CEEC
25 % 20
North America
15 Japan
10 5
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
0
Note: WECs include Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. CEECs include Albania, Croatia, Czech Republic Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia. Source: International Transport Forum, Investment in Transport Infrastructure.
The volume of maintenance for road infrastructure in WECs has increased slightly more rapidly than the volume of investment; the former grew by 25%, while the latter by around 21% from 1995 to 2008. This has resulted in an increased share of maintenance in total road expenditure; from 26% in 1997 to 30% in 2009. Similar to the growth in volume of investment, the volume of maintenance has grown strongly in CEECs. The share of maintenance in total road expenditure has declined slightly, from 30% in 1997 to 27% in 2009. The increase in maintenance volumes in 2006 and 2007 (Figure 15) was partly due to a major increase in road maintenance in Hungary during those years. In North America, the volume of maintenance has been relatively constant over time. The share of maintenance has declined from 33% in 1997 to 31% in 2009.
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In Japan, budget cuts have affected both investment and maintenance levels, both declining strongly during the period 1999-2008 and resulting in a rather stable share of maintenance in total road expenditure. Figure 16. Road maintenance expenditure 1995-2009 (at constant 2005 prices, 1995=100) 400 350 300 CEEC's
250 WEC's
% 200 150
North America
100 Japan
50
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
0
Note: WEC include Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. CEECs include Albania, Croatia, Czech Republic Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia. Source: International Transport Forum, Investment in Transport Infrastructure.
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5. STATISTICAL INFORMATION
5.1. Data sources, definitions and country notes 5.1.1.
Data source
Unless otherwise specified, the statistical information contained in this publication is provided to the International Transport Forum by national administrations (Transport Ministries, National Statistical Offices or official Transport Research Institutes) through a regular reporting procedure based on standard questionnaires. The data represent official national transport statistics. 5.1.2.
Estimating missing data
To complete gaps or missing information in data series, the International Transport Forum applies estimating procedures whenever this is possible. Although these procedures are designed to ensure consistency, they cannot provide entirely homogeneous results between countries. They are primarily intended to fill in data gaps for the production of graphics to include as many countries as possible when calculating aggregates. All estimated data are marked witKDQ³H´ The method used for estimating missing information employs average growth rates calculated for groups of countries and applies this rate to extrapolate missing national data. Two groups of countries are identified:
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43
Western Europe (21 countries): Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Eastern Europe (15 countries): Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, FYROM, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia. 5.1.3.
Definitions used
Unless otherwise specified, all definitions and terms used in this publication are listed in the third HGLWLRQ RI ³*ORVVDU\ IRU 7UDQVSRUW 6WDWLVWLFV´, published jointly by Eurostat, the UNECE and the ITF. This Glossary can be consulted and downloaded from our Web-site at the following address: www.internationaltransportforum.org/Pub/pdf/09Gl oStat.pdf As far as investment in transport infrastructure is concerned, the data correspond to total gross investment (new construction, extension, reconstruction, renewal and major repair), including all sources of financing (private and public). Maintenance expenditures refer to expenditures on routine maintenance undertaken to maintain the infrastructure in good condition. Data refers to spending financed by Public Administrations (state, regional and local authorities) and does not include expenditures financed by the private sector. 5.1.4.
Quality control
Series are checked for their consistency and compared with national sources if need be. When Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
44
discrepancies occur, countries are requested to provide explanatory footnotes. 5.1.5.
Country notes
Albania: Road infrastructure expenses do not include urban roads. Maintenance data is available for roads only. Australia: Since 1998 road injury accidents are not available. Investment expenditures for the construction of transport buildings are not available by mode of transport. Expenditures for airports (tarmac) are included in road investment data. Maintenance expenditure for railways, ports and airports are not currently available. Austria: Since 2006 rail data also include foreign railway undertakings using the Austrian rail network. Since 1993, road p-km are no longer available. Rail container data are not available between 2000 and 2005. Road investment includes Federal Roads (excluding urban roads) only, and since 2002 they only include motorways. Azerbaijan: Since 1995 goods transported by road include own-account. Belgium: Coastal shipping data are not available since 1998. Road infrastructure expenses include urban roads. Bosnia: There is a break in the series in 1992 due to the war. No data are available on transport infrastructure expenses. Bulgaria: Data on private cars and coastal shipping are not available after 1994 and 1992, respectively. Since 1995, data on passengers transported by private cars are not available. Since 2004 there is a new reporting system Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
45
for inland waterways activities which creates a break in the series. Road infrastructure expenses do not include urban roads. Canada: Freight data for rail, road, inland waterways and pipelines are not available prior to 1995, and refer to national activities only. Croatia: Until 2002, inland transport data refers only to goods transported on national vessels performing inside and outside the national territory. Since 2003, data include all vessels performing on the national territory only. Since 1997, privately owned wagons are not included in rail freight transport data. Oil pipelines include gas pipelines. Bus and coach data do not include urban transport. Private car data is not available. Containers include swap bodies since 2004. Road investments do not include urban roads. Private investments are not included except for airports. Czech Republic: Prior to 1993 data are included for Czechoslovakia (CSK). Road infrastructure expenses do not include urban roads. The financial structuring for rail maintenance underwent change in 2003. Denmark: Data for private cars include vans and taxis. Investments in the Great Belt Bridge and the Øresunds Bridge are not included. Road infrastructure expenses include urban roads, and rail investment includes the Copenhagen metro. Estonia: Data on inland waterways are unavailable since 2000. Data on private cars are not available. Since 2001, bus and coach data include trams and trolleys. Coastal shipping data are unavailable since 1995. Road Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
46
infrastructure expenses do not include urban roads. Finland: Road infrastructure expenses include urban roads. Rail infrastructure expenses refer to state expenses only and include urban and suburban rail. Airport infrastructure expenses refer to state only. Seaport investment includes waterways to ports since 2001, and icebreaking since 2006. France: Since 2006, rail goods transport includes all rail operators. Goods transported by rail and road include transit. Goods transported by inland waterways include transit since 1982 and sea vessels until 1996. Data on containers transported by rail are not available since 1996. Road investment includes urban roads. Road maintenance refers to national roads only until 2004. Rail investment includes urban transport in the Ile-de-France region and does not include the French part of Eurotunnel. FYROM: Private cars and container transport data are not available. Road investment excludes urban roads. Germany: Break in series in 1991 due to the reunification of Germany. Buses and coaches include data on trams since 2004. Containers transported by rail are not available between 1997 and 2004. Coastal shipping is not available since 1991. Since 2005, rail investment includes Deutsche Bahn AG only. Road investment includes urban road. No data available on maintenance expenditures. Greece: Data source: NSSG. Both road freight and road passenger transport are unavailable since 2000. Coastal shipping is not available. Road investment includes urban roads.
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Hungary: Starting in 2001, inland waterway transport includes foreign vessels. Oil pipelines include gas pipelines. Investment data refer to state investments only. Road investment includes urban roads since 1993. Iceland: Road freight transport is not available. India: Data refers to fiscal years. Gross investment data include manpower costs and maintenance data include work force. Ireland: No data are available for road passenger transport. Containers transported by rail are not available between 1999 and 2003; Road infrastructure expenses do not include urban roads. st
Japan: Data refer to fiscal year (April 1 to st March 31 ) except for road safety and sea containers. Bus and coach data include taxis. Rail containers are not available in TEU. Road infrastructure expenses include urban roads and exclude private funding. Latvia: Since 2006, oil pipeline transport no longer includes crude oil but only oil products. Private car and coastal shipping data are not available. Road infrastructure expenses include urban roads since 2003. Lithuania: Data on private cars are available since 2002. Inland waterway data include ferries. Coastal shipping data are not available. Road investment refers to public spending and includes urban roads since 1998. Luxembourg: No data are available for road passenger transport. Malta: Neither freight nor passenger transport data are available. Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
48
Mexico: T-km and p-km are derived from the vehicle park. Since 2005, rail goods transport data include all movements. Since 2008, rail passenger data include metro transport. In 1998 the highly subsidized rail passenger transport was restructured, resulting in a shift of passenger transport to the road sector. Until 2001, the number of road injury accidents includes accidents involving damage to property. Data on oil pipelines, passenger cars, containers transported by rail and coastal shipping are not available. Road infrastructure investment does not include urban roads. Maintenance expenditures are available only for roads and include private spending. Moldova: No data is available on private cars. Since 1992 data do not include enterprises from the left side of the river Nistru and Bender city. Road investment does not include urban roads. Netherlands: Bus and coach data are not available since 2000. Containers transported by rail are not available between 1995 and 2003. Coastal shipping data are not available. New Zealand: Passenger road transport data are not available. Container transport and coastal shipping data are unavailable. Infrastructure expenditures are available only for roads, they do not include local authorities but include urban roads. Norway: Container transport data are not available. Road infrastructure expenses include urban roads. Road maintenance data include local authorities since 2002. Poland: Since 2004, road freight transport includes national and international transport. Coastal shipping data are not available. Road Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
49
infrastructure expenses include urban roads except for years 1996-99. Portugal: Private car data are unavailable since 2000, and buses and coaches since 2004. Coastal shipping data are unavailable since 2001. Road investment does not include urban roads. Romania: The increase in road safety data in 1990 shows the end of traffic limitations due to petrol restrictions. Since 2008, counting methods for passenger transport by bus and coach have been changed. Private cars and coastal shipping data are not available. Road infrastructure expenses do not include urban roads. Russia: Private car data are unavailable. Road fatalities include deaths within 7 days after the accident. Container transport in TEU is unavailable. Transport infrastructure maintenance costs are unavailable. Serbia: Since 1997, road freight transport does not include own-account and road passenger transport does not include private cars. Containers transported by rail are not available. Road infrastructure expenses include urban roads. Gross investment in transport infrastructure does not include VAT. Slovakia: Prior to 1993 data are included for Czechoslovakia (CSK). Road infrastructure expenses partly include urban roads. Slovenia: Road freight transport includes national transport only. Road infrastructure expenses include urban roads. Spain: Containers transported by rail are not available in TEU. Transport infrastructure maintenance data are not available. Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
50
Sweden: Since 1997, rail container data include transport of empty containers. Road infrastructure expenses include urban roads. Rail infrastructure expenses include trams and metro. Investment spending includes VAT. Switzerland: Road infrastructure expenses include urban roads. Rail infrastructure expenses cover CFF and BLS only. No maintenance data are available for inland waterways. Turkey: No breakdown available for road passenger transport data. Road accidents include accidents involving damage to property. Data on road fatalities are not adjusted to the 30-days definition. Road infrastructure expenses do not include urban roads. United Kingdom: Data covers only GB and not the UK, except for road safety. Containers transported by rail are available from 1990 to 1994 only. Investment data refer to fiscal years (April to March) and cover Great Britain only. Road and rail investments include urban roads and railways. Since 2005, investment data in seaports and airports are no longer collected. Only maintenance data for roads are available. United States: Rail passenger transport includes only Amtrak (intercity passenger rail). Containers transported by rail are not available. Road infrastructure expenses include urban roads. Waterway infrastructure expenses include both inland and maritime water facilities.
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List of ITF country codes ALB ARM AUS AUT AZE BEL BGR BIH BLR CAN CHE CSK CZE DEU DNK ESP EST FIN FRA GBR GEO GRC HRV HUN IND IRL ISL ITA JPN KOR LIE LTU LUX LVA MDA MEX MKD MLT MNE NLD NOR NZL POL PRT ROU RUS SRB SVK SVN SWE TUR UKR USA
Albania Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bulgaria Bosnia-Herzegovina Belarus Canada Switzerland Czechoslovakia Czech Republic Germany Denmark Spain Estonia Finland France United Kingdom Georgia Greece Croatia Hungary India Ireland Iceland Italy Japan Korea Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Latvia Moldova Mexico FYROM Malta Montenegro Netherlands Norway New Zealand Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Turkey Ukraine United States
Albanie Arménie Australie Autriche Azerbaïdjan Belgique Bulgarie Bosnie-Herzégovie Bélarus Canada Suisse Tchécoslovaquie République tchèque Allemagne Danemark Espagne Estonie Finlande France Royaume-Uni Géorgie Grèce Croatie Hongrie Inde Irlande Islande Italie Japon Corée Liechtenstein Lituanie Luxembourg Lettonie Moldavie Mexique ERYM Malte Monténégro Pays-Bas Norvège Nouvelle-Zélande Pologne Portugal Roumanie Russie Serbie Slovaquie Slovénie Suède Turquie Ukraine États-Unis
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52
5.2. Tables and Graphs Freight transport ................................................ 55 Table A1: Rail Table A2: Road Table A3: Inland waterways Table A4: Pipeline Table A5: Total inland freight Table A6: Coastal shipping Table A7: Air (freight and mail) Table A8: Rail containers Table A9: Sea containers Passenger transport ......................................... 64 Table B1: Rail Table B2: Private cars Table B3: Buses and coaches Table B4: Total road transport Table B5: Total inland passenger transport Table B6: Air Road injury accidents ....................................... 70 Table C1: Number of crashes Table C2: Casualties (killed + injured) Table C3: Killed Infrastructure investments ............................... 73 Table D1: Rail infrastructure Table D2: Road infrastructure Table D3: Inland waterway infrastructure Table D4: Seaport infrastructure Table D5: Airport infrastructure Infrastructure maintenance .............................. 78 Table E1: Rail maintenance Table E2: Road maintenance Table E3: Inland waterway maintenance Table E4: Seaport maintenance Table E5: Airport maintenance
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
53
SELECTED GRAPHS Goods transport graphs ....................................... 83 Passenger transport graphs ................................ 85 Road injury accidents graphs .............................. 86
*************************** Abbreviations used in tables: 0: data are smaller than half of the unit e: data have been estimated c: change in series -: data are not applicable n.a: data are not available EU26: does not include Cyprus which is not an ITF member country.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
54
FREIGHT TRANSPORT Thousand million tonne-kilometres Table A1 : Rail 1970 1990 2000 2008 2009 ALB 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 ARM n.a. n.a. 0.4 0.8 e n.a. AUS 36.0 87.9 133.6 197.6 201.5 AUT 9.9 12.7 16.6 21.9 17.8 AZE 24.6 37.1 5.7 10.0 7.6 BEL 7.8 8.4 7.7 8.5 5.9 BGR 13.9 14.1 5.5 4.7 3.1 BIH 3.4 4.0 0.1 1.2 1.0 BLR 50.1 75.4 31.4 49.0 42.7 CAN n.a. n.a. 267.2 296.4 228.2 CHE 7.0 9.0 11.1 12.3 10.6 CSK 55.9 59.5 CZE 17.5 15.4 12.8 DEU 70.5 103.1 c 77.5 115.7 95.8 DNK 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.7 ESP 10.3 11.6 12.2 10.3 7.4 EST 5.0 7.0 8.1 5.9 5.9 FIN 6.3 8.4 10.1 10.8 8.9 FRA 67.6 49.7 55.4 40.5 32.1 GBR 24.6 16.0 18.1 21.1 19.2 GEO 9.8 10.8 3.9 6.5 5.4 GRC 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.5 HRV 5.7 6.5 1.8 3.3 2.6 HUN 19.8 16.8 8.1 9.9 7.7 IND n.a. n.a. 312.4 n.a. n.a. IRL 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.1 ISL ITA 18.1 21.2 25.8 23.8 18.3 JPN 63.0 27.2 22.1 22.3 20.3 KOR 0.0 13.7 10.8 11.6 9.3 LIE LTU 13.6 19.3 8.9 14.7 11.9 LUX 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.2 LVA 15.5 18.5 13.3 19.6 18.7 MDA 10.4 14.8 1.5 2.9 1.0 MEX 22.6 36.4 48.3 74.6 69.2 MKD 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.5 MLT MNE n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.2 0.1 NLD 3.7 3.1 4.5 7.0 5.6 NOR 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.7 2.8 NZL n.a. n.a. 4.1 3.9 e n.a. POL 99.3 83.5 54.0 52.0 43.4 PRT 0.8 1.6 2.2 2.5 2.2 ROU 48.0 57.3 18.0 15.2 11.1 RUS 1 672.0 2 522.9 1 373.2 2 116.2 1 865.3 SRB 6.1 7.2 1.9 4.3 3.0 SVK 11.2 9.3 7.0 SVN 3.3 4.2 2.9 3.5 2.7 SWE 10.0 10.4 12.4 16.0 13.4 TUR 6.1 8.0 9.9 10.7 10.3 UKR n.a. 474.0 172.8 257.0 196.2 USA n.a. 1 509.6 2 140.3 2 594.7 2 212.7 507.7 529.9 393.6 431.5 353.6 EU (26) a 2 103.0 2 986.0 3 594.4 3 065.0 OECD a a Total ITF 5 377.5 4 948.4 6 110.4 5 244.0 a: Non available data affects consistency of totals across years.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
55
09/08* -11.5 e
e e
e
2.0 -18.9 -24.2 -29.8 -33.0 -20.1 -12.8 -23.0 -13.9 -17.1 -17.1 -9.0 -28.2 0.1 -17.7 -20.7 -9.0 -16.9 -31.6 -20.3 -21.7 -23.3
e
-23.0 -8.8 -19.8 -19.4 -28.6 -4.4 -64.6 -7.2 -33.1
e
a a
-45.1 -20.1 5.2 -16.5 -14.7 -27.2 -11.9 -31.6 -25.1 -24.2 -15.9 -3.8 -23.7 -14.7 -18.0
FREIGHT TRANSPORT Thousand million tonne-kilometres Table A2 : Roads ALB ARM AUS AUT AZE BEL BGR BIH BLR CAN CHE CSK CZE DEU DNK ESP EST FIN FRA GBR GEO GRC HRV HUN IND IRL ISL ITA JPN KOR LIE LTU LUX LVA MDA MEX MKD MLT MNE NLD NOR NZL POL PRT
1970 0.8 n.a. 24.4 2.9 3.7 13.1 7.0 0.8 8.1 n.a. 4.8 10.1 78.0 7.8 51.7 2.3 12.4 66.3 85.0 n.a. 7.0 1.3 5.8 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 135.9 n.a. n.a. 3.4 e 0.1 2.8 e 3.2 42.9 0.8 n.a. n.a. 12.4 3.2 n.a. 15.8 n.a.
ROU RUS
5.2 116.4
1
1990 1.2 n.a. 81.6 9.0 3.3 32.0 13.8 3.1 22.4 n.a. 11.0 23.3 169.9 9.4 90.5 4.5 25.4 114.8 132.9 2.6 12.5 2.9 15.2 n.a. 5.1 n.a. 177.9 274.2 n.a. n.a. 7.3 0.4 e 5.9 6.3 108.9 2.2 n.a. n.a. 22.9 8.2 n.a. 40.3 10.9 5.2 299.4
1
2000 2.2 n.a. 135.2 17.2 3.8 51.0 3.1 c n.a. 9.7 84.7 12.8 39.0 280.7 11.0 148.7 3.9 27.7 184.2 153.7 0.5 14.3 e 2.8 12.1 494.0 12.3 n.a. 158.6 313.1 n.a. n.a. 7.8 0.4 4.8 1.0 194.1 0.8 n.a. n.a. 31.6 13.0 14.3 75.0 c 15.0
2008 4.1 1.0 190.8 18.2 10.3 38.4 7.1 1.9 22.8 129.6 16.2 50.9 341.6 10.7 238.7 8.3 27.6 195.5 166.2 0.6 17.0 11.0 13.0 n.a. 17.3 n.a. 151.8 346.4 105.2 0.3 20.4 0.6 12.3 3.0 227.3 4.0 n.a. 0.1 34.3 16.0 19.5 174.2 16.8
9.9 152.7
23.2 216.3
e
e c
e e
2009 4.4 n.a. 191.9 16.3 11.0 36.2 6.3 1.7 n.a. n.a. 15.4 45.0 307.6 10.0 208.6 6.3 24.3 166.1 147.4 0.6 16.8 9.4 12.1 n.a. 12.1 n.a. 141.2 333.0 n.a. 0.3 17.8 0.6 8.1 2.7 211.6 4.0 n.a. 0.2 33.6 15.5 18.0 191.5 14.0
09/08* 8.5 e
e
e
e
-5.3 -11.6 -9.9 -6.7 -12.6 -24.0 -12.1 -15.1 -11.3 1.8 -0.9 -14.6 -6.7 -30.2
e
-7.0 -3.9 -20.0 -13.0 -3.6 -34.3 -8.5 -6.9 1.4 30.7 -2.0 -3.1 -7.9 9.9 -16.7
20.9 180.1
SRB 3.5 8.6 0.6 1 1.1 1 1.2 SVK 14.3 29.1 27.5 SVN 2.1 4.9 1.9 2.6 2.3 SWE 5.1 25.6 31.4 37.9 32.1 TUR 17.4 65.7 161.6 181.9 176.5 UKR n.a. 14.8 2.5 18.2 e n.a. USA n.a. 1 239.2 1 741.5 1 922.9 e n.a. 959.7 1 309.7 1 653.7 1 504.4 396.2 a EU (26) a a 2 707.0 3 948.5 4 735.5 OECD Total ITF 3 115.1 a 4 650.5 a 5 104.2 a a: Non available data affects consistency of totals across years. 1: Transport for own account not included
0.6 -10.4 6.8 -5.7 -11.5 -8.6
-9.9 -16.7 1
6.6 -5.5 -13.6 -15.3 -3.0
-9.0
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
56
FREIGHT TRANSPORT Thousand million tonne-kilometres Table A3 : Inland waterways 1970
1990
2000
2008
2009
ALB ARM AUS AUT AZE
1.3 n.a.
1.7 n.a.
2.4 n.a.
2.4 n.a.
2.0 n.a.
BEL BGR BIH BLR CAN
6.7 1.8 1.2 n.a.
5.4 1.6 1.8 n.a.
7.3 0.4 0.0 25.4
8.7 1.9 0.1 27.7
CHE CSK CZE DEU DNK ESP EST FIN FRA
0.1 2.4 48.8 0.0 n.a. 12.7
0.2 4.4 54.8 0.0 0.1 7.6
0.1 e 0.8 66.5 0.0 0.1 9.1
0.1 e 0.9 64.1 n.a. 0.1 8.6
0.2 0.5 2.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 -
0.2 0.1 0.9 c 0.2 0.0 0.4 n.a. n.a. -
0.2 0.1 2.3 0.1 0.0 0.4 n.a. 0.0 -
9.0 1.8 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.6 55.5 n.a. 0.1 8.4 n.a. 0.1 1.8 0.1 e 0.0 0.3 n.a. 0.0 -
GBR GEO GRC HRV HUN IND IRL ISL ITA JPN KOR LIE LTU LUX LVA MDA MEX MKD MLT MNE
0.3 e 0.3 1.8 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 -
NLD 30.7 35.7 41.3 44.4 NOR NZL POL 2.3 1.0 1.2 1.3 PRT ROU 1.3 2.1 2.6 8.7 RUS 163.9 213.9 71.0 63.7 SRB 3.5 3.2 1.0 1.4 SVK 1.4 1.1 SVN SWE TUR UKR n.a. 11.9 5.9 5.7 e USA 227.5 426.9 441.7 381.0 111.1 117.5 134.7 145.0 EU (26) a a 335.4 540.4 598.9 543.2 OECD a a a Total ITF 507.7 776.3 679.9 624.8 a a: Non available data affects consistency of totals across years.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
57
35.6 1.0 11.8 c 52.6 0.9 0.9 n.a. n.a. 128.9 a
09/08*
-15.1 3.0 -7.3
-25.7 -13.4
-23.8 -1.7
-26.6 -18.6
-15.6
-69.2 -23.8 0.0
-19.8
-19.9
-17.5 -36.3 -18.3
FREIGHT TRANSPORT Thousand million tonne-kilometres Table A4 : Pipeline 1990 2000 2008 2009 0.0 0.0 0.0 n.a. n.a. 1.3 2.0 e n.a. 6.4 7.6 7.5 7.3 3.4 1.4 62.4 73.2 1.0 1.6 1.5 e n.a. 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 n.a. 90.5 124.0 121.5 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 7.5 1.6 2.3 2.2 11.7 15.0 15.7 16.0 2.0 4.7 4.2 n.a. 4.2 7.5 9.1 8.2 19.6 21.7 20.9 17.3 10.2 11.4 10.2 n.a. n.a. 1.8 2.6 e n.a. 3.6 0.7 1.7 1.8 5.3 4.0 5.6 n.a. 57.9 117.5 11.5 10.3 11.3 11.6 n.a. 3.5 0.5 0.4 n.a. LVA 6.5 2.1 1.6 MDA MEX n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. MKD n.a. n.a. 0.2 0.1 MLT MNE NLD 4.9 5.9 6.0 5.6 NOR 2.1 3.5 3.8 3.9 NZL POL 13.9 20.4 21.2 22.9 PRT ROU 5.1 1.4 1.7 1.2 RUS 1 239.8 745.0 1 112.9 1 122.8 SRB 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.4 SVK SVN SWE TUR 62.4 53.1 36.4 45.1 UKR 50.6 36.6 35.4 e n.a. USA 852.8 842.4 814.2 e n.a. a a 103.9 123.3 120.3 94.8 EU (26) a 1 016.6 1 101.4 1 094.2 OECD Total ITF 2 319.7 a 1 957.8 2 434.0 a: Non available data affects consistency of totals across years. ALB ARM AUS AUT AZE BEL BGR BIH BLR CAN CHE CSK CZE DEU DNK ESP EST FIN FRA GBR GEO GRC HRV HUN IND IRL ISL ITA JPN KOR LIE LTU LUX
1970 n.a. n.a. 3.6 1.0 0.3 n.a. n.a. 1.2 6.4 15.1 n.a. 1.0 28.2 2.7 n.a. n.a. 1.0 9.1 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4.1 n.a. 7.0 1.8 242.6 n.a. 1.4 n.a. n.a. 80.3
09/08* 50.0
-2.9 17.2 3.8
-2.0 -6.0 -6.9 1.8 -9.9
-17.1
7.2
3.4
-22.2 -25.0
-12.2
-5.8 0.7 7.8 -27.7 0.9 -13.0
23.9
a
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
58
FREIGHT TRANSPORT Thousand million tonne-kilometres Table A5 : Total inland freight (A1+A2+A3+A4) ALB ARM AUS AUT AZE BEL BGR BIH BLR CAN CHE CSK CZE DEU DNK ESP EST FIN FRA GBR GEO GRC HRV HUN IND IRL ISL ITA JPN KOR LIE LTU LUX LVA MDA MEX MKD MLT MNE NLD NOR NZL POL PRT ROU RUS SRB SVK SVN SWE TUR UKR USA EU (26) OECD Total ITF
1970 0.9 n.a. 60.4 17.6 29.3 27.9 22.7 4.2 59.4 n.a. 13.2 74.8 212.4 9.7 63.1 7.4 18.7 174.8 112.6 9.8 7.6 7.3 28.4 n.a. 0.5 n.a. 27.5 198.9 n.a. n.a. 17.1 1.2 18.3 13.7 65.5 1.4 n.a. n.a. 50.9 4.6 n.a. 124.3 0.8 56.4 2 194.9 13.1 5.4 15.1 25.0 n.a. n.a. 1 095.3
1990 2000 1.8 2.2 n.a. 1.7 169.6 268.8 29.7 43.8 3 43.7 10.8 46.9 67.6 4 30.1 9.4 7.1 0.1 99.6 41.2 n.a. 467.8 21.4 24.2 94.7 58.9 339.5 c 439.7 4 13.2 17.7 106.4 168.4 11.5 12.0 3 33.8 37.9 191.7 270.4 e 159.3 183.4 4,2 13.4 6.2 13.1 14.7 4 13.5 5.3 39.3 25.2 n.a. 864.3 2 5.7 12.8 n.a. n.a. 2 210.7 194.9 301.4 335.3 13.7 10.8 n.a. n.a. 4 26.8 20.1 1.4 e 1.5 4 24.7 24.6 21.4 2.5 145.3 242.4 4 3.0 1.3 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 66.5 83.2 4 11.9 18.3 n.a. 18.4 138.7 150.6 2 12.5 17.1 69.6 31.9 4 276.0 2 341.9 4 19.1 3.6 27.0 9.1 4.8 36.1 43.8 136.2 224.6 551.3 217.8 4 028.4 5 165.9 1 711.0 1 961.3 6 367.0 a 8 634.9 11 588.6 a 12 236.7 4
2008 4.2 3.8 388.3 50.0 82.8 57.0 c 14.2 3.1 71.9 570.3 e 28.9 69.5 536.9 16.8 258.1 14.2 38.5 265.5 197.6 9.7 17.7 16.1 c 30.8 n.a. 17.4 n.a. 187.0 368.7 116.8 0.3 35.7 1.2 34.0 5.8 301.9 4.9 n.a. 0.3 e 91.7 22.5 23.4 c 248.8 19.3 48.8 3 509.1 7.3 39.5 6.2 53.9 229.1 316.2 5 712.8 2 350.4 9 959.8 14 148.4
e
e
e
e c
e e
e e
2009 4.5 n.a. 393.4 43.4 91.8 n.a. 11.7 2.7 e n.a. n.a. 26.2 60.5 474.9 n.a. 224.3 12.2 33.2 223.9 n.a. n.a. 17.3 13.9 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 353.3 n.a. 0.3 30.1 1.1 28.4 3.7 280.8 4.7 n.a. 0.3 n.a. 22.1 n.a. 258.9 16.1 45.0 c 3 220.8 5.4 35.3 4.9 45.5 231.9 n.a. n.a. 1 566.8 a
09/08* 8.3 1.3 -13.2 10.9 -17.6 -13.2
-9.4 -12.9 -11.6 -13.1 -13.9 -13.7 -15.7
-2.3 -13.6
-4.2 -20.0 -15.8 -15.1 -16.5 -36.1 -7.0 -4.3 -12.8 -1.5 4.0 -16.4 -8.2 -25.5 -10.5 -19.7 -15.5 1.2
a
a: Non available data affects consistency of totals across years. 1:Rail data not included
2:Road data not included
3:IWW data not included
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
59
4:pipeline data not included
FREIGHT TRANSPORT Thousand million tonne-kilometres Table A6 : Coastal shipping 1970 1990 2000 2008 ALB n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. ARM AUS n.a. 94.2 108.9 124.5 AUT AZE 13.1 9.9 4.9 6.1 BEL 2.7 1.7 n.a. n.a. BGR 0.0 0.1 n.a. n.a. BIH BLR CAN n.a. n.a. 12.7 22.2 CHE CSK CZE DEU 0.9 0.5 n.a. n.a. DNK n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. ESP 24.5 33.0 37.8 45.4 EST 0.1 0.0 n.a. n.a. FIN 2.4 2.9 2.4 2.9 FRA n.a. 10.7 10.5 n.a. GBR 23.0 54.3 66.2 48.4 GEO n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. GRC n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. HRV 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 HUN IND n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. IRL n.a. 1.2 2.6 1.9 ISL n.a. 0.3 0.2 0.1 ITA n.a. 35.7 33.4 46.8 JPN 151.2 244.5 241.7 187.9 KOR n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. LIE LTU n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. LUX LVA n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. MDA MEX n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. MKD MLT n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. MNE n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. NLD n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. NOR 10.3 13.4 26.6 23.9 NZL n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. POL n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. PRT n.a. 1.9 1.0 n.a. ROU n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. RUS n.a. n.a. 6.4 12.5 SRB SVK SVN n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. SWE 5.2 7.9 8.1 8.3 TUR n.a. n.a. n.a. 11.1 UKR n.a. 3.4 0.0 n.a. USA n.a. 699.5 414.4 303.5 a a 149.9 162.0 153.7 a 58.7 EU (26) 1 201.7 a 966.5 a 826.9 a OECD Total ITF 1 215.5 a 978.1 a 845.7 a a: Non available data affects consistency of totals across years.
2009 n.a. 107.4 6.2 n.a. n.a. 20.1 n.a. n.a. 39.7 n.a. 2.5 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.2 n.a. 2.0 n.a. 43.8 167.1 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 22.3 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 11.5 n.a. 6.5 11.4 n.a. n.a. 94.5 422.9 440.8
09/08*
-13.7 1.6
-9.5
-12.5 -14.4
-13.3
1.8 -6.5 -11.0
-6.5
-7.3
-21.2 2.5
a a a
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
60
FREIGHT TRANSPORT Thousand million tonne-kilometres Table A7 : Air (freight + mail) 1970 1990 2000 2008 2009 ALB 0.00 0.00 0.00 n.a. n.a. ARM n.a. n.a. 0.01 0.01 0.01 AUS 0.27 1.31 1.99 2.50 2.27 AUT 0.01 0.06 0.42 0.45 0.36 AZE n.a. n.a. 0.05 0.01 0.01 BEL 0.19 0.68 1.04 1.17 1.21 BGR 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 BIH n.a. n.a. 0.00 0.00 0.00 BLR n.a. n.a. 0.00 0.00 0.00 CAN 0.42 1.52 2.04 1.46 1.39 CHE 0.19 0.98 2.03 1.27 1.10 CSK CZE 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.03 DEU 0.52 4.14 7.28 8.62 7.08 DNK 0.07 0.14 0.22 0.17 0.11 ESP 0.11 0.79 0.92 1.25 1.07 EST n.a. n.a. 0.00 0.00 0.00 FIN 0.02 0.14 0.30 0.56 0.50 FRA 0.54 4.17 5.42 6.09 4.89 GBR 0.60 2.56 5.34 6.38 5.95 GEO n.a. n.a. 0.00 0.00 0.00 GRC 0.03 0.12 0.15 0.09 0.05 HRV n.a. n.a. 0.00 0.00 0.00 HUN 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.02 0.01 IND 0.12 0.69 0.58 1.28 1.28 IRL 0.06 0.13 0.17 0.12 0.12 ISL 0.01 0.04 0.10 0.14 0.09 ITA 0.29 1.20 1.77 1.33 0.51 JPN 0.43 5.37 9.08 8.57 7.38 KOR 0.01 2.51 7.73 8.85 8.70 LIE LTU n.a. n.a. 0.00 0.00 0.00 LUX 0.00 0.00 3.52 5.33 4.65 LVA n.a. n.a. 0.00 0.02 0.02 MDA n.a. n.a. 0.00 0.00 0.00 MEX 0.04 0.15 0.32 0.46 0.49 MKD n.a. n.a. 0.00 0.00 0.00 MLT 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 MNE n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. NLD 0.39 2.21 4.52 4.79 4.09 NOR 0.07 0.15 0.22 0.17 0.10 NZL 0.04 0.34 0.82 0.85 0.77 POL 0.01 0.05 0.08 0.09 0.07 PRT 0.04 0.18 0.24 0.37 0.32 ROU 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 RUS 0.00 3.08 1.08 2.47 2.37 SRB n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.00 0.00 SVK n.a. n.a. 0.00 0.00 0.00 SVN n.a. n.a. 0.00 0.00 0.00 SWE 0.11 0.21 0.31 0.24 0.14 TUR 0.01 0.11 0.38 0.48 0.74 UKR n.a. n.a. 0.01 0.07 0.06 USA 7.31 17.68 33.60 40.94 36.36 a a 16.9 31.9 37.2 31.2 3.0 EU (26) 47.0 a 90.1 102.8 90.6 OECD Total ITF 50.8 a 91.9 106.7 94.3 a: Non available data affects consistency of totals across years. Note : Traffic by the air carriers of the member country. Source: ICAO.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
61
09/08* -20.3 -9.3 -18.6 -30.6 2.9 -25.0 7.1 -4.6 -12.9 -17.8 -17.9 -38.8 -14.7 -33.3 -11.0 -19.7 -6.7 -16.1 -42.7 -10.3 -50.0 0.0 -4.8 -38.7 -61.3 -14.0 -1.7 41.4 -12.8 -2.3 -9.1 6.4 -76.1 -14.5 -40.2 -9.5 -23.3 -13.5 -26.7 -3.9 -33.3 -33.3 -10.5 -39.5 53.7 -13.4 -11.2 -16.0 -11.9 -11.6
FREIGHT TRANSPORT Thousand TEU Table A8 : Rail Containers 1970 1990 2000 2008 2009 ALB n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. ARM n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. AUS n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. AUT n.a. 240.8 n.a. 1 358.7 1 104.9 AZE n.a. 79.9 11.4 13.6 n.a. BEL 121.4 584.9 794.3 864.0 749.4 BGR n.a. 35.2 26.6 102.2 109.8 BIH n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. BLR n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. CAN n.a. n.a. n.a. 3 202.2 2 939.5 CHE 57.4 403.1 n.a. n.a. n.a. CSK n.a. 583.6 CZE 169.1 c 998.0 876.7 DEU 365.2 1 681.1 n.a. 6 023.3 5 078.3 DNK n.a. n.a. n.a. 210.9 161.8 ESP n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. EST n.a. n.a. 3.2 21.2 17.4 FIN 13.4 44.3 127.3 133.6 89.3 FRA n.a. 445.9 n.a. n.a. n.a. GBR n.a. 818.7 n.a. n.a. n.a. GEO n.a. 219.2 4.7 40.1 30.7 GRC 0.1 13.4 2.5 88.5 n.a. HRV n.a. 79.1 36.5 96.6 64.8 HUN 21.1 173.6 154.8 447.9 n.a. IND n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. IRL n.a. 166.0 n.a. 4.9 4.3 ISL ITA n.a. 851.7 1 514.4 1 291.7 n.a. JPN n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. KOR n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. LIE LTU 129.8 251.2 10.6 101.7 70.2 LUX n.a. 1.1 183.5 27.0 33.9 LVA n.a. n.a. 9.9 52.8 71.1 MDA n.a. 499.5 4.8 3.5 1.9 MEX n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. MKD n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. MLT MNE n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. NLD 88.0 213.7 n.a. 1 077.8 n.a. NOR n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. NZL n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. POL n.a. n.a. 196.3 706.8 426.6 PRT n.a. 22.6 58.9 82.7 88.0 ROU 489.3 1 409.4 153.5 230.8 145.1 RUS n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. SRB n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. SVK 9.6 374.7 314.7 SVN n.a. 39.5 61.2 256.4 222.7 SWE n.a. 95.3 e 231.1 461.6 n.a. TUR n.a. 2.4 16.1 319.6 439.9 UKR n.a. n.a. 36.8 n.a. n.a. USA n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. a a a a 7 672.2 3 706.8 14 917.2 1 228.3 EU (26) a a a 6 342.4 3 457.9 17 673.8 OECD Total ITF 8 955.4 a 3 817.2 a 18 592.7 a a: Non available data affects consistency of totals across years.
09/08*
-18.7 -13.3 7.4
-8.2
-12.1 -15.7 -23.3 -18.1 -33.2
-23.4 -32.9
-11.4
-30.9 25.7 34.8 -45.5
-39.6 6.5 -37.2
-16.0 -13.1 37.7
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
62
FREIGHT TRANSPORT Thousand TEU Table A9 : Sea Containers 1970 1990 2000 2008 ALB 0.0 0.4 46.8 n.a. ARM AUS n.a. n.a. 3 512.9 6 312.6 AUT AZE n.a. n.a. n.a. 3.0 BEL 363.5 1 893.1 5 724.1 10 479.0 BGR n.a. 28.5 108.7 200.9 BIH BLR CAN n.a. n.a. 2 736.1 4 445.4 CHE CSK CZE DEU 279.4 3 406.8 7 172.7 c 15 667.0 DNK n.a. n.a. 487.0 747.0 ESP n.a. 2 433.0 6 925.8 13 314.3 EST n.a. n.a. 76.7 182.1 FIN 26.3 308.5 883.0 1 594.7 FRA n.a. 1 549.0 2 677.0 3 883.6 GBR n.a. 3 971.0 6 715.0 8 764.0 GEO 0.3 0.1 36.1 253.8 GRC n.a. 355.5 1 087.1 n.a. HRV n.a. 45.8 12.1 210.7 HUN IND n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. IRL n.a. 372.2 710.2 1 043.8 ISL n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. ITA n.a. 1 917.5 5 917.2 n.a. JPN n.a. n.a. 14 897.1 20 706.7 KOR n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. LIE LTU n.a. 1.6 40.0 373.3 LUX LVA n.a. n.a. 68.0 167.5 MDA MEX n.a. 273.1 1 315.7 3 316.1 MKD MLT n.a. 125.1 1 064.8 n.a. MNE n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. NLD n.a. 3 696.0 6 354.7 11 206.1 NOR n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. NZL n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. POL n.a. 113.0 168.5 635.4 PRT 24.3 411.5 773.1 1 548.0 ROU n.a. 34.2 87.6 1 405.3 RUS n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. SRB SVK SVN n.a. 94.8 86.7 353.9 SWE n.a. 565.0 1 027.1 1 387.6 TUR n.a. 352.4 1 138.6 5 091.6 UKR n.a. n.a. 109.0 n.a. USA n.a. n.a. 17 937.7 28 308.8 72 953.3 a 21 276.3 a 48 154.9 EU (26) 21 617.7 a 88 160.6 138 451.6 a OECD a Total ITF 21 947.9 89 850.6 141 648.9 a a: Non available data affects consistency of totals across years.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
63
2009 68.6 6 103.0 3.8 n.a. 168.3 3 950.0 11 905.0 637.0 11 719.1 131.3 1 104.8 4 211.0 n.a. 181.6 n.a. 151.9 n.a. 823.2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 248.0 145.4 2 884.5 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 528.1 1 508.7 607.5 n.a. 343.2 1 297.9 4 404.4 n.a. 24 989.1
09/08* 46.6 -3.3 24.6 -16.2
-11.1
-24.0 -14.7 -12.0 -27.9 -30.7 8.4 -28.4 -27.9
-21.1
-33.6 -13.2 -13.0
-16.9 -2.5 -56.8
-3.0 -6.5 -13.5 -11.7
PASSENGER TRANSPORT Thousand million passenger-kilometres Table B1 : Rail 1970 1990 2000 2008 2009 ALB 0.3 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 ARM n.a. n.a. 0.0 0.0 e n.a. AUS 13.4 10.5 11.5 14.2 15.1 AUT 6.3 8.5 8.2 10.8 10.8 AZE 1.7 1.8 0.5 1.0 1.0 BEL 8.3 6.5 7.8 10.4 10.4 BGR 6.2 7.8 3.5 2.3 2.1 BIH 1.7 1.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 BLR 7.3 16.9 17.7 8.2 7.4 CAN n.a. n.a. 1.5 1.5 1.6 CHE 9.3 12.7 12.6 18.0 18.6 CSK 20.5 19.3 CZE 7.3 6.8 6.5 DEU 38.5 43.6 75.4 82.4 81.2 DNK 3.4 4.9 5.3 6.1 6.0 ESP 15.0 16.7 20.1 24.0 23.1 EST 1.3 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 FIN 2.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 3.9 FRA 41.0 63.7 69.9 c 86.6 86.0 GBR 30.4 33.7 39.0 50.7 50.5 GEO 2.1 2.0 0.5 0.7 0.6 GRC 1.5 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.4 HRV 3.7 3.4 1.3 1.8 1.8 HUN 15.2 11.4 9.7 8.3 8.0 IND n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. IRL 0.8 1.2 1.4 2.0 1.7 ISL ITA 32.5 44.7 47.1 45.9 e 44.4 JPN 288.8 387.5 384.3 404.6 394.7 KOR n.a. n.a. 47.6 55.0 54.6 LIE LTU 2.1 3.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 LUX 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 LVA 3.8 5.4 0.7 1.0 0.8 MDA 0.8 1.6 0.3 0.5 0.4 MEX 4.5 5.3 0.1 0.2 c 0.4 MKD 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 MLT MNE n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.1 0.1 NLD 8.0 11.1 15.4 16.3 16.5 NOR 1.9 2.4 3.4 3.6 3.6 NZL n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. POL 36.9 50.4 19.7 20.2 18.6 PRT 3.5 5.7 3.8 4.2 4.2 ROU 17.8 30.6 11.6 7.0 6.1 RUS 191.1 274.4 167.1 175.9 151.5 SRB 3.7 4.5 1.2 0.6 0.5 SVK 2.9 2.3 2.3 SVN 1.5 1.4 0.7 0.8 0.8 SWE 4.6 6.6 8.2 11.0 11.2 TUR 5.6 6.4 5.8 5.1 5.4 UKR n.a. 76.0 51.8 53.1 e 48.3 USA 9.9 9.7 8.8 9.9 9.5 301.3 383.8 364.0 405.8 397.4 EU (26) a a 602.1 768.0 822.2 906.3 890.4 OECD Total ITF 1 201.5 a 1 080.3 1 160.2 1 112.8 a: Non available data affects consistency of totals across years.
09/08* -22.0
e
6.1 -0.7 -2.4 0.2 -8.2 -21.8 -9.6 4.6 3.0 -4.4 -1.5 -1.9 -3.7 -9.1 -4.3 -0.7 -0.4 -7.1 -14.7 1.4 -3.2 -14.8
e
-3.2 -2.4 -0.8 -10.3 -3.5 -20.5 -13.0 152.2 4.1
e
e
-20.8 1.0 -0.8 -7.7 -1.4 -11.9 -13.9 -10.5 -1.4 0.7 1.8 5.4 -8.9 -4.3 -2.1 -1.8 -4.1
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
64
PASSENGER TRANSPORT Thousand million passenger-kilometres Table B2 : Private cars 2000 2008 5.1 5.6 1.3 2.4 e 241.1 263.7 e n.a. n.a. AUT 26.9 54.1 AZE n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. BEL 49.3 80.7 106.1 110.9 BGR n.a. 4.5 n.a. n.a. BIH n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. BLR n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. CAN n.a. n.a. 472.0 479.0 e CHE 41.8 73.3 78.6 83.6 CSK n.a. n.a. CZE 63.9 72.4 DEU 350.6 593.2 831.3 852.3 DNK n.a. 53.0 57.8 61.5 ESP 64.3 174.4 280.0 c 342.6 EST n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. FIN 23.7 51.2 55.7 63.4 FRA 305.0 586.0 699.6 720.2 GBR 283.0 588.0 639.7 678.1 GEO n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. GRC n.a. 19.1 34.5 e 35.9 e HRV n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. HUN 7.3 47.0 46.2 42.0 IND n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. IRL n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. ISL n.a. 2.7 3.8 4.9 ITA 211.9 522.6 726.5 c 736.8 JPN 182.7 760.1 869.7 822.1 KOR n.a. n.a. n.a. 145.2 e LIE n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. LTU n.a. n.a. n.a. 38.0 LUX n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. LVA n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. MDA n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. MEX n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. MKD n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. MLT n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. MNE n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. NLD 66.3 137.3 141.1 147.0 e NOR 17.8 42.7 46.8 52.5 e NZL n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. POL n.a. 68.1 c 149.7 273.5 PRT 13.8 40.5 82.4 e 85.8 e ROU n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. RUS n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. SRB 3.8 16.0 n.a. n.a. SVK 23.9 26.4 SVN n.a. 13.3 20.3 24.9 SWE 56.1 85.9 91.9 98.4 TUR n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. UKR n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. USA 2 817.8 3 671.5 4 094.9 4 108.7 a a a 3 119.1 4 050.7 4 410.1 a 1 458.2 EU (26) 4 618.5 a 7 852.5 a 9 837.2 a 10 307.0 a OECD Total ITF 4 622.3 a 7 886.4 a 9 864.0 a 10 377.9 a a: Non available data affects consistency of totals across years. ALB ARM AUS
1970 n.a. n.a. 100.2
1990 n.a. n.a. 201.1
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
65
2009 6.1 n.a. 262.5 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 72.3 n.a. n.a. 350.5 n.a. 64.3 723.9 680.2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 5.0 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 36.1 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 56.5 n.a. 285.0 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 26.4 n.a. 99.4 n.a. n.a. n.a.
09/08* 7.5 -0.4
-0.1
2.3 1.5 0.5 0.3
1.1
-5.1
7.7 4.2
0.1 1.0
PASSENGER TRANSPORT Thousand million passenger-kilometres Table B3 : Buses and coaches 1970 1990 2000 2008 ALB 0.8 2.2 0.2 0.8 ARM n.a. n.a. 0.1 0.1 e AUS 6.5 17.9 17.6 19.4 AUT 8.0 e 13.6 n.a. n.a. AZE 3.1 7.5 9.2 14.0 BEL 9.3 11.4 13.3 20.4 BGR 12.2 25.9 13.9 11.4 BIH 1.2 2.7 n.a. 2.1 BLR 8.4 19.8 9.2 8.2 CAN n.a. n.a. 30.0 15.5 e CHE 3.0 5.6 5.3 2.4 CSK 21.4 43.4 CZE 9.4 9.4 DEU 48.6 56.6 69.0 63.5 DNK n.a. 6.4 7.4 7.4 ESP 20.9 33.4 50.3 60.9 EST 2.6 4.5 2.6 2.7 FIN 7.5 8.5 7.7 7.5 FRA 25.2 41.3 43.0 48.5 GBR 60.0 45.6 46.5 50.1 GEO n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. GRC 4.8 5.1 6.0 e 6.3 e HRV 3.3 7.0 3.3 4.1 HUN 13.5 24.1 18.4 17.4 IND n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. IRL n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. ISL n.a. 0.3 0.5 0.6 ITA 32.0 84.0 93.6 108.1 JPN 101.6 93.0 81.6 83.8 KOR n.a. n.a. n.a. 59.1 e LIE n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. LTU 4.9 6.7 2.3 3.0 LUX n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. LVA 3.3 5.9 2.3 2.5 MDA 1.9 4.9 1.0 2.6 MEX 64.6 271.5 381.7 463.9 MKD 1.0 1.5 0.8 1.2 MLT n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. MNE n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. NLD 11.1 13.1 15.5 e 16.2 e NOR 4.2 4.6 6.3 6.1 NZL n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. POL 29.1 46.3 31.7 26.8 PRT 4.4 10.3 11.8 10.9 e ROU 7.9 24.0 7.7 13.9 c RUS 100.1 262.2 171.9 115.4 SRB 6.0 7.2 3.1 4.7 SVK 8.4 6.6 SVN 2.6 6.5 c 3.5 3.1 SWE 8.5 9.7 9.5 8.5 TUR n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. UKR n.a. 90.3 28.9 55.4 e USA n.a. 195.4 259.0 242.7 526.1 473.8 a 505.0 a 337.9 a EU (26) a a 1 041.1 1 223.3 1 362.1 a OECD Total ITF 1 519.8 a 1 483.3 a 1 607.4 a a: Non available data affects consistency of totals across years.
2009 1.3 n.a. 19.9 n.a. 15.3 n.a. 9.3 2.0 n.a. n.a. n.a. 9.5 n.a. n.a. 57.2 2.7 7.5 48.9 n.a. n.a. n.a. 3.4 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2.4 n.a. 1.9 2.3 436.9 1.2 n.a. n.a. n.a. 6.2 n.a. 24.4 n.a. 12.8 106.9 4.6 4.7 n.a. 8.5 n.a. n.a. n.a.
09/08* 64.8 2.5 8.9 -18.5 -7.7
1.3
-6.0 2.3 0.0 0.8
-16.0
1.1
-19.3 -24.0 -12.7 -5.8 -2.1
0.2 -9.0 -7.8 -7.4 -2.9 -28.8 0.0
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
66
PASSENGER TRANSPORT Thousand million passenger-kilometres Table B4 : Total road transport (B2+B3) 1970 1990 2000 2008 ALB 0.8 2.2 5.3 6.4 ARM n.a. n.a. 1.4 2.5 e AUS 106.7 219.0 258.7 283.1 AUT 34.9 e 67.7 n.a. n.a. AZE 3.1 7.5 9.2 14.0 BEL 58.6 92.2 119.4 131.3 BGR 12.2 30.4 13.9 11.4 BIH 1.2 2.7 n.a. 2.1 BLR 8.4 19.8 9.2 8.2 CAN n.a. n.a. 502.0 494.5 e CHE 44.9 78.9 83.9 86.0 CSK 21.4 43.4 CZE 73.3 81.7 DEU 399.2 649.8 900.3 915.8 DNK n.a. 59.5 65.2 68.9 ESP 85.3 207.8 330.3 c 403.5 EST 2.6 4.5 2.6 2.7 FIN 31.2 59.7 63.4 70.9 FRA 330.2 627.3 742.6 768.7 GBR 343.0 633.6 686.2 728.2 GEO n.a. 8.3 4.5 5.6 GRC 4.8 24.2 40.5 e 42.2 e HRV 3.3 7.0 3.3 4.1 HUN 20.8 71.1 64.6 59.4 IND n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. IRL n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. ISL n.a. 3.0 4.3 5.6 ITA 243.9 606.5 820.1 c 844.9 JPN 284.2 853.1 951.3 905.9 KOR n.a. n.a. n.a. 204.3 e LIE n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. LTU 4.9 6.7 2.3 40.9 LUX n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. LVA 3.3 5.9 2.3 2.5 MDA 1.9 4.9 1.0 2.6 MEX 64.6 271.5 381.7 463.9 MKD 1.0 1.5 0.8 1.2 MLT n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. MNE n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.1 NLD 77.4 150.4 156.6 e 163.2 e NOR 21.9 47.3 53.1 58.7 NZL n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. POL 29.1 114.4 c 181.4 300.3 PRT 18.2 50.8 94.2 e 96.8 e ROU 7.9 24.0 7.7 13.9 c RUS 100.1 262.2 171.9 115.4 SRB 9.9 23.3 3.1 4.7 SVK 32.4 33.0 SVN 2.6 19.8 c 23.8 28.0 SWE 64.6 95.6 101.4 106.9 TUR 41.3 135.0 185.7 206.1 UKR n.a. 90.3 28.9 55.4 USA 2 817.8 3 866.9 4 353.9 4 351.5 a a 3 645.2 4 524.4 4 915.1 a 1 796.1 EU (26) 9 028.6 a 11 246.2 a 11 875.2 a OECD Total ITF 9 549.5 a 11 537.5 a 12 197.2 a a: Non available data affects consistency of totals across years. 1: Bus and coach data only 2: Private cars data only
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
67
2009 7.4 n.a. 282.4 n.a. 15.3 n.a. 9.3 2.0 n.a. n.a. n.a. 81.8 n.a. n.a. 407.8 2.7 71.9 772.8 n.a. 5.7 n.a. 3.4 n.a. n.a. n.a. 5.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 38.4 n.a. 1.9 2.3 436.9 1.2 n.a. 0.1 n.a. 62.7 n.a. 309.4 n.a. 12.8 106.9 4.6 31.1 n.a. 107.9 212.5 n.a. n.a.
09/08* 14.5 -0.2 8.9 -18.5 -7.7
0.0
1.1 2.3 1.3 0.5 2.8 -16.0
1.1
-6.1 -24.0 -12.7 -5.8 -2.1 -17.1 6.9 3.0 -7.8 -7.4 -2.9 -5.7 0.9 3.1
PASSENGER TRANSPORT Thousand million passenger-kilometres Table B5 : Total inland passengers (B1+B4) ALB ARM AUS AUT AZE BEL BGR BIH BLR CAN CHE CSK CZE DEU DNK ESP EST FIN FRA GBR GEO GRC HRV HUN IND IRL ISL ITA JPN KOR LIE LTU LUX LVA MDA MEX MKD MLT MNE NLD NOR NZL POL PRT ROU RUS SRB SVK SVN SWE TUR UKR USA EU (26) OECD Total ITF
1970 1990 2000 1.0 3.0 5.4 1.5 n.a. n.a. 120.0 229.4 270.2 41.1 e 76.2 8.2 4.8 9.3 9.6 66.8 98.7 127.2 18.5 38.2 17.4 3.0 4.1 0.0 15.7 36.6 27.0 503.5 n.a. n.a. 54.2 91.6 96.5 41.9 62.7 80.6 437.7 693.4 975.7 3.4 64.3 70.5 100.2 224.5 350.4 3.9 6.0 2.9 33.4 63.0 66.8 371.2 691.0 812.5 373.4 667.3 725.2 2.1 10.3 5.0 6.3 26.2 42.1 7.0 10.4 4.6 36.0 82.5 74.3 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.8 1.2 1.4 n.a. 3.0 4.3 276.4 651.3 867.2 573.0 1 240.5 1 335.5 47.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 7.0 10.3 2.9 0.2 0.2 0.3 7.1 11.2 3.1 2.6 6.5 1.3 69.1 276.8 381.8 1.4 1.8 1.0 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 85.4 161.5 172.0 23.9 49.8 56.4 n.a. n.a. n.a. 66.0 164.8 c 201.1 21.7 56.5 98.0 25.7 54.6 19.3 291.2 536.6 338.9 13.5 27.7 4.3 35.2 4.1 21.3 c 24.5 69.2 102.2 109.6 46.9 141.4 191.5 166.4 80.7 n.a. 2 827.7 3 876.7 4 362.7 2 097.4 4 029.1 4 888.4 9 796.7 a 12 068.5 10 751.0 a 12 617.8
2008 6.5 2.5 297.3 10.8 15.1 141.7 13.7 2.2 16.4 496.0 104.0 88.6 998.2 75.0 c 427.4 3.0 75.0 c 855.3 778.9 6.2 43.8 e 5.9 67.7 n.a. 2.0 5.6 c 890.8 1 310.5 259.3 n.a. 41.3 0.3 3.5 3.1 464.0 1.4 n.a. 0.2 e 179.5 62.3 n.a. 320.5 e 101.0 20.8 291.3 5.3 35.3 28.9 117.9 211.2 108.5 4 361.4 a 5 320.9 a 12 781.4 a 13 357.3
e
e
e
e
c
e e
e
e a
2009 7.4 n.a. 297.5 10.8 16.3 n.a. 11.4 2.0 n.a. n.a. n.a. 88.3 n.a. n.a. 430.9 3.0 75.7 858.8 n.a. 6.4 n.a. 5.3 n.a. n.a. 1.7 5.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 38.8 0.3 2.7 2.7 437.3 1.4 n.a. 0.2 n.a. 66.3 n.a. 328.1 n.a. 18.9 258.4 5.1 33.4 n.a. 119.1 217.8 n.a. n.a.
09/08* 14.3 0.1 -0.7 8.1 -16.8 -8.2
-0.3 0.8 1.2 1.0 0.4 1.7 -10.7
-14.8 1.1
-6.2 -3.5 -23.0 -12.8 -5.8 -1.4 -19.0 6.4 2.4 -9.1 -11.3 -3.7 -5.4 1.0 3.1
a a
a: Non available data affects consistency of totals across years. 1: Rail passenger data only 2: Private cars data not included 3: Bus and coach data not included
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
68
PASSENGER TRANSPORT Thousand million passenger-kilometres Table B6 : Air transport 1970 1990 2000 2008 2009 ALB 0.10 0.18 0.17 n.a. n.a. ARM n.a. n.a. 0.57 1.09 1.07 AUS 9.27 40.80 81.69 108.58 100.52 AUT 0.45 3.83 14.23 16.54 17.79 AZE n.a. n.a. 0.50 1.78 1.27 BEL 2.45 7.64 19.38 7.69 7.08 BGR 0.31 2.31 0.83 1.72 1.25 BIH n.a. n.a. 0.05 0.12 0.11 BLR n.a. n.a. 0.32 0.60 0.66 CAN 15.40 47.12 90.22 110.60 107.37 CHE 4.42 16.02 36.62 33.68 33.70 CSK CZE 0.89 2.03 3.31 6.30 6.33 DEU 8.25 42.39 114.12 214.42 196.68 DNK 1.55 4.66 6.13 10.22 9.68 ESP 5.87 24.16 52.43 90.88 80.09 EST n.a. n.a. 0.24 0.76 0.36 FIN 0.77 4.86 7.56 19.19 17.98 FRA 13.57 52.79 112.57 147.13 138.67 GBR 17.24 79.96 170.39 232.59 230.60 GEO n.a. n.a. 0.23 0.63 0.58 GRC 2.13 7.76 9.84 10.20 9.62 HRV n.a. n.a. 0.64 1.22 1.15 HUN 0.33 1.50 3.57 4.06 3.86 IND 3.56 16.72 25.91 78.38 85.79 IRL 1.78 4.56 13.66 79.50 80.07 ISL 1.75 1.71 3.94 3.76 3.45 ITA 8.40 23.60 44.39 40.48 35.52 JPN 14.95 100.50 174.15 144.07 127.86 KOR 0.60 20.05 62.84 83.19 82.26 LIE LTU n.a. n.a. 0.32 0.91 0.04 LUX 0.08 0.25 0.56 0.49 0.48 LVA n.a. n.a. 0.24 2.96 2.99 MDA n.a. n.a. 0.13 0.53 0.53 MEX 2.94 18.29 30.30 31.71 30.27 MKD n.a. n.a. 0.74 0.21 0.09 MLT 0.20 0.90 2.38 2.31 2.53 MNE n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. NLD 5.68 28.43 73.03 86.99 83.30 NOR 1.95 6.50 10.37 10.65 8.82 NZL 1.68 11.28 23.37 27.54 25.36 POL 0.55 3.48 4.76 7.28 7.17 PRT 2.28 6.88 11.22 24.02 22.66 ROU 0.35 1.83 2.10 3.98 3.96 RUS 78.23 240.80 42.95 91.10 83.83 SRB n.a. n.a. n.a. 1.15 0.95 SVK n.a. n.a. 0.11 3.57 3.34 SVN n.a. n.a. 0.56 1.00 0.87 SWE 2.45 9.12 11.19 10.24 8.92 TUR 0.64 5.09 16.49 48.52 57.49 UKR n.a. n.a. 1.39 6.53 5.88 USA 210.33 736.11 1105.73 1275.16 1224.16 a a 313.0 679.1 1 025.4 971.8 75.6 EU (26) 338.7 a 1 311.4 a 2 308.2 2 889.2 2 761.1 OECD a a Total ITF 1 573.9 2 388.4 3 086.4 2 955.2 a: Non available data affects consistency of totals across years. Note : Traffic by the air carriers of the member country. Source: ICAO.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
69
09/08* -5.4 -1.4 -7.4 7.5 -28.3 -7.9 -27.4 -3.9 9.4 -2.9 0.1 0.6 -8.3 -5.3 -11.9 -52.7 -6.3 -5.7 -0.9 -7.8 -5.6 -5.4 -5.0 9.5 0.7 -8.3 -12.2 -11.3 -1.1 -95.4 -2.4 1.2 0.5 -4.5 -58.4 9.5 -4.2 -17.2 -7.9 -1.6 -5.7 -0.5 -8.0 -17.4 -6.4 -13.0 -12.9 18.5 -10.0 -4.0 -5.2 -4.4 -4.3
ROAD INJURY ACCIDENTS Thousand Table C1 : Number of crashes 1970 1990 2000 2008 2009 ALB n.a. n.a. 0.4 1.2 1.5 ARM n.a. n.a. 0.9 1.9 e n.a. AUS n.a. 22.1 n.a. n.a. n.a. AUT 51.6 46.3 42.1 39.2 37.9 AZE n.a. 3.3 e 2.0 3.0 2.8 BEL 77.0 62.4 49.1 48.8 n.a. BGR 5.8 e 6.5 6.9 8.0 7.1 BIH n.a. n.a. n.a. 40.9 40.2 BLR n.a. 9.2 e 6.4 8.3 e n.a. CAN 124.2 182.0 155.8 144.9 e n.a. CHE 28.7 23.8 23.7 20.7 20.5 CSK 33.5 30.1 CZE 25.4 22.5 21.7 DEU 377.6 340.0 382.9 320.6 310.8 DNK 19.8 9.2 7.3 5.0 4.2 ESP 58.0 101.5 101.7 93.2 88.3 EST 2.2 2.1 1.5 1.9 1.5 FIN 11.4 10.2 6.6 6.9 6.4 FRA 235.1 162.6 121.2 74.5 72.3 GBR 272.8 265.6 242.1 176.8 169.8 GEO 3.0 3.0 1.7 6.0 5.5 GRC 18.3 19.6 23.0 15.1 14.8 HRV 11.1 e 14.5 14.4 16.3 15.7 HUN 23.2 27.8 17.5 19.2 17.9 IND n.a. n.a. 391.4 n.a. n.a. IRL 6.4 6.1 7.8 6.7 6.6 ISL 0.7 0.6 1.0 1.1 0.9 ITA 307.7 161.8 256.5 219.0 215.4 JPN 718.1 643.1 931.9 766.1 736.7 KOR 37.2 255.3 290.5 215.8 e 232.0 LIE 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 LTU 4.7 5.1 5.8 4.8 3.8 LUX 3.1 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.9 LVA 4.7 4.3 4.5 4.2 3.2 MDA 3.1 6.0 2.6 2.9 2.7 MEX 19.8 65.0 61.1 30.4 29.6 MKD 3.1 2.3 1.7 4.4 4.4 MLT n.a. n.a. 1.0 0.9 1.0 MNE n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. NLD 59.0 13.2 10.9 8.9 6.9 NOR 9.3 8.8 8.4 7.7 6.9 NZL 13.3 12.8 7.8 11.6 11.1 POL 41.8 50.5 57.3 49.1 44.2 PRT 22.7 45.1 44.2 33.6 35.5 ROU 4.9 9.7 7.6 10.6 10.2 RUS n.a. 197.4 157.6 218.3 203.6 SRB n.a. n.a. 48.8 67.7 64.9 SVK 7.9 8.3 6.5 SVN 8.3 5.2 8.5 8.9 8.6 SWE 16.6 17.0 15.8 18.5 17.9 TUR 19.2 115.3 500.7 950.1 1 034.4 UKR n.a. 50.9 33.3 51.3 n.a. USA n.a. 2 162.0 2 108.0 1 664.0 n.a. 1 666.3 1 403.2 1 456.0 1 206.1 1 113.2 EU (26) a a 4 861.1 5 509.4 4 979.3 OECD Total ITF 5 180.9 a 6 206.9 a 5 441.2 a a: Non available data affects consistency of totals across years.
09/08* 21.3
-3.2 -6.0 -12.1 -1.5
-1.1
e e e e e
-3.4 -3.1 -16.9 -5.3 -19.6 -6.8 -2.9 -4.0 -8.9 -1.9 -3.4 -6.8 -1.8 -17.7 -1.6 -3.8 7.5 -10.9 -20.3 -6.3 -24.7 -4.9 -2.6 -1.1 15.3 -22.1 -10.4 -4.5 -9.9 5.6 -4.0 -6.7 -4.2 -22.5 -3.9 -3.3 8.9
a
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
70
ROAD INJURY ACCIDENTS Thousand Table C2 : Casualties [killed+injured] 1970 1990 2000 2008 2009 ALB n.a. n.a. 0.6 1.6 1.8 ARM n.a. n.a. 1.4 3.1 e n.a. AUS n.a. 39.1 n.a. 34.2 n.a. AUT 72.7 62.0 55.9 51.2 49.8 AZE n.a. 5.0 e 2.2 4.3 4.0 BEL 107.8 88.2 69.4 65.4 n.a. BGR 6.4 e 8.4 9.0 11.0 9.6 BIH n.a. n.a. n.a. 12.3 11.4 BLR n.a. 11.5 e 8.1 10.6 e n.a. CAN 183.6 266.6 225.8 202.6 e n.a. CHE 37.7 30.2 30.7 25.9 25.5 CSK 44.2 40.4 CZE 33.9 29.6 28.1 DEU 551.0 456.1 511.6 413.5 401.8 DNK 26.7 11.3 9.6 6.3 5.3 ESP 87.0 162.4 155.6 134.0 127.7 EST 2.3 2.8 2.0 2.5 2.0 FIN 17.1 13.4 8.9 8.9 8.3 FRA 344.7 236.1 169.8 98.1 95.2 GBR 371.5 352.9 335.0 240.5 231.9 GEO 4.3 4.6 2.6 9.9 9.0 GRC 25.7 29.1 32.8 20.6 20.1 HRV 15.2 e 21.2 21.2 23.1 22.5 HUN 31.9 39.4 23.9 26.4 24.1 IND n.a. n.a. 399.3 n.a. n.a. IRL 9.8 9.9 12.5 10.0 e 9.9 ISL 0.9 0.9 1.5 1.6 1.3 ITA 239.3 228.2 367.1 315.5 n.a. JPN 997.9 801.5 1 164.8 950.7 915.0 KOR 45.9 336.6 437.2 344.8 e 367.7 LIE 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 LTU 4.9 6.4 7.6 6.3 4.8 LUX 2.5 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.2 LVA 5.0 5.6 6.0 5.7 4.2 MDA 3.6 7.8 3.6 4.0 3.3 MEX 17.3 41.6 43.7 38.1 36.5 MKD 2.7 3.3 2.5 6.9 6.9 MLT n.a. n.a. 1.2 1.1 1.1 MNE n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. NLD 71.4 15.0 12.7 9.5 e n.a. NOR 12.3 12.2 12.0 11.1 10.1 NZL 21.4 18.4 11.4 15.5 14.9 POL 41.3 74.3 77.9 67.5 60.6 PRT 30.3 65.7 61.6 44.7 47.2 ROU 6.3 11.9 8.8 12.5 11.9 RUS n.a. 250.2 209.0 300.8 283.1 SRB n.a. n.a. 17.7 23.2 22.3 SVK 10.7 11.6 8.9 SVN 11.2 7.1 11.9 12.6 12.3 SWE 23.5 23.3 22.6 26.6 25.6 TUR 20.8 94.0 142.3 188.7 204.7 UKR n.a. 63.1 41.8 71.0 n.a. USA n.a. 3 276.0 3 231.0 2 383.0 2 250.2 2 134.5 1 951.7 2 019.3 1 633.0 EU (26) 6 826.7 7 273.0 5 777.5 OECD a a Total ITF 7 235.5 8 029.5 6 300.0 a a: Non available data affects consistency of totals across years.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
71
09/08* 18.0
-2.8 -7.2 -13.1 -7.2
-1.7
e e e
e
-4.8 -2.8 -17.0 -4.7 -20.1 -5.9 -2.9 -3.6 -9.4 -2.3 -2.5 -8.6 -1.8 -18.0 -3.7 6.6 1.8 -23.6 -5.5 -26.9 -17.7 -4.2 0.1 -4.5
-9.6 -4.0 -10.2 5.5 -4.6 -5.9 -3.7 -23.4 -2.7 -3.8 8.5 e
-5.6
ROAD INJURY ACCIDENTS Thousand Table C3 : Killed 1970 1990 2000 2008 ALB n.a. n.a. 0.3 0.3 ARM n.a. n.a. 0.2 0.4 e AUS 3.8 2.3 1.8 1.4 AUT 2.2 1.4 1.0 0.7 AZE n.a. 1.2 e 0.6 1.1 BEL 3.0 2.0 1.5 0.9 BGR 0.8 e 1.6 1.0 1.1 BIH n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.4 BLR 0.0 2.2 e 1.6 1.7 e CAN 5.1 4.0 2.9 2.4 e CHE 1.7 1.0 0.6 0.4 CSK 2.2 2.0 CZE 1.5 1.1 DEU 19.2 7.9 7.5 4.5 DNK 1.2 0.6 0.5 0.4 ESP 4.2 6.9 5.8 3.1 EST 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 FIN 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.3 FRA 16.4 11.2 8.1 4.3 GBR 7.8 5.4 3.6 2.6 GEO 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.9 GRC 0.9 1.7 2.0 1.6 HRV 1.2 e 1.4 c 0.7 0.7 HUN 1.7 2.4 1.2 1.0 IND n.a. n.a. 78.9 n.a. IRL 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 ISL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ITA 11.0 7.2 7.1 4.7 JPN 21.8 14.6 10.4 6.0 KOR 3.5 14.2 10.2 5.9 LIE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LTU 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.5 LUX 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 LVA 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.3 MDA 0.6 1.1 0.4 0.5 MEX 2.6 5.5 5.2 5.4 MKD 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 MLT n.a. n.a. 0.0 0.0 MNE n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. NLD 3.2 1.4 1.2 0.8 NOR 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 NZL 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.4 POL 3.4 7.3 6.3 5.4 PRT 1.6 2.6 1.9 0.9 ROU 1.9 3.8 2.5 3.1 RUS n.a. 35.4 29.6 29.9 SRB n.a. n.a. 1.0 0.9 SVK 0.6 0.6 SVN 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 SWE 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.4 TUR 4.0 6.3 5.5 4.2 UKR n.a. 9.6 5.2 7.7 USA 52.6 44.6 41.9 37.3 86.1 70.3 56.4 38.9 EU (26) 177.5 155.6 130.6 97.2 OECD a Total ITF 215.9 255.0 147.1 a a: Non available data affects consistency of totals across years.
2009 0.4 n.a. 1.5 0.6 0.9 n.a. 0.9 0.4 n.a. n.a. 0.3 0.9 4.2 0.3 2.7 0.1 0.3 4.3 2.3 0.7 1.5 0.5 0.8 n.a. 0.2 0.0 4.2 5.8 n.a. 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.5 4.9 0.2 0.0 n.a. 0.7 0.2 0.4 4.6 0.7 2.8 26.1 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.4 4.3 n.a. 33.8 33.8 86.2 121.3
09/08* 24.8 4.2 -6.8 -11.6 -15.1 -12.0
-2.2
e e e e
-16.3 -7.3 -25.4 -12.5 -24.2 -18.9 0.0 -11.6 -22.1 -6.2 -17.5 -17.5 -14.7 41.7 -10.4 -4.2 0.0 -25.9 37.1 -19.6 -4.8 -9.5 -1.2 40.0 -4.0 -16.9 4.9 -15.9 -16.7 -8.7 -12.9 -9.9 -36.6 -20.1 -9.8 1.5
a
-9.3
a a
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
72
GROSS INVESTMENT IN TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Current prices and exchange rates - million Euros Table D1 : Rail infrastructure
ALB AUS AUT AZE BEL BGR BIH CAN CHE CZE DEU DNK ESP EST FIN FRA GBR GEO GRC HRV HUN IND IRL ISL ITA JPN KOR LIE LTU LUX LVA MDA MEX MKD MLT MNE NLD NOR NZL POL PRT ROU RUS SRB SVK SVN SWE TUR USA
1995
2000
2005
2008
2009
n.a. 571 521 n.a. 668 44 n.a. 291 1 079 114 5 747 726 648 4 226 2 766 2 414 n.a. n.a. 7 85 n.a. 29 1 950 8 452 n.a. 4 23 7 2 168 n.a. 0 n.a. 324 n.a. 248 196 72 1 177 13 59 n.a. 1 141 38 3 301
2 411 1 199 4 1 012 78 n.a. 608 1 463 371 5 305 564 920 20 233 2 955 4 875 n.a. 591 19 197 2 268 85 4 549 10 148 n.a. 18 39 38 1 430 9 n.a. n.a. 363 n.a. 195 401 43 2 612 3 53 16 629 61 7 021
2 1 492 1 330 18 916 46 n.a. 572 2 191 484 4 284 241 1 926 21 281 4 118 6 522 17 278 94 171 3 437 184 10 175 6 047 38 68 127 40 9 240 1 n.a. n.a. 193 n.a. 235 415 109 4 019 4 160 42 1 104 169 n.a.
1 1 732 n.a. 11 1 223 72 n.a. 629 n.a. 1 164 4 716 373 2 503 21 327 4 625 8 085 64 n.a. 126 298 n.a. n.a. 7 109 7 355 n.a. 85 150 62 25 420 2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 905 392 317 9 489 2 215 129 1 267 338 n.a.
n.a. n.a. n.a. 2 1 191 50 n.a. 570 n.a. 751 4 334 357 2 806 29 338 5 047 6 742 n.a. n.a. 98 317 n.a. n.a. n.a. 9 603 n.a. 67 n.a. 65 6 430 4 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 650 360 177 6 575 5 175 100 1 274 n.a. n.a.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
73
GROSS INVESTMENT IN TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Current prices and exchange rates - million Euros Table D2 : Road infrastructure
ALB AUS AUT AZE BEL BGR BIH CAN CHE CZE DEU DNK ESP EST FIN FRA GBR GEO GRC HRV HUN IND IRL ISL ITA JPN KOR LIE LTU LUX LVA MDA MEX MKD MLT MNE NLD NOR NZL POL PRT ROU RUS SRB SVK SVN SWE TUR USA
1995
2000
2005
2008
2009
n.a. 2 424 457 n.a. 1 069 n.a. n.a. 3 578 2 520 286 10 216 352 4 167 8 457 10 439 5 225 n.a. n.a. 71 131 n.a. 283 75 4 980 113 506 n.a. 14 15 114 3 0 579 n.a. 3 4 n.a. 826 n.a. 638 737 356 1 910 28 53 186 999 157 30 335
108 3 697 477 27 1 300 n.a. n.a. 3 728 2 717 309 11 967 510 4 738 19 488 10 545 5 564 5 1 402 304 177 n.a. 780 129 6 930 128 244 n.a. 24 109 166 13 2 1 283 n.a. 11 1 n.a. 909 182 1 001 964 631 2 580 49 227 372 912 407 61 267
68 6 734 687 78 1 562 n.a. n.a. 5 496 2 766 1 415 10 200 928 8 245 107 595 11 355 6 266 40 1 592 750 1 703 n.a. 1 153 151 9 169 61 773 60 27 165 128 161 2 2 501 23 8 3 n.a. 1 463 301 1 877 2 113 1 331 3 788 174 360 450 1 298 924 n.a.
500 9 287 n.a. 1 329 1 432 169 n.a. 8 801 2 835 1 952 10 980 936 8 038 162 973 12 623 6 613 151 n.a. 1 101 976 n.a. 1 319 241 13 051 48 193 19 n.a. 437 138 267 26 2 156 45 n.a. 11 n.a. n.a. 575 4 511 1 178 3 897 9 880 377 567 695 1 604 2 233 n.a.
460 n.a. n.a. 1 204 1 536 101 n.a. 10 757 n.a. 2 014 12 160 701 8 370 133 922 12 647 5 618 n.a. n.a. 909 1 562 n.a. 1 173 121 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 258 n.a. 136 13 2 729 43 n.a. 23 n.a. n.a. 675 5 337 n.a. 3 105 6 241 231 662 402 1 574 2 931 n.a.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
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GROSS INVESTMENT IN TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Current prices and exchange rates - million Euros Table D3 : Inland warterways infrastructure
ALB AUS AUT AZE BEL BGR BIH CAN CHE CZE DEU DNK ESP EST FIN FRA GBR GEO GRC HRV HUN IND IRL ISL ITA JPN KOR LIE LTU LUX LVA MDA MEX MKD MLT MNE NLD NOR NZL POL PRT ROU RUS SRB SVK SVN SWE TUR USA
1995
2000
2005
2008
2009
n.a. 3 n.a. 151 n.a. n.a. 5 8 1 711 2 107 n.a.
0 0 n.a. 152 n.a. n.a. n.a. 17 11 828 0 114 n.a.
0 6 n.a. 156 85 n.a. n.a. 0 10 790 1 108 n.a.
0 n.a. n.a. 188 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 21 925 2 141 n.a.
0 n.a. n.a. 193 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 60 1 235 2 182 n.a.
n.a. 1 n.a. 10 -
2 0 n.a. 30 -
2 2 n.a. 53 -
2 0 n.a. 34 -
4 3 n.a. n.a. -
1 0 n.a. n.a. 10 1 244 74 12 21 n.a. 1 176
0 1 n.a. n.a. 0 1 105 48 4 1 n.a. 4 427
0 0 n.a. n.a. 7 20 140 73 15 1 n.a. n.a.
4 0 n.a. n.a. 21 12 491 102 36 1 n.a. n.a.
1 n.a. n.a. n.a. 25 8 536 59 16 2 n.a. n.a.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
75
GROSS INVESTMENT IN TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Current prices and exchange rates - million Euros Table D4 : Sea ports infrastructure
ALB AUS AUT AZE BEL BGR BIH CAN CHE CZE DEU DNK ESP EST FIN FRA GBR GEO GRC HRV HUN IND IRL ISL ITA JPN KOR LIE LTU LUX LVA MDA MEX MKD MLT MNE NLD NOR NZL POL PRT ROU RUS SRB SVK SVN SWE TUR USA
1995
2000
2005
2008
2009
n.a. 60 152 n.a. n.a. 62 506 61 383 19 41 235 199 n.a. n.a. 1 n.a. 30 18 212 n.a. n.a. 6 n.a. 133 n.a. 0 n.a. 68 n.a. 30 62 6 148 0 n.a. 18 n.a.
6 96 186 n.a. n.a. 166 562 57 498 18 59 197 336 n.a. 166 7 n.a. n.a. 19 231 n.a. n.a. 13 n.a. 315 n.a. 4 n.a. 123 n.a. 11 93 n.a. 243 2 n.a. 37 n.a.
11 577 184 5 n.a. 108 570 68 1 012 22 136 283 336 0 61 17 n.a. n.a. 23 2 062 3 202 21 30 62 610 n.a. 1 n.a. 100 n.a. 9 44 n.a. 278 2 37 53 n.a.
3 1 060 219 7 n.a. 186 630 71 1 522 36 238 410 n.a. 6 n.a. 52 n.a. n.a. 23 940 2 847 2 42 264 488 n.a. 3 n.a. 96 n.a. 30 128 n.a. 413 10 60 7 n.a.
3 n.a. 175 8 n.a. 260 685 n.a. 1 304 54 100 394 n.a. n.a. n.a. 77 n.a. n.a. 20 n.a. 4 658 n.a. 16 n.a. 382 n.a. 2 n.a. n.a. n.a. 4 144 n.a. 183 54 n.a. n.a. n.a.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
76
GROSS INVESTMENT IN TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Current prices and exchange rates - million Euros Table D5 : Airports infrastructure
ALB AUS AUT AZE BEL BGR BIH CAN CHE CZE DEU DNK ESP EST FIN FRA GBR GEO GRC HRV HUN IND IRL ISL ITA JPN KOR LIE LTU LUX LVA MDA MEX MKD MLT MNE NLD NOR NZL POL PRT ROU RUS SRB SVK SVN SWE TUR USA
1995
2000
2005
2008
2009
n.a. n.a. 92 n.a. 88 n.a. n.a. n.a. 131 74 1 156 48 458 2 51 570 703 n.a. n.a. 7 33 n.a. 0 0 276 n.a. n.a. 19 0 n.a. 0 21 48 n.a. 0 n.a. 70 n.a. 27 67 12 266 0 4 7 76 453 4 761
1 n.a. 82 10 127 6 n.a. 777 411 28 1 411 118 460 1 65 783 1 196 n.a. 52 5 27 n.a. 0 12 355 2 798 n.a. 1 3 18 8 185 14 n.a. 13 n.a. 72 n.a. 69 168 7 240 0 4 3 315 217 13 212
7 n.a. 362 94 68 2 n.a. 786 104 237 700 35 1 343 1 48 860 2 601 n.a. 68 19 115 n.a. 105 7 806 2 151 3 4 26 17 1 650 0 n.a. 3 n.a. 21 n.a. 131 144 2 268 0 32 1 85 381 n.a.
0 n.a. n.a. 83 116 4 n.a. 815 n.a. 311 1 140 28 2 121 95 108 820 n.a. 3 n.a. 21 0 n.a. 403 12 126 2 262 1 11 47 19 12 275 1 n.a. 0 n.a. 205 n.a. 79 146 9 441 0 30 5 108 125 n.a.
0 n.a. n.a. 27 93 1 n.a. 731 n.a. 94 1 510 n.a. 1 763 9 76 739 n.a. n.a. n.a. 28 11 n.a. 509 5 0 2 538 n.a. 29 n.a. 3 4 179 n.a. n.a. 2 n.a. n.a. n.a. 63 153 6 269 1 56 13 88 n.a. n.a.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
77
MAINTENANCE EXPENDITURES IN TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
Current prices and exchange rates - million Euros Table E1 : Rail maintenance
ALB AUS AUT AZE BEL BGR BIH CAN CHE CZE DEU DNK ESP EST FIN FRA GBR GEO GRC HRV HUN IND IRL ISL ITA JPN KOR LIE LTU LUX LVA MDA MEX MKD MLT MNE NLD NOR NZL POL PRT ROU RUS SRB SVK SVN SWE TUR USA
1995 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 292 n.a. n.a. n.a. 350 209 n.a. n.a. n.a. 1 119 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 43 138 n.a. 10 2 300 n.a. n.a. 27 81 25 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 220 n.a. 585 49 203 n.a. 4 6 n.a. 258 80 n.a.
2000 n.a. n.a. 347 2 n.a. 14 n.a. n.a. 468 257 n.a. n.a. n.a. 22 115 2 617 n.a. n.a. n.a. 48 79 8 370 115 5 363 n.a. n.a. 48 88 48 n.a. n.a. 13 n.a. n.a. 336 n.a. 58 52 n.a. n.a. 8 8 7 353 150 n.a.
2005 n.a. n.a. 302 8 n.a. 31 n.a. n.a. 683 236 n.a. n.a. n.a. 13 156 3 568 n.a. 23 n.a. 107 234 8 504 127 8 919 n.a. 8 96 112 60 n.a. n.a. 10 n.a. n.a. 360 n.a. 82 100 58 n.a. 22 10 7 490 165 n.a.
2008 n.a. n.a. n.a. 21 n.a. 58 n.a. n.a. n.a. 338 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 180 3 672 n.a. n.a. n.a. 106 457 n.a. n.a. 8 036 n.a. n.a. 115 115 126 n.a. n.a. 5 n.a. n.a. 448 n.a. 36 122 n.a. n.a. 21 14 9 598 207 n.a.
2009 n.a. n.a. n.a. 28 n.a. 38 n.a. n.a. n.a. 378 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 196 3 730 n.a. n.a. n.a. 76 398 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 166 n.a. 138 n.a. n.a. 3 n.a. n.a. 535 n.a. 157 127 n.a. n.a. 15 15 1 590 n.a. n.a.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
78
MAINTENANCE EXPENDITURES IN TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
Current prices and exchange rates - million Euros Table E2 : Road maintenance
ALB AUS AUT AZE BEL BGR BIH CAN CHE CZE DEU DNK ESP EST FIN FRA GBR GEO GRC HRV HUN IND IRL ISL ITA JPN KOR LIE LTU LUX LVA MDA MEX MKD MLT MNE NLD NOR NZL POL PRT ROU RUS SRB SVK SVN SWE TUR USA
1995 n.a. 1 457 532 n.a. 381 n.a. n.a. 3 294 1 208 135 n.a. 555 n.a. 23 599 178 3 837 n.a. n.a. 22 97 n.a. n.a. 14 4 774 22 716 n.a. 3 9 23 10 4 196 n.a. 3 n.a. n.a. 475 n.a. 287 125 105 n.a. 19 25 53 613 18 14 515
2000 4 1 852 507 n.a. 406 n.a. n.a. 5 887 765 202 n.a. 596 n.a. 31 534 228 5 119 8 n.a. 316 107 n.a. 102 25 9 720 27 350 17 4 78 26 45 3 474 n.a. 5 n.a. n.a. 553 241 440 128 n.a. n.a. 21 67 79 747 99 25 958
2005 7 2 595 443 78 470 n.a. n.a. 5 245 1 520 350 n.a. 763 n.a. 26 600 2 189 5 953 6 n.a. 242 283 n.a. 53 34 12 549 14 378 14 4 122 35 80 4 517 6 3 n.a. n.a. 993 399 1 265 177 426 n.a. 259 100 99 788 89 23 458
2008 8 3 057 n.a. 35 499 203 n.a. 6 987 1 608 584 n.a. 712 n.a. 38 673 2 184 5 425 n.a. n.a. 168 444 n.a. 55 52 10 756 11 172 n.a. n.a. 125 27 227 16 492 14 n.a. n.a. n.a. 1 192 225 2 007 n.a. n.a. n.a. 329 161 148 858 309 22 654
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
79
2009 8 n.a. n.a. 23 523 69 n.a. 6 549 n.a. 587 n.a. 866 n.a. 39 684 2 207 4 944 n.a. n.a. 144 453 n.a. 45 30 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 134 n.a. 135 14 528 12 n.a. n.a. n.a. 1 290 251 2 340 n.a. n.a. n.a. 244 192 155 n.a. 412 n.a.
MAINTENANCE EXPENDITURES IN TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
Current prices and exchange rates - million Euros Table E3 : Inland warterways maintenance
ALB AUS AUT AZE BEL BGR BIH CAN CHE CZE DEU DNK ESP EST FIN FRA GBR GEO GRC HRV HUN IND IRL ISL ITA JPN KOR LIE LTU LUX LVA MDA MEX MKD MLT MNE NLD NOR NZL POL PRT ROU RUS SRB SVK SVN SWE TUR USA
1995 n.a. n.a. n.a. 25 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4 n.a. 14 24 n.a.
2000 n.a. n.a. n.a. 48 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4 n.a. 27 46 n.a.
2005 n.a. n.a. n.a. 66 507 n.a. n.a. n.a. 2 n.a. 15 55 n.a.
2008 n.a. n.a. n.a. 87 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2 n.a. 17 60 n.a.
2009 n.a. n.a. n.a. 131 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2 n.a. 26 61 n.a.
n.a. 48 n.a. 7 n.a. 0 0 0 n.a. 15 n.a. 13 n.a. 1 4 n.a. n.a.
2 n.a. 11 38 n.a. 2 0 0 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1 7 n.a. n.a.
4 1 15 481 n.a. 1 0 0 n.a. 14 n.a. 6 n.a. 6 2 n.a. n.a.
3 2 n.a. 83 n.a. 2 0 4 n.a. 2 n.a. n.a. n.a. 13 4 n.a. n.a.
1 1 n.a. n.a. n.a. 3 n.a. 1 n.a. 3 n.a. n.a. n.a. 10 2 n.a. n.a.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
80
MAINTENANCE EXPENDITURES IN TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
Current prices and exchange rates - million Euros Table E4 : Sea ports maintenance
ALB AUS AUT AZE BEL BGR BIH CAN CHE CZE DEU DNK ESP EST FIN FRA GBR GEO GRC HRV HUN IND IRL ISL ITA JPN KOR LIE LTU LUX LVA MDA MEX MKD MLT MNE NLD NOR NZL POL PRT ROU RUS SRB SVK SVN SWE TUR USA
1995 n.a. n.a. 44 n.a. n.a. 39 n.a. n.a. n.a. 6 66 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0 n.a. n.a. n.a. 735 n.a. n.a. 2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 25 n.a. 26 1 11 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
2000 n.a. n.a. 129 n.a. n.a. 78 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 94 56 n.a. n.a. n.a. 2 1 050 n.a. n.a. 1 151 n.a. 2 3 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 30 n.a. 16 3 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
2005 n.a. n.a. 130 5 n.a. 92 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 93 50 n.a. n.a. n.a. 4 733 n.a. n.a. 3 074 n.a. 3 3 29 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 9 2 n.a. n.a. 1 13 n.a. n.a.
2008 n.a. n.a. 130 0 n.a. 173 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 82 48 n.a. n.a. n.a. 5 n.a. n.a. n.a. 1 163 n.a. n.a. 4 59 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 6 1 n.a. n.a. 1 1 n.a. n.a.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
81
2009 n.a. n.a. 135 5 n.a. 35 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 107 60 n.a. n.a. n.a. 4 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 6 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 10 1 n.a. n.a. 2 n.a. n.a. n.a.
MAINTENANCE EXPENDITURES IN TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
Current prices and exchange rates - million Euros Table E5 : Airports maintenance
ALB AUS AUT AZE BEL BGR BIH CAN CHE CZE DEU DNK ESP EST FIN FRA GBR GEO GRC HRV HUN IND IRL ISL ITA JPN KOR LIE LTU LUX LVA MDA MEX MKD MLT MNE NLD NOR NZL POL PRT ROU RUS SRB SVK SVN SWE TUR USA
1995 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 26 n.a. n.a. n.a. 16 7 n.a. n.a. n.a. 2 86 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1 28 n.a. n.a. n.a. 235 n.a. n.a. 2 2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 26 n.a. 149 n.a. 23 n.a. 0 1 n.a. n.a. 538 n.a.
2000 n.a. n.a. n.a. 6 n.a. 6 n.a. 408 46 13 n.a. n.a. n.a. 3 143 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 221 n.a. n.a. 1 4 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 34 n.a. 1 6 n.a. n.a. 0 1 0 n.a. 291 n.a.
2005 n.a. n.a. n.a. 7 n.a. 2 n.a. 548 70 14 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 181 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1 n.a. n.a. 14 n.a. 178 n.a. 0 3 4 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2 4 n.a. n.a. 0 2 0 34 4 n.a.
2008 n.a. n.a. n.a. 7 n.a. 0 n.a. 634 n.a. 12 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 232 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2 n.a. n.a. 17 n.a. 98 n.a. n.a. 4 8 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 20 18 n.a. n.a. 0 2 n.a. 34 6 n.a.
2009 n.a. n.a. n.a. 10 n.a. 1 n.a. 600 n.a. 13 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 230 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 3 n.a. n.a. 15 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 12 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0 3 n.a. 31 0 n.a.
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
82
Goods Transport by Rail (1990=100) 180 160 140
120 100 80 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
60
EU
OECD
ITF
Goods Transport by Road (1990=100)
180 160 140 120 100 80
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
60
EU
OECD
ITF
Goods Transport by Inland Waterways (1990=100) 180 160 140 120 100 80
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
60
EU
OECD
ITF
Source: International Transport Forum
Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
83
Transport by Pipelines (1990=100) 180
160 140 120
100 80 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
60
EU
OECD
ITF
Transport by Coastal Shipping (1990=100)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
170 150 130 110 90 70 50 30
EU
ITF
Containers Transported in ITF Countries (1990=100) 500 400
300 200 100 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
0
by rail
by sea
Source: International Transport Forum Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
84
Passenger Transport by Rail (1990=100)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80
EU
OECD
ITF
Passenger Transport by Private Car (1990=100)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80
EU
OECD
Passenger Transport by Bus and Coach (1990=100)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80
EU
OECD
ITF
Source: International Transport Forum Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
85
Road Injury Accidents (1990=100)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
EU
OECD
Road Fatalities
ITF
(1990=100)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
EU
OECD
Road Casualties
ITF
(1990=100)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
EU
OECD
ITF
Source: International Transport Forum Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
86
Total number of deaths per million population 2009 Liechtenstein UK
Sweden Netherlands Norway
Japan Switzerland Mexico
Germany Malta Finland Ireland
Iceland Denmark Turkey
Spain France Portugal
Australia Italy Slovakia
Canada Estonia Austria
FYROM Hungary Slovenia Czech Rep.
Belgium New zealand Luxembourg
Bosnia-Herz. Azerbaijan Serbia
Lithuania United states Latvia
Bulgaria Poland Korea
Albania Armenia Croatia
Greece Romania Moldova Georgia
Ukraine Belarus Russia 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Source: International Transport Forum Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
87
160
180
200
Total number of deaths per million road motor vehicles - 2009 Liechtenstein
Sweden Switzerland
UK Norway
Iceland Japan
Netherlands Malta
Germany Finland
Italy Spain Australia Ireland Denmark France Canada Austria Luxembourg New zealand Portugal
United states Slovenia
Belgium Estonia
Czech Rep. Greece
Poland Mexico
Lithuania Hungary
Slovakia Latvia Korea Bulgaria Croatia Serbia Turkey FYROM Romania Russia Belarus
Albania Moldova
Ukraine Azerbaijan
Georgia 0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
Source: International Transport Forum Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
88
REFERENCES
Containerization International, www.ci-online.co.uk ECMT (1999), Cleaner Cars, Fleet Renewal and Scrappage Schemes. IATA (2009), Air Transport Market Analysis, December. IATA (2011), Air Transport Market Analysis, January. ICAO (2010), Annual Report of the Council 2009. OECD (2011), What is the economic outlook for OECD countries? An interim assessment, 5 April. OECD (2009), Understanding the World Trade Collapse, Economics Department Working Paper No. 279. UNCTAD (2010), Review of Maritime Transport. World Bank (2011), Global Economic Prospects 2010: Navigating Strong Currents, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGEP /Resources/3353151294842452675/GEPJanuary2011FullRep ort.pdf WTO (2011), WTO Secretariat, www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres11_e/pr6 28_e.htm Trends in the Transport Sector 1970-2009 - ¤ OECD/ITF 2011
89
OECD PUBLICATIONS , 2, rue André -Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16 PRINTED I N FRANCE (74 201 1 03 1 P 1) ISBN 978 -92 821 -0359 -3 – N° 5814 5 201 1 -07
Trends in the Transport Sector How have the passenger and freight transport sectors evolved in recent years and during the crisis? And what about road safety? This publication presents data on global trends in the transport sector with up-to-date figures on the impact of the recent economic crisis. In addition to highlighting major trends in the transport sector, this brochure provides the reader with the latest statistics on transport markets in the International Transport Forum member countries for the period 1970-2009 for all modes of transport. It also describes trends on transport infrastructure investment and maintenance expenditure.
Trends in the Transport Sector • 1970-2009
1970-2009
Trends in the Transport Sector
-:HSTCSC=VUXZ^X: (74 2011 03 1 P1) ISBN 978-92-821-0359-3
2011
International Transport Forum 2 rue André Pascal 75775 Paris Cedex 16
[email protected] www.internationaltransportforum.org
1970-2009
2011
