Vascular Plants of Minnesota: A Checklist and Atlas

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Author: Gerald B. Ownbey | Thomas Morley

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VASCULAR PLANTS of MINNESOTA

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VASCULAR PLANTS of MINNESOTA A Checklist and Atlas

Gerald B. Ownbey and Thomas Morley

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MINNEAPOLIS • LONDON

The University of Minnesota Press gratefully acknowledges the generous assistance provided for the publication of this book by the Margaret W. Harmon Fund Minnesota Department of Transportation Minnesota Landscape Arboretum Minnesota State Horticultural Society Olga Lakela Herbarium Fund—University of Minnesota—Duluth Natural Heritage Program of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Copyright © 1991 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota. First paperback printing 1992 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by the University of Minnesota Press 2037 University Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ownbey, Gerald B., 1916Vascular plants of Minnesota : a checklist and atlas / Gerald B. Ownbey and Thomas Morley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8166-1915-8 1. Botany-Minnesota. 2. Phytogeography—Minnesota— Maps. I. Morley, Thomas. 1917- . II. Title. QK168.096 1991 91-2064 582.09776-dc20 CIP The University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer.

Contents Introduction Part I. Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Minnesota Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms

vii 1 3 6 7

Appendix 1. Excluded names

81

Appendix 2. Tables

82

Part II. Atlas of the Vascular Plants of Minnesota

83

Index of Generic and Common Names

295

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Introduction The importance of understanding the vegetation of an area opening to Europeans was appreciated even as settlement was occurring. Thus publications concerning plants found in various parts of Minnesota appear as early as 1822. Upham (1884) and MacMillan (1892) give an accounting of these articles. The first comprehensive list of the vascular plants of Minnesota is that by Lapham (1875). Lapham enumerates 896 plants for the state, based chiefly on his own observations and collections. In 1884, Upham published his annotated catalogue of the state's flora, largely a compilation according to the author, in which 1,540 species were listed. Upham's book contains a very useful introduction with good historical notes and observations on the state's vegetation. The next major listing, MacMillan (1892), includes only the vascular plants of the Minnesota River Valley. The area involved is slightly over a fifth of that of the state, but 1,165 species are given, well over half the number for the state. The next comprehensive work is by Moore and Tryon (1946), who cited 1,874 species of vascular plants. In 1965, an important regional flora was published by Lakela. This book describes the plants of St. Louis and Lake counties and includes 1,179 species. More recently, numerous additions to the flora have been made and many changes in nomenclature have accumulated in the literature. To provide an up-to-date list of plants, Vascular Plants of Minnesota: A Checklist and Atlas has been prepared; an entirely new listing, it includes 1,618 native and 392 introduced species, a total of 2,010. Knowledge of plant distributions is valuable in plant systematics, plant ecology, and other disciplines. Data of this type for Minnesota are only partial in previous publications. Lists of plants for certain sites in the state and for certain counties provide distribution information, as do a few monographs of genera at the state level. MacMillan's work and that by Rosendahl (1955) have very gener-

al distributional comments. Morley's Spring Flora (1974) contains written distribution descriptions, and maps are provided in Lakela's Flora and Coffin and Pfannmuller's book on endangered plants and animals (1988). The maps in the Great Plains Atlas (1977) include only the western two-fifths of Minnesota. The present atlas is the first complete one for the state. Documentation for each kind of plant in the checklist and each dot on the maps rests on one or more specimens in the University of Minnesota herbarium on the St. Paul campus, and in a few instances on specimens at other institutions. The University of Minnesota herbarium was established in 1888 with the acquisition of the first set of the large Minnesota plant collection of John H. Sandberg. The earliest of his specimens dates from 1879 according to a survey recently made in the herbarium of 60 widespread and abundant species. Subsequently, the herbarium grew with the acquisition of other private collections. The earliest specimen found in the survey is dated 1849. The most active early collectors, in addition to Sandberg, were C. L. Herrick, J. C. Kassube, T. S. Roberts, G. B. Aiton, S. M. Manning, L. R. Moyer and J. M. Holzinger. In 1890 Conway MacMillan, head of the Botany Department at the University of Minnesota, undertook also to serve as the state botanist for the Geological and Natural History Survey and in that capacity employed C. A. Ballard, E. P. Sheldon, and B. C. Taylor to make extensive plant collections in the state. The Survey collections (begun by others in 1875) were later transferred to the Botany Department's herbarium. Many persons since that time have contributed Minnesota material to the herbarium, including W. D. Frost, W. A. Wheeler, F. K. Butters, C. O. Rosendahl, J. B. Moyle, M. F. Buell, O. Lakela, E. C. Abbe, J. W. Moore, G. B. Ownbey, T. Morley, G. A. Wheeler, and W. R. Smith. At present, there are approximately 97,000 Minnesota specimens in the herbarium. Part I of this volume was prepared by G. B. Ownbey. The work entailed an extensive review of the recent

INTRODUCTION

viii literature in order to determine the correct name for each of the taxa, including subspecies, varieties, and hybrids of vascular plants found within the state. In the checklist the families appear alphabetically under one of the three major groups of vascular plants: the Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms. Families of the Monocotyledoneae and Dicotyledoneae appear in a single alphabetical sequence under the Angiosperms. The justification for this arrangement is one of utility. Recent critical literature, mostly that published since 1950, is cited under each genus and sometimes also under the family. This practice should assist the user when the reasons for the acceptance or rejection of a particular name in the checklist are at issue.

These papers are cited at appropriate places in the checklist. Voss's Michigan Flora (1972, 1985), particularly Part I, has been drawn upon extensively. The volume by Dore and McNeill (1980) was consulted with great profit on numerous occasions. Several extremely useful books on Minnesota Plants should be mentioned here. Among them the most important are Morley (1974), Lakela (1965), Tryon (1980), and Rosendahl (1955). The authors of the present work wish to acknowledge their deepest obligations to these investigators and to others too numerous to list individually. At the same time we assume full responsibility for any errors of interpretation, or otherwise, committed in the course of the work.

An attempt is made to account for all of the plant names credited to Minnesota in Fernald (1950) and in Gleason and Cronquist (1963). Subspecies and varieties are given when such subdivisions are thought to be valid. Interspecific hybrids known to be present in Minnesota are also listed under the putative parental combination or under the binomial of the hybrid, if one exists, followed by the names of the putative parents. Familiar synonyms from other sources are listed when it is thought that listing will clarify their standing with respect to the state flora. For the most part, names of plants introduced from Europe follow those of the Flora Europea (Tutin et al., 1964-80). A list of excluded names is given at the end of the checklist. Citation of author's names after the binomials mostly follows Fernald in form. Common or vernacular names for both genera and species are listed if they appear well established by usage. Coined or contrived common names are avoided throughout.

The mapping project was undertaken by T. Morley in 1962 and remained in his charge through the mid-1970s. Mapping of all Minnesota specimens then in the University of Minnesota herbarium, at that time about 60,000 specimens, was completed in 1973. In the later 1970s the responsibility of mapping the new accessions and overseeing the project gradually shifted to G. B. Ownbey, who brought it to publication. Intensified collecting during this period, largely under the auspices of The Nature Conservancy and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, rapidly increased the number of Minnesota specimens and brought on accelerated mapping during those years.

The listing of species in genera that are notoriously difficult taxonomically must be considered provisional at best, as must be the distribution maps of these plants. In the Rosaceae, Amelanchier, Crataegus, and Rubus fit this category. Other difficult genera where more intensive study may lead to important changes in the listings for Minnesota are Panicum (Gramineae) and Antennaria (Compositae). The list will need frequent updating to keep abreast of nomenclatorial changes appearing in the literature. Several literature sources examined during the preparation of the checklist deserve special mention. A long series of papers by N. C. Fassett, H. H. Iltis, and their students and collaborators (1929-87) is replete with critical studies that are directly adaptable to Minnesota.

The maps illustrate general repeated patterns of distribution as well as patterns peculiar to individual species. Minnesota's flora represents the western limits of the vast eastern forest flora, and simultaneously represents the northern and eastern limits of the flora of the prairies and plains in the continental United States. More than anywhere else these two contrasting continental floras meet sharply in the state, and the individual distributions reflect these broad patterns. The parallel arcs of the conifer zone, hardwood forest strip, and matching prairie, curving from northwest to southeast, join those of Wisconsin as shown in Curtis (1959) to display the full sweep of these vegetation types in this part of the continent. As examples, maps of the following plants show how sharp the boundaries of the individual species can be in Minnesota: on the west and south, Asclepias verticillata, Astragalus crassicarpus, Cypripedium candidum, Lithospermum incisum, and Psoralea argophylla; on the east and north, Carex crawfordii, Cornus canadensis, Dryopteris cristata, Linnaea borealis, and Picea mariana.

INTRODUCTION IX

Roughly paralleling the curve of the vegetation types, but not coincident with the edges of any of them and inconspicuous to the eye, is a boundary zone between two major floristic provinces, one to the north, one to the south. This transition or "tension" zone has been studied in detail by Curtis and others; it is a region in which occur the range limits of a relatively large number of plants. The zone is therefore determined by plotting the edge-of-range lines of many species of the whole area, some of which are northern and have their southern limits in or near this zone, while others are southern and have their northern limits in or near it. The densest concentration of lines is designated as the zone. The maps of this atlas make it possible to trace the zone as it extends west and north through Minnesota. Upham recognized that plants from different regions meet their geographical limits in the state. His book includes a vegetation map of the state, and on it are indicated the approximate limits of some of the principal trees and shrubs. The map is still useful today. Our maps illustrate the limits of many more plants; examples of those of the hardwood forest region that have their northwest limits in the state are Carya ovata, Quercus alba, Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, Jeffersonia diphylla, and Podophyllum peltatum; representative plants having their northern limits in Minnesota are Juglans nigra, Chamaecrista fasciculata, Eryngium yuccifolium, Euphorbia cyathophora, and Silphium laciniatum. Some prairie plants with their eastern limits in the state are Astragalus lotiflorus, Distichlis stricta, Gaura coccinea, Limosella aquatica, and Lomatium orientate', examples of plants with their southern limits in Minnesota are Carex livida, Rubus acaulis, Salix planifolia, Saxifraga virginiensis, and Vaccinium caespitosum. Many plants have their western limits in the state, such as Taxus canadensis, Tsuga canadensis, Pinus strobus, Betula alleghaniensis, and Rhus vernix. Limits in other directions could be illustrated. An interesting pattern is that of northern plants with isolated outliers in the southeastern part of the state, in particular Abies balsamea, Draba arabisans, Chrysosplenium iowense, Mertensia paniculata, and Sedum integrifolium. The maps were prepared almost entirely from specimens at the University of Minnesota herbarium in St. Paul. Exceptions are to be found in Carex where specimens collected in Minnesota but deposited at the University of Minnesota at Duluth and at St. Cloud State University, North Dakota State University, Iowa State

University, the University of Iowa, the University of Michigan, the New York Botanical Garden, and Harvard University have been mapped. The maps for Juncus include records compiled from collections at North Dakota State University. Occasional other map entries are based on records of the Duluth collections as given in Lakela (1965). A few dots on maps for rare species are based on specimens at other midwestern institutions. A map for each species of vascular plant native to or thought to be native to Minnesota is included, even when the species is known only from a single locality. Maps for introduced species that have become naturalized are also included. There are in addition numerous other introduced plants that occur from time to time outside of cultivation, some of which are weedy, while others are of ornamental or economic significance. The status of this group of plants as components of the flora is conjectural and each species is dealt with individually. If available evidence indicates that there exists a chance of eventual naturalization, then a map is included. A large number of species whose existence outside cultivation is known to be ephemeral have been excluded from the atlas. The sequence of maps in the atlas is the same as the species in the checklist, although maps for many listed species that do not qualify as components of the state flora as defined are omitted. Trinomials are given in the legends to the maps only when the variety or subspecies found in Minnesota is not the typical one. The dots on the maps are placed directly over the collection locality rather than in the center of the county, for purposes of accuracy. Such a placement may also show areas where further collecting is needed, in the case of very uneven county distributions. Some specimens could not be mapped either because of insufficient label data or because the locality could not be found. In general, collections made within a radius of three miles are shown by a single dot. We wish to acknowledge the assistance of Gerald A. Wheeler, who contributed the listing for the genus Carex, and of W. H. Wagner, Jr., who reviewed the listings for the pteridophytes. Many individuals contributed to the atlas. The majority of the early maps were made by James R. McKee and John Folke. More recently, Gerald A. Wheeler revised the maps for Carex. Steven E. Clemants revised the maps forJuncus. Welby R. Smith has revised about two hundred maps of species considered rare, threatened, or endangered. In the later

INTRODUCTION X

stages of preparation of the atlas, Margaret Smithberg updated many maps to reflect current acquisitions and annotations of specimens. Funding came from two Graduate School grants and several grants from the Hay den Fund of the Botany Department, and from other Botany Department and herbarium sources. Publication was supported by grants from the Olga Lakela Herbarium Fund of the University of Minnesota, Duluth, the Minnesota Department of Transportation, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, the Minnesota State Horticultural Society, and the Minnesota Landscape Arboretum.

REFERENCES Coffin, B., and L. Pfannmuller. Eds. 1988. Minnesota's endangered flora and fauna. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Curtis, J. T. 1959. The vegetation of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. Dore, W. G., and J. McNeill. 1980. Grasses of Ontario. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monograph 26, Ottawa, Canada. Fassett, N. C. 1927-39. Notes from the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin-I-XVffl. Rhodora 29-41. & collaborators. 1929-53. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin I-XXXVII. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 24-42. Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. American Book Co., New York. Gleason, H. A. 1952. The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden, New York. 3 vols. and A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Van Nostrand, Reinhold, New York.

Great Plains Flora Association. 1977. Atlas of the flora of the Great Plains. Iowa State University Press, Ames. Iltis, H. H., and collaborators. 1957-87. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin 38-69. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 46-75. Lakela, O. 1965. A flora of northeastern Minnesota. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Lapham, I. A. 1875. A catalogue of the plants of Minnesota. Trans. Minnesota State Hort. Soc., winter meeting: 89-118. MacMillan, C. 1892. The Metaspermae of the Minnesota Valley. Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. Reports of the Survey. Botanical series I. McGregor, R. L., coordinator. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence. Moore, J. W., and R. M. Tryon, Jr. 1946. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants, ferns and fern allies of Minnesota. Botany Department, University of Minnesota, mimeographed. Morley, T. 1974. Spring flora of Minnesota. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Rosendahl, C. O. 1955. Trees and shrubs of the Upper Midwest. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Tryon, R. M. 1980. Ferns of Minnesota. 2nd ed. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Tutin, T. G., V. H. Heywood, N. A. Burges, D. H. Valentine, S. M. Walters, and D. A. Webb. Eds. 1964-80. Flora Europaea. Vols. 1-5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Upham, W. 1884. Catalogue of the flora of Minnesota. Minn. Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, part VI of the Annual Report of Progress for the year 1883. Van Bruggen, T. 1976. The vascular plants of South Dakota. Iowa State University Press, Ames. Voss, E. G. 1972, 1985. Michigan Flora, parts I and II. Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 55 and 59. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. and University of Michigan Herbarium. Bloomfield Hills and Ann Arbor.

VEGETATION THEIR

APPROXIMATE

TYPES

BOUNDARIES

OF

MINNESOTA

UNDER

NATURAL

CONDITIONS

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PART I

CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MINNESOTA

Accepted Latin names of families, genera, species, subspecies, and varieties admitted to the state flora are given in boldface. Synonymous names at each level of classification are given in italics. The name of the typical subspecies or variety of a species is not listed if it is the only one found in the state, e.g., Silphiumperfoliatum, not Silphium perfoliatum subsp. perfoliatum, for the Cup-Plant. MIN is the official abbreviation for the Herbarium of the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.

PTERIDOPHYTES References: Mohlenbrock, R. H. 1967. Ferns. The illustrated flora of Illinois. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale. 191 pp. Morton, C. V. 1952. Peteridophyta. In H. A. Gleason, The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada 1: 1-56. New York Botanical Garden. 3 vols. Tryon, R. 1980. Ferns of Minnesota, ed. 2. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 165 pp.

EQUISETACEAE-Horsetail Family EQUISETUM-Horsetail; Scouring-Rush

Maps 1-13

References: Hauke, R. L. 1963. A taxonomic monograph of the germs Equisetum subgenus Hippochaete. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 8: 1-124. . 1966. A systematic study of Equisetum arvense. Nova Hedwigia 13: 81-109. . 1966. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin. No. 54. Equisetaceae—Horsetail Family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 54: 331-346. . 1978. A taxonomic monograph of Equisetum subgenus Equisetum. Nova Hedwigia 30: 385-455. . 1983. Horsetails (Equisetum) in North America. Fiddlehead Forum 10: 39-42. Peck, J. H., &S. D. Swanson. 1978. Equisetum x litoralerecorded for Minnesota. Amer. Fern. J. 68: 96.

Equisetum arvense L. —Field-Horsetail E. arvense var. boreale (Bong.) Ledeb. x ferrissii Clute (E. hyemale var. affine x E. laevigatum) fluviatile L.—Water-Horsetail hyemale L.-Common Scouring-Rush var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eat. E. hyemale var. pseudohyemale (Farw.) Morton laevigatum A. Br. — Smooth Scouring-Rush E. hyemale var. intermedium A. A. Eat. E. kansanum Schaffn. x litorale Kuhl. (E. arvense x E. fluviatile) x nelsonii (A. A. Eat.) Schaffn. (E. laevigatum x E. variegatum) E. variegatum var. nelsonii A. A. Eat. palustre L. —Marsh-Horsetail pratense Ehrh. — Meadow-Horsetail scirpoides Michx. — Dwarf Scouring-Rush sylvaticum L.-Woodland-Horsetail X trachyodon A. Br. (E. hyemale var. affine x E. variegatum) variegatum Schleich.—Variegated Scouring-Rush

ISOETACEAE-Quillwort Family ISOTETES - Quill wort

Maps 14-16

References: Dorn, R. D. 1972. The nomenclature of Isoetes echinospora and Isoetes muricata. Amer. Fern J. 62: 80-81.

Isoetes echinospora Dur. — Braun's Quillwort var. braunii Engelm. I. muricata Dur. var. braunii (Engelm.) Reed /. braunii Dur., not Unger macrospora Dur.—Lake-Quillwort melanopoda Gay & Dur.—Prairie-Quillwort

LYCOPODIACEAE-Clubmoss Family LYCOPODIUM-Clubmoss

Maps 17-31

Recent specialists often subdivide Lycopodium into several distinct genera. When this is done our species are treated as follows: Lycopodium, to include L. annotinum, L. clavatum, L. dendroideum, and L. obscurum; Diphasiastrum, to include L. complanatum, L. flabelliforme (L. digitatum), and L. tristachyum; Huperzia, to include L. appalachianum, L. lucidulum, L. porophilum, and L. selago; and Lycopodiella, to include L. inundatum. References: Beitel, J. M. 1979. Clubmosses (Lycopodium) in North America. Fiddlehead Forum 6 (5): 1-8. Hickey, R. J. 1977. The Lycopodium obscurum complex in North America. Amer. Fern J. 67: 45-48. & J. M. Beitel. 1979. A name change for Lycopodium flabelliforme. Rhodora 81: 137-40. Holub, J. 1975. Diphasiastrum, a new genus in Lycopodiaceae. Preslia47: 97-110. . 1975. Notes on some species of Diphasiastrum. Preslia 47: 232-240. Peck, J. H., & W. C. Taylor. 1980. Checklist and distributions of Wisconsin ferns and fern allies. Michigan Bot. 19: 251-68. Waterway, M. J. 1986. A reevaluation of Lycopodium porophilum and its relationship to L. lucidulum (Lycopodiaceae). Syst. Bot. 11: 263-276. Wilce, J. H. 1965. The section Complanata of the genus Lycopodium. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 19: 1-133.

Lycopodium annotinum L.—Bristly Clubmoss L. annotinum var. acrifolium Fern. L. annotinum var. pungens (LaPylaie) Desv. appalachianum (Beitel) Huperzia appalachiana Beitel appalachianum x L. lucidulum

PTERIDOPHYTES: LYCOPODIACEAE-POLYPODIACEAE

4 appalachianum x L. selago x buttersii Abbe (L. lucidulum x L. selago) clavatum L.—Running Clubmoss complanatum L.—Ground-Cedar dendroideum Michx. — Round-branched Ground-Pine L. obscurum var. dendroideum (Michx.) D. C. Eat. digitatum A. Br.-Ground-Cedar L. complanatum var. flabelliforme Fern. L. flabelliforme (Fern.) Blanch, x habereri House (L. digitatum x L. tristachyum) L. tristachyum var. habereri (House) Viet. immdatum L.—Bog-Clubmoss lucidulum Michx.—Shining Clubmoss obscurum L.—Ground-Pine var. isophyllum Hickey porophilum Lloyd & Underw. selago L. — Fir-Clubmoss tristachyum Pursh-Ground-Cedar

MARSILEACEAEWater-Clover Family MARSILEA-Water-Clover

mormo Wagner multifidum (S. G. Gmel.) Rupr.-Leathery Grape-Fern B. multifidum var. intermedium (D. C. Eat.) Farw. rugulosum Wagner The only known collection from Minnesota is at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. simplex Hitchc. — Small Grape-Fern B. simplex var. laxifolium Clausen B. simplex var. tenebrosum (A. A. Eat.) Clausen virginianum (L.) Sw.—Rattlesnake-Fern B. virginianum var. europaeum Angstr.

OPfflOGLOSSUM - Adder's-Tongue

Reference: Wagner, W. H., C. M. Allen, & G. P. Landry. 1984. Ophioglossum ellipticum Hook. & Grev. in Louisiana and the taxonomy of O. nudicaule L. f. Castanea 49: 99-110. Ophioglossum pusillum Raf. — Adder's-Tongue O. vulgatum L. var. pseudopodum (Blake) Farw.

OSMUNDACEAEFlowering Fern Family

Map 32

Marsilea mucronata A. Br.—Hairy Pepperwort

OSMUNDA-Osmunda

OPfflOGLOSSACEAE Adder's-Tongue Family BOTRYCHIUM-Moonwort; Grape-Fern

Maps 33-43

References: Wagner, W. H., Jr., & L. P. Lord. 1956. The morphological and cytological distinctness ofBotrychium minganense and B. lunaria in Michigan. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 83: 261-280. & F. S. Wagner. 1982. Botrychium rugulosum (Ophioglossaceae), a newly recognized species of evergreen grapefern in the Great Lakes area of North America. Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 15: 315-24. . 1983. Genus communities as a systematic tool in the study of New World Botrychium (Ophioglossaceae). Taxon 32: 51-63. . 1986. Three new species of moonworts (Botrychium subg. Botrychium) endemic to western North America. Amer. Fern J. 76: 33-47.

Botrychium campestre Wagner & Farrar Voucher specimens for Minnesota distribution are at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. dissectum Spreng.—Dissected Grape-Fern B. dissectum Spreng. forma obliquum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Fern. gallicomontanum Farrar & Johnson-Groh Norman Co. lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Rupr.-Lance-Leaved Grape-Fern var. angustisegmentum Pease & Moore lunaria (L.) Sw.—Moonwort B. lunaria forma onondagense (Underw.) Butters & Abbe matricariifolium A. Br.-Matricary Grape-Fern minganense Viet. B. lunaria var. minganense (Viet.) Dole

Map 44

Maps 45-47

Osmunda cinnamomea L.-Cinnamon-Fern O. cinnamomea forma frondosa (Torr. & Gray) Britt. claytoniana L.—Interrupted Fern regalis L.—Royal Fern var. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray

POLYPODIACEAE-Polypody Family Many fern specialists prefer to break up the traditional Polypodiaceae into several distinct families. The Minnesota genera may be assigned to these segregate families as follows: ADIANTACEAE: Adiantum, Cheilanthes, Cryptogramma, Pellaea. ASPLENIACEAE: Asplenium, Athyrium, Camptosorus, Cystopteris, Dryopteris, Gymnocarpium, Matteuccia, Onoclea, Polystichum, Woodsia. DENNSTAEDTIACEAE: Pteridium. POLYPODIACEAE, in the narrow sense: Polypodium. THELYPTERIDACEAE: Thelypteris (including Phegopteris).

ADIANTUM - Maidenhair-Fern

Map 48

Adiantum pedatum L.

ASPLENIUM - Spleenwort

Maps 49-50

References: Lellinger, D. B. 1981. Notes on North American ferns. Amer. Fern J. 71: 90-94. Moran, R. C. 1982. The Asplenium trichomanes complex in the United States and adjacent Canada. Amer. Fern J. 72: 5-11. Taylor, W. C., R. H. Mohlenbrock, & F. J. Burton. 1976. Variation in North American Asplenium platyneuron. Amer. Fern. J. 66: 63-68. Wagner, W. H., Jr. Numerous journal articles. See: Index to American Botanical Literature.

PTERIDOPHYTES: POLYPODIACEAE

5 Asplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P.-Ebony Spleenwort trichomanes L. —Maidenhair-Spleenwort

ATHYRIUM-Lady-Fern; Spleenwort

Maps 51-53

Athyrium angustum (Willd.) Presl—Lady-Fern A. filix-femina (L.) Roth var. michauxii (Spreng.) Farw. pycnocarpon (Spreng.) Tidestr.—Narrow-leaved Spleenwort thelypterioides (Michx.) Desv.—Silvery Spleenwort

C AMPTOSORUS - Walking Fern

Map 54

Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link

CHEILANTHES - Lip-Fern

Maps 55-56

Cheilanthes feei Moore-Slender Lip-Fern lanosa (Michx.) D. C. Eat.—Hairy Lip-Fern C. vestita Sw. Recorded once from the Dalles of the St. Croix River without indication of state. No specimen from Minnesota is deposited at MIN.

CRYPTOGRAMMA-Rock-Brake

Map 57

Cryptogramma stelleri (S. G. Gmel.) Prantl-Slender Cliff-Brake

C YSTOPTERIS - Bladder-Fern

Maps 58-63

References: Blasdell, R. F. 1963. A monographic study of the fern genus Cystoptens. Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 21 (4): 1-102. Lellinger, D. B. 1981. Notes on North American ferns. Amer. Fern J. 71: 90-94. Moran, R. C. 1983. Cystopteris tenuis (Michx.) Desv.: a poorly understood species. Castanea 48: 218-223. Weatherby, C. A. 1935. A new variety of Cystopteris fragilis and some old ones. Rhodora 37: 373-378.

Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh.-Bulblet-Fern fragilis (L.) Bernh. — Fragile Fern x laurentiana (Weath.) Blasd. (C. bulbifera x C. fragilis) C. fragilis var. laurentiana Weath. protrusa (Weath.) Blasd. C. fragilis var. protrusa Weath. x tennesseensis Shaver (C. bulbifera x C. protrusa) tenuis (Michx.) Desv. C. fragilis var. mackayi Laws. C. diaphana (Bory) Blasd. x C. fragilis "complex"

DRYOPTERIS - Shield-Fern; Wood-Fern

Maps 64-73

References: Britton, D. M., & J. H. Soper. 1966. The cytology and distribution of Dryopteris species in Ontario. Canad. J. Bot. 44: 63-78. Carlson, T. M., & W. H. Wagner, Jr. 1982. The North American distribution of the genus Dryopteris. Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 15: 141-162. Fraser-Jenkins, C. R. 1980. Nomenclatural notes on Dryopteris: 4. Taxon 29: 607-612.

Montgomery, J. D. 1982. Dryopteris in North America. Part II: The hybrids. Fiddlehead Forum 9: 23-30. & E. M. Paulton. 1981. Dryopteris in North America. Fiddlehead Forum 8: 25-31. Dryopteris x boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw. (D. cristata x D. intermedia) carthusiana (Vill.) H. P. Fuchs D. spinulosa (O. F. Muell.) Watt D. austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar var. spinulosa (O. F. Muell.) Fiori cristata (L.) Gray-Crested Fern expansa (Presl) Fraser-Jenkins & Jermy - Spreading Wood-Fern D. spinulosa (O. F. Muell.) Watt var. americana (Fisch) Fern. fragrans (L.) Schott—Fragrant Fern D. fragrans var. remotiuscula Komarov goldiana (Hook.) Gray-Goldie's Fern intermedia (Muhl.) Gray—Glandular Wood-Fern D. spinulosa (O. F. Muell.) Watt var. intermedia (Muhl.) Underw. D. austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar var. intermedia (Muhl.) Morton marginalis (L.) Gray—Marginal Fern x triploidea Wherry (D. carthusiana x D. intermedia) D. spinulosa var. fructuosa (Gilb.) Trud. x uliginosa (A. Br.) Druce (D. carthusiana x D. cristata)

GYMNOC ARPIUM - Oak-Fern

Maps 74-77

References: Sarvela, J. 1978. A synopsis of the fern genus Gymnocarpium. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 15: 101-106. , D. M. Britton, & K. Pryer. 1981. Studies on the Gymnocarpium robertianum complex in North America. Rhodora 83: 421-431. Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm.—Oak-Fern x intermedium Sarvela (G. dryopteris x G. jessoense) jessoense (Koidz.) Koidz. subsp. parvulum Sarvela robertianum (Hoffm.) Newm.-Northern Oak-Fern Dryopteris robertiana (Hoffm.) C. Chr.

MATTEUCCIA - Ostrich-Fern

Map 78

Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro var. pensylvanica (Willd.) Morton Pteretis pensylvanica (Willd.) Fern.

ONOCLE A - Sensitive Fern

Map 79

Onoclea sensibilis L.

PELLAEA-Cliff-Brake

Maps 80-81

Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link-Purple Cliff-Brake glabella Mett.-Smooth Cliff-Brake P. atropurpurea var. bushii Mack.

POLYPODIUM - Polypody

Map 82

Reference: Cranfill, R., & D. M. Britton. 1983. Typification within the Polypodium virginianum complex (Polypodiaceae). Taxon 32:557-560.

PTERIDOPHYTES: POLYPODIACEAE-GYMNOSPERMS: PINACEAE

6 Polypodium

virginianum L. — Common Polypody P. vulgare L. var. virginianum (L.) Eaton P. vinlandicum Love & Love

POLYSTICHUM-Shield-Fern

Maps 83-84

Polystichum

Woodsia

acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott—Christmas-Fern braunii (Spenner) Fee—Braun's Holly-Fern P. braunii var. purshii Fern.

PTERIDIUM-Bracken

Map 85

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw.—Eastern Bracken

THELYPTERIS-Beech-Fern

Maps 86-88

References: Holub, J. 1972. On the taxonomy and nomenclature of the European marsh fern. Taxon 21: 331-332. Tryon, A. F., & R. M. Tryon. 1973. Thelypteris in northeastern North America. Amer. Fern J. 63: 65-76.

Thelypteris

hexagonoptera (Michx.) Weath.—Broad Beech-Fern Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) C. Chr. palustris Schott—Marsh-Fern T. palustris var. pubescens (Laws.) Fern. T. thelypteroid.es (Michx.) Holub subsp. thelypteroides Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) Gray var. pubescens (Laws.) Nakai phegopteris (L.) Slosson-Long Beech-Fern Dryopteris phegopteris (L.) C. Chr. Phegopteris connectialis (Michx.) Watt

WOODSIA-Woodsia

Butters, F. K. 1941. Hybrid woodsias in Minnesota. Amer. Fern J. 31: 15-21. & R. M. Tryon. 1948. A fertile mutant of a Woodsia hybrid. Amer. J. Bot. 35: 132-133. Tryon, R. M. 1948. Some woodsias from the north shore of Lake Superior. Amer. Fern J. 38: 159-170.

Maps 89-96

x abbeae Butters (W. ilvensis x W. oregana) alpina (Bolton) S. F. Gray—Alpine Woodsia glabella R. Br.-Smooth Woodsia x gracilis (Laws.) Butters (W. alpina x W. ilvensis) W. ilvensis var. gracilis Laws. ilvensis (L.) R. Br.-Rusty Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. — Blunt-lobed Woodsia oregana D. C. Eat.—Oregon Woodsia var. cathcartiana (Robins.) Morton—Cathcart's Woodsia var. oregana scopulina D. C. Eat.—Rocky Mountain Woodsia

SALVINIACEAE-Floating Fern Family AZOLLA - Water-Fern

Map 97

Azolla

mexicana Presl—Mosquito-Fern

SELAGINELLACEAE Spikemoss Family SELAGINELLA- Spikemoss

Maps 98-99

Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring—Rock-Spikemoss selaginoides (L.) Link—Mountain-Moss

References: Brown, D. F. M. 1964. A monographic study of the fern genus Woodsia. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 16: 1-154.

GYMNOSPERMS CUPRESSACEAE-Cypress Family JUNIPERUS-Juniper

Maps 100-102

Juniperus communis L. var. depressa Pursh-Ground-Juniper horizontalis Moench—Creeping Savin; Creeping Juniper virginiana L. -Eastern Red Cedar

THUJA-Arbor Vitae

Map 103

Thuja occidentalisl L.—White Cedar; Arbor Vitae

PINACEAE-Pine Family ABIES-Fir Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.-Balsam-Fir

Map 104

LARIX-Larch

Map 105

Larix decidua Mill.—European Larch Spreads from cultivation. laricina (DuRoi) Koch—American Larch; Tamarack

PICEA-Spruce

Maps 106-107

References: Little, E. L., & S. S. Pauley. 1958. A natural hybrid between black and white spruce in Minnesota. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 60: 202-211. Parker, W. H., & D. G. McLachlan. 1978. Morphological variation in white and black spruce: investigation of natural hybridization between Picea glauca and P. mariana. Canad. J. Bot. 56: 2512-2520.

Picea abies (L.) Karst.-Norway Spruce May spread from cultivation. glauca (Moench) Voss-White Spruce

GYMNOSPERMS: PINACEAE-ANGIOSPERMS: ALISMATACEAE

7 mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.-Black Spruce x rosendahlii Little & Pauley (P. glauca x P. mariana)

PINUS-Pine

Maps 108-110

Map 111

TSUGA-Hemlock Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr

Pinus

TAXACEAE-Yew Family

banksiana Lamb.—Jack-Pine resinosa Ait.—Red Pine; Norway Pine rigida Mill.-Pitch-Pine May spread from cultivation. strobus L.-White Pine sylvestris L. —Scotch Pine Spreads from cultivation.

Map 112

TAXUS-Yew Taxus canadensis Marsh.-American Yew

PSEUDOTSUGA-Douglas Fir Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France Occasionally spreads from cultivation.

ANGIOSPERMS ACANTHACEAE-Acanthus Family RUELLIA

Map 113

Ruellia humilis Nutt. A single recent collection from Minnesota that may have been introduced from farther south.

ACERACEAE-Maple Family ACER-Maple

Maps 114-119

Reference: Desmarais, Y. 1952. Dynamics of leaf variation in the sugar maples. Brittonia 7: 347-387.

Acer ginnala Maxim.—Siberian Maple Introduced and spreading from cultivation. negundo L.—Box-Elder A. negundo var. interius (Britt.) Sarg. A negundo var. violaceum (Kirsch.) Jaeg. nigrum Michx. f.—Black Maple A. saccharum var. viride (Schmidt) Voss rubrum L. — Red Maple saccharinum L.-Silver Maple; Soft Maple saccharum Marsh.—Sugar Maple; Hard Maple A. saccharophorum Koch spicatum Lam.—Mountain-Maple

ADOXACEAE-Moschatel Family ADOXA-Moschatel

Map 120

Reference: Cochrane, T. S., & P. J. Salamun. 1974. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 64. Adoxaceae—Moschatel Family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 62: 247-252.

Adoxa moschatellina L.

AIZOACEAE-Carpetweed Family MOLLUGO-Indian Chickweed

Map 121

Mollugo verticillata L.—Carpetweed. Introduced.

ALISMATACEAEWater-plantain Family ALISMA - Water-plantain; Mud-plantain

Maps 122-124

References: Bjorkqvist, I. 1967. Studies mAlisma L. I. Distribution, variation and germination. Opera Bot. 17: 1-128. . 1968. Studies mAlisma L. II. Chromosome studies, crossing experiments and taxonomy. Opera Bot. 19: 1-138. Fernald, M. L. 1946. The North American representatives ofAlisma plantago-aquatica. Rhodora 48: 86-96. Hendricks, A. F. 1957. A revision of the genus Alisma (Dill.) L. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 58: 470-493. Voss, E. G. 1958. Confusion mAlisma. Taxon 7: 130-133. Alisma gramineum Gmelin subcordatum Raf. A. parviflorum Pursh triviale Pursh A. plantago-aquatica L., of authors, not Linnaeus

LOPHOTOCARPUS

Map 125

Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith

SAGITTARIA-Arrowhead

Maps 126-131

References: Beal, E. O., J. W. Woolen, & R. B. Kaul. 1982. Review of the Sagittaria engelmanniana complex (Alismataceae) with environmental correlations. Syst. Bot. 7: 417-432.

ANGIOSPERMS: ALISMATACEAE-APOCYNACEAE

8 Bogin, C. 1955. Revision of the genus Sagittaria (Alismataceae). Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 9: 179-233. Wooten, J. W. 1973. Taxonomy of seven species of Sagittaria from eastern North America. Brittonia 25: 64-74.

Sagittaria brevirostra Mack. & Bush cristata Engelm. cuneata Sheldon -Wapato graminea Michx. latifolia Willd.-Duck-Potato; Wapato rigida Pursh

AMARANTHACEAE Amaranth Family Reference: Sauer, J., & R. Davidson. 1962. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin. No. 45. Amaranthaceae—Amaranth Family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 50: 75-87.

AMARANTHUS-Amaranth

Maps 132-138

Reference: Sauer, J. 1955. Revision of the dioecious amaranths. Madrono 13: 5-46.

Amaranthus albus L.-Tumbleweed blitoides S. Wats.-Tumbleweed A. graecizans L., misapplied. Introduced from farther west. hybridus L.-Pigweed Introduced from farther south. powellii S. Wats. Introduced from farther west. retroflexus L.—Pigweed Introduced from farther east and south. tamariscinus Nutt. — Water-Hemp Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer Acnida tuberculata Moq. Acnida altissima (Riddell) Moq. ex Standl.

FROELICfflA-Cottonweed

References: Barkley, F. A. 1937. A monographic study ofRhus and its immediate allies in North and Central America, including the West Indies. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 24: 265-498. . 1938. Studies in Anacardiaceae. HI. A note concerning the status of Rhus pulvinata Greene (R. glabra x typhina Koehne). Amer. Midi. Naturalist 19: 598-600. Gillis, W. T. 1971. The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73: 72-159; 161-237; 370-443; 465-540. Mulligan, G. A., & B. E. Junkins. 1979. The taxonomic rank of Rydberg's poison ivy. Naturaliste Canad. 105: 291-293.

Rhus aromatica Ait.—Fragrant Sumac Probably introduced from southward or eastward. x borealis (Britt.) Greene (emended) (R. glabra x R. typhina) R. glabra var. borealis Britt. R. pulvinata Greene glabra L.-Smooth Sumac radicans L.-Poison Ivy var. negundo (Greene) Mulligan Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze subsp. negundo (Greene) Gillis Rhus radicans var. vulgaris (Michx.) DC. forma negundo (Greene) Fern, var. rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Rehd. Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene Rhus rydbergii Small ex Rydb. typhina L. — Staghorn-Sumac vernix L.—Poison Sumac Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze

APOCYNUM-Dogbane; Indian Hemp Map 139

Maps 148-151

Reference: Woodson, R. E., Jr. 1938. Apocynum. North Amer. Fl. 29: 188-192.

Apocynum

AMARYLLIDACEAEAmaryllis Family

hirsuta (L.) Cov.

Maps 141-147

APOCYNACEAE-Dogbane Family

floridana (Nutt.) Moq. var. campestris (Small) Fern. F. campestris Small

Hypoxis

RHUS-Sumac

APIACEAE: See UMBELLIFERAE

Froelichia

HYPOXIS-Star-Grass

ANACARDIACEAE-Cashew Family

Map 140

androsaemifolium L.—Dogbane cannabinum L. —Indian Hemp A. cannabinum var. glaberrima DC. A. cannabinum var. pubescens (Mitchell) DC. medium Greene sibiricum Jacq.-Indian Hemp A. hypericifolium Ait. A. sibiricum var. cordigerum (Greene) Fern. A. sibiricum var. salignum (Greene) Fern.

VEVCA-Periwinkle Vinca minor L.—Common Periwinkle Long persistent after cultivation and frequently spreading locally.

ANGIOSPERMS: AQUIFOLIACEAE-ASCLEPIADACEAE

9 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Birthwort Family

AQUIFOLIACEAE-Holly Family ILEX-Holly

Map 152

ASARUM-Wild Ginger

Reference: Edwin, G. 1957. Notes on Ilex. Rhodora 59: 20-23.

Asarum

Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray-Black Alder; Winterberry /. verticillata var. padifolia (Willd.) T. & G.

NEMOPANTHUS- Mountain-Holly

Map 164

Map 153

canadense L. var. acuminatum Ashe Some authors do not consider this variety to be distinct from the typical var. canadense. var. reflexum (Bickn.) Robins.

Reference: Clark, R. C. 1974. Ilex collina, a second species of Nemopanthus in the southern Appalachians. J. Arnold Arb. 55: 435-440.

ASCLEPIADACEAE-Milkweed Family

Nemopanthus

ACERATES: See ASCLEPIAS

mucronatus (L.) Loesener

ASCLEPIAS - Milkweed

ARACEAE-Arum Family Map 154

ACORUS- Sweet Flag Acorus calamus L.

ARISAEMA-Indian Turnip

Maps 155-156

Reference: Huttleston, D. G. 1982. The four subspecies of Arisaema triphyllum. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 108: 479-481.

Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott-Green Dragon triphyllum (L.) Schott-Jack-in-the-Pulpit A. atrorubens (Ait.) Blume subsp. pusillum (Peck) Huttleston A. stewartsonii Britt., misidentified as to Minnesota. A. triphyllum forma pusillum (Peck) Fern, subsp. triphyllum

CALLA-Water-Arum

Map 157

Calla palustris L.

SYMPLOCARPUS- Skunk-Cabbage Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt.

Map 158

ARALIACEAE-Ginseng Family ARALIA-Sarsaparilla

Maps 159-161

Aralia hispida Vent. —Bristly Sarsaparilla nudicaulis L. -Wild Sarsaparilla racemosa L.-Spikenard

PANAX-Ginseng Panax quinquefolium L.—American Ginseng trifolium L.-Dwarf-Ginseng; Ground-Nut

Maps 162-163

Maps 165-177

References: Noamesi, G. K., & H. H. Iltis. 1957. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin. No. 40. Asclepiadaceae. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 46: 107-114. Woodson, R. E., Jr. 1954. The North American species ofAsclepias L. Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 41: 1-211.

Asclepias

amplexicaulis Smith exaltata L. A. phytolaccoides Pursh hirtella (Pennell) Woodson Acerates hirtella Pennell Asclepias longifolia Michx. subsp. hirtella (Pennell) Farmer & Bell incarnata L.-Swamp-Milkweed lanuginosa Nutt. A. nuttalliana Torr. Acerates nuttalliana (Torr.) Eaton Acerates lanuginosa (Nutt.) Dene. ovalifolia Dene. speciosa Torr. speciosa x A. syriaca stenophylla Gray sullivantii Engelm. syriaca L.—Common Milkweed tuberosa L.—Butterfly-Weed subsp. interior Woodson subsp. terminalis Woodson verticillata L. viridiflora Raf. Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Pursh Asclepias viridiflora var. lanceolata (Ives) Torr. Asclepias viridiflora var. linearis (Gray) Fern.

ASTERACEAE: See COMPOSITAE

ANGIOSPERMS: BALSAMINACEAE-BORAGINACEAE

10 BALSAMINACEAETouch-me-not Family IMPATIENS - Balsam; Jewelweed

Betula

Maps 178-179

Reference: Fernald, M. L., & B. C. Schubert. 1948. Note on Impatiens biflora Walt. Rhodora 50: 203-206.

Impatiens capensis Meerb.—Spotted Touch-me-not /. biflora Walt. pallida Nutt.-Pale Touch-me-not

BERBERIDACEAE-Barberry Family BERBERIS-Barberry

Map 180

Berberis thunbergii DC.-Japanese Barberry Occasionally spreads from cultivation.

CAULOPHYLLUM-Blue Cohosh

Map 181

Caulophyllum

Map 182

Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers.

PODOPHYLLUM-Map-Apple; Mandrake

Map 183

Map 194

Reference: Furlow, J. J. 1987. The Carpinus caroliniana complex in North America. II. Systematics. Syst. Bot. 12: 416-434.

Carpinus caroliniana Walt.—American Hornbeam; Blue Beech subsp. virginiana (Marsh.) Furlow

Maps 195-196

Corylus americana Walt.—American Hazelnut cornuta Marsh.—Beaked Hazelnut C. rostrata Ait.

OSTRYA-Hop-Hornbeam; Ironwood Map 197 Ostrya

Podophyllum peltatum L.

virginiana (Mill.) Ironwood

BETULACEAE-Birch Family ALNUS-Alder

CARPINUS-Hornbeam

CORYLUS-Hazelnut

thalictroides (L.) Michx.

JEFFERSONIA-Twinleaf

alleghaniensis Britt. — Yellow Birch B. lutea Michx. f. cordifolia Regel—Heart-leaved Birch B. papyrifera var. cordifolia (Regel) Fern. glandulifera (Regel) Butler—Bog-Birch; Swamp-Birch B. pumila L. var. glandulifera Regel B. glandulosa Michx. var. glandulifera (Regel) Gl. nigra L.—Red Birch papyrifera Marsh.-Paper-Birch; Canoe-Birch x purpusii Schneid. (B. alleghaniensis x B. glandulifera) Purpus Birch x rosendahlii Butters & Abbe (B. cordifolia x B. papyrifera) —Rosendahl Birch x sandbergii Britt. (B. glandulifera x B. papyrifera) Sandberg Birch

Maps 184-185

K.

Koch—American

Hop-Hornbeam;

BIGNONIACEAE-Bignonia Family CATALPA-Catalpa

Reference: Furlow, J. J. 1979. The systematics of the American species of Alnus (Betulaceae). Rhodora 81: 1-121; 151-248.

Reference: Paclt, J. 1952. Synopsis of the genus Catalpa (Bignoniaceae) III. Candollea 13: 241-285.

Alnus

Catalpa

incana (L.) Moench subsp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen—Speckled Alder A. rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. viridis (Vill.) Lam. & DC. subsp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill—Green Alder; Mountain Alder A. crispa (Ait.) Pursh

BETULA-Birch

Maps 186-193

References: Brayshaw, T. C. 1966. The names of yellow birch and two of its varieties. Canad. Field-Naturalist 80: 160-161. Brittain, W. H., & W. F. Grant. 1968. Observations on Canadian birch (Betula) collections at the Morgan Arboretum. V. B. papyrifera and B. cordifolia from eastern Canada. Canad. FieldNaturalist 81: 251-262. Dugle, J. R. 1966. A taxonomic study of western Canadian species of the genus Betula. Canad. J. Bot. 44: 929-1007.

ovata G. Don—Chinese Catalpa Introduced. speciosa Warder-Catawba-Tree Introduced from the southeast and occasionally spreading.

BORAGINACEAE-Borage Family ANCHUSA-Alkanet Anchusa arvensis (L. ) Bieb. —Small Bugloss Lycopsis arvensis L. Introduced.

BORAGO-Borage Borago officinalis L. Introduced.

ANGIOSPERMS: BORAGINACEAE

11 CYNOGLOSSUMHound's Tongue

Maps 198-199

Cynoglossum boreale Fern.—Northern Wild Comfrey C. virginianum L. var. boreale (Fern.) Cooperr. officinale L.-Common Hound's Tongue Introduced and naturalized.

ECHIUM-Viper's Bugloss

Map 200

Reference: Pusateri, W. P., & W. H. Blackwell, Jr. 1979. The Echium vulgare complex in eastern North America. Castanea 44: 223-229.

Echium vulgare L. —Blueweed E. pustulatum Sibth. & Sm. Introduced and naturalized.

HACKELIA-Stickseed; Beggar's Lice

Maps 201-202

Reference: Gentry, J. L., & R. L. Carr. 1976. A revision of the genus Hackelia (Boraginaceae) in North America, north of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 26 (1): 121-227.

Hackelia deflexa (Wahlenb.) Opiz var. americana (Gray) Fern. & Johnston H. americana (Gray) Fern. Lappula deflexa (Wahlenb.) Garcke subsp. americana (Gray) Cochrane virginiana (L.) Johnston

LAPPULA-Stickseed

Maps 203-204

Lappula redowskii (Hornem.) Greene L. redowskii var. occidentalis (S. Wats.) Rydb. Introduced. squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. L. echinata Fritsch Introduced and naturalized.

LITHOSPERMUM - Puccoon; Cromwell

Maps 205-208

References: Cusick, A. W. 1985. Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) in Ohio, with a new taxonomic rank for Lithospermum croceum Fernald. Michigan Bot. 24: 63-69. Johnston, I. M. 1952. Studies in the Boraginaceae, XXIII. A survey of the genus Lithospermum. J. Arnold Arb. 33: 299-366.

Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm.—Hoary Puccoon caroliniense (Walt.) MacM. subsp. croceum (Fern.) Cusick-Hairy Puccoon L. croceum Fern. incisum Lehm.—Narrow-leaved Puccoon L. angustifolium Michx. L. linearifolium. Goldie latifolium Michx.—American Gromwell

LYCOPSIS: See ANCHUSA

MERTENSIA - Lungwort; Bluebells

Maps 209-210

Reference: Williams, L. O. 1937. A monograph of the genus Mertensia. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 24: 17-159.

Mertensia paniculata (Ait.) G. Don-Tall Lungwort virginica (L.) Pers.—Virginia Cowslip; Virginia Bluebell

MYOSOTIS - Forget-me-not; Scorpion-Grass

Maps 211-214

Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill Introduced. laxa Lehm. — Smaller Forget-me-not scorpioides L.—True Forget-me-not Introduced and naturalized. sylvatica Hoffm.-Garden Forget-me-not Introduced. verna Nutt. — Early Scorpion-Grass

ONOSMODIUMFalse Cromwell

Maps 215-216

Reference: Cochrane, T. S. 1976. Taxonomic status of the Onosmodium molle complex (Boraginaceae) in Wisconsin. Michigan Bot. 15: 103-110. Onosmodium molle Michx. subsp. hispidissimum (Mack.) Cochrane O. hispidissimum Mack. O. molle var. hispidissimum (Mack.) Cronq. subsp. occidentale (Mack.) Cochrane O. occidentale Mack. O. molle var. occidentale (Mack.) Johnston

PLAGIOBOTRYS

Map 217

Plagiobotrys scopulorum (Greene) Johnston

SYMPHYTUM - Comfrey Reference: Gadella, T. W. J. 1984. Notes on Symphytum (Boraginaceae) in North America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 71: 1061-1067.

Symphytum asperum Lepechin—Prickly Comfrey Introduced. officinale L.—Common Comfrey Introduced.

BRASSICACEAE: See CRUCIFERAE

ANGIOSPERMS: BUTOMACEAE-CAMPANULACEAE

12

CAMPANULACEAE-Bluebell Family

BUTOMACEAEFlowering Rush Family BUTOMUS - Flowering Rush

CAMPANULA - Bellflower Map 218

Butomus umbellatus L. Introduced.

Maps 225-228

Reference: Shetler, S. G. 1963. A checklist and key to the species of Campanula native or commonly naturalized in North America. Rhodora 65: 319-337.

Campanula

BUXACEAE-Box Family PACHYSANDRA Reference: Robbins, H. C. 1968. The genus Pachysandra (Buxaceae). Sida 3: 211-248.

Pachysandra terminalis Sieb. & Zucc. —Japanese Spurge Introduced and occasionally escaping cultivation.

CACTACEAE-Cactus Family Reference: Benson, L. D. 1982. The cacti of the United States and Canada. Stanford University Press. 1044 pp.

Map 219

CORYPHANTHA

Reference: Fischer, P. C. 1980. The varieties of Coryphantha vivipara. Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 52: 186-191.

Coryphantha vivipara (Nutt.) Britt. & Rose Mammillaria vivipara (Nutt.) Haw.

OPUNTIA-Prickly Pear

Maps 220-221

Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw.-Little Prickly Pear macrorhiza Engelm. — Plains Prickly Pear O. tortispina Engelm. & Bigel.

CAESALPINACEAE: See LEGUMINOSAE C ALLITRICHACEAE Water Starwort Family CALLITRICHEWater Starwort

Maps 222-224

Reference: Fassett, N. C. 1951. Callitriche in the New World. Rhodora 53: 137-155; 161-182; 185-194; 209-222.

Callitriche hermaphroditica L. heterophylla Pursh verna L. C. palustris L., of American authors.

americana L.-Tall Bellflower aparinoides Pursh—Eastern Marsh-Bellflower var. aparinoides var. grandiflora Holz. C. uliginosa Rydb. glomerata L.-Clustered Bellflower Introduced. rapunculoides L.-Rover Bellflower Introduced. rotundifolia L.-Harebell; Bluebell This species includes several named varieties whose taxonomic status needs further clarification.

LOBELIA-Lobelia

Maps 229-234

References: McVaugh, R. 1936. Studies in the taxonomy and distribution of the eastern North American species of Lobelia. Rhodora 38: 241-263; 276-298; 305-329; 346-362. . 1943. Campanulaceae (Lobelioideae). North Amer. Fl. 32A (Part 1): 1-134.

Lobelia cardinalis L.-Cardinal-Flower dortmanna L.-Water-Lobelia inflata L.—Indian-Tobacco kalmii L. siphilitica L.—Great Lobelia var. ludoviciana DC. var. siphilitica spicata Lam.—Pale-spike Lobelia var. hirtella Gray var. spicata L. spicata var. parviflora Gray L. spicata var. campanulata McVaugh L. spicata var. originalis McVaugh

SPECULARIA: See TRIODANIS TRIODANIS Venus's Looking-glass

Maps 235-236

References: McVaugh, R. 1945. The genus Triodanis Rafinesque, and its relationships to Specularia and Campanula. Wrightia 1: 13-52. . 1948. Generic status of Triodanis and Specularia. Rhodora 50: 38-49.

Triodanis leptocarpa (Nutt.) Nieuwl. Specularia leptocarpa (Nutt.) Gray perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. Specularia perfoliata (L.) DC.

CANNABINACEAE-See MORACEAE

ANGIOSPERMS: CAPPARACEAE-CARYOPHYLLACEAE

13 CAPPARACEAE (CAPPARIDACEAE)-Caper Family CLEOME - Spider-Flower Cleome serrulata Pursh—Stinking Clover Introduced from farther west and evidently not long persisting.

CRISTATELLA: See POLANISIA POLANISIA-Clammy weed

Maps 237-238

References: Iltis, H. H. 1954. Studies in the Capparidaceae I. Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC., the correct name for Polanisia graveolens Rafinesque. Rhodora 56: 65-70. . 1958. Studies in the Capparidaceae—IV. Polanisia Raf. Brittonia 10: 33-58. . 1966. Studies in the Capparidaceae VIII. Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. Rhodora 68: 41-47. Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. subsp. dodecandra P. graveolens Raf. subsp. trachysperma (T. & G.) Iltis P. trachysperma T. & G. jamesii (T. & G.) Iltis Cristatella jamesii T. & G.

Map 239

Diervilla lonicera Mill. D. lonicera var. hypomalaca Fern.

Map 240

Linnaea borealis L. var. americana (Forbes) Rehd. L. americana Forbes

LONICERA-Honeysuckle

Maps 248-249

Sambucus canadensis L. —Common Elder pubens Michx.—Red-berried Elder

SYMPHORIC ARPOS Snowberry

Maps 250-252

Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake-Snowberry S. albus var. pauciflorus (Robbins) Blake occidentals Hook. — Wolfberry orbiculatus Moench-Coralberry Possibly present in the state only by introduction from farther east or south.

Reference: Salamun, P. J. 1980. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 68. Caprifoliaceae—Honeysuckle Family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 67: 103-129.

LINNAEA - Twinflower

SAMBUCUS- Elder

Reference: Jones, G. N. 1940. A monograph of the genus Symphoricarpos. J. Arnold Arbor. 21: 201-252.

C APRIFOLIACEAE Honeysuckle Family

DIERVILLA - Bush-Honeysuckle

dioica L. — Wild Honeysuckle var. dioica var. glaucescens (Rydb.) Butters L. glaucescens Rydb. hirsuta Eat. - Hairy Honeysuckle morrowii Gray Introduced oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook.—Swamp Fly-Honeysuckle prolifera (Kirchn.) Rehd.— Grape-Honeysuckle tatarica L.—Tartarian Honeysuckle Introduced and fully naturalized. villosa (Michx.) R. & S.—Mountain Fly-Honeysuckle var. solonis (Eat.) Fern. var. tonsa Fern.

Maps 241-247

Reference: Greene, P. S. 1966. Indentification of the species and hybrids in the Lonicera tatarica complex. J. Arnold Arbor. 47: 75-88. Lonicera x bella Zabel (L. morrowii x L. tatarica) Sometimes found where the parental species are growing in proximity. canadensis Marsh.—Fly-Honeysuckle

TRIOSTEUM-Horse-Gentian; Feverwort

Map 253

Triosteum perfoliatum L.-Wild Coffee var. aurantiacum (Bickn.) Wieg. var. perfoliatum

VIBURNUM-Arrow-Wood

Maps 254-257

Reference: McAtee, W. L. 1956. A review of the nearctic Viburnum. Privately published, Chapel Hill, N.C. 135 pp. Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf. lentago L.-Nannyberry rafinesquianum Schultes var. affine (Bush) House V. affine Bush var. rafinesquianum—Downy Arrow-Wood V. affine var. hypomalacum Blake trilobum Marsh.-High-bush Cranberry V. opulus L. var. americanum Ait.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE-Pink Family References: Maguire, B. 1950. Studies in the Caryophyllaceae—IV. A synopsis of the North American species of the subfamily Silenoideae. Rhodora 52: 233-245.

ANGIOSPERMS: CARYOPHYLLACEAE

14 Schlising, R. A., & H. H. Iltis. 1961. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 46. Caryophyllaceae-Pink Family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 50: 89-139.

AGROSTEMMA -Corn-Cockle

Map 258

Agrostemma githago L. —Purple Cockle Introduced.

ARENARIA - Sand wort

Maps 259-261

Reference: Maguire, B. 1951. Studies in the Caryophyllaceae-V. Arenaria in America north of Mexico. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 46: 493-511. Arenaria dawsonensis Britt. A. stricta Michx. var. dawsonensis (Britt.) Maguire lateriflora L. macrophylla Hook. serpyllifolia L.—Thyme-leaved Sandwort Introduced.

CERASTIUMMouse-ear Chickweed

Maps 262-265

Map 266

Map 267

Gypsophila elegans Bieb. Introduced. muralis L. Introduced. paniculata L. Introduced.

LYCHNIS-Campion. See also: SILENE Lychnis chalcedonica L.—Maltese Cross Occasional escape from cultivation, but not naturalized. Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. Introduced.

Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link Tunica saxifraga (L.) Scop. Escaped from gardens.

SAGINA-Pearl wort

Maps 271-272

Reference: Crow, G. E. 1978. A taxonomic revision of Sagina (Caryophyllaceae) in North America. Rhodora 80: 1-91. Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl subsp. borealis Crow procumbens L.

SAPONARIA

Map 273

Map 268

Map 274

Scleranthus annuus L. Introduced.

SILENE-Catchfly; Campion

Reference: Lawrence, G. H. M. 1953. Keys to cultivated plants. 1. The cultivated species of Gypsophila. Bailey a 1: 16-18.

MYOSOTON-Giant-Chickweed

PETRORHAGIA

SCLERANTHUS - Knawel

Dianthus armeria L. - Deptford Pink Occasional escape from gardens. barbatus L. - Sweet William Occasional escape from gardens. deltoides L. —Maiden Pink Persisting near old gardens.

GYPSOPfflLA-Baby's Breath

Paronychia canadensis (L.) Wood-Forked Chickweed fastigiata (Raf.) Fern.—Forked Chickweed

Saponaria officinalis L. —Soapwort; Bouncing Bet Escaped from gardens and persistent. vaccaria L.: See VACCARIA

Cerastium arvense L.—Field-Chickweed brachypodum (Engelm.) Robins. fontana Baumg.-Common Mouse-ear Introduced. nutans Raf.

DIANTHUS-Pink; Carnation

PARONYCHIA-Whitlow-Wort Maps 269-270

Maps 275-284

References: Hitchcock, C. L., & B. Maguire. 1947. A revision of the North American species of Silene. Univ. Wash. Publ. Biol. 13: 1-73. McNeill, J. 1978. Silene alba and 5. dioica in North America and the generic delimitation of Lychnis, Melandrium, and Silene (Caryophyllaceae). Canad. J. Bot. 56: 297-308. & H. C. Prentice. 1981. Silene pratensis (Rafn) Godron & Gren., the correct name for white campion or white cockle (Silene alba (Miller) E. H. L. Krause, nom. illeg.). Taxon 30: 27-32. Silene antirrhina L.-Sleepy Catchfly armeria L.-Garden Catchfly; Sweet-William Catchfly Introduced. cserei Baumg. Naturalized. dichotoma Ehrh.-Forking Catchfly Naturalized. dioica (L.) Clairv.-Red Cockle Lychnis dioica L. Melandrium dioicum (L.) Cosson & Germ. Introduced but not clearly established. drummondii Hook. Lychnis drummondii (Hook.) Wats. Melandrium drummondii (Hook.) Hulten latifolia Poiret-White Cockle; White Campion subsp. alba (Miller) Greuter & Burdet Lychnis alba Miller

ANGIOSPERMS: CARYOPHYLLACEAE-CHENOPODIACEAE

15 Melandrium album (Miller) Garcke Silene alba (Miller) Krause Lychnis pratensis Rafn Silene pratensis (Rafn) Godron & Gren. Introduced and naturalized. nivea (Nutt.) Otth—Snowy Campion noctiflora L. — Night-flowering Catchfly; Sticky Cockle. Naturalized. stellata (L.) Ait. f.-Starry Campion var. scabrella (Nieuw.) Palmer & Steyerm. var. stellata vulgaris (Moench) Garcke—Bladder Campion 5. cucubalus Wibel S. latifolia (Miller) Britten & Rendle Introduced.

SPERGULA - Spurrey Spergula arvensis L.—Corn-Spurrey Introduced, but probably not persisting in Minnesota.

SPERGULARIA- Sand-Spurrey Reference: Rossback, R. P. 1940. Spergularia in North and South America. Rhodora 42: 57-83; 105-143; 158-193; 203-213.

Map 292

VACCARIA Vaccaria pyramidata Medic.— Cowherb V. segetalis Garcke Saponaria vaccaria L. Introduced.

CELASTRACEAE-Staff-Tree Family Map 293

CELASTRUS - Bittersweet

Reference: Hou, D. 1955. A revision of the genus Celastrus. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 42: 215-302. Celastrus scandens L.—Climbing Bittersweet

EUONYMUS - Spindle-Tree

Map 294

Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq.—Burning Bush; Wahoo

CERATOPHYLLACEAE Hornwort Family

Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl-Red Sand-Spurrey Introduced, but probably not persisting.

CERATOPHYLLUM Hornwort; Coontail

STELLARIA-Chickweed; Starwort

References: Les, D. H. 1986,1988. The evolution of achene morphology in Ceratophyllum (Ceratophyllaceae), I. Fruit-spine variation and relationships of C. demersum, C. submersum, and C. apiculatum. Syst. Bot. 11: 549-558 (1986); II. Fruit variation and systematics of the "spiny-margined" group. Loc. cit. 13: 73-86 (1988); III. Relationships of the "facially-spined" group. Loc. cit. 13: 509-518 (1988). Muenscher, W. C. 1940. Fruits and seedlings of Ceratophyllum. Amer. J. Bot. 27: 231-233.

Maps 285-291

References: Boivin, B. 1953. Le groupe du Stellaria longifolia Muhlenberg (Caryophyllaceae). Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 47: 43-46. Chinnappa, C. C., & J. K. Morton. 1976. Studies on the Stellaria longipes Goldie complex—variation in wild populations. Rhodora 78: 488-502. Moore, J. W. 1950. Studies of Minnesota flowering plants with notes on additions to the flora. Rhodora 52: 54-60. Porsild, A. E. 1963. Stellaria longipes Goldie and its allies in North America. Natl. Mus. Canada Bull. 186: 1-35. Stellaria alsine Grimm 5. uliginosa Murray aquatica (L.) Scop.: See MYOSOTON borealis Bigel. 5. calycantha (Ledeb.) Bomg., misapplied to Minnesota plants. crassifolia Ehrh. graminea L. —Common Stitchwort Introduced. longifolia Muhl. ex. Willd. var. atrata Moore 5. atrata (Moore) Boivin var. longifolia var. subaequalis Moore longipes Goldie media (L.) Vill.-Common Chickweed Introduced.

TUNICA: See PETROHAGIA

Maps 295-296

Ceratophyllum demersum L. echinatum Gray C. demersum var. echinatum Gray

CHENOPODIACEAE Goosefoot Family ATRIPLEX-Orach

Map 297

Reference: Frankton, C., & I. J. Bassett. 1968. The genus Atriplex (Chenopodiaceae) in Canada. I. Three introduced species: A. heterosperma, A. oblongifolia, and A. hortensis. Canad. J. Bot. 46: 1309-1313. Atriplex hortensis L.—Garden Orach Occasionally spreading from cultivation into waste places.

ANGIOSPERMS: CHENOPODIACEAE

16 CORISPERMUM-Bugseed

patula L. var. hastata (L.) Gray A. hastata L. var. patula

AXYRIS

Reference: Maihle, N. J., & W. H. Blackwell, Jr. 1978. A synopsis of North American Corispermum (Chenopodiaceae). Sida 7: 382-391.

Map 298

Axyris amaranthoides L.—Russian Pigweed Introduced.

CHENOPODIUM - Goosefoot

Maps 306-308

Maps 299-305

References: Aellen, P., & T. Just. 1943. Key and synopsis of the American species of the genus Chenopodium. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 30: 47-76. Bassett, I. J., & C. W. Crompton. 1982. The genus Chenopodium in Canada. Canad. J. Bot. 60: 586-610. Dorn, R. C. 1988. Chenopodium simplex, an older name for C. gigantospermum (Chenopodiaceae). Madrono 35: 162. Wahl, H. A. 1954. A preliminary study of the genus Chenopodium in North America. Bartonia 27: 1-46. . 1955. Chenopodium desiccatum for C. pratericola: a nomenclatural correction. Field & Lab. 23: 22.

Chenopodium album L.—Lamb's Quarters Introduced. berlandieri Moq. In Minnesota, the species is not currently distinguished from C. album. botrys L. -Jerusalem Oak Introduced. bushianum Aellen In Minnesota, the species is not currently distinguished from C. album. capitatum (L.) Aschers.—Strawberry Elite desiccatum Nels. C. pratericola Rydb. C. leptophyllum Nutt., misapplied. Bassett & Crompton (1982), however, conclude that C. desiccatum and C. pratericola are distinct species, a conclusion not followed here. foggii Wahl A duplicate of a specimen cited in the original description is at MIN. Its status is uncertain. glaucum L. var. glaucum—Oak-leaved Goosefoot Introduced, var. salinum (Standl.) Boivin C. salinum Standl. rubrum L.-Coast Blite var. humile (Hook.) Wats. C. humile Hook, var. rubrum simplex (Torr.) Raf. C. gigantospermum Aellen C. hybridum L. var. gigantospermum (Aellen) Rouleau standleyanum Aellen C. boschianum Moq., misapplied.

Corispermum hyssopifolium L. Introduced. nitidum Kit. ex Schultes Introduced. orientale Lam. C. emarginatum Rydb. Introduced.

CYCLOLOMA-Winged Pigweed

Map 309

Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult.

KOCHIA - Summer Cypress

Map 310

Reference: Blackwell, W. H., Jr., M. D. Baechle, & G. Williamson. 1978. Synopsis oiKochia (Chenopodiaceae) in North America. Sida 7: 248-254.

Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. Introduced.

MONOLEPIS

Map 311

Monolepis nuttalliana (Schultes) Greene

SALICORNIA - Glasswort

Map 312

Salicornia rubra Nels.

SALSOLA-Saltwort

Maps 313-314

Reference: Pohl, R. W., & J. P. Gillespie. 1959. Distributional and cytological notes on Salsola collina. Rhodora 61: 265-267.

Salsola collina Pall. Introduced. iberica Sennen & Pau 5. kali L. var. tenuifolia Meyer Introduced.

SUAEDA-Sea-Blite

Map 315

References: Bassett, I. J., & C. W. Crompton. 1978. The genus Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Canada. Canad. J. Bot. 56: 581-591. Hopkins, C. O., & W. H. Blackwell, Jr. 1977. Synopsis of Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in North America. Sida 7: 147-173. McNeill, J., I. J. Bassett, & C. W. Crompton. 1977. Suaeda calceoliformis, the correct name for Suaeda depressa auct. Rhodora 79: 133-138.

Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Moq. S. depressa (Pursh) S. Wats., misapplied.

ANGIOSPERMS: CISTACEAE-COMPOSITAE

17 CISTACEAE-Rockrose Family HELIANTHEMUM-Rockrose

Maps 316-317

Reference: Daoud, H. S., & R. L. Wilbur. 1965. A revision of the North American species of Helianthemum (Cistaceae). Rhodora 67: 63-82; 201-216; 255-312. Helianthemum bicknellii Fern. canadense (L.) Michx. — Frostweed

HUDSONIA

Map 318

Reference: Skog, J. T., & N. H. Nickerson. 1973. Variation and speciation in the genus Hudsonia. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 59: 454-464.

Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. H. ericoides L. subsp. tomentosa (Nutt.) Nickerson & Skog

LECHEA-Pinweed

Maps 319-321

Reference: Hodgdon, A. R. 1938. A taxonomic study of Lechea. Rhodora 40: 29-69; 87-131.

Lechea intermedia Leggett stricta Leggett tenuifolia Michx.

COMMELINACEAE Spiderwort Family COMMELINA-Dayflower

Maps 322-323

Reference: Brashier, C. K. 1966. A revision of Commelina (Plum.) L. in the U.S.A. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 93: 1-19. Commelina communis L. Naturalized. erecta L.

TRADESCANTIA - Spiderwort Maps 324-326 References: Anderson, E., & R. E. Woodson. 1935. The species of Tradescantia indigenous to the United States. Contr. Arnold Arbor. 9: 1-132. Moore, J. W. 1950. Studies of Minnesota flowering plants with notes on additions to the flora. Rhodora 52: 54-60. Tradescantia bracteata Small T. bracteata forma albiflora Moore T. bracteata forma rosea Moore occidentalis (Britt.) Smyth ohiensis Raf. T. canaliculata Raf.

COMPOSITAE (ASTERACEAE)Composite Family References: Beals, E. W., & R. F. Peters. 1967. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 56. Compositae V.—Composite Family V. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 55: 223-242. Johnson, M. F., & H. H. Iltis. 1963. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 48. Compositae I—Composite Family I. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 52: 255-342. Mickelson, C. J., & H. H. Iltis. 1967. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 55. Compositae IV—Composite Family IV. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 55: 187-222.

ACHILLEA-Yarrow

Maps 327-329

References: Ehrendorfer, F. 1973. New chromosome numbers and remarks on the Achillea millefolium polyploid complex in North America. Oesterr. Bot. Z. 122: 133-143. Mulligan, G. A., & I. J. Bassett. 1959. Achillea millefolium complex in Canada and portions of the United States. Canad. J. Bot. 37: 73-79. Tyrl, R. J. 1975. Origin and distribution of polyploid Achillea (Compositae) in western North America. Brittonia 27: 187-196.

Achillea millefolium L.—Common Yarrow; Milfoil subsp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper subsp. millefolium Introduced. ptarmica L. — Sneezeweed Introduced. sibirica Ledeb. A. multiflora Hook. Possibly indigenous in Roseau Co.

ACROPTILON: See Centaurea repens L. ADENOCAULON Reference: Morton, G. 1978. Adenocaulon. North Amer. Fl., Series II, Part 10: 179. Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. Reported for Minnesota by Morton (1978).

AGOSERIS-False Dandelion

Map 330

Agoseris cuspidata (Pursh) Raf.: See NOTHOCALAIS glauca (Pursh) Raf.

AMBROSIA-Ragweed

Maps 331-333

References: Bassett, I. J., & J. Terasmae. 1962. Ragweeds, Ambrosia species, in Canada and their history in postglacial time. Canad. J. Bot. 40: 141-150. Payne, W. W. 1964. A re-evaluation of the genus Ambrosia (Compositae). J. Arnold Arbor. 45: 401-438. . 1970. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 62. Compositae VI. Composite Family VI. The genus Ambrosia—the ragweeds. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 58: 353-371.

ANGIOSPERMS: COMPOSITAE

18 Wagner, W. H., & T. F. Deals. 1958. Perennial ragweeds (Ambrosia) in Michigan, with the description of a new intermediate taxon. Rhodora 60: 177-204.

Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook. Franseria acanthicarpa (Hook.) Coville Adventive from the west. No recent records in Minnesota. artemisiifolia L. — Common Ragweed A. artemisiifolia var. elatior (L.) Desc. bidentata Michx. Introduced from farther south. One old record for the state. coronopifolia T. & G. —Western Ragweed A. psilostachya DC. var. coronopifolia (T. & G.) Farw. trifida L. —Great Ragweed A. trifida var. integrifolia (Muhl.) T. & G.

ANAPHALIS - Everlasting

Map 334

Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Clarke-Pearly Everlasting Four varieties of questionable distinctness, recognized by Fernald, Gray's Man., ed. 8, are included under this binomial.

ANTENN ARIA - Everlasting; Ladies' Tobacco

Maps 335-340

References: Bayer, R. J., & G. L. Stebbins. 1982. A revised classification of Antennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae) of the eastern United States. Syst. Bot. 7: 300-313. . 1987. Chromosome numbers, patterns of distribution, and apomixis in Antennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae). Syst. Bot. 12: 305-319.

Antennaria microphylla Rydb. neglecta Greene A. campestris Rydb. neodioica Greene subsp. canadensis (Greene) Bayer & Stebbins A. canadensis Greene A. canadensis var. randii Fern. A. neglecta var. randii (Fern.) Cronq. subsp. neodioica A. neodioica var. attenuata Fern. A. neglecta var. attenuata (Fern.) Cronq. subsp. petaloidea (Fern.) Bayer & Stebbins A. petaloidea Fern. parlinii Fern. subsp. fallax (Greene) Bayer & Stebbins A. fallax Greene A. arnoglossa Greene var. ambigens Greene A. plantaginifolia var. ambigens (Greene) Cronq. A. occidentalis Greene A. munda Fern, subsp. parlinii A. arnoglossa Greene A. parlinii var. arnoglossa (Greene) Fern. A. plantaginifolia var. arnoglossa (Greene) Cronq. parvifolia Nutt. A. aprica Greene plantaginifolia (L.) Richards.

ANTHEMIS - Dogfennel; Chamomile

Maps 341-342

Anthemis cotula L. —Dogfennel; Stinking Chamomile Introduced. tinctoria L.—Yellow Chamomile Introduced.

APLOPAPPUS: See HAPLOPAPPUS

ARCTIUM-Burdock

Maps 343-344

Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. — Common Burdock Naturalized. tomentosum Mill.—Hairy Burdock Introduced.

ARNICA

Map 345

Reference: Ediger, R. I., & T. M. Barkley. 1978. Arnica. North Amer. Fl., Series II, Part 10: 16-44. Arnica lonchophylla Greene A. chionopappa Fern.

ARTEMISIA-Wormwood; Sagebrush

Maps 346-352

Reference: Keck, D. D. 1946. A revision of the Artemisia vulgaris complex in North America. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25: 421-468.

Artemisia abrotanum L.—Southernwood Introduced, but doubtfully persistent. absinthium L.—Wormwood; Absinthium Introduced. biennis Willd. Introduced from the West. campestris L. subsp. borealis (Pall.) Hall & Clem. A. borealis Pall. A. canadensis Michx. subsp. caudata (Michx.) Hall & Clem. A. caudata Michx. A. caudata var. calvens Lunell dracunculus L. A. glauca Pall. A. dracunculoides Pursh frigida Willd. —Sage-Worm wood ludoviciana Nutt.—Western Mugwort; White Sage A. gnaphalodes Nutt. A. ludoviciana var. latifolia (Bess.) T. & G. A. ludoviciana var. pabularis (Nels.) Fern. A. herriotii Rydb. pontica L.—Roman Wormwood Introduced. serrata Nutt. stelleriana Bess.-Beach-Wormwood Introduced at Duluth. vulgaris L. —Common Mugwort Introduced, but probably not persisting.

ANGIOSPERMS: COMPOSITAE

19 ASTER

Maps 353-378

References: Jones, A. G. 1978. The taxonomy of Aster section Multiflori (Asteraceae) I. Nomenclatural review and formal presentation of taxa. Rhodora 80: 319-357. . 1978. The taxonomy of Aster section Multiflori (Asteraceae)—II. Biosystematic investigations. Rhodora 80: 453-490. . 1980. A classification of the New World species of Aster (Asteraceae). Brittonia 32: 230-239. . 1984. Nomenclatural notes on Aster (Asteraceae)—II. New combinations and some transfers. Phytologia 55: 373-388. . 1989. Aster and Brachyactis in Illinois. Bull. Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv. 34: 139-194. Rosendahl, C. O., & A. Cronquist. 1949. The asters of Minnesota: a floristic study. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 42: 502-512. Semple, J. C., & L. Brouillet. 1980. A synopsis of North American asters: The subgenera, sections and subsections of Aster and Lasallea. Amer. J. Bot. 67: 1010-1026.

Aster borealis (T. & G.) Prov.-Rush-Aster A. junciformis Rydb. brachyactis Blake Brachyactis ciliata (Ledeb.) Ledeb. subsp. angustata (Lindl.) Jones ciliolatus Lindl.—Lindley's Aster cordifolius L.—Heart-Leaved Aster drummondii Lindl.—Drummond's Aster A. sagittifolius var. drummondii (Lindl.) Shinners ericoides L.-Heath-Aster Lasallea ericoides (L.) Semple & Brouillet Virgulus ericoides (L.) Reveal & Keener subsp. ericoides A. ericoides var. prostratus (Kuntze) Blake subsp. pansus (Blake) Jones Virgulus ericoides var. pansus (Blake) Reveal & Keener falcatus Lindl.—Western Heath-Aster Lasallea falcata (Lindl.) Semple & Brouillet Virgulus falcatus (Lindl.) Reveal & Keener subsp. commutatus (T. & G.) Jones A. commutatus (T. & G.) Gray A. crassulus Rydb. hesperius Gray A. coerulescens DC., misapplied. laevis L.—Smooth Aster var. geyeri Gray A. laeviformis Rydb. var. laevis lanceolatus Willd.-Panicled Aster subsp. interior (Wieg.) Jones A. simplex Willd. var. interior (Wieg.) Cronq. subsp. lanceolatus A. simplex var. ramosissimus (T. & G.) Cronq. subsp. simplex (Willd.) Jones A. simplex var. simplex lateriflorus (L.) Britt. x longulus Sheld. (as species) (?A borealis x A. puniceus) macrophyllus L.—Big-Leaved Aster A. macrophyllus var. pinguifolius Burgess

A. macrophyllus var. velutinus Burgess A. macrophyllus var. sejunctus Burgess modestus Lindl. novae-angliae L. — New England Aster Lasallea novae-angliae (L.) Semple & Brouillet Virgulus novae-angliae (L.) Reveal & Keener oblongifolius Nutt. — Aromatic Aster Lasallea oblongifolia (Nutt.) Semple & Brouillet Virgulus oblongifolius (Nutt.) Reveal & Keener var. angustatus Shinners Virgulus oblongifolius var. angustatus (Shinners) Reveal & Keener var. oblongifolius ontarionis Wieg.-Ontario Aster A. pantotrichus Blake oolentangiensis Riddell-Azure Aster A. azureus Lindl. A. shortii subsp. azureus (Lindl.) Avers pilosus Willd.—Hairy Aster prenanthoides Muhl.-Crooked Aster A. oticus Rydb. ptarmicoides (Nees) T. & G.: See SOLIDAGO puniceus L.—Purple-Stemmed Aster subsp. firmus (Nees) Jones A. firmus Nees A. puniceus var. firmus (Nees) T. & G. A. lucidulus (Gray) Wieg. A. puniceus var. lucidulus Gray subsp. puniceus sericeus Vent.—Silky Aster Lasallea sericea (Vent.) Greene Virgulus sericeus (Vent.) Reveal & Keener shortii Lindl.—Short's Aster umbellatus Mill.-Flat-Top Aster var. pubens Gray A. pubentior Cronq. var. umbellatus urophyllus Lindl. in DC. Map 357 A. sagittifolius Wedem., misapplied.

BELLIS - English Daisy

Map 379

Bellis perennis L. Rarely escapes cultivation.

BIDENS-Bur-Marigold; Beggar-Ticks

Maps 380-386

References: Fassett, N. C. 1957. A manual of aquatic plants. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 405 pp. Sherff, E. E., & E. J. Alexander. 1955. Bidens. North Amer. Fl., Series II, Part 2: 70-129. . 1965. Notes on varieties of Bidens connata and a hybrid with B. cernua. Rhodora 67: 59-62.

Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt.-Tickseed-Sunflower Reported for Minnesota by Sherff and Alexander (1955), p. 83. beckii Ton.: See MEGALODONTA

ANGIOSPERMS: COMPOSITAE

20 dubia Suter C. nigrescens Willd., in part. Introduced. montana L. —Mountain-Bluet Introduced. repens L.—Russian Knapweed Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. Introduced.

cernua L.-Sticktight var. cernua B. cernua var. Integra Wieg. B. cernua var. elliptica Wieg. var. oligodonta Fern. & St. John comosa (Gray) Wieg.-Beggar-Ticks connata Willd.-Beggar-Ticks; Sticktight var. connata var. fallax (Warnst.) Sherff var. gracilepsis Fern. var. petiolata (Nutt.) Farw. var. pinnata Wats. var. saint-vincentii Sherff var. submutica Fassett coronata (L.) Britt. — Tickseed-Sunflower var. coronata var. tenuiloba (Gray) Sherff discoidea (T. & G.) Britt. frondosa L.-Beggar-Ticks; Sticktight vulgata Greene—Beggar-Ticks; Sticktight var. puberula (Wieg.) Greene var. vulgata

BOLTONIA

CHAMOMILLA Chamomilla

recuita (L.) Rauschert Matricaria recuita L. Matricaria chamomilla L., in part Naturalized suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb. —Pineapple-Weed Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter, in part. Introduced and naturalized from the West.

CHRYSANTHEMUM

Map 387

Boltonia asteroides (L.) L'Her. var. recognita (Fern. & Grisc.) Cronq. B. latisquama Gray var. microcephala Fern. & Grisc. B. latisquama var. recognita Fern. & Grisc.

C AC ALIA-Indian-Plantain

Maps 388-390

Reference: Pippen, R. D. 1978. Cacalia. North Amer. Fl., Series II, Part 10: 151-159.

Cacalia atriplicifolia L. - Pale Indian-Plantain Reported for Minnesota by Pippen (1978), and by Fernald, Gray's Man., ed. 8. muhlenbergii (Schultz-Bip.) Fern.—Great Indian-Plantain plantaginea (Raf.) Shinners C. tuberosa Nutt. suaveolens L.

CARDUUS-Plumeless Thistle

Maps 391-392

Carduus acanthoides L. Naturalized weed. nutans L.-Nodding Thistle; Musk-Thistle Naturalized weed.

CENTAUREA-Star-Thistle

Maps 394-395

Map 393

Reference: Moore, R. J. 1972. Distribution of native and introduced knapweeds (Centaurea) in Canada and the United States. Rhodora 74: 331-346.

Centaurea biebersteinii DC.—Spotted Knapweed C. maculosa Lam., misapplied. Introduced and becoming naturalized. cyanus L.-Bluebottle; Bachelor's Button; Cornflower Introduced.

Map 396

Reference: Mulligan, G. A. 1958. Chromosome races in the Chrysanthemum leucanthemum complex. Rhodora 60: 122-125.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.—Ox-Eye Daisy C. leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum Lecoq & Lamotte, misapplied. Naturalized.

CHRYSOPSIS: See HETEROTHECA for Minnesota species. CICHORIUM-Chicory

Map 397

Cichorium intybus L. —Common Chicory Naturalized.

CIRSIUM-Common Thistle; Plumed Thistle

Maps 398-404

Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng. C. iowense (Pammel) Fern. altissimum x C. discolor arvense (L.) Scop.—Canada Thistle Naturalized, var. arvense var. mite Wimm. & Grab. discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. discolor x C. muticum flodmani (Rydb.) Arthur hillii (Canby) Fern. C. pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng. subsp. hillii (Canby) Moore & Frankton muticum Michx.—Swamp-Thistle vulgare (Savi) Tenore-Bull-Thistle; Common Thistle Naturalized.

CONYZA Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. —Horseweed Erigeron canadensis L.

Maps 405-406

ANGIOSPERMS: COMPOSITAE

21 ramosissima Cronq. Erigeron divaricatus Michx.

COREOPSIS - Tickseed

Maps 407-409

Reference: Smith, E. B. 1976. A biosystematic survey of Coreopsis in eastern United States and Canada. Sida 6: 123-215. Coreopsis lanceolata L. Introduced from farther south or east. palmata Nutt. tinctoria Nutt. Probably introduced from the West or South.

CREPIS-Hawk's Beard

Maps 410-411

Reference: Babcock, E. B. 1947. The genus Crepis. Part I. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 21: 1-198. Part 2. Loc. cit. 22: 199-1030 Crepis runcinata (James) T. & G. tectorum L. Naturalized.

DYSSODIA-Fetid Marigold

Map 412

Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) Hitchc. Probably adventive from farther south or west.

ECHINACEA-Purple Coneflower

Map 413

Reference: McGregor, R. L. 1968. The taxonomy of the genus Echinacea (Compositae). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 48: 113-142. Echinacea angustifolia DC. Brauneria angustifolia (DC.) Heller Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. var. angustifolia (DC.) Cronq.

ECLIPTA

Map 414

Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.-Yerba-de-Tajo Adventive from farther south.

ERECHTITES - Fireweed

Map 415

References: Barkley, T. M., & A. Cronquist. 1978. Erechtites. North Amer. Fl., Series II. Part 10: 139-142. Belcher, R. O. 1956. A revision of the genus Erechitites (Compositae). with inquiries into Senecio and Arrhenechthites. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 43: 1-85. Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf.

ERIGERON-Fleabane

Erigeron acris L. var. asteroides (Andrz.) DC. E. angulosis Gaud, var kamtschaticus (DC.) Kara annuus (L.) Pers.-Daisy-Fleabane canadensis: see CONYZA glabellus Nun. var. pubescens Hook. lonchophyllus Hook. philadelphicus L. pulchellus Michx. var. pulchellus var. tolsteadii Cronq. strigosus Muhl.—Daisy-Fleabane var. beyrichii (Fisch. & Mey.) Gray var. septentrionalis (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern. var. strigosus

EUPATORIUM-Thoroughwort; Maps 423-428 Boneset Reference: Clewell, A. F., & J. W. Woolen. 1971. A revision of Ageratina (Compositae: Eupatorieae) from eastern North America. Brittonia 23: 123-143. Eupatorium altissimum L. maculatum L. - Joe-Pye Weed Eupatoriadelphus maculatus (L.) King & Robins. perfoliatum L.-Thoroughwort purpureum L.—Joe-Pye Weed Eupatoriadelphus purpureus (L.) King & Robins. rugosum Houtt. — White Snakeroot Ageratina altissima (L.) King & Robins. Eupatorium rugosum var. tomentellum (Robins.) Blake sessilifolium L.—Upland Boneset E. sessilifolium var. brittonianum Porter.

EUTHAMIA

Maps 429-430

Reference: Sieren, D. J. 1981. The taxonomy of the genus Euthamia. Rhodora 83: 551-579. Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. var. granimifolia Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. var. major (Michx.) Moldenke Solidago graminifolia var. major (Michx.) Fern. gymnospermoides Greene E. media Greene Solidago graminifolia var. media (Greene) Harris Solidago graminifolia var. gymnospermoides (Greene) Croat

FRANSERIA: See AMBROSIA Maps 416-422

Reference: Cronquist, A. 1947. Revision of the North American species of Erigeron north of Mexico. Brittonia 6: 121-300.

GAILLARDIA-Blanket-Flower

Map 431

References: Biddulph, S. F. 1944. A revision of the genus Gaillardia. Res. Stud. State Coll. Wash. 12: 195-256. Turner, B. L., & M. Whalen. 1975 Taxonomic study of Gaillardia pulchella (Asteraceae-Heliantheae). Wrightia 5: 189-192.

ANGIOSPERMS: COMPOSITAE

22 Gaillardia aristata Pursh pulchella Foug. An escape from gardens. Native farther south and west.

GALINSOGA

Maps 432-433

Reference: Canne, J. A. 1977. A revision of the genus Galinsoga (Compositae: Heliantheae). Rhodora 79: 319-389.

Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Introduced. quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavon G. ciliata (Raf.) Blake Introduced.

GNAPHALIUM- Cudweed; Everlasting

Maps 434-436

Gnaphalium obtusifolium L.—Catfoot uliginosum L. — Low Cudweed viscosum HBK. G. macounii Greene

GRINDELIA-Gumweed; Tarweed

Map 437

Reference: Steyermark, J. A. 1934. Studies in Grindelia. II. A monograph of the North American species of the genus Grindelia. Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 21: 433-608.

Grindelia

Map 438

Haplopappus spinulosus (Pursh) DC. Machaeranthera pinnatifida (Hook.) Shinners

Map 439

Reference: Rock, H. F. L. 1957. A revision of the vernal species of Helenium (Compositae). Rhodora 59: 101-116; 128-158; 168-178; 203-216. Helenium autumnale L. flexuosum Raf. H. nudiflorum Nutt. Introduced at one locality. From the central or southern states.

Reference: Heiser, C. B., Jr., with D. M. Smith, S. B. Clevenger, & W. C. Martin, Jr. 1969. The North American sunflowers (Helianthus). Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 22 (3): 1-218.

Helianthus annuus L.—Common Sunflower giganteus L. H. giganteus var. subtuberosus Britt. forma vertidllatus Lakela H. borealis S. Wats. H. membranaceus S. Wats. grosseserratus Martens hirsutus Raf. x laetiflorus Pers. (as species) (H. rigidus x H. tuberosus) H. scaberrimus L. maximiliani Schrad. nuttallii T. & G. subsp. rydbergii (Britt.) Long occidentals Riddell petiolaris Nutt. rigidus (Cass.) Desf. subsp. rigidus H. laetiflorus var. rigidus (Cass.) Fern, subsp. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Heiser H. laetiflorus var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Fern. strumosus L. tuberosus L.—Jerusalem Artichoke H. tuberosus var. subcanescens Gray

Map 451

Reference: Fisher, T. R. 1957. Taxonomy of the genus Heliopsis (Compositae). OhioJ. Sci. 57: 171-191.

References: Hall, H. M. 1928. The genus Haplopappus, a phylogenetic study in the Compositae. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Pub. No. 389: 1-391. Turner, B. L., & R. L. Hartman. 1976. Intraspecific categories of Machaeranthera pinnatifida (Compositae). Wrightia 5: 308-315.

HELENIUM-Sneezeweed

Maps 440-450

HELIOPSIS - Ox-Eye

squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal var. quasiperennis Lunell G. perennis Nels. var. serrulata (Rydb.) Steyerm. var. squarrosa

HAPLOPAPPUS

HELIANTHUS - Sunflower

Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet subsp. occidentalis Fisher H. helianthoides var. scabra (Dun.) Fern., misapplied.

HETEROTHEC A - Golden Aster

Map 452

References: Harms, V. L. 1968. Nomenclatural changes and taxonomic notes on Heterotheca, including Chrysopsis, in Texas and adjacent states. Wrightia 4: 8-20. Semple, J. C., V. C. Blok & P. Heiman. 1980. Morphological, anatomical, habit, and habitat differences among the golden-aster genera Chrysopsis, Heterotheca, and Pityopsis (CompositaeAstereae). Canad. J. Bot. 58: 147-163.

Heterotheca villosa (Pursh) Shinners Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt. var. foliosa (Nutt.) Harms Chrysopsis villosa var. foliosa (Nutt.) Eat. var. villosa Chrysopsis villosa var. villosa Chrysopsis bakeri Greene Chrysopsis ballardi Rydb.

ANGIOSPERMS: COMPOSITAE

23 HIERACIUM - Hawkweed

Maps 453-459

References: Johnson, M. F., & H. H. Iltis. 1963. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 48. Compositae I-Composite Family I. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 52: 255-342. Lepage, E. 1960. Hieracium canadense Michx. et ses alliees en Amerique du Nord. Naturaliste Canad. 87: 59-107. . 1971. Les epervieres du Quebec. Naturaliste Canad. 98: 657-674. Voss, E. G., & M. W. Bohlke. 1978. The status of certain hawkweeds (Hieracium subgenus Piloselld) in Michigan. Michigan Dot. 17: 35-47.

Hieracium aurantiacum L. — Orange Hawkweed Naturalized. canadense Michx. Cited by Lepage (1960) from Cook Co. The great majority of Minnesota specimens identified as this species are H. kalmii. floribundum Wimm. & Grab.—King-Devil Introduced. kalmii L. H. canadense Michx., Am. authors, in part, misapplied. H. canadense var. fasciculatum (Pursh) Fern. H. kalmii var. fasciculatum (Pursh) Lepage H. kalmii var. subintegrum (Lepage) Lepage longipilum Torr. pilosella L. — Mouse-Ear Introduced at Duluth. piloselloides Vill.—King-Devil H. florentinum All., of Am. authors; misapplied. Introduced and becoming naturalized. scabriusculum Schwein. H. umbellatum L., misapplied, var. columbianum (Rydb.) Lepage var. scabriusculum var. scabrum (Schwein.) Lepage scabrum Michx. var. scabrum var. tonsum Fern. & St. John vulgatum Fries Introduced at Duluth.

INULA Inula helenium L.—Elecampane Escaped cultivation, but not persisting.

IV A - Marsh-Elder

biflora (Walt.) Blake subsp. biflora subsp. glandulifera (Fern.) Iltis

Map 462

KUHNIA-False Boneset

Reference: Shinners, L. H. 1946. Revision of the genus Kuhnia L. Wrightia 1: 122-144.

Kuhnia eupatorioides L. var. corymbulosa T. & G. Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinners var. corymbulosa (T. & G.) Shinners

LACTUCA-Lettuce

Maps 463-467

Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fern. canadensis L.-Wild Lettuce var. canadensis L. canadensis var. integrifolia (Bigel.) Gray var. latifolia Ktze. var. longifolia (Michx.) Farw. var. obovata Wieg. ludoviciana (Nutt.) Riddell pulchella (Pursh) DC.-Blue Lettuce serriola L.—Prickly Lettuce L. scariola L. Introduced and naturalized.

LAPSANA - Nipplewort

Map 468

Lapsana communis L. Introduced.

LIATRIS-Blazing Star; Gayfeather

Maps 469-473

Liatris aspera Michx. cylindracea Michx. ligulistylis (Nels.) Schum. L. rosendahlii Rydb. punctata Hook. L. densispicata (Bush) Gaiser pycnostachya Michx.—Gayfeather

LYGODESMIA-Rush-Pink Map 460

Reference: Jackson, R. C. 1960. A revision of the genus Iva L. Kansas. Univ. Sci. Bull. 41: 793-876.

Map 474

Reference: Tomb, A. S. 1980. Taxonomy of Lygodesmia (Asteraceae). Syst. Bot. Monographs 1: 1-51.

Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) Hook.— Skeleton-Weed rostrata (Gray) Gray: See SHINNERSOSERIS

Iva xanthifolia Nutt.

KRIGIA-Dwarf Dandelion

Krigia

Map 461

Reference: Shinners, L. H. 1947. Revision of the genus Krigia Schreber Wrightia 1: 187-206.

MACHAERANTHERA Reference: Cronquist, A., & D. D. Keck. 1957. A reconstitution of the genus Machaeranthera. Brittonia 9: 231-239.

ANGIOSPERMS: COMPOSITAE

24 Petasites

Machaeranthera canescens (Pursh) Gray Aster canescens Pursh Introduced at one locality in Blue Earth Co. from farther west.

MADIA-Tar weed Madia glomerata Hook. Introduced locally in the Duluth area from farther west.

MATRICARIA-Wild Chamomile

Map 475

Matricaria chamomilla L.: See CHAMOMILLA maritima L. M. maritima var. agrestis (Knaf) Wilmott M. inodora L. Chamomilla inodora (L.) Gilib. Naturalized. matricarioides (Less.) Porter: See CHAMOMILLA

MEGALODONTA - Water-Marigold

Map 476

frigidus (L.) Fries var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. P. palmatus (Ait.) Gray sagittatus (Banks ex Pursh) Gray x vitifolius Greene (as species) (P. frigidus var. palmatus x P. sagittatus) P. trigonophyllus Greene P. nivalis Greene P. frigidus var. nivalis (Greene) Cronq.

POLYMNIA-Leafcup

Map 482

Reference: Wells, J. R. 1965. A taxonomic study of Polymnia (Compositae). Brittonia 17: 144-159. Polymnia canadensis L.

PRENANTHESRattlesnake-Root

Maps 483-486

References: Roberts, M. L. 1985. The cytology, biology and systematics of Megalodonta beckii (Compositae). Aquatic Bot. 21: 99-110. Sherff, E. E., & E. J. Alexander. 1955. Megalodonta. North Amer. FL, Series H, Part 2: 147.

Prenanthes

Megalodonta

RATIBIDA-Prairie-Coneflower Maps 487-488

beckii (Torr.) Greene Bidens beckii Torr.

Reference: Richards, E. L. 1968. A monograph of the genus Ratibida. Rhodora 70: 348-393.

MICROSERIS: See NOTHOCALAIS NOTHOCALAIS

Map 477

Reference: Chambers, K. L. 1955. A biosystematic study of the annual species of Microseris. Contr. Dudley Herb. 4: 207-312. cuspidata (Pursh) Greene Agoseris cuspidata (Pursh) Raf. Microseris cuspidata (Pursh) Schultz-Bip.

ONOPORDUM - Scotch-Thistle Onopordum acanthium L. Introduced.

Map 478

Reference: Mears, J. A. 1975. The taxonomy of Parthenium section Partheniastrum DC. (Asteraceae-Ambrosiinae). Phytologia 31: 463-482.

Parthenium integrifolium L.-Wild Quinine

PETASITES - Sweet Coltsfoot

Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Wool. & Standl. pinnata (Vent.) Barnh.

RUDBECKIA-Coneflower

Maps 489-491

Reference: Perdue, R. E. 1958. Synopsis of Rudbeckia subgenus Rudbeckia. Rhodora 59: 293-299.

Nothocalais

PARTHENIUM

alba L. -White Lettuce aspera Michx. crepidinea Michx. racemosa Michx.

Maps 479-481

References: Bogle, A. L. 1968. Evidence for the hybrid origin ofPetasites warrenii and P. vitifolius. Rhodora 70: 533-551. Cronquist, A. 1978. Petasites. North Amer. FL, Series II, Part 10: 174-179.

Rudbeckia hirta L. var. pulcherrima Farw. R. serotina Nutt. R. serotina var. sericea (Moore) Fern. & Schub. R. hirta var. sericea (Moore) Fern. laciniata L.-Golden-glow triloba L.

SENECIO-Groundsel; Ragwort Maps 492-500 References: Barkley, T. M. 1960. A revision ofSenecio integerrimus Nuttall and allied species. Leafl. W. Bot. 9: 97-113. . 1962. A revision of Senecio aureus Linn, and allied species. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 65: 318-364; 365-408. . 1964. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 49. Compositae II-Composite Family II. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 52: 343-352. . 1978. Senecio. North Amer. FL, Series II., Part 10: 50-139. . 1980. Taxonomic notes on Senecio tomentosus and its allies (Asteraceae). Brittonia 32: 291-308.

ANGIOSPERMS: COMPOSITAE

25 Senecio aureus L. — Golden Ragwort 5. gracilis Pursh 5. aureus var. gracilis (Pursh) Hook. canus Hook. congestus (R. Br.) DC.—Marsh Fleabane 5. palustris (L.) Hook., not S. palustris Velloso 5. congestus var. palustris (L.) Fern. 5. congestus var. tonsus Fern. indecorus Greene integerrimus Nutt. pauperculus Michx. — Northern Ragwort 5. balsamitae Muhl. S. pauperculus var. balsamitae (Muhl.) Fern. 5. aureus var. balsamitae (Muhl.) T. & G. plattensis Nutt.—Prairie-Ragwort pseudaureus Rydb.—Western Golden Ragwort var. semicordatus (Mack. & Bush) Barkl. S. semicordatus Mack. & Bush S. aureus var. semicordatus (Mack. & Bush) Greenm. vulgaris L.—Common Groundsel Introduced.

SHINNERSOSERIS

Map 501

Reference: Tomb, A. S. 1973. Shinnersoseris gen. nov. (Compositae: Cichorieae). Sida 5: 183-189.

Shinnersoseris rostrata (Gray) Tomb Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) Hook. var. rostrata Gray L. rostrata (Gray) Gray

SILPHIUM-Rosinweed

Maps 502-503

Reference: Cruden, R. W. 1962. New combinations in Silphiumperfoliatum L. Castanea27: 90-91.

Silphium laciniatum L.—Compass-Plant perfoliatum L.—Cup-Plant

SOLIDAGO -Goldenrod

Maps 504-519

References: Beaudry, J. R. 1963. Studies on Solidago L. VI. Additional chromosome numbers of taxa of the genus Solidago. Canad. J. Genet. Cytol. 5: 150-174. Croat, T. 1972. Solidago canadensis complex of the Great Plains. Brittonia 24: 317-326. Melville, M. R., & J. K. Morton. 1982. A biosystematic study of the Solidago canadensis (Compositae) complex. I. The Ontario populations. Canad. J. Bot. 60: 976-997. Rosendahl, C. O., & A. Cronquist. 1945. The goldenrods of Minnesota: a floristic study. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 33: 244-253. Salamun, P. J. 1963. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin, No. 50. Compositae III-Composite Family III. The genus Solidago—Goldenrod. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 52: 353-382.

Solidago x bernardii Boivin (5. ptarmicoides x 5. riddellii) canadensis L. var. canadensis var. gilvocanescens Rydb.

S. pruinosa Greene var. salebrosa (Piper) Jones S. lepida DC var. fallax Fern. S. canadensis var. fallax (Fern.) Beaudry 5. lepida var. elongata (Nutt.) Fern, var. scabra (Muhl.) T. & G. S. altissima L. flexicaulis L. gigantea Ait. var. gigantea var. serotina (Kuntze) Cronq. 5. gigantea var. leiophylla Fern, var. shinnersii Beaudry 5. gigantea var. pitcheri (Nutt.) Shinners, not 5. pitched Nutt. 5. shinnersii (Beaudry) Beaudry graminifolia (L.) Salisb.: See EUTHAMIA gymnospermoides (Greene) Fern.: See EUTHAMIA hispida Muhl. var. arnoglossa Fern, var. hispida juncea Ait. missouriensis Nutt. var. fasciculata Holz. 5. glaberrima Martens var. missouriensis mollis Bartl. nemoralis Ait. var. longipetiolata (Mack. & Bush) Palmer & Steyerm. 5. nemoralis var. decemflora (DC.) Fern, var. nemoralis ptarmicoides (Nees) Boivin Aster ptarmicoides (Nees) T. & G. riddellii Frank rigida L. var. humilis Porter var. rigida sciaphila Steele S. randii (Porter) Britt, misapplied. speciosa Nutt. var. jejunifolia (Steele) Cronq. var. rigidiuscula T. & G. 5. speciosa var. angustata T. & G., misapplied, var. speciosa uliginosa Nutt. 5. purshii Porter, misapplied to Minnesota plants. ulmifolia Muhl.

SONCHUS-Sow-Thistle

Maps 520-523

Sonchus arvensis L.—Field Sow-Thistle Naturalized. asper (L.) Hill-Spiny Sow-Thistle Naturalized. oleraceus L. —Common Sow-Thistle Naturalized. uliginosus Bieb.—Smooth Sow-Thistle S. arvensis subsp. uliginosus (Bieb.) Nyman 5. arvensis var. glabrescens Guenth., Grab. & Wimm. Naturalized.

ANGIOSPERMS: COMPOSITAE-CONVOLVULACEAE

26 TANACETUM-Tansy

Map 524

Tanacetum vulgare L. — Common Tansy Naturalized.

TARAXACUM-Dandelion

Maps 525-526

Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz.—Red-seeded Dandelion T. laevigatum (Willd.) DC., variously misapplied to this and other species. Naturalized. officinale Weber—Common Dandelion Naturalized.

Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) O. Ktze. Sherburne Co. Introduced from the Great Plains.

TRAGOPOGON-Goafs-Beard Maps 527-528 Reference: Ownbey, M. 1950. Natural hybridization and amphidiploidy in the genus Tragopogon. Amer. J. Bot. 37: 487-499.

Tragopogon dubius Scop. T. major Jacq. Naturalized. pratensis L. Naturalized.

CONVOLVULACEAE Morning-Glory Family

Reference: Morton, G. 1978. Tussilago. North Amer. Fl., Series II, Part 10: 174.

Tussilago farfara L. Reported for Minnesota by Fernald, Gray's Man., ed. 8, and by Morton (1978), but the single record at MIN from Wright Co. may have been cultivated.

Map 529

References: Faust, W. Z. 1972. A biosystematic study of the Interiores species group of the genus Vernonia (Compositae). Brittonia 24: 363-378. Jones, S. B. 1972. A systematic study of the Fasciculatae group of Vernonia (Compositae). Brittonia 24: 28-45. & W. Z. Faust. 1978. Vernonieae. North Amer. Fl., Series II, Part 10: 180-202.

Vernonia fasciculata Michx. subsp. corymbosa (Schwein.) Jones subsp. fasciculata

Maps 531-533

Reference: Wherry, E. T. 1957. Our dwarf bindweeds. Bartonia 28: 32-33.

Convolvulus arvensis L.—Field-Bindweed Naturalized. sepium L.—Hedge-Bindweed C. sepium var. americanus Sims C. sepium var. communis Tryon spithamaeus L. — Low Bindweed C. spithamaeus subsp. stans (Michx.) Wherry C. stans Michx.

CUSCUTA-Dodder

TUSSILAGO - Coltsfoot

XANTHIUM - Cocklebur

strumarium L. Including all species credited to Minnesota by Fernald, Gray's Man., ed. 8. var. canadense (Mill.) T. & G. var. glabratum (DC.) Cronq. var. strumarium

CONVOLVULUS-Bindweed

THELESPERMA

VERNONIA-Ironweed

37: 173-208. Xanthium

Maps 534-542

References: Yuncker, T. G. 1920. Revision of the North American and West Indian species of Cuscuta. Illinois Biol. Monogr. 6 (No's. 2-3): 1-141. . 1965. Cuscuta. North Amer. Fl., Series II, Part 4: 1-51.

Cuscuta campestris Yuncker cephalanthi Engelm. coryli Engelm. glomerata Choisy gronovii Willd. var. gronovii var. latiflora Engelm. indecora Choisy Reported by Yuncker (1920, 1965) for Minnesota. obtusiflora HBK. var. glandulosa Engelm. pentagona Engelm. polygonorum Engelm. umbrosa Hook. C. gronovii var. curta Engelm. C. megalocarpa Rydb.

IPOMOEA - Morning-Glory Ipomoea

Map 530

References: Cronquist, A. 1945. Notes on the Compositae of the northeastern United States. II. Heliantheae and Helenieae. Rhodora 47: 396-403. Love, D., & P. Dansereau. 1959. Biosystematic studies onXanthium: Taxonomic appraisal and ecological status. Canad. J. Bot.

hederacea (L.) Jacq. Introduced but transitory. purpurea (L.) Roth-Common Morning-Glory Occasionally escapes cultivation.

ANGIOSPERMS: CORNACEAE-CRUCIFERAE

27 CORNACEAE-Dogwood Family CORNUS-Dogwood; Cornel

Maps 543-548

References: Fosberg, F. R. 1942. Cornus sericea L. (C. stolonifera Michx.). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 69: 583-589. Rickett, H. W. 1944. Cornus stolonifera and Cornus occidentalis. Brittonia 5: 149-159. Wilson, J. B. 1964. Variation of three taxonomic complexes of the genus Cornus in eastern United States. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 67: 747-817. Cornus alternifolia L. f.-Pagoda-Dogwood amomum Mill.-Silky Dogwood subsp. obliqua (Raf.) Wilson C. obliqua Raf. canadensis L. Including several formae based upon vegetative aberrations of no taxonomic significance, e.g., forma florulenta Lakela. foemina Mill.—Panicled Dogwood; Gray-Bark Dogwood subsp. racemosa (Lam.) Wilson C. racemosa Lam. C. racemosa forma nielseni Moore C. candidissima Marsh., not Mill. rugosa Lam.—Round-Leaved Dogwood stolonifera Michx.—Red Osier C. sericea L., a name of ambiguous application, forma baileyi (Coult. & Evans) Rickett forma interior (Rydb.) Rickett forma stolonifera

CORYLACEAE: See BETULACEAE CRASSULACEAE-Orpine Family PENTHORUM - Ditch-Stonecrop

Map 549

Penthorum sedoides L.

SEDUM-Stonecrop

Maps 550-552

Reference: Clausen, R. T. 1975. Sedum of North America north of the Mexican plateau. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y. 742 pp. Sedum acre L. Often escaping cultivation. integrifolium (Raf.) Nels.—Roseroot subsp. leedyi (Rosend. & Moore) Clausen 5. rosea (L.) Scop. var. leedyi Rosend. & Moore purpureum (L.) Schultes—Live-forever 5. telephinum L. subsp. maximum (L.) Krocker Spreading from cultivation.

TILLAEA - Pigmy weed Tillaea aquatica L.

Map 553

CRUCIFERAE (BRASSICACEAE) Mustard Family Reference: Patman, J. P., & H. H. Iltis. 1961. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin. No. 44. Cruciferae—Mustard Family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 50: 17-72.

ALLIAREA - Garlic-Mustard Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande A. officinalis Andrz. ex Bieb. Introduced.

ALYSSUM Reference: Dudley, T. R. 1968. Alyssum (Cruciferae) introduced in North America. Rhodora 70: 298-300. Alyssum alyssoides L.—Small Alyssum A. calycinum L. Introduced.

ARABIS-Rock-Cress

Maps 554-562

References: Hopkins, M. 1937. Arabis in eastern and central North America. Rhodora 39: 63-98; 106-148; 155-186. Rollins, R. C. 1941. Monographic study of Arabis in western North America. Rhodora 43: 289-325; 348-411; 425-481. Arabis canadensis L. —Sicklepod divaricarpa Nels. A. brachycarpa (T. & G.) Britt. drummondii Gray glabra (L.) Bernh.—Tower-Mustard hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. pycnocarpa (Hopkins) Rollins A pycnocarpa Hopkins var. adpressipilis (Hopkins) Rollins A. pycnocarpa var. adpressipilis Hopkins holboellii Hornem. var. retrofracta (Graham) Rydb. laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. lyrata L.—Sand-Cress A. lyrata forma parvisiliqua Hopkins perstellata Braun var. shortii Fern. A. dentata (Torr.) T. & G., not Clairv. A. shortii (Fern.) Gl.

ARMORACIA

Map 563

References: Al-Shehbaz, I. A., & V. Bates. 1987. Armoracia lacustris (Brassicaceae), the correct name for the North American Lake Cress. J. Arnold Arbor. 68: 357-359. Fosberg, F. R. 1966. The correct name of the horseradish (Cruciferae). Bailey a 14: 60.

ANGIOSPERMS: CRUCIFERAE

28 Armoracia lacustris (Gray) Al-Shehbaz & V. Bates—Lake-Cress Armoracia aquatica (Eaton) Wieg. Reported from Houston Co., by Al-Shehbaz and Bates (1987). rusticana Gaertn., Meyer & Scherb.-Horseradish A. lapathifolia Gilib. Long-persistent after cultivation.

BARB ARE A - Winter-Cress

Maps 564-565

Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb. B. americana Rydb. vulgaris R. Br. — Yellow Rocket Naturalized.

BERTEROA

Map 566

Maps 567-570

Reference: Wheeler, L. C. 1938. The names of three species of Brassica. Rhodora 40: 306-309. Brassica alba (L.) Rabenh.-White Mustard Sinapsis alba L. Brassica hirta Moench Introduced. juncea (L.) Czern. — Indian-Mustard Naturalized. kaber (DC.) Wheeler-Charlock Introduced and naturalized, var. pinna tifida (Stokes) Wheeler—Crunchweed Sinapsis arvensis L. var. schkuhriana (Reichenb.) Wheeler nigra (L.) Koch.—Black Mustard Naturalized. rapa L.—Field-Mustard B. campestris L. Naturalized.

CAMELINA-False Flax

Map 571

Reference: McGregor, R. L. 1985. Current status of the genus Camelina (Brassicaceae) in the prairies and plains of central North America. Contr. Univ. Kansas Herb. 15: 1-13. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. Naturalized.

C APSELLA - Shepherd's-Purse

Reference: Mulligan, G. A., & C. Frankton, 1962. Taxonomy of the genus Cardaria with particular reference to the species introduced into North America. Canad. J. Bot. 40: 1411-1425. Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.-Hoary Cress Introduced.

CONRINGIA-Hare's-Ear Mustard Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. Introduced at one time, but probably not persistent.

DENTARIA-Toothwort

Map 572

Maps 573-576

References: Hart, T. W., & W. H. Eshbaugh. 1976. The biosystematics of Cardamine bulbosa (Muhl.) B.S.P. and C. douglassii Britt. Rhodora 78: 329-419.

Map 577

Reference: Montgomery, F. H. 1955. Preliminary studies in the genus Dentaria in eastern North America. Rhodora 57: 161-173. Dentaria laciniata Muhl. ex Willd.

DESCURAINIATansy-Mustard

Maps 578-580

Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. var. brachycarpa (Richards.) Fern. richardsonii (Sweet) Schulz sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl Naturalized.

DIPLOTAXIS Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC.-Sand-Rocket Introduced.

DRABA - Whitlow-Grass

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Naturalized.

CARDAMINE-Bitter Cress

Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP. - Spring-Cress parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britt.) Schulz C. arenicola Britt. pensylvanica Muhl. C. pensylvanica var. brittoniana Farw. pratensis L. var. palustris Wimm. & Grab.-Cuckoo-Flower

CARDARIA

Berteroa incana (L.) DC.—Hoary Alyssum Naturalized.

BRASSIC A-Mustard

Stuckey, R. L. 1962. Characteristics and distribution of spring cresses, Cardamine bulbosa and C. douglasii, in Michigan. Michigan Bot. 1: 27-34.

Draba arabisans Michx. var. arabisans var. superiorensis Butters & Abbe nemorosa L. var. leiocarpa Lindbl. var. nemorosa norvegica Gunner reptans (Lam.) Fern. var. micrantha (Nutt.) Fern. var. reptans

Maps 581-584

ANGIOSPERMS: CRUCIFERAE

29 Map 585

ERUCASTRUM

annua L. —Honesty A garden escape.

gallicum (Willd.) Schulz Naturalized.

ERYSIMUM

Maps 586-588

Reference: Rossback, G. B. 1958. The genus Erysimum (Cruciferae) in North America north of Mexico—a key to the species and varieties. Madrono 14: 261-267.

Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC.—Western Wallflower cheiranthoides L.—Wormseed-Mustard Naturalized. inconspicuum (S. Wats.) MacM. E. parviflorum. Nutt.

HESPERIS

Map 589

Hesperis matronalis L.—Dame's-Rocket Naturalized.

IODANTHUS

Map 590

Reference: Rollins, R. C. 1942. A systematic study oflodanthus. Contr. Dudley Herb. 3: 209-215.

lodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steudel

LEPIDIUM - Peppergrass

Maps 591-593

References: Hitchcock, C. L. 1936. The genus Lepidium in the United States. Madrono 3: 265-320. Mulligan, G. A. 1961. The genus Lepidium in Canada. Madrono 16: 77-90.

Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. - Field-Cress Naturalized. densiflorum Schrad.—Peppergrass L. apetalum Willd., misapplied. perfoliatum L. Introduced. sativum L. Garden-Cress Introduced. virginicum L.—Peppergrass

LESQUERELLA

Map 594

Reference: Rollins, R. C., & E. A. Shaw. 1973. The genus Lesquerella (Cruciferae) in North America. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 288 pp. Lesquerella ludoviciana (Nutt.) S. Wats. L. argentea (Pursh) MacM., a later homonym.

LOBULARIA Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv.—Sweet Alyssum A garden escape.

LUNARIA Lunaria

Erucastrum

NASTURTIUM-Watercress

Maps 595-596

Reference: Green, P. S. 1962. Watercress in the New World. Rhodora 64: 32-43.

Nasturtium microphyllum (Boenn.) Reichenb. N. officinale var. microphyllum (Boenn.) Thell. Rorippa microphylla (Boenn.) Hyl. Naturalized. officinale R. Br. Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek Naturalized.

NESLIA Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv.-Ball-Mustard Introduced.

RAPHANUS Raphanus raphanistrum L.-Jointed Charlock; Wild Radish Adventive. sativus L.—Radish Persisting after cultivation.

RORIPPA-Yellow Cress; Marsh-Cress

Maps 597-598

Reference: Stuckey, R. L. 1972. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Rorippa (Cruciferae) in North America. Sida 4: 279-430.

Rorippa austriaca (Crantz) Besser—Austrian Cress Introduced. islandica (Oeder) Borbas R. palustris (L.) Besser var. fernaldiana Butters & Abbe R. palustris subsp. glabra (Schulz) Stuckey var. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Stuckey var. glabrata (Lunell) Butters & Abbe R. palustris subsp. glabra var. glabrata (Lunell) Stuckey var. hispida (Desv.) Butters & Abbe R. palustris subsp. hispida (Desv.) Jonsell var. hispida x reptabunda (Fern.) Stuckey (R. islandica var. fernaldiana x R. islandica var. hispida) R. islandica var. fernaldiana forma reptabunda Fern. sessiliflora (Nutt.) Hitchc. Possibly introduced from the South or East. Not collected in Minnesota for many years. sinuata (Nutt.) Hitchc. sylvestris (L.) Besser-Creeping Yellow Cress Introduced.

SISYMBRIUM Sisymbrium altissimum L.—Tumble Mustard Naturalized.

Maps 599-601

ANGIOSPERMS: CRUCIFERAE-CYPERACEAE

30 loeselii L. Introduced. officinale (L.) Scop.-Hedge-Mustard Naturalized var. leiocarpum DC. var. officinale

SUBULARIA-Awlwort

Map 602

Reference: Mulligan, G. A., & J. A. Calder. 1964. The genus Subularia (Cruciferae). Rhodora 66: 127-135. Subularia aquatica L. subsp. americana Mulligan & Calder

THLASPI - Penny-Cress

Map 603

Thlaspi arvense L.—Stinkweed Naturalized.

CUCURBITACEAE-Gourd Family ECHINOCYSTISWild Balsam-Apple

Map 604

Reference: Stocking, K. M. 1955. Some considerations of the genera Echinocystis and Echinopepon in the United States and northern Mexico. Madrono 13: 84-100. Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) T. & G.-Wild Cucumber

SIC YOS - Bur-Cucumber

Map 605

Sicyos angulatus L.

CYPERACEAE-Sedge Family BULBOSTYLIS

Map 606

References: Krai, R. 1971. A treatment of Abildgaardia, Bulbostylis and Fimbristylis (Cyperaceae) for North America. Sida 4: 57-227. Svenson, H. K. 1957. Cyperaceae: Tribe Scirpeae. North Amer. Fl. 18: 505-556. Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Clarke

CAREX-Sedge

Maps 607-749

References: Ball, P. W., & D. J. White. 1982. Cyperaceae. In G. W. Argus and D. J. White (eds.), Atlas of the rare vascular plants of Ontario. Nat'l. Mus. Canad., Ottawa. Crins, W. J., & P. W. Ball. 1988. Sectional limits and phylogenetic considerations in Carex section Ceratocystis (Cyperaceae). Brittonia 40: 38-47. Fernald, M. L. 1942. Critical notes on Carex. Rhodora 44: 281-331. Mackenzie, K. K. 1931. Cyperaceae, tribe 1, Cariceae. North Amer. Fl. 18: 1-168.

. 1935. Cyperaceae, tribe 1, Cariceae. North Amer. Fl. 18: 169-478. Menapace, F. J., D. E. Wujek, & A. A. Reznicek. 1986. A systematic revision of the genus Carex (Cyperaceae) with respect to the section Lupulinae. Canad. J. Bot. 64: 2785-2788. Reznicek, A. A., & P. W. Ball. 1975. The taxonomy of Carex series Lupulinae in Canada. Canad. J. Bot. 52: 2387-2399. . 1980. The taxonomy of Carex section Stellulatae in North America north of Mexico. Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 14: 153-203. Standley, L. A. 1983. A clarification of the status of Carex crinita and C. gynandra (Cyperaceae). Rhodora 85: 229-241. . 1987. Taxonomy of the Carex lenticularis complex in eastern North America. Canad. J. Bot. 65: 673-686. . 1989. Taxonomic revision of the Carex stricta (Cyperaceae) complex in eastern North America. Canad. J. Bot. 67: 1-14. Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: 435-463 Webber, J. M., & P. W. Ball. 1984. The taxonomy of the Carex rosea group (Section Phaestoglochiri) in Canada. Canad. J. Bot. 62: 2058-2073. Wheeler, G. A., & G. B. Ownbey. 1984. Annotated list of Minnesota carices, with phytogeographical and ecological notes. Rhodora 86: 151-231. Carex abdita Bickn. C. umbellata Schkuhr ex. Willd., of Mackenzie (1935). adusta Boott aenea Fern. albursina Sheld. C. laxiflora Lam. var. latifolia Boott alopecoidea Tuckerm. amphibola Steud. var. turgida Fern. C. turgida (Fern.) J. Moore angustior Mack. C. echinata Murr., in part, of Reznicek and Ball (1980). annectens (Bickn.) Bickn. var. annectens var. xanthocarpa (Bickn.) Wieg. aquatilis Wahlenb. var. altior (Rydb.) Fern. var. aquatilis arcta Boott arctata Boott assiniboinensis W. Boott atherodes Spreng. aurea Nutt. backii Boott bebbii (L. Bailey) Fern. bicknellii Britt. blanda Dewey C. laxiflora Lam. var. blanda (Dewey) Boott brevior (Dewey) Mack. bromoides Schkuhr ex. Willd. brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. var. sphaerostachya (Tuckerm.) Kiikenth. buxbaumii Wahlenb. canescens L.

ANGIOSPERMS: CYPERACEAE

31 capillaris L. var. major Drej. C. capillaris subsp. chlorostachys (Stev.) Love, Love & Raymond castanea Wahlenb. cephalantha (L. Bailey) Bickn. C. echinata Murr., in part, of Reznicek & Ball (1980) cephaloidea (Dewey) Dewey C. sparganioides Muhl. var. cephaloidea (Dewey) Carey cephalophora Willd. chordorrhiza L. f. communis L. Bailey comosa Boott conjuncta Boott conoidea Schkuhr ex. Willd. convoluta Mack. According to Webber and Ball (1984), the correct name for this taxon is C. rosea Schkuhr ex. Willd. crawei Dewey crawfordii Fern. crinita Lam. cristatella Britt. crus-corvi Shuttlw. ex Kunze cryptolepis Mack. C. flava L. var. fertilis Peck davisii Schwein. & Torr. debilis Michx. var. rudgei L. Bailey deflexa Hornem. deweyana Schwein. diandra Schrank disperma Dewey eburnea Boott eleocharis L. Bailey C. stenophylla Wahlenb. var. enervis (C. A. Mey.) Kiikenth. emoryi Dewey C. stricta Lam. var. elongata (Boeckl.) Gl. exilis Dewey festucacea Schkuhr ex Willd. filifolia Nutt. flava L. foenea Willd. formosa Dewey garberi Fern. gracillima Schwein. granularis Muhl. ex Willd. var. haleana (Olney) Porter gravida L. Bailey grayi Carey var. grayi var. hispidula L. Bailey gynandra Schwein. C. crinita Lam. var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. gynocrates Drej. hallii Olney haydenii Dewey heliophila Mack. C. pensylvanica Lam. var. digyna Boeckl. hirtifolia Mack. hitchcockiana Dewey houghtoniana Dewey

hystericina Muhl. ex Willd. interior L. Bailey intumescens Rudge var. fernaldii L. Bailey jamesii Schwein. katahdinensis Fern. C. conoidea Schkuhr ex Willd., in part, of Ball & White (1982) lacustris Willd. laeviconica Dewey laevivaginata (Kiikenth.) Mack. lanuginosa Michx. lasiocarpa Ehrh. var. americana Fern. laxiculmis Schwein. var. copulata (L. Bailey) Fern. lenticularis Michx. leptalea Wahlenb. leptonervia Fern. limosa L. livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. var. radicaulis Paine lupulina Muhl. ex Willd. lurida Wahlenb. No specimen of this species is at MIN, but a verified specimen is at the New York Botanical Garden. meadii Dewey media R. Br. merritt-fernaldii Mack. michauxiana Boerckl. molesta Mack, ex Bright muhlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. muskingumensis Schwein. normalis Mack. obtusata Lilj. oligocarpa Schkuhr ex Willd. oligosperma Michx. ormostachya Wieg. C. laxiflora Lam. var. ormostachya (Wieg.) Gl. pallescens L. var. neogaea Fern. pauciflora Lightf. paupercula Michx. peckii Howe C. nigromarginata Schwein. var. elliptica (Boott) Gl. pedunculata Muhl. ex Willd. pensylvanica Lam. plantaginea Lam. praegracilis W. Boott prairea Dewey praticola Rydb. projecta Mack. pseudocyperus L. retrorsa Schwein. richardsonii R. Br. rosea Schkuhr ex Willd. According to Webber and Ball (1984), the correct name for this taxon is C. radiata (Wahlenb.) Small. rossii Boott

ANGIOSPERMS: CYPERACEAE 32 rostrata Stokes var. utriculata (Boott) L. Bailey According to some workers, C. rostrata Stokes and C. utriculata Boott are distinct species. sartwellii Dewey saximontana Mack. scirpiformis Mack. C. scirpoidea Michx. var. scirpiformis (Mack.) O'Neill scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. sparganioides Muhl. ex Willd. sprengelii Spreng. sterilis Willd. stipata Muhl. ex Willd. stricta Lam. supina Willd. var. spaniocarpa (Steud.) Boivin synchocephala Carey tenera Dewey tenuiflora Wahlenb. tetanica Schkuhr tonsa (Fern.) Bickn. C. rugosperma Mack. var. tonsa (Fern.) E. Voss torreyi Tuckerm. tribuloides Wahlenb. trichocarpa Schkuhr trisperma Dewey tuckermanii Dewey typhina Michx. umbellata Schkuhr ex Willd. C. rugosperma Mack., of Mackenzie (1935) vaginata Tausch vesicaria L. viridula Michx. vulpinoidea Michx. woodii Dewey C. tetanica Schkuhr var. woodii (Dewey) Wood xerantica L. Bailey

CLADIUM-Twig-Rush

Map 750

Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr.

CYPERUS-Nut-Grass; Umbrella-Sedge

Maps 751-764

References: Greene, H. C. 1953. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin XXXVII. Cyperaceae. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 42: 47-67. Johnston, M. C. 1966. Cyperus niger Ruiz et Pavon var. castaneus (Pursh) Kiikenthal the correct name for Cyperus rivularis Kunth. Southw. Naturalist 11: 125. Kiikenthal, G. 1935. Cyperaceae-Scirpoideae-Cypereae. Pflanzenr. 20: 1-671. Marcks, B. G. 1974. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 66. Cyperaceae II—Sedge Family II. The genus Cyperus— The Umbrella Sedges. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 62: 261-284. Mohlenbrock, R. H. 1960. The Cyperaceae of Illinois. I. Cyperus. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 63: 270-306. O'Neill, H. 1942. The status and distribution of some Cyperaceae in North and South America. Rhodora 44: 77-89.

Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. aristatus Rottb.-Awned Cyperus C. inflexus Muhl. diandrus Torr. engelmannii Steud. erythrorhizos Muhl.—Red-Rooted Sedge esculentus L.—Yellow Nut-Grass Introduced. houghtonii Torr. lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks C. filiculmis of many authors, not Vahl subsp. lupulinus subsp. macilentus (Fern.) Marcks C. filiculmis var. macilentus Fern. lupulinus x schweinitzii odoratus L.-Fragrant Cyperus rivularis Kunth—Brook-Sedge C. niger Ruiz & Pavon var. castaneus (Pursh) Kiikenth. rotundus L.—Nut-Grass Introduced. schweinitzii Torr. strigosus L.

DULICHIUM

Map 765

Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt.-Three-Way Sedge

ELEOCH ARIS - Spike-Rush

Maps 766-781

References: Greene, H. C. 1953. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin. XXXVII. Cyperaceae. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 42: 47-67. Harms, L. J. 1968. Cytotaxonomic studies in Eleocharis subser. Palustres: central United States taxa. Amer. J. Bot. 55:966-974. . 1972. Cytotaxonomy of the Eleocharis tenuis complex. Amer. J. Bot. 59: 483-487. Lakela, O. 1947. The occurrence of Eleocharis nitida in the Lake Superior region. Rhodora 49: 81-82. Mohlenbrock, R. H., & D. J. Drapalik. 1962. The Cyperaceae of Illinois. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 67: 398-423. Moore, J. W. 1950. Studies of Minnesota flowering plants with notes on additions to the flora. Rhodora 52: 54-60. Strandhede, S. O. 1967. Eleocharis, subser. Eleocharis in North America. Taxonomical comments and chromosome numbers. Bot. Not. 120: 355-368. Svenson, H. K. 1957. Cyperaceae: Tribe Scirpeae. North Amer. Fl. 18: 505-556. Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: 435-463.

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. compressa Sulliv. E. elliptica Kunth var. compressa (Sulliv.) Drapalik & Mohlenb. elliptica Kunth E. compressa Sulliv. var. borealis (Svens.) Drapalik & Mohlenb. E. tenuis (Willd.) Schultes var. borealis (Svens.) Gl. engelmannii Steud. E. obtusa (Willd.) Schultes var. detonsa (Gray) Drapalik & Mohlenb.

ANGIOSPERMS: CYPERACEAE

33 erythropoda Steud. E. calva Torr. intermedia Schultes macrostachya Britt. E. palustris (L.) R. & S., in the broad sense of many American authors. nitida Fern. obtusa (Willd.) Schultes olivacea Torr. E. flavescens (Poir.) Urban var. olivacea (Torr.) Gl. ovata (Roth) R. & S. E. ovata var. aphanactis Moore E. obtusa (Willd.) Schultes var. ovata (Roth) Drapalik & Mohlenb. parvula (R. & S.) Link var. anachaeta Svens. pauciflora (Lightf.) Link E. quinqueflora (Hartm.) Schwarz, Fl. Europaea 5: 282. var. fernaldii Svens. rostellata Torr. smallii Britt. E. palustris (L.) R. & S., in the broad sense of many American authors. wolfii Gray

ERIOPHORUM-Cotton-Grass; Maps 782-788 Bog-Cotton References: Lakela, O. 1950. Two new forms of plants from Minnesota. Rhodora 52: 46-47. Raymond, M. 1954. What is Eriophorum chamissonisC. A. Meyer? Svensk. Bot. Tids. 48: 65-82.

Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. chamissonis C. A. Meyer ex Ledeb. forma chamissonis E. chamissonis var. aquatile Fern, forma turner! Raymond E. chamissonis forma albidum (Nyl.) Fern., misapplied to Minnesota specimens. gracile Koch spissum Fern. E. vaginatum L. subsp. spissum (Fern.) Hulten tenellum Nutt. virginicum L. viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fern.

FIMBRISTYLIS

Maps 789-790

References: Krai, R. 1971. A treatment of Abildgaardia, Bulbostylis and Fimbristylis (Cyperaceae) for North America. Sida 4: 57-227'. Svenson, H. K. 1957. Cyperaceae: Tribe Scirpeae. North Amer. Fl. 18: 505-556.

Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) R. & S. F. autumnalis var. mucronulata (Michx.) Fern. puberula (Michx.) Vahl. var. interior (Britt.) Krai

HEMICARPHA

Map 791

References: Friedland, S. 1942. The American species of Hemicarpha. Amer. J. Bot. 28: 855-861. Svenson, H. K. 1957. Cyperaceae: Tribe Scirpeae. North Amer. Fl. 18: 505-556.

Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Pax H. micrantha var. minor (Schrad.) Friedl.

RHYNCHOSPORA-Beak-Rush Maps 792-794 References: Gale, S. 1944. Rhynchospora, section Eurhynchospora in Canada, the United States and the West Indies. Rhodora 46: 89-134; 159-197; 207-249; 255-278. Kiikenthal, G. 1949-1951. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographic der Rhynchosporideae. 18. Rhynchospora Vahl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 74: 375-509; 75: 90-126; 127-195; 273-314.

Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl capillacea Torr. R. capillacea forma leviseta (Hill) Fern. fusca (L.) Ait. f.

SCIRPUS-Bulrush

Maps 795-815

References: Beetle, A. A. 1947. Cyperaceae: Tribe Scirpeae. Scirpus. North Amer. Fl. 18: 481-504. Fernald, M. L. 1943. V. Studies in North American species of Scirpus. Rhodora 45: 279-296. Glaser, P. H. 1983. Carey, exilis and Scirpus cespitosus var. callosus in patterned fens of northern Minnesota. Michigan Bot. 22: 22-25. Greene, H. C. 1953. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin XXXVII. Cyperaceae. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 42: 47-67. Koyama, T. 1962. The genus Scirpus Linn. Some North American aphylloid species. Canad. J. Bot. 40: 913-937. . 1963. The genus Scirpus Linn. Critical species of the section Pterolepsis, Canad. J. Bot. 41: 1107-1131. Schuyler, A. E. 1964. A biosystematic study of the Scirpus cyperinus complex. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 115: 283-311. . 1967. A taxonomic revision of North American leafy species of Scirpus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 119: 295-323. . 1972. Chromosome numbers of Scirpus purshianus and S. smithii. Rhodora 74: 398-402. . 1974. Typification and application of the names Scirpus americanus Pers., S. olneyi Gray, and 5. pungens Vahl. Rhodora 76: 51-52. Smith, S. G. 1969. Natural hybridization in the Scirpus lacustris complex in north central United States. In Gunckel, J. E., ed. Current topics in plant science, pp. 175-200. Academic Press, New York. 461 pp. Ward, R., & W. T. Barker. 1971. Cytotaxonomic studies of the Scirpus lacustris complex in North Dakota. Proc. North Dakota Acad. Sci. 25: 32.

Scirpus acutus Big el.—Hard-Stem Bulrush atrocinctus Fern. 5. cyperinus (L.) Kunth var. brachypodus (Fern.) Gilly atrovirens Willd.

ANGIOSPERMS: CYPERACEAE-EMPETRACEAE

34 cespitosus L. var. callosus Bigel. clintonii Gray cyperinus (L.) Kunth 5. cyperinus var. pelius Fern. fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray-River-Bulrush georgianus Harp. 5. atrovirens var. georgianus (Harp.) Fern. hattorianus Mak. heterochaetus Chase—Slender Bulrush hudsonianus (Michx.) Fern. microcarpus Presl 5. rubrotinctus Fern. S. microcarpus var. rubrotinctus (Fern.) Jones pallidus (Britt.) Fern. 5. atrovirens Willd. var. pallidus Britt. paludosus Nels.—Prairie-Bulrush 5. maritimus L. var. paludosus (Nels.) Kukenthal pedicellatus Fern. 5. cyperinus (L.) Kunth var. pedicellatus (Fern.) Schuyl. pungens Vahl.—Three-Square 5. americanus Pers., misapplied to Minnesota plants. purshianus Fern. S. debilis Pursh S. smithii Gray var. williamsii (Fern.) Beetle smithii Gray forma setosus (Fern.) Fern, forma smithii subterminalis Torr.—Swaying Rush torreyi Olney validus Vahl var. creber Fern.—Soft-Stem Bulrush

SCLERIA-Nut-Rush

Maps 816-817

References: Core, E. L. 1936. The American species of Scleria. Brittonia 2: 1-105. Kessler, J. W. 1987. A treatment of Scleria (Cyperaceae) for North America north of Mexico. Sida 12: 390-407. Smith, W. R. 1983. A range extension of Scleria verticillata in Minnesota. Michigan Bot. 22: 27-30.

Scleria triglomerata Michx. verticillata Muhl.

Map 818

Dioscorea villosa L.-Wild Yam

DIPSACACEAE-Teasel Family DIPSACUS-Teasel Dipsacus laciniatus L. Introduced.

Map 819

Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. Introduced.

DROSERACEAE-Sundew Family DROSERA-Sundew

Maps 820-823

Reference: Wynne, F. E. 1944. Drosera in eastern North America. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 71: 166-174.

Drosera anglica Huds. intermedia Hayne linearis Goldie x obovata Mert. & Koch (D. anglica x D. rotundifolid) rotundifolia L.

ELAEAGNACEAE-Oleaster Family ELAEAGNUS - Oleaster

Maps 824-825

Elaeagnus angustifolia L.—Russian Olive Spreads from cultivation. commutata Bernh.—Silverberry E. argentea Pursh, not Moench

SHEPHERDIA

Maps 826-827

Shepherdia argentea Nutt.-Buffalo-Berry canadensis (L.) Nutt. — Soapberry

ELATINACEAE-Waterwort Family ELATINE - Waterwort

Maps 828-829

Reference: Fassett, N. C. 1939. Notes from the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin-XVII. Elatine and other aquatics. Rhodora 41: 367-377.

Elatine

DIOSCOREACEAE-Yam Family DIOSCOREA-Yam

KNAUTIA - Bluebuttons

minima (Nutt.) Fisch. & Mey. triandra Schkuhr

EMPETRACEAE-Crowberry Family EMPETRUM-Crowberry

Maps 830-831

References: Love, D. 1960. The red-fruited crowberries in North America. Rhodora 62: 265-292. Soper, J. H., & E. G. Voss. 1964. Black crowberry in the Lake Superior region. Michigan Bot. 3: 35-38.

Empetrum atropurpureum Fern. & Wieg.-Purple Crowberry E. eamesii Fern. & Wieg. subsp. atropurpureum (Fern. & Wieg.) Love

ANGIOSPERMS: EMPETRACEAE-EUPHORBIACEAE 35 nigrum L.—Black Crowberry E. hermaphroditum (Lange) Hagerup E. eamesii Fern. & Wieg. subsp. hermaphroditum (Hagerup) Love, as to American plants.

ERICACEAE-Heath Family See also: PYROLACEAE ANDROMEDA

Map 832

Andromeda glaucophylla Link—Bog-Rosemary

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS - Bearberry

Map 833

Reference: Packer, J. G., & K. E. Denford. 1947. A contribution to the taxonomy of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Canad. J. Bot. 52: 743-753. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. subsp. adenotricha (Fern. & Macbr.) Calder & Taylor A. uva-ursi var. adenotricha Fern. & Macbr. subsp. uva-ursi var. coactilis Fern. & Macbr. A. uva-ursi var. coactilis Fern. & Macbr.

CHAMAEDAPHNE - Leather-Leaf

Map 834

Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench var. angustifolia (Ait.) Rehd.

CHIOGENES: See GAULTHERIA EPIGAEA

Map 835

Epigaea repens L.—Trailing Arbutus var. glabrifolia Fern.

GAULTHERIAAromatic Wintergreen

Maps 836-837

Map 838 Map 839

References: Ebinger, J. E. 1974. A systematic study of the genus Kalmia (Ericaceae). Rhodora 76: 315-398. Southall, R., & J. W. Hardin. 1974. A taxonomic revision of Kalmia (Ericaceae). J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 90: 1-23.

Ledum groenlandicum Oeder

Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. — Lowbush Blueberry V. pensylvanicum Lam., not Miller; not V. pensylvanicum var. angustifolium (Ait.) Gray V. brittonii Porter ex Bickn. V. angustifolium var. laevifolium House V. angustifolium var. nigrum (Wood) Dole V. lamarckii Camp V. angustifolium var. hypolasium Fern. cespitosum Michx. —Dwarf-Bilberry macrocarpon Ait.—American Cranberry; Large Cranberry Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Pers. myrtilloides Michx. —Velvet-Leaf Blueberry V. canadense Kalm oxycoccus L. —Small Cranberry V. oxycoccus var. ovalifolium Michx. Oxycoccus palustris Pers. Oxycoccus palustris var. ovalifolius (Michx.) Seymour uliginosum L.—Alpine Bilberry var. alpinum Bigel. V. uliginosum subsp. pubescens (Wormsk. ex Hornem.) Young vitis-idaea L. var. minus Lodd.—Mountain-Cranberry

Map 848

Eriocaulon septangulare With. E. aquaticum (Hill) Druce, Fl. Europaea 5: 117 E. pellucidum Michx., as to North America.

EUPHORBIACEAE- Spurge Family Reference: Richardson, J. W., D. Burch, and T. C. Cochrane. 1987. The flora of Wisconsin. Preliminary report No. 69. Euphorbiaceae—The Spurge Family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 75: 97-129.

ACALYPHA-Three-Seeded Mercury Map 849

Kalmia polifolia Wang.-Bog-Laurel

LEDUM-Labrador-Tea

References: Camp, W. H. 1945. The North American blueberries with notes on other groups of Vacciniaceae. Brittonia 5: 203-275. Vander Kloet, S. P. 1978. Systematics, distribution, and nomenclature of the polymorphic Vacciniwn angustifolium. Rhodora 80: 358-376. . 1983. The taxonomy of Vaccinium sect. Oxycoccus. Rhodora 85: 1-43. Young, S. B. 1970. On the taxonomy and distribution of Vaccinium uliginosum. Rhodora 72: 439-459.

ERIOCAULON-Pipewort

Gaylussacia—Black Huckleberry baccata (Wang.) K. Koch

KALMIA-American Laurel

Maps 841-847

ERIOCAULACEAE-Pipewort Family

Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Bigel.—Creeping Snowberry Chiogenes hispidula (L.) T. & G. procumbens L.—Teaberry; Checkerberry

GAYLUSSACIA-Huckleberry

VACCINIUM-Blueberry; Cranberry; Bilberry

Map 840

Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. A. virginica L. var. rhomboidea (Raf.) Cooperr.

ANGIOSPERMS: EUPHORBIACEAE-GENTIANACEAE

36 EUPHORBIA - Spurge

Maps 850-861

References: Croizat, L. 1947. Euphorbia intercedens Podp., a homonym. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 37: 801-802. . 1962. Typification of Euphorbia maculata L. Webbia 17: 187-205. Richardson, J. W. 1968. The genus Euphorbia of the high plains and prairie plains of Kansas, Nebraska, South and North Dakota. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 48: 45-112.

Euphorbia corollata L.—Flowering Spurge cyathophora Murr. — Painted Leaf E. heterophylla L., of most American authors. cyparissias L.—Cypress-Spurge Introduced. dentata Michx. geyeri Engelm. glyptosperma Engelm. helioscopia L.—Wartweed One record for Minnesota. Persistence doubtful. Introduced. hexagona Nutt. Introduced from the West and probably not persisting. maculata L. E. supina Raf. marginata Pursh. — Snow-on-the-Mountain missurica Raf. var. intermedia (Engelm.) Wheeler Probably introduced sparingly from the South or West, but not persisting. nutans Lag. E. preslii Guss. E. maculata L., in the sense of L. C. Wheeler, not Linnaeus. podperae Croizat—Leafy Spurge E. esula L., of most American authors. E. intercedensPodp., 1922; not£. intercedens Pax, 1905. Naturalized. serpyllifolia Pers. spathulata Lam. E. dictyosperma Fisch. & Mey

FABACEAE: See LEGUMINOSAE

ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill-Northern Pin-Oak; Hill's Oak Q. ellipsoidalis var. kaposianensis Moore Q. coccinea Muenchh., misapplied to Minnesota plants. ellipsoidalis x Q. rubra x hawkinsii Sudw. (Q. rubra x Q. velutina) x hillii Trel. (Q. bicolor x Q. macrocarpa) Q. x schuettei Trel. macrocarpa Michx.—Bur-Oak Q. olivaeformis Michx. f. Q. macrocarpa var. depressa (Nutt.) Engelm. Q. mandanensis Rydb. muhlenbergii Engelm. —Chestnut-Oak Q. prinoides Willd. var. acuminata (Michx.) Gl. rubra L. Q. borealis Michx. f. var. ambigua (Gray) Fern.-Northern Red Oak Q. rubra var. borealis (Michx. f.) Farw. var. rubra—Common Red Oak velutina Lam.-Black Oak

FUMARIACEAE-Fumitory Family ADLUMIA-Climbing Fumitory

Map 869

Adlumia fungosa (Ait.) Greene

CORYDALIS

Maps 870-872

Reference: Ownbey, G. B. 1947. Monograph of the North American species of Corydalis. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 34: 187-260.

Corydalis aurea Willd.-Golden Corydalis micrantha (Engelm.) Gray—Slender Fumewort sempervirens (L.) Pers.-Pale Corydalis

DICENTRA

Maps 873-874

Reference: Stern, K. R. 1961. Revision of Dicentra (Fumariaceae). Brittonia 13: 1-57.

Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. —Squirrel-Corn cucullaria (L.) Bernh.—Dutchman's Breeches

FUMARIA - Fumitory

FAGACEAE-Beech Family QUERCUS-Oak

Maps 862-868

References: Hardin, J. W. 1975. Hybridization and introgression in Quercus alba. J. Arnold Arb. 56: 336-363 Palmer, E. J. 1948. Hybrid oaks of North America. J. Arnold Arbor. 29: 1-48. Wadmond, S. C. 1933. The Quercus ellipsoidalis-Quercus coccinea complex. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 28: 197-203.

Quercus alba L.-White Oak x bebbiana Schneid. (Q. alba x Q. macrocarpa) bicolor Willd.-Swamp-White Oak

Fumaria officinalis L.—Common Fumitory Introduced.

GENTIANACEAE-Gentian Family See also: MENYANTHACEAE Reference: Mason, C. T., Jr., & H. H. Iltis. 1966. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 53. Gentianaceae and Menyanthaceae— Gentian and Buckbean Families. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 54: 295-329.

ANGIOSPERMS: GENTIAN ACE AE-GRAMINEAE 37

BARTONIA

Map 875

Reference: Gillett, J. M. 1959. A revision of Bartonia and Obolaria (Gentianaceae). Rhodora 61: 43-62. Bartonia virginica (L.) BSP.—Virginia Bartonia

CENTAURIUM-Centaury

Map 876

Centaurium pulchellum (Swartz) Druce Introduced.

GENTIANA - Gentian

Maps 877-881

References: Gillett, J. M. 1963. The gentians of Canada, Alaska and Greenland. Canad. Dept. Agr. Publ. 1180: 1-99. Pringle, J. S. 1965. The white gentian of the prairies. Michigan Bot. 4: 43-47. . 1965. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin. No. 52. Gentiana hybrids in Wisconsin. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 53: 273-281. . 1966. Hybridization in Gentiana (Gentianaceae): A resume of J. T. Curtis' studies. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 54: 283-293. . 1966. Gentianapuberula sp. nov., a known but unnamed species of the North American prairies. Rhodora 68: 209-214. . 1967. Taxonomy of Gentiana, section Pneumonanthae, in eastern North America. Brittonia 19: 1-32. . 1968. The status and distribution of Gentiana linearis and G. rubricaulis in the Upper Great Lakes region. Michigan Bot. 7: 99-112. Gentiana affinis Griseb. alba Muhl. —Yellowish Gentian G. flavida Gray amarella L.: See GENTIANELLA andrewsii Griseb.—Closed Gentian; Bottle-Gentian G. clausa Raf., misapplied to Minnesota plants, var. andrewsii var. dakotica Nels. x billingtonii Farw. (as species) (G. andrewsii x G. puberulentd) crinita Froel.: See GENTIANOPSIS x grandilacustris Pringle (G. andrewsii x G. rubricaulis) procera Holm: See GENTIANOPSIS puberulenta Pringle—Prairie Gentian G. puberula Michx., misapplied. quinquefolia L.: See GENTIANELLA rubricaulis Schwein.—Rose-stemmed Gentian; Closed Gentian G. linearis Froel. subsp. rubricaulis (Schwein.) Gillett

GENTIANELLA

Maps 882-883

Reference: Gillett, J. M. 1957. A revision of the North American species of Gentianella Moench. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 44: 195-269. Gentianella amarella (L.) Borner—Felwort Gentiana amarella L. subsp. acuta (Michx.) Gillett Gentiana acuta Michx.

quinquefolia (L.) Small Gentiana quinquefolia L. subsp. occidentalis (Gray) Gillett Gentiana quinquefolia var. occidentalis (Gray) Hitchc.

GENTIANOPSIS

Maps 884-885

References: Gillett, J. M. 1957. A revision of the North American species of Gentianella Moench. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 44: 195-269. Iltis, H. H. 1965. The genus Gentianopsis (Gentianaceae): transfers and phytogeographic comments. Sida 2: 129-153. Gentianopsis crinita (Froel.) Ma—Fringed Gentian Gentiana crinita Froel. procera (Holm) Ma—Fringed Gentian Gentiana procera Holm Gentianella crinita (Froel.) G. Don subsp. procera (Holm) Gillett Gentiana macounii Holm Gentianella crinita (Froel). G. Don subsp. macounii (Holm) Gillett Gentianopsis macounii (Holm) Iltis Gentiana tonsa (Lunell) Viet.

HALENIA - Spurred Gentian

Map 886

Reference: Allen, C. K. 1933. A monograph of the American species of the genus Halenia. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20: 119-222. Halenia deflexa (Smith) Griseb.

GERANIACEAE-Geranium Family ERODIUM-Storksbill Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Introduced.

GERANIUM- Cranesbill

Maps 887-889

Geranium bicknellii Britt. carolinianum L. maculatum L.—Wild Geranium sibiricum L. Introduced.

GRAMINEAE (POACEAE)Grass Family References: Dore, W. G., & J. McNeill. 1980. Grasses of Ontario. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. Monograph 26. 566 pp. Fassett, N. C. 1951. Grasses of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 173 pp. Gould, F. & R. B. Shaw. 1983. Grass systematics, 2nd ed. Texas A. & M. University Press, College Station. 397 pp. Hitchcock, A. S. 1951. Manual of grasses of the United States, ed. 2, by A. Chase. U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 200. 1051 pp. Pohl, R. W. 1966. The grasses of Iowa. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 40: 341-566.

ANGIOSPERMS: GRAMINEAE

38 x AGROHORDEUM

Map 890

References: Bowden, W. M. 1959. Chromosome numbers and taxonomic notes on northern grasses. I. Triticeae. Canad. J. Bot. 37: 1143-1151. . 1960. The typification ofElymus macounii Vasey. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 87: 205-208. Lepage, E. 1953. Novelles notes sur des hybrides de Gramine'es. Naturaliste Canad. 80: 189-199. x Agrohordeum macounii (Vasey) Lepage (Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte x HordeumjubatumL.) Elymus macounii Vasey

AGROPYRON-Wheat-Grass

Maps 891-894

References: Bowden, W. R. 1965. Cytotaxonomy of the species and interspecific hybrids of the genus Agropyron in Canada and neighboring areas. Canad. J. Bot. 43: 1421-1448. Fernald, M. L. 1933. Recent discoveries in the Newfoundland flora. Rhodora 35: 161-185. Malte, M. O. 1932. The so-called Agropyron canium (L.) Beauv. of North America. Ann. Rep. Nat. Mus. Canad. 1930: 27-57. McNeill, J., & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Ontario grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567.

Agropyron pectiniforme Roemer & Schultes—Crested Wheat-Grass A. cristatum (L.) Gaertner, of American authors, misapplied. A. cristatum subsp. pectinatum (Bieb.) Tzvelev Naturalized. repens (L.) Beauv.—Quack Grass var. repens forma aristatum (Schum.) Holmb. forma pilosum (Scribn.) Fern, forma repens forma trichorrhachis Rohlena var. subulatum (Schreb.) Reichenb. forma subulatum forma vaillantianum (Wulf. & Schreb.) Fern. smithii Rydb. -Western Wheat-Grass trachycaulum (Link) Malte—Slender Wheat-Grass var. glaucum (Pease & Moore) Malte var. novae-angliae (Scribn.) Fern. A. trachycaulum var. ciliatum (Scribn. & Smith) Gl. var. trachycaulum var. unilateral (Cassidy) Malte A. subsecundum (Link) Hitchc.

AGROSTIS-Bent Grass

Maps 895-900

References: Fernald, M. L. 1933. Recent discoveries in the Newfoundland flora. Rhodora 35: 203-212. McNeill, J., & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Ontario grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567. Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: 435-463.

Agrostis geminata Trin. forma exaristata Fern, forma geminata

hyemalis (Walt.) BSP.-Tickle Grass; Hairgrass perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. A. perennans var. aestivalis Vasey scabra Willd. -Hairgrass A. hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. var. tenuis (Tuckerm.) Gl. stolonifera L. var. major (Gaud.) Farw.—Redtop A. alba of authors, not Linnaeus A. gigantea Roth var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.—Creeping Bent A. stolonifera var. compacta Hartm. A. palustris Huds.

ALOPECURUS - Foxtail

Maps 901-903

Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. carolinianus Walt. pratensis L. Introduced.

AMMOPHILA - Beachgrass

Map 904

Ammophila breviligulata Fern.

ANDROPOGON-Beardgrass

Maps 905-906

Reference: Gould, F. W. 1967. The grass genus Andropogon in the United States. Brittonia 19: 70-76.

Andropogon gerardii Vitman—Big Bluestem A. furcatus Muhl. hallii Hack. Introduced. scoparius Michx.: See SCHIZACHYRIUM

ARISTIDATriple-Awned Grass

Maps 907-911

Reference: Allred, K. W. 1984. Morphologic variation and classification of the North American Aristida purpurea complex (Gramineae). Brittonia 36: 382-395.

Aristida basiramea Engelm. dichotoma Michx.—Poverty-Grass var. curtissii Gray A. curtissii (Gray) Nash oligantha Michx. purpurea Nutt. var. longiseta (Steud.) Vasey A. longiseta Steud. A. longiseta var. robusta Merr. tuberculosa Nutt.

ARRHENATHERUM-Oat-Grass Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Mert. & Koch-Tall Oat-Grass

Map 912

HHHH

H AVENA-Oats

Maps 913-914

Avena fatuaL.-Wild Oats Introduced. hookeri Scribn.: See HELICTOTRICHON sativa L. — Cultivated Oats Introduced.

BUCHLOE-Buffalo-Grass

BECKMANNIA - Slough-Grass

Map 915

Reference: Koyama, T., & S. Kowano. 1964. Critical taxa of grasses with North American and eastern Asiatic distribution. Canad. J. Bot. 42: 859-884. Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fern.—American Slough-Grass var. baicalensis (Kush.) T. Koyama & Kawano

BOUTELOUA-Grama-Grass

Maps 916-918

Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. —Side-Oats Grama gracilis (HBK.) Lag. ex Steud. hirsuta Lag.

BRACHYELYTRUM-Shorthusk

Map 919

Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. var. erectum var. septentrionale Babel

BROMUS - Brome-Grass

pubescens Muhl. ex Willd. B. purgans of authors, not Linnaeus. secalinus L. —Cheat; Chess Introduced. tectorum L. Introduced.

Maps 920-927

References: Baum, B. R. 1967. Kalm's specimens of North American grasses— their evaluation for typification. Canad. J. Bot. 45: 1845-1852. McNeill, J. 1976. Nomenclature of four perennial species of Bromus in eastern North America, with a proposal for the listing of B. purgans L. as a rejected name under Article 69. Taxon 25: 611-616. . 1977. Bromus latiglumis (Shear) A. S. Hitchc. need not be replaced by B. altissimus Pursh. Taxon 26: 584. & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic notes on Ontario grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567. Wagnon, H. K. 1950. Nomenclatural changes in Bromus. Rhodora 52: 209-215. . 1952. A revision of the genus Bromus, section Bromopsis, of North America. Brittonia 7: 415-480. Bromus ciliatus L. B. dudleyi Fern, forma ciliatus B. ciliatus var. intonsus Fern. B. ciliatus forma intonsus (Fern.) Seymour forma denudatus Wieg. inermis Leyss.—Smooth Brome; Hungarian Brome Introduced. japonicus Thunb. ex Murray Introduced, var. japonicus var. porrectus Hack. kalmii Gray latiglumis (Shear) Hitchc. B. altissimus Pursh

Map 928

Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.

CALAMAGROSTISReed-Grass

Maps 929-934

Reference: Stebbins, G. L. 1930. A revision of some North American species of Calamagrostis. Rhodora 32: 35-57. Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Nutt.—Blue-Joint var. canadensis var. macouniana (Vasey) Stebbins var. robusta Vasey var. scabra (Presl) Hitchc. C. langsdorfii, of American authors, not Trin. inexpansa Gray C. stricta (Timm) Koeler subsp. inexpansa (Gray) C. W. Greene var. brevior (Vasey) Stebbins lacustris (Kearney) Nash C. stricta subsp. inexpansa (Gray) C. W. Greene var. lacustris (Kearney) C. W. Greene montanensis Scribn. neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn. C. stricta (Timm) Koeler subsp. stricta purpurascens R. Br.

C ALAMO VILFA - Reed-Grass

Map 935

References: Thieret, J. W. 1960. Calamovilfa longifolia and its variety magna. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 63: 169-176. . 1966. Synopsis of the genus Calamovilfa (Grarm'neae). Castanea 31: 145-152. Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn.

CENCHRUS - Sandbur

Map 936

Reference: DeLisle, D. G. 1963. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Cenchrus. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 37: 259-351. Cenchrus longispinus (Hackel) Fern.

CINNA - Wood-Reedgrass

Maps 937-938

Cinna arundinacea L. latifolia (Trev.) Griseb.

DACTYLIS - Orchard-Grass Dactylis glomerata L. Naturalized.

Map 939

ANGIOSPERMS: GRAMINEAE 40

DANTHONIA - Wild Oat-Grass

Map 940

indica (L.) Gaertn. — Wiregrass Introduced.

spicata (L.) Beauv. var. pinetorum Piper var. spicata

DESCHAMPSIA-Hairgrass

Maps 941-942

Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv. —Tufted Hairgrass var. glauca (Hartm.) Lindm. flexuosa (L.) Trin. — Common Hairgrass

DIGITARIA-Crab-Grass

Maps 943-944

References: Henrard, J. T. 1950. Monograph of the genus Digitaria. Universitare Pers Leiden. 999 pp. Webster, R. D. 1987. Taxonomy of Digitaria section Digitaria in North America (Poaceae: Paniceae). Sida 12: 209-222.

Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. D. ischaemum var. mississippiensis (Gattinger) Fern., as to Minnesota Introduced. sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Introduced.

DIPLACHNE

Map 945

Reference: McNeill, J. 1979. Diplachne and Leptochloa (Poaceae) in North America. Brittonia 31: 399-404.

Diplachne fascicularis (Lam.) Beauv.—Sprangletop; Salt-Meadow Grass Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) Gray

DISTICHLIS - Salt-Grass

Map 946

Reference: Fassett, N. C. 1925. Notes on Distichlis. Rhodora 27: 67-72.

Distichlis stricta (Torr.) Rydb.

ECHINOCHLOA

Maps 947-949

References: Fairbrothers, D. E. 1956. Nomenclatural change in the grass genus Echinochloa. Rhodora 58: 48-49. Gould, F. W., M. A. Ali, & D. E. Fairbrothers. 1972. A revision of Echinochloa in the United States. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 87: 36-59. Reeder, J. R. 1956. Note on Echinochloa muricata. Rhodora 58: 331-332.

Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.—Barnyard-Grass Introduced. muricata (Beauv.) Fern. E. pungens (Poir.) Rydb. var. microstachya Wieg. var. muricata walteri (Pursh) Heller

ELEUSINE-Goose-Grass; Yard-Grass Eleusine

Danthonia

ELYMUS-Wild Rye

Maps 950-957

References: Baum, B. R. 1979. The genus Elymus in Canada—Bowden's generic concept and key reappraised and relectotypification of E. canadensis. Canad. J. Bot. 57: 946-951. Booher, L. E., & R. M. Tryon. 1948. A study of Elymus in Minnesota. Rhodora 50: 80-91. Bowden, W. M. 1964. Cy to taxonomy of the species and interspecific hybrids of the genus Elymus in Canada and neighboring areas. Canad. J. Bot. 42: 547-601. Church, G. L. 1967. Taxonomic and genetic relationships of eastern North American species of Elymus with setaceous glumes. Rhodora 69: 121-162. Gabel, M. L. 1984. A biosystematic study of the genus Elymus (Gramineae: Triticeae) in Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 91: 140-146.

Elymus canadensis L. diversiglumis Scribn. & Ball E. interruptus of American authors, in part, not E. interruptus Buck!., in the strict sense. hystrix L.-Bottle-Brush Grass Hystrix patula Moench junceus Fisch. Introduced. macounii Vasey: See x AGROHORDEUM piperi Bowden E. condensatus Presl var. pubens Piper E. cinereus, in the sense of Hitchcock, Man. grasses U.S., 1951, for the most part, not E. cinereus Scribn. & Merr., in the strict sense. Said to be in Minnesota by Bowden (1964), p. 593. racemosus Lam. E. giganteus Vahl Leymus racemosus (Lam.) Tzvelev Introduced. villosus Muhl. ex Willd. forma arkansanus (Scribn. & Ball) Fern, forma villosus virginicus L. var. submuticus Hook, var. virginicus E. virginicus var. halophilus (Bickn.) Wieg. E. virginicus var. jejunis (Ramaley) Bush forma hirsutiglumis (Scribn.) Fern, forma virginicus wiegandii Fern. E. canadensis L. var. wiegandii (Fern.) Bowden

ERAGROSTIS - Lovegrass

Maps 958-963

References: Harvey, L. H. 1949. Eragrostis in North and Middle America. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Michigan. . 1954. New entities in North and Middle America Eragrostis (Gramineae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 81: 405-410. Koch, S. D. 1974. The Eragrostis pectinacea-pilosa complex in

ANGIOSPERMS: GRAMINEAE 41 North and Central America (Gramineae: Eragrostoideae). Illinois Biol. Monogr. 48: 1-74. McNeill, J., & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Ontario grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567. Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Lutati ex Hubbard-Stinkgrass E. megastachya (Koeler) Link Introduced. frankii C. A. Meyer hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. minor Host E. poaeoides Beauv. Introduced. pectinacea (Michx.) Nees pilosa (L.) Beauv.—Indian-Lovegrass var. perplexa (Harvey) Koch var. pilosa Introduced. spectabilis (Pursh) Steud.—Tumble-Grass trichodes (Nutt.) Wood Introduced from farther south.

ERIOCHLO A - Cupgrass

GLYCERIA-Manna-Grass

Maps 970-973

References: Fassett, N. C. 1946. Glyceriapallida and G. fernaldii. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 73: 463-464. McNeill, J., & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Ontario grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567. Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batch.—Northern Manna-Grass canadensis (Michx.) Trin.-Rattlesnake-Grass fernaldii (Hitchc.) St. John: See TORREYOCHLOA grandis S. Wats.—American Manna-Grass; Tall Manna-Grass pallida (Torr.) Trin.: See TORREYOCHLOA striata (Lam.) Hitchc.—Fowl Manna-Grass var. striata var. stricta (Scribn.) Fern.

HELICTOTRICHON

Map 964

References: Pohl, R. W. 1959. Introduced weedy grasses in Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 66: 160-162. Shaw, R. B., & R. D. Webster. 1987. The genus Eriochloa (Poaceae: Paniceae) in North and Central America. Sida 12: 165-207. Eriochloa villosa (Thunb.) Kunth Introduced.

FESTUC A-Fescue

rubra L.—Red Fescue saximontana Rydb. F. ovina var. saximontana (Rydb.) Gl.

Maps 965-969

References: Frederiksen, S. 1983. Festuca brachyphylla, F. saximontana and related species in North America. Nordic J. Bot. 2: 525-536. McNeill, J., & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Ontario Grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567. Terrell, E. E. 1967. Meadow fescue: Festuca elatiorL. or F. pratensis Hudson? Brittonia 19: 129-132. Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: 435-463. . 1972. Additional nomenclatural and other notes on Michigan monocots and gymnosperms. Michigan Bot. 11: 26-37. Festuca arundinacea Schreb.—Tall Fescue. Introduced. longifolia Thuill.—Hard Fescue F. ovina L. var. duriuscula (L.) W. D. J. Koch, of American authors. Introduced. obtusa Biehler—Nodding Fescue octoflora Walter: See VULPIA ovina L. —Sheep-Fescue Introduced. paradoxa Desv. Recently recorded from Winona Co. by W. R. Smith. pratensis Hudson—Meadow-Fescue F. elatior L., of ambiguous application. Introduced.

Map 974

Helictotrichon—Oat-Grass hookeri (Scribn.) Henrard Avena hookeri Scribn.

HIEROCHLOE-Vanilla-Grass; Sweet Grass

Map 975

Reference: Weimarck, G. 1971. Variation and taxonomy of Hierochloe (Gramineae) in the northern hemisphere. Bot. Not. 124: 129-175. Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv. subsp. hirta (Schrank) Tsvelev H. hirta (Schrank) Borbas subsp. arctica (Presl) Weim.

HORDEUM-Barley

Maps 976-977

Reference: Bothmer, R. von, N. Jacobsen, R. B. J0rgensen, & E. Nicora. 1982. Revision of the Hordeum pusillum group. Nordic J. Bot. 2: 307-321. Hordeum jubatum L. —Squirrel-Tail Grass Critesion jubatum (L.) Nevski pusillum Nutt. —Little Barley Critesion pusillum (Nutt.) A. Love vulgare L.-Barley Cultivated and occasionally escaped.

HYSTRIX: See ELYMUS KOELERIA - June-Grass

Map 978

References: Reeder, J. R., &C. G. Reeder. 1978. Review: IntermountainFlora, by A. Cronquist et al., Vol. 6. 1977. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 105: 241-243. Shinners, L. H. 1956. Illegitimacy of Persoon's species of Koeleria (Gramineae). Rhodora 58: 93-96.

ANGIOSPERMS: GRAMINEAE

42 MUHLENBERGIASatin-Grass; Muhly-Grass

Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schultes K. cristata Pers., misapplied.

LEERSIA-Cut Grass; White Grass

Maps 979-981

Reference: Pyrah, G. L. 1969. Taxonomic and distributional studies in Leersia (Gramineae). Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 44: 215-270. Leersia lenticularis Michx. — Catchfly-Grass oryzoides (L.) Swartz—Rice-Cut Grass virginica Willd.-White Grass L. virginica var. ovata (Poir.) Fern.

LEPTOCHLOA: See DIPLACHNE LEPTOLOMA - Fall Witch-Grass

Map 982

Leptoloma cognatum (Schultes) Chase

LOLIUM

Map 983

References: Terrell, E. E. 1968. A taxonomic revision of the genus Lolium. Tech. Bull. U.S.D.A., No. 1392: 1-65. Voss, E. G. 1972. Additional nomenclatural and other notes on Michigan monocots and gymnosperms. Michigan Bot. 11: 26-37. Lolium perenne L.—Ryegrass Introduced, var. aristatum Willd. L. multiflorum Lam. var. perenne

MELICA-Melic Grass

Reference: Boyle, W. S. 1945. A cytotaxonomic study of the North American species of Melica. Madrono 8: 1-26. Melica nitens Nutt. — Tall Melic Grass

MILIUM

Map 985

Reference: Fernald, M. L. 1950. The North American variety of Milium efftisum. Rhodora 52: 218-222. Milium effusum L.-Wood Millet var. cisatlanticum Fern.

MISCANTHUS

Map 986

References: Pohl, R. W. 1959. Introduced weedy grasses in Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 66: 160-162. . 1963. Phytogeographic notes on Rottboellia, Paspalum and Miscanthus (Gramineae) Rhodora 65: 146-147. Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hack. Introduced.

References: Fernald, M. L. 1943. Five common rhizomatous species ofMuhlenbergia. Rhodora 45: 221-239. Mitchell, W. W., & R. W. Pohl. 1966. Variation and aneuploidy in Muhlenbergia glomerata. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 76: 211-221. Pohl, R. W. 1969. Muhlenbergia, subgenus Muhlenbergia (Gramineae) in North America. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 82: 512-542. Muhlenbergia asperifolia (Nees & Meyen) Parodi—Scratch-Grass cuspidata (Torr.) Rydb.-Plains Muhly frondosa (Poir.) Fern.-Wirestem Muhly forma commutata (Scribn.) Fern, forma frondosa glomerata (Willd.) Trin. M. glomerata var. cinnoides (Link) F. J. Hermann mexicana (L.) Trin. forma ambigua (Torr.) Fern. M. mexicana forma setiglumis (S. Wats.) Fern. M. mexicana var.filiformis (Willd.) Scribn. forma mexicana racemosa (Michx.) BSP. richardsonis (Trin.) Rydb.-Mat-Muhly schreberi Gmel.—Nimble Will sylvatica Torr. uniflora (Muhl.) Fern.

ORYZOPSIS-Rice-Grass; Mountain-Rice

Map 984

Maps 987-996

Maps 997-1000

References: Johnson, B. L. 1945. Cytotaxonomic studies in Oryzopsis. Bot. Gaz. 107: 1-32. Raymond, M. 1953. Precisions sur la distribution de VOryzopsis canodensis (Poir.) Torr. Ann. ACFAS 19: 88-90. Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx.—Rough-leaved Mountain-Rice hymenoides (R. & S.) Ricker-Silk-Grass; Indian Millet pungens (Spreng.) Hitchc. racemosa (Smith) Ricker—Mountain-Rice

PANICUM-Panic Grass

Maps 1001-1020

Recent students of this genus have presented convincing evidence that the subgenus Dichanthelium ofPanicum should be accorded generic status. When appropriate, therefore, the correct name in Dichanthelium is listed for each taxon that occurs in Minnesota. References: Beetle, A. A. 1981. Noteworthy grasses from Mexico VIII. Phytologia 48: 189-193. . 1981. Noteworthy grasses from Mexico IX. Phytologia 49: 33-43. Bough, M., J. C. Colosi, & P. B. Cavers. 1986. The major weedy biotypes of proso millet (Panicum milaceuni) in Canada. Canad. J. Bot. 64: 1188-1198. Freckmann, R. W. 1978. New combinations in Dichanthelium (Poaceae). Phytologia 39: 268-272. . 1981. Realignments in the Dichanthelium acuminatum complex (Poaceae). Phytologia 48: 99-110.

ANGIOSPERMS: GRAMINEAE 43 Gould, F. W. 1974. Nomenclatural changes in the Poaceae. Brittonia 26: 59-60. & C. A. Clark. 1978. Dichanthelium (Poaceae) in the United States and Canada. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 65: 1088-1132. Lelong, M. G. 1984. New combinations for Panicum subgenus Panicum and subgenus Dichanthelium (Poaceae) of the southeastern United States. Brittonia 36: 262-273. Pohl, R. W. 1947. Panicum commonsianum and its midland representative. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 38: 506-509. Shinners, L. H. 1944. Notes on Wisconsin grasses—IV. Leptoloma and Panicum. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 32: 164-180. Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: 435-463. Panicum boreale Nash Dichanthelium boreale (Nash) Freckmann capillare L.—Witch-Grass P. capillare var. campestre Gattinger P. capillare var. occidentale Rydb. columbianum Scribn. Dichanthelium sabulorum (Lam.) Gould & Clark var. thinium (Hitchc. & Chase) Gould & Clark Dichanthelium columbianum (Scribn.) Freckmann commonsianum Ashe var. addisonii (Nash) Pohl Dichanthelium commonsianum (Ashe) Freckmann Dichanthelium ovale (Elliott) Gould & Clark var. addisonii (Nash) Gould & Clark Panicum columbianum Scribn. var. commonsianum (Ashe) McNeill & Dore Recorded for Minnesota by Gould and Clark (1978), but no specimens so identified are at MIN. var. euchlamydeum (Shinners) Pohl Dichanthelium sabulorum (Lam.) Gould & Clark var. patulum (Scribn. & Merrill) Gould & Clark Panicum tsugetorum Nash Panicum lanuginosum Ell. var. siccanum Hitchc. & Chase Panicum villosissimum Nash, misapplied Panicum pseudopubescens Nash, misapplied Dichanthelium commonsianum (Ashe) Freckmann var. euchlamydeum (Shinners) Freckmann depauperatum Muhl. Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.) Gould var. depauperatum var. involutum (Torr.) Wood P. depauperatum var. psilophyllum Fern. dichotomiflorum Michx. dichotomum L. Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould var. dichotomum Recorded for Minnesota by Gould and Clark (1978). implicatum Scribn.: See P. lanuginosum var. implicatum lanuginosum Ell. var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Fern. Dichanthelium acuminatum (Swartz) Gould & Clark var. acuminatum Panicum lanuginosum var. septentrionale Fern. Panicum lanuginosum var. tennesseense (Ashe) Gl. var. implicatum (Scribn.) Fern. Dichanthelium acuminatum var. implicatum (Scribn.) Gould & Clark var. praecocius (Hitchc. & Chase) Dore

Dichanthelium acuminatum var. villosum (Gray) Gould & Clark Dichanthelium villosissimum (Nash) Freckmann var. praecocius (Hitchc. & Chase) Freckmann latifolium L. Dichanthelium latifolium (L.) Gould & Clark leibergii (Vasey) Scribn. Dichanthelium leibergii (Vasey) Freckmann lindheimeri Nash: See Appendix 1. linearifolium Scribn. Dichanthelium linearifolium (Scribn.) Gould var. linearifolium var. werneri (Scribn.) Fern. meridionale Ashe Dichanthelium meridionale (Ashe) Freckmann Panicum albemarlense Ashe miliaceum L.—Common Millet; Proso Occasionally spreads from cultivation, subsp. miliaceum subsp. ruderale (Kitagawa) Tzvelev oligosanthes Schultes Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schultes) Gould var. oligosanthes var. scribnerianum (Nash) Fern. Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum (Nash) Gould Panicum scribnerianum Nash perlongum Nash Dichanthelium perlongum (Nash) Freckman philadelphicum Trin. praecocius Hitchc. & Chase: See P. lanuginosum var. praecocius virgatum L. — Switch-Grass wilcoxianum Vasey Dichanthelium wilcoxianum (Vasey) Freckmann xanthophysum Gray Dichanthelium xanthophysum (Gray) Freckmann

PASPALUM

Map 1021

Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. var. stramineum (Nash) Fern.

PHALARIS-Canary-Grass

Maps 1022-1023

Reference: Anderson, D. E. 1961. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Phalaris. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 36: 1-96. Phalaris arundinacea L.—Reed Canary-Grass canariensis L.-Canary-Grass Occasionally spreads from cultivation.

PHLEUM-Timothy

Map 1024

Phleum pratense L. Naturalized.

PHRAGMITES - Reed

Map 1025

References: Clayton, W. D. 1968. The correct name of the common reed. Taxon 17: 168-169.

ANGIOSPERMS: GRAMINEAE 44 McNeill, J., & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Ontario grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567.

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. P. communis Trin. P. communis var. berlandieri (Foura.) Fern.

POA-Blue Grass; Meadow-Grass

Maps 1026-1042

References: Boivin, B., & D. Love. 1960. Poa agassizensis, a new prairie bluegrass. Naturaliste Canad. 87: 173-180. Butters, F. K., & E. C. Abbe. 1947. The genus Poa in Cook County, Minnesota. Rhodora 49: 1-21. Lakela, O. 1938. Occurrence of Poa chaixii in America. Rhodora 40: 73. . 1946. Previously unreported plants from Minnesota.—Poa trivialis L. Rhodora 48: 81-82.

Poa agassizensis Boivin & D. Love An apomictic segregate of P. pratensis, it is not separated from this taxon at MIN. alsodes Gray annua L.—Annual Blue Grass; Low Spear-Grass Introduced. arida Vasey-Bunch Spear-Grass; Prairie Spear-Grass chaixii Villars Introduced and spontaneous at Duluth. compressa L.—Canada Blue Grass; Wire-Grass Naturalized. glauca Vahl subsp. conferta (Blytt) Lindm. var. conferta var. laxiuscula (Blytt) Lindm. subsp. glauca subsp. glaucantha (Gaud.) Lindm. P. glaucantha Gaud. interior Rydb. P. nemoralis var. interior (Rydb.) Butters & Abbe P. nemoralis var. montana Gaud., in the sense of Butters & Abbe languida Hitchc. nemoralis L. Introduced. paludigena Fern. & Wieg. palustris L.—Fowl Meadow-Grass pratensis L.—Kentucky Blue Grass; Spear-Grass; June-Grass Both native and introduced races found in Minnesota. var. angustifolia (L.) Gaud. var. pratensis saltuensis Fern. & Wieg. var. microlepis Fern. & Wieg. var. saltuensis scopulorum Butters & Abbe Referred by some authors to the P. glauca complex. See the distribution map of the latter species. sylvestris Gray x tormentuosa Butters & Abbe. (P. glauca subsp. glaucantha x P. nemoralis) trivialis L.-Rough-Stalked Meadow-Grass Introduced at Duluth. wolfii Scribn.

PUCCINELLIA-Alkali-Grass

Map 1043

References: Bowden, S. M. 1961. Chromosome numbers and taxonomic notes on northern grasses. IV. Tribe Festuceae: Poa and Puccinellia. Canad. J. Bot. 39: 123-138. Church, G. L. 1949. A cytotaxonomic study of Glyceria and Puccinellia. Amer. J. Bot. 36: 155-165. McNeill, J., & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Ontario grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567.

Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. Introduced. fernaldii (Hitchc.) E. Voss: See TORREYOCHLOA nuttalliana (Schultes) Hitchc.-Nuttall Alkali-Grass P. airoides (Nutt.) S. Wats. & Coult. pallida (Torr.) R. T. Clausen: See TORREYOCHLOA

SCHEDONNARDUS- Tumble Grass Map 1044 Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel.

SCfflZACHNE

Map 1045

References: McNeill, J., & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Ontario grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567. Swallen, J. R. 1928. The grass genus Schizachne. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 18: 203-206.

Schizachne purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen—False Melic Grass var. pubescens Dore var. purpurascens

SCHIZACHYRIUM-Beardgrass

Map 1046

Reference: Gould, F. W. 1967. The grass genus Andropogon in the United States. Brittonia 19: 70-76.

Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash—Little Bluestem Andropogon scoparius Michx. var. frequens (Hubbard) Gould Andropogon scoparius var. frequens Hubbard

SCOLOCHLOA-Sprangletop; Prickle Fescue Scolochloa

Map 1047

festucacea (Willd.) Link Fluminea festucacea (Willd.) Hitchc.

SECALE

Map 1048

Secale cereale L.—Rye Introduced and sometimes persisting outside cultivation.

SETARIABristly Foxtail-Grass

Maps 1049-1053

References: McNeill, J., & W. G. Dore. 1976. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Ontario grasses. Naturaliste Canad. 103: 553-567. Pohl, R. W. 1962. Notes on Setaria viridis and S. faberi (Gramineae). Brittonia 14: 210-213.

ANGIOSPERMS: GRAMINEAE 45 Reeder, J. R. 1951. Setaria lutescens an untenable name. Rhodora 53: 27-30. Rominger, J. M. 1962. Taxonomy of Setaria (Gramineae) in North America. Illinois Biol. Monogr., No. 29: 1-132. Terrell, E. E. 1976. The correct names for pearl millett and yellow foxtail. Taxon 25: 297-304. Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: 435-463.

Setaria faberi Herrm. — Giant-Foxtail Introduced. glauca (L.) Beauv.-Yellow Foxtail 5. lutescens (Weigel) Hubbard Introduced. italica (L.) Beauv.—Foxtail Millet; German Millet; Hungarian Millet Introduced. verticillata (L.) Beav.—Bur Bristle-Grass; Bristly Foxtail Introduced. viridis (L.) Beauv.—Green Foxtail; Green Bristle-Grass Introduced, var. viridis var. weinmannii (R. & S.) Brand

SORGHASTRUM

Map 1054

Shinners, L. H. 1941. Notes on Wisconsin grasses—II. Muhlenbergia and Sporobolus. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 26: 69-73. Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: 435-463.

Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray — Sand-Dropseed var. cryptandrus var. fuscicolor (Hook.) Pohl heterolepis (Gray) Gray-Northern Dropseed; Prairie-Dropseed neglectus Nash 5. vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood var. neglectus (Nash) Scribn. vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood—Poverty-Grass var. inaequalis Fern, var. vaginiflorus The two varieties are considered inseparable by some authorities.

STIPA-Needle-Grass; Porcupine-Grass

Reference: Barkworth, M. E. 1978. A taxonomic study of the large-glumed species of Stipa (Gramineae) occurring in Canada. Canad. J. Bot. 56: 606-625.

Reference: Voss, E. G. 1972. Additional nomenclatural and other notes on Michigan monocots and gymnosperms. Michigan Bot. 11: 26-37.

Stipa

Sorghastrum

TORREYOCHLOA

nutans (L.) Nash—Indian-Grass

SPARTINA-Cord-Grass; Marsh-Grass

Maps 1055-1056

Reference: Mobberley, D. G. 1956. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 30: 471-574.

Spartina gracilis Trin.—Alkali Cord-Grass pectinata Link—Prairie Cord-Grass; Slough-Grass 5. pectinata var. suttiei (Farw.) Fern.

SPHENOPHOLISWedge-Grass

Maps 1057-1058

comata Trin. & Rupr.-Needle-Grass; Needle and Thread spartea Trin.—Porcupine-Grass viridula Trin.—Feather Bunch-Grass

Map 1067

References: Church, G. L. 1949. A cytotaxonomic study of Glyceria and Puccinellia. Amer. J. Bot. 36: 155-165. . 1952. The genus Torreyochloa. Rhodora 54: 197-200. Clausen, R. T. 1952. Suggestion for the assignment of Torreyochloa to Puccinellia. Rhodora 54: 42-45. Fassett, N. C. 1946. Glyceriapallida and G. fernaldii. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 73: 463-464. Koyama, T., & S. Kawano. 1964. Critical taxa of grasses with North American and eastern Asiatic distribution. Canad. J. Bot. 42: 859-884. Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: 435-463.

Torreyochloa

Reference: Erdman, K. S. 1965. Taxonomy of the genus Sphenopholis (Gramineae). Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 39: 289-336.

Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb.-Slender Wedge-Grass S. obtusata var. major (Torr.) Erdman obtusata (Michx.) Scribn.-Prairie Wedge-Grass

SPOROBOLUS - Dropseed; Rush-Grass

Maps 1064-1066

Maps 1059-1063

References: Jones, E. K., & N. C. Fassett. 1950. Subspecific variation in Sporobolus cryptandrus. Rhodora 52: 125-128. Riggins, R. 1977. A biosystematic study of the Sporobolus asper complex (Gramineae). Iowa State J. Res. 51: 287-321.

pallida (Torr.) Church—Torrey's Manna-Grass Glyceria pallida (Torr.) Trin. Puccinellia pallida (Torr.) R. T. Clausen var. fernaldii (Hitchc.) Dore Glyceria fernaldii (Hitchc.) St. John Puccinellia fernaldii (Hitchc.) Voss var. pallida

TRIPLASIS

Map 1068

Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. —Sand-Grass

TRISETUM

Map 1069

References: Bocher, T. W. 1959. Tetraploid and hexaploid Trisetum spicatum coll. A cytotaxonomical study. Bot. Tidsskr. 55: 23-29.

ANGIOSPERMS: GRAMINEAE - HYDROPHYLLACEAE

46 Hulten, E. 1959. The Trisetum spicatum complex. Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt., an arctic-montane species with worldwide range. Bot. Tiddsskr. 53: 203-228. Randall, J. L., & K. W. Hilu. 1986. Biosystematic studies of North American Trisetum spicatum (Poaceae). Syst. Bot. 11: 567-578. Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt. T. triflorum (Bigel.) A. & D. Love var. maidenii (Gand.) Fern, var. molle (Kunth) Beal T. triflorum subsp. molle (Kunth) A. & D. Love var. pilosiglume Fern. T. triflorum subsp. triflorum

TRITICUM Triticum aestivum L.—Wheat Spontaneous along roadways and in fields. Introduced and cultivated.

Map 1070

VULPIA

Reference: Lonard, R. L., & F. W. Gould. 1974. The North American species of Vulpia (Gramineae). Madrono 22: 217-230.

HAMAMELIS - Witch-Hazel

Map 1077

Hamamelis virginiana L.

HIPPURIDACEAE-Mare's-Tail Family HIPPURIS - Mare's-Tail Hippuris

Map 1078

HYDROCHARIT ACEAE Frog's-Bit Family Map 1071

References: Dore, W. G. 1969. Wild-rice. Canada Dep. Agr. Publ. 1393. 84pp. Fassett, N. C. 1924. A study of the genus Zizania. Rhodora 26: 153-160. Zizania palustris L. var. interior (Fassett) Dore Z. aquatica L. var. interior Fassett var. palustris Z. aquatica var. angustifolia Hitchc.

GROSSULARIACEAE: See SAXIFRAGACEAE

HALORAGACEAEWater-Milfoil Family MYRIOPHYLLUM Water-Milfoil

H AMAMELIDACEAE Witch-Hazel Family

vulgaris L.

Vulpia octoflora (Walt.) Rydb.—Six-Weeks Fescue Festuca octoflora Walt, var. glauca (Nutt.) Fern. V. octoflora var. tenella (Willd.) Fern.

ZIZANIA-Wild Rice

Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. farwellii Morong sibiricum Komarov M. exalbescens Fern. spicatum L. Introduced. tenellum Bigelow verticillatum L. M. verticillatum var. pectinatum Wallr.

Maps 1072-1076

References: Aiken, S. G. 1981. A conspectus of Myriophyllum (Haloragaceae) in North America. Brittonia 33: 57-69. Ceska, A., & O. Ceska. 1986. Notes on Myriophyllum (Haloragaceae) in the far east: The identity of Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov. Taxon 35: 95-100.

ANACHARIS: See ELODEA ELODEA - Waterweed

Maps 1079-1080

References: Cook, C. D. K., & K. Urmi-Konig. 1985. A revision of the genus Elodea (Hydrocharitaceae). Aquatic Bot. 21: 111-156. St. John, H. 1965. Monograph of the genus Elodea, Part 4: The species of eastern and central North America. Rhodora 67: 1-35. Elodea canadensis Michx. nuttallii (Planch.) St. John

VALLISNERIA-Tapegrass; Eelgrass Map 1081 Reference: Lowden, R. M. 1982. An approach to the taxonomy of Vallisneria L. (Hydrocharitaceae). Aquatic Bot. 13: 269-298. Vallisneria americana Michx.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE Waterleaf Family ELLISIA

Map 1082

Reference: Constance, L. 1940. The genus Ellisia. Rhodora 42: 33-39. Ellisia nyctelea L.

ANGIOSPERMS: HYDROPHYLLACEAE-JUNCACEAE 47

HYDROPHYLLUM Waterleaf

Maps 1083-1084

References: Beckmann, R. L., Jr. 1979. Biosystematics of the genus Hydrophyllum L. (Hydrophyllaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 66: 1053-1061. Constance, L. 1942. The genus Hydrophyllum L. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 27: 710-731.

Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx.—Maple-Leaved Waterleaf virginianum L.—Virginia Waterleaf

PHACELIA-Scorpion-Weed

Map 1085

Iris germanica L. — Flag A persistent garden escape. As listed here, to include not only the species, but also many horticultural forms derived by hybridization with other species. pseudacorus L.—Yellow Flag Occasionally escaping cultivation. versicolor L.—Blue Flag virginica L.—Southern Blue Flag var. shrevei (Small) Anders.

SISYRINCHIUMBlue-Eyed Grass

Maps 1095-1097

Reference: Gillett, G. W. 1960. A systematic treatment of the Phacelia franklinii group. Rhodora 62: 205-222.

Reference: Ward, D. B. 1968. The nomenclature of Sisyrinchium bermudiana and related North American species. Taxon 17: 270-276.

Phacelia

Sisyrinchium campestre Bickn. 5. campestre forma albiflorum J. W. Moore montanum Greene 5. angustifolium Mill., misapplied to Minnesota plants, var. crebrum Fern, var. montanum mucronatum Michx.

franklinii (R. Br.) Gray

HYPERICACEAESt. John's-Wort Family Reference: Utech, F. H., & H. H. Iltis. 1970. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 61. Hypericaceae—St. John's-wort family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 58: 325-351.

HYPERICUMSt. John's-Wort

Maps 1086-1091

CARYA-Hickory

Maps 1098-1099

Carya

Hypericum boreale (Britt.) Bickn. ellipticum Hook. majus (Gray) Britt. perforatum L.—Common St. John's-Wort Naturalized. punctatum Lam. pyramidatum Ait.—Great St. John's-Wort H. ascyron of American authors, not Linnaeus virginicum L.: See TRIADENUM

TRIADENUM-Marsh

cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch—Bitternut; Pignut Hickory ovata (Mill.) K. Koch-Shagbark; Shellbark Hickory C. ovata var. nuttallii Sarg., needing further study, as to Minnesota.

JUGLANS-Walnut; Butternut Maps 1100-1101 Juglans cinerea L.—Butternut; White Walnut nigra L. —Black Walnut

JUNCACEAE-Rush Family

Map 1092

St. John's-Wort Triadenum

JUNCUS-Rush

fraseri (Spach) Gl. Hypericum virginicum L. var. fraseri (Spach) Fern.

IRIDACEAE-Iris Family BELAMCANDA-Blackberry Lily Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. Escaped from cultivation at Waseca.

IRIS-Iris; Flag

JUGLANDACEAE-Walnut Family

Maps 1093-1094

Reference: Anderson, E. 1928. The problem of species in the northern blueflags, Iris versicolor L. and /. virginica L. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 15: 241-332.

Maps 1102-1124

References: Clemants, S. E. 1985. A key to the rushes (Juncus spp.) of Minnesota. Michigan Bot. 24: 33-37. Hamet-Ahti, L. 1980a. The Juncus effusus aggregate in eastern North America. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 17: 183-191. . 1980b. Juncus alpinoarticulatus: The legitimate name for Juncus alpinus. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 17: 341-342. Hermann, F. J. 1975. Manual of the rushes (Juncus spp.) of the Rocky Mountains and Colorado Basin. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-18. Voss, E. G. 1972. Additional nomenclatural and other notes on Michigan monocots and gymnosperms. Michigan Bot. 11: 26-37.

Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix in Villars /. alpinus Vill. articulatus L.

ANGIOSPERMS: JUNCACEAE-LABIATAE

48 balticus Willd. var. littoralis Engelm. brachycarpus Engelm. brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern. bufonius L. var. bufonius var. halophilus Buchenau & Fern. canadensis Gay in Laharpe compressus Jacq. dudleyi Wieg. J. tennis var. dudleyi (Wieg.) Hermann J. tenuis var. uniflorus (Farw.) Farw. effusus L. var. pylaei (Laharpe) Fern. & Wieg. var. solutus Fern. & Wieg. filiformis L. gerardii Loisel. x gracilescens Hermann ex Wadmond (/. alpinoarticulatus x J. brevicaudatus) greenei Oakes & Tuckerm. interior Wieg. longistylis Torr. marginatus Rostkov nodosus L. pelocarpus Mey. stygius L. var. americana Buchenau tenuis Willd. torreyi Cov. vaseyi Engelm.

LUZULA-Wood-Rush

Maps 1125-1128

References: Ebinger, J. E. 1962. The varieties of Luzula acuminata. Rhodora 64: 74-83. . 1964. Taxonomy of the subgenus Pterodes, genus Luzula. Mem. New York Bot. Card. 10: 279-304. Hamet-Ahti, L. 1971. A synopsis of the species of Luzula, subgenus Anthelaea Griseb. (Juncaceae) indigenous in North America. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 8: 368-381. . 1975. Additional notes on Luzula subcongesta and L. parviflora (Juncaceae) in North America. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 12: 27-29. Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: 435-463. Luzula acuminata Raf. L. saltuensis Fern. luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy & Wilmott Introduced at Duluth. multiflora (Retz.) Lejeune L. campestris (L.) DC., in part. parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. var. melanocarpa (Michx.) Buchenau L. parviflora subsp. melanocarpa (Michx.) Hamet-Ahti

JUNCAGINACEAEArrow-Grass Family SCHEUCHZERIA

Map 1129

Scheuchzeria palustris L. var. americana Fern.

TRIGLOCHIN-Arrow-Grass Maps 1130-1131 Triglochin maritimum L. palustre L.

LABIATAE (LAMIACEAE)Mint Family References: Gill, L. S. 1981. Taxonomy, distribution and ecology of the Canadian Labiatae. Feddes Repert. 92: 33-93. Koeppen, R. C. 1957. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 41. Labiatae-Mint Family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 46: 115-140.

AGASTACHE-Giant-Hyssop Maps 1132-1134 Reference: Lint, H., & C. Epling. 1945. A revision of Agastache. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 33: 207-230.

Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze—Fragrant Giant-Hyssop Hyssopus anethiodorus Nutt., a name of dubious application. Agastache anethiodora (Nutt.) Britt. nepetoides (L.) Kuntze—Yellow Giant-Hyssop scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Kuntze—Purple Giant-Hyssop A. scrophulariaefolia var. mollis (Fern.) Heller

BLEPfflLIA

Map 113

Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. —Wood-Mint

DRACOCEPHALUM-Dragonhead Map 113 Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt.-American Dragonhead

ELSHOLTZIA Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hylander Introduced.

GALEOPSIS - Hemp-Nettle

Map 1137

Galeopsis tetrahit L. Introduced. var. bifida (Boenn.) Lej. & Court, var. tetrahit

GLECHOMA-Ground-Ivy Glechoma hederacea L. — Gill-over-the-ground Introduced and naturalized.

Map 1138

ANGIOSPERMS: LABIATAE

49 HEDEOMA-Mock Pennyroyal

Map 1139

Reference: Irving, R. S. 1980. The systematics of Hedeoma (Labiatae). Sida 8: 218-295.

Hedeoma hispida Pursh—Rough Pennyroyal pulegioides (L.) Pers. —American Pennyroyal Adventive from farther south or east and probably not persisting.

HYSSOPUS- Hyssop Hyssopus officionalis L. Recorded from one locality long ago; probably not persisting.

ISANTHUS - False Pennyroyal

Map 1140

Isanthus

LAMIUM-Dead Nettle Lamium album L. — Snowflake Introduced and sometimes persisting after cultivation. amplexicaule L.—Henbit Introduced.

Map 1141

Leonurus cardiaca L.—Common Motherwort Introduced and naturalized. sibiricus L. Introduced.

LYCOPUS - Bugle-Weed; Water-Horehound

MOLUCCELLA Moluccella

MONARDA-Horsemint; Bergamot

Maps 1148-1149

References: Fosberg, F. R., & L. Artz. 1953. The varieties of Monardafistulosa L. Castanea 18: 128-130. Gill, L. S. 1978. A cytosystematics study of the genus Monarda L. (Labiatae) in Canada. Caryologia 30: 381-394. Scora, R. W. 1967. Interspecific relationships in the genus Monarda (Labiatae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 41: 1-59. Shinners, L. H. 1953. Nomenclature of the varieties of Monarda punctata L. (Labiatae). Field & Lab. 21: 89-92.

Monarda

Maps 1142-1145

Reference: Henderson, N. C. 1962. A taxonomic revision of the genus Lycopus (Labiatae). Amer. Midi. Naturalist 68: 95-148.

Lycopus americanus Muhl. The proposed varieties are of little taxonomic validity. asper Greene L. lucidus Turcz. var. americanus Gray x sherardii Steele, emended. (L. uniflorus x L. virginicus) uniflorus Michx. virginicus L.

MARRUBIUM - Horehound

fistulosa L.—Wild Bergamot var. fistulosa M. fistulosa var. mollis (L.) Benth. M. mollis L. var. menthifolia (Graham) Fern. M. menthifolia Graham punctata L. — Dotted Monarda; Horsemint var. villicaulis (Pennell) Shinners

NEPETA-Catnip; Catmint

Map 1150

Nepeta cataria L.—Catnip Introduced and naturalized.

PERILLA Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Introduced, but probably not persisting.

Marrubium vulgare L. —Common Horehound Introduced.

MENTHA-Mint

arvensis L.—Field-Mint var. glabrata (Benth.) Fern. As listed here, this variety includes numerous varieties and forms recognized by Fernald, Gray's Man., ed. 8. For a full synonomy, see Hitchcock et al. (1959). The var. arvensis, purportedly introduced into eastern United States, probably does not occur in Minnesota. cardiaca Baker Introduced. crispa L. Introduced. spicata L.—Spearmint Introduced, but doubtfully persisting.

laevis L.—Bells-of-Ireland Escaped from cultivation and briefly persisting.

brachiatus (L.) BSP.

LEONURUS - Motherwort

Mentha

PHYSOSTEGIA - False Dragonhead Map 1151 Maps 1146-1147

References: Gill, L. S., B. M. Lawrence, & J. K. Morton. 1973. Variation in Mentha arvensis L. (Labiatae). I. The North American populations. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 67: 213-232. Hitchcock, C. L., etal. 1959. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest, Part 4, pp. 260-262. University of Washington Press, Seattle.

Reference: Cantino, P. D. 1983. A monograph of the genus Physostegia (Labiatae). Contr. Gray Herb. 211: 1-105.

Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. Dracocephalum virginianum L. Physostegia virginiana var. speciosa (Sweet) Gray P. formosior Lunell P. formosior forma alba J. W. Moore

ANGIOSPERMS: LABIATAE 50

Map 1152

PRUNELLA-Selfheal

Reference: Nelson, A. P. 1965. Taxonomic and evolutionary implications of lawn races of Prunella vulgaris (Labiatae). Brittonia 17: 160-174. Prunella vulgaris L. subsp. lanceolata (Bart.) Hulten subsp. vulgaris P. vulgaris var. parviflora (Gilib.) Moore

PYCNANTHEMUM Mountain-Mint

Map 1153

Reference: Grant, E., & C. Epling. 1943. A study of Pycnanthemum. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 20: 195-240.

Pycnanthemum flexuosum (Walt.) BSP. P. tenuifolium Schrad. Grant & Epling, I.e., report this species for Minnesota. virginianum (L.) Durand & Jackson

SALVIA-Sage

Map 1154

Salvia nutans L. Introduced. reflexa Hornem.

SATUREJA- Savory

Map 1155

Reference: Epling, C., & C. Jativa. 1966. A descriptive key to the species of Satureja indigenous to North America. Brittonia 18: 244-248.

Satureja arkansana (Nutt.) Briq. S. glabella (Michx.) Briq. var. angustifolia (Torr.) Svenson Calamintha glabella (Michx.) Benth. var. angustifolia (Torr.) DeWolf This species is reported for Minnesota by Epling and Jativa (1966), but there are no specimens so identified at MIN. vulgaris (L.) Fritsch—Wild Basil Clinopodium vulgare L. var. neogaea Fern. - Dogmint

SCUTELLARIA- Skullcap

Maps 1156-1160

References: Epling, C. 1939. Notes on the Scutellariae of eastern North America. I. Amer. J. Bot. 26: 17-24. . 1942. The American species of Scutellaria. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 20: 1-146.

Scutellaria galericulata L.—Common Skullcap S. epilobiifolia Hamilton lateriflora L. - Mad-Dog Skullcap leonardi Epling 5. parvula var. leonardi (Epling) Fern. ovata Hill subsp. versicolor (Nutt.) Epling S. versicolor Nutt. parvula Michx.

STACHYS-Hedge-Nettle

Maps 1161-1162

References: Epling, C. 1934. Preliminary revision of American Stachys. Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 80: 1-75. Gill, L. S. 1980. A study of the Stachys palustris L. complex (Labiatae) in northern North America. Phytologia 46: 231-245. . 1981. Cytotaxonomy of the genus Stachys L. in Canada. Caryologia 33: 473-481. Mulligan, G. A., D. B. Munro, & J. McNeill. 1983. The status of Stachys palustris (Labiatae) in North America. Canad. J. Bot. 61: 679-682.

Stachys palustris L. —Wound wort subsp. arenicola (Britt.) Gill S. arenicola Britt. 5. palustris var. homotricha Fern. 5. puberula Rydb. 5. pustulosa Rydb. 5. palustris var. phaneropoda Weath. subsp. palustris 5. palustris var. puberula Jennings 5. palustris var. macrocalyx Jennings 5. palustris var. nipigonensis Jennings subsp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling 5. pilosa Nutt. 5. borealis Rydb. 5. palustris var. pilosa (Nutt.) Fern. tenuifolia Willd. var. hispida (Pursh) Fern. 5. tenuifolia var. platyphylla Fern. 5. hispida Pursh var. tenuifolia

TEUCRIUM - Germander

Map 1163

References: McClintock, E., & C. Epling. 1946. A revision of Teucrium in the New World, with observations on its variation, geographical distribution and history. Brittonia 5: 491-510. Shinners, L. H. 1963. The varieties of Teucrium canadense (Labiatae). Sida 1: 182-183.

Teucrium canadense L.—American Germander T. virginicum L. T. occidentale Gray T. boreale Bickn. Attempts to subdivide this species on the basis of combinations of pubescence types are inconclusive.

THYMUS- Thyme Thymus serpyllum L.-Creeping Thyme Introduced.

ANGIOSPERMS: LEGUMINOSAE

51

LAMIACEAE: See LABIATAE LEGUMINOSAE (FABACEAE)Pulse Family; Bean Family References: Fassett, N. C. 1939. The leguminous plants of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 157 pp. Isely, D. 1973. Leguminosae of the United States: I. Subfamily Mimosoideae. Mem. New York Dot. Card. 25 (1): 1-152. . 1975. Leguminosae of the United States: II. Subfamily Caesalpinioideae. Mem. New York Bot. Card. 25 (2): 1-228. . 1981. Leguminosae of the United States. III. Subfamily Papilionoideae: Tribes Sophoreae, Podalyrieae, Loteae. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 25 (3): 1-264. Welsh, S. L. 1960. Legumes of the north-central states: Galegeae. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 35: 111-249.

AMORPHA

Maps 1164-1166

Reference: Wilbur, R. L. 1975. A revision of the North American genus Amorpha (Leguminosae-Psoraleae). Rhodora 77: 337-409.

Amorpha canescens Pursh-Leadplant fruticosa L.—False Indigo A. fruticosa var. angustifolia Pursh nana Nutt. — Fragrant False Indigo

AMPHICARPAEA

A. caryocarpus Ker flexuosus (Hook.) Don lotiflorus Hook. missouriensis Nutt. neglectus (T. & G.) Sheld.-Cooper's Milk-Vetch A. cooperi Gray racemosus Pursh Collected once at Pipestone in 1895. tenellus Pursh—Loose-Flowered Milk-Vetch Specimens at MIN were collected in Otter Tail Co. in 1892.

BAPTISIA-False Indigo

Maps 1179-1180

Reference: Isely, D. 1986. Notes about Psoralea sensu auct., Amorpha, Baptisia, Sesbania and Chamaecrista (Leguminosae) in the southeastern United States. Sida 11: 429-440.

Baptisia alba (L.) Vent.-Wild False Indigo B. lactea (Raf.) Thieret B. leucantha T. & G. var. macrophylla (Larisey) Isely bracteata Ell. var. glabrescens (Larisey) Isely B. leucophaea Nutt. tinctoria (L.) Vent. —Wild Indigo Collected once at Lake City in the 1880s.

CARAGANA-Pea-Tree Map 1167

Caragana arborescens Lam.—Siberian Pea-Tree Introduced, but rarely found outside cultivation.

Reference: Turner, B. L., & O. S. Pearling. 1964. A taxonomic study of the genus Amphicarpaea. Southw. Naturalist 9: 207-218.

CASSIA: See CHAMAECRISTA

Amphicarpaea

CHAMAECRISTA

bracteata (L.) Fern.-Hog-Peanut A. bracteata var. comosa (L.) Fern.

APIOS

Map 1168

Apios

Reference: Irwin, H. S., & R. C. Barneby. 1982. The American Cassiinae. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35 (2): 455-918.

Chamaecrista

americana Medic.—Groundnut

ASTRAGALUS-Milk-Vetch

Map 1181

Maps 1169-1178

References: Barneby, R. C. 1964. Atlas of North American Astragalus. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 13: 1-1188. Isely, D. 1983. Astragalus (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) I: Keys to United States species. Iowa State J. Res. 58: 3-172. Welsh, S. L. 1960. Legumes of the north-central states: Galegeae. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 35: 111-249. Astragalus adsurgens Pall. var. robustior Hook. A. striatus Nutt. A. chandonnettii Lunell agrestis Dougl. ex G. Don A. goniatus Nutt. alpinus L. St. Louis Co. Voucher specimen at the N.Y. Bot. Garden. canadensis L. A. canadensis var. longilobus Fassett A. carolinianus L. crassicarpus Nutt.—Ground-Plum

fasciculata (Michx.) Greene—Partridge-Pea; Prairie-Senna Cassia fasciculata Michx.

CORONILLA

Map 1182

Coronilla varia L.—Crown-Vetch Introduced and naturalized.

CROTALARIA

Map 1183

Reference: Windier, D. R. 1974. A systematic treatment of the native unifoliate crotalarias of North America (Leguminosae). Rhodora 76: 151-204.

Crotalaria sagittalis L.-Rattle Box

DALEA

Map 1184

Reference: Barneby, R. C. 1977. Daleae Imagines. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 27: 1-891.

Dalea leporina (Ait.) Bullock—Foxtail-Dalea D. alopecuroides Willd.

ANGIOSPERMS: LEGUMINOSAE

52 Map 1185

DESMANTHUS

Reference: Isely, D. 1970. Legumes of the United States. II. Desmanthus and Neptunia. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 44: 495-511. Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM.—Prairie-Mimosa; Prickle-Weed

DESMODIUM-Tick-Trefoil

Maps 1186-1190

References: Isely, D. 1951. Desmodium: section Podocarpium Benth. Brittonia 7: 185-224. . 1955. The Leguminosae of the north-central United States II. Hedysareae. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 30: 33-118. Schubert, B. G. 1950. Desmodium: Preliminary studies—III. Rhodora 52: 135-155. Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. cuspidatum (Muhl.) Loud. var. longifolium (T. & G.) Schub. glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wood D. glutinosum forma chandonnetii (Lunell) Schub. D. acuminatum (Michx.) DC. illinoense Gray nudiflorum (L.) DC.

GLEDITSIA

Map 1191

Gleditsia triacanthos L.—Honey-Locust One authentic early record from Houston Co.

GLYCYRRHIZA-Licorice

Map 1192

Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh-Wild Licorice

GYMNOCLADUSKentucky Coffee-Tree

Map 1193

Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch

LATHYRUS-Vetchling; Wild Pea

Maps 1194-1197

Reference: Hitchcock, C. L. 1952. A revision of the North American species ofLathyrus. Univ. Wash. Publ. Biol. 15: 1-104. Lathyrus japonicus Willd. var. glaber (Ser.) Fern.—Beach-Pea latifolius L.-Everlasting Pea Introduced. ochroleucus Hook.-Pale Pea palustris L.-Marsh-Vetchling var. myrtifolius (Muhl.) Gray var. palustris L. palustris var. linearifolius Ser. var. pilosus (Cham.) Ledeb. L. palustris var. macranthus (White) Fern. tuberosus L. —Tuberous Vetchling Introduced. venosus Muhl. ex. Willd. var. intonsus Butt. & St. John-Veiny Pea

LESPEDEZA-Bush-Clover

Maps 1198-1200

References: Clewell, A. F. 1966. Native North American species of Lespedeza (Leguminosae). Rhodora 68: 359-405. Isely, D. 1955. The Leguminosae of the north-central United States II. Hedysareae. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 30: 33-118. Lespedeza capitata Michx. The proposed varieties cannot be distinguished satisfactorily. capitata x L. leptostachya leptostachya Engelm.

LOTUS-Birdsfoot-Trefoil

Maps 1201-1202

Lotus corniculatus L. —Birdsfoot-Trefoil Introduced and fully naturalized. purshianus (Benth.) Clements & Clements—Prairie-Trefoil L. americanus (Nutt.) Bisch.

LUPINUS- Lupine

Maps 1203-1204

References: Dunn, D. B. 1965. Lupinus notes III. A re-evaluation and redefinition of the Lupinus perennis L. complex. Leafl. W. Bot. 10: 151-154. & J. M. Gillett. 1966. The lupines of Canada and Alaska. Canada Dept. Agric. (Research Branch), Monogr. No. 2. 89 pp. Lupinus perennis L.—Wild Lupine var. occidentalis S. Wats, var. perennis polyphyllus Lindl. A western species now spreading from cultivation in northeastern Minnesota.

MEDIC AGO-Medick

Maps 1205-1206

References: Isely, D. 1983. Classification of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and relatives. Iowa State J. Res. 57: 207-220. Small, E., & B. S. Brookes. 1984. Taxonomic circumscription and identification in the Medicago sativa-falcata (alfalfa) continuum. Econ. Bot. 38: 83-96. Medicago lupulina L.-Black Medick Introduced and naturalized. sativa L.-Alfalfa Naturalized. subsp. falcata (L.) Arcangeli subsp. sativa x varia Martyn (M. sativa subsp. falcata x subsp. sativa) Introduced.

MELILOTUS-Sweet Clover Maps 1207-1208 Reference: Isely, D. 1954. Keys to sweet clovers (Melilotus). Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 61: 119-131. Melilotus alba Medic.-White Sweet Clover Introduced and naturalized. officinalis (L.) Pallas-Yellow Sweet Clover Introduced and naturalized.

ANGIOSPERMS: LEGUMINOSAE

53 OXYTROPIS-Loco Weed

Maps 1209-1211

TEPHROSIA-Hoary Pea

Map 1222

References:

Reference:

Barneby, R. C. 1952. A revision of the North American species of Oxytropis DC. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 27: 177-309. Welsh, S. L. 1960. Legumes of the north-central states: Galegeae. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 35: 111-249.

Wood, C. E. 1949. The American barbistyled species of Tephrosia (Leguminosae). Rhodora 51: 193-231; 233-302; 305-364; 369-384.

Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC.

The proposed varieties are not distinguishable.

var. dispar (Nels.) Barneby lambertii Pursh splendens Dougl. A Minnesota collection is cited by Barneby (1952), "Chippewa River, Dr. Suckley (GH)." viscida Nutt. O. ixodes Butters & Abbe

PETALOSTEMONPrairie-Clover

Maps 1212-1215

References: Isely, D., & S. L. Welsh. 1960. Petalostemon candidum and P. occidentale (Leguminosae). Brittonia 12: 114-118. Wemple, D. K. 1970. Revision of the genus Petalostemon (Leguminosae). Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 45: 1-202.

Petalostemon candidum (Willd.) Michx. — White Prairie-Clover occidentale (Heller) Fern.—White Prairie-Clover purpureum (Vent.) Rydb.— Purple Prairie-Clover villosum Nutt. —Silky Prairie-Clover

PSORALEA- Scurf-Pea

Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers.

Maps 1216-1218

Reference: Isely, D. 1962. Leguminosae of the north-central states. IV. Psoraleae. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 37: 103-162.

Psoralea argophylla Pursh

TRIFOLIUM-Clover; Trefoil

References: Gillett, J. M., & T. S. Cochrane. 1973. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 63. The genus Trifoliutn—thQ clovers. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 61: 59-74. Hermann, F. J. 1953. A botanical synopsis of the cultivated clovers (Trifoliuni). U.S.D.A. Agric. Monogr. 22: 1-45. Isely, D. 1951. The Leguminosae of north-central United States: I. Loteae and Trifolieae. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 25: 439-482.

Trifolium arvense L.—Rabbitfoot-Clover Introduced. aureum Pollich-Hop-Clover T. agrarium of American authors, an ambiguous name. Introduced. campestre Schreber in Sturm—Hop Clover T. procumbens of American authors, an ambiguous name. Introduced. hybridum L.-Alsike Clover Naturalized. incarnatum L.—Crimson Clover Introduced. pratense L. — Red Clover Naturalized. repens L. —White Clover Naturalized.

esculenta Pursh—Breadroot; Prairie-Turnip

VICIA-Vetch

tenuiflora Pursh

References:

P. tenuiflora var. floribunda (Nutt.) Rydb.

ROBINIA-Locust

Map 1219

References: Isely, D., & F. J. Peabody. 1984. Robinia (Leguminosae: Papilinoideae). Castanea 49: 187-202. Welsh, S. L. 1960. Legumes of the north-central states: Galegeae. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 35: 111-247.

Robinia hispida L. — Rose Acacia; Prickly Locust Introduced from the southeast and persisting where planted. pseudo-acacia L. —Black Locust Introduced from the South and East and now naturalized.

STROPHOSTYLESWild Bean Strophostyles helvola (L.) Ell. leiosperma (T. & G.) Piper

Maps 1220-1221

Maps 1223-1228

Maps 1229-1233

Gunn, C. R. 1968. The Vicia americana complex (Leguminosae). Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 42: 171-214. Hermann, F. J. 1960. Vetches in the United States—native, naturalized, and cultivated. U.S.D.A. Agric. Handbook No. 168:1-84.

Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. var. americana V. truncata Nutt. var. minor Hook. V. sparsifolia Nutt. ex T. & G. V. americana var. angustifolia Nees V. linearis (Nutt.) Greene angustifolia L. This species is placed in synonomy under V. sativa L. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. in Flora Europaea 2: 134. 1968. Naturalized. cracca L.—Tufted Vetch Introduced. sativa L.—Spring-Vetch Introduced. villosa Roth. - Hairy Vetch Naturalized.

ANGIOSPERMS: LEMNACEAE-LILIACEAE

54

LEMNACEAE-Duckweed Family Reference: Clark, H. L., & J. W. Thieret. 1968. The duckweeds of Minnesota. Michigan Bot. 7: 67-76.

LEMNA-Duckweed

Maps 1234-1235

Lemna minor L. — Lesser Duckweed L. turionifera Landolt, as to Minnesota specimens. L. perpusilla Torr., misapplied. trisulca L. —Star-Duckweed

SPIRODELA-Duckweed

Map 1236

Spirodela

Allium burdickii (Hanes) Jones—Wild Leek A. tricoccum var. burdickii Hanes canadense L. — Wild Garlic cernuum Roth—Nodding Wild Onion schoenoprasum L.-Chives var. sibiricum (L.) Hartm. stellatum Ker-Wild Onion textile Nels. & Macbr. tricoccum Ait.—Wild Leek

ASPARAGUS

Map 1253

Asparagus

polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. — Greater Duckweed

WOLFFIA-Water-Meal

um. I. The Allium canadense alliance. Res. Stud. St. Coll. Wash., Vol. 23, No. 4, supplement, pp. 1-106.

Maps 1237-1238

Wolffia columbiana Karst. punctata Griseb. W. borealis (Engelm.) Landolt, as to Minnesota specimens.

LENTIBULARIACEAE Bladderwort Family

officinalis L.—Garden-Asparagus Naturalized.

CLINTONIA-Corn-Lily; Bluebead-Lily

Map 1254

Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf.

CONVALLARIA - Lily-of-the-Valley Convallaria majalis L. Naturalized.

Reference: Tans, W. 1987. Lentibulariaceae: The Bladderwort Family in Wisconsin. Michigan Bot.: 26: 52-62.

ERYTHRONIUMMaps 1255-1257 Trout-Lily; Dogtooth-Violet

PINGUICULA-Butterwort

Reference: Parks, C. R., & J. W. Hardin. 1963. Yellow erythroniums of the eastern United States. Brittonia 15: 245-259.

Map 1239

Reference: Casper, S. J. 1966. Monographic der Gattung Pinguicula L. Biblioth. Bot. 127-128: 1-209. Pinguicula vulgaris L.

UTRICULARIABladderwort

Maps 1240-1245

albidum Nutt.-White Trout-Lily; White Dogtooth-Violet americanum Ker—Yellow Trout-Lily; Yellow Dogtooth-Violet propullans Gray—Minnesota Trout-Lily; Minnesota DogtoothViolet Endemic to Minnesota.

HEMEROC ALLIS - Day-Lily

Utricularia cornuta Michx. gibba L. intermedia Hayne minor L. resupinata Greene vulgaris L.

Map 1258

Reference: Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: 435-463.

Hemerocallis

LILIACEAE-Lily Family ALLIUM- Onion; Garlic; Leek

Erythronium

Maps 1246-1252

References: Jacobsen, T. D. 1979. Numerical analysis of variation between Allium cernuum and Allium stellatum (Liliaceae). Taxon 28: 517-523. Jones, A. G. 1979. A study of wild leek, and the recognition of Allium burdickii (Liliaceae). Syst. Bot. 4: 29-43. Ownbey, M., & H. C. Aase. 1955. Cytotaxonomic studies of Alli-

fulva L.—Orange Day-Lily Escaped from cultivation along roadways, etc. lilio-asphodelus L.—Yellow Day-Lily; Lemon-Lily H. flava (L.) L. Escaped cultivation.

LILIUM-Lily

Maps 1259-1260

Reference: Adams, R. M. II, & W. J. Dress. 1982. Nodding Lilium species of eastern North America (Liliaceae). Baileya 21: 165-188.

Lilium lancifolium Thunb.-Tiger-Lily L. tigrinum Ker A rare escape from cultivation.

ANGIOSPERMS: LILIACEAE-LIMNANTHACEAE

55 michiganense Farw.—Michigan Lily L. canadense L. subsp. michiganense (Farw.) Boivin & Cody philadelphicum L.—Wood-Lily var. andinum (Nutt.) Ker

MAIANTHEMUMWild Lily-of-the-Valley

Map 1261

Maianthemum

ORNITHOGALUM - Star-of-Bethlehem Ornithogalum umbellatum L.

Maps 1262-1263

Reference: Ownbey, R. P. 1944. The liliaceous genus Polygonatum in North America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 31: 373-413.

Polygonatum commutatum (Schultes f.) A. Dietr. P. biflorum (Walter) Ell. var. commutatum (Schultes f.) Morong P. canaliculatum (Muhl.) Pursh var. rotundifolium J. W. Moore P. canaliculatum formafoliatum (Clarke) J. W. Moore, as to Minnesota collection. pubescens (Willd.) Pursh

Maps 1264-1266

Reference: Galway, D. H. 1945. The North American species of Smilacina. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 33: 644-666.

Reference: Fassett, N. C. 1935. Notes from the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin—XII. A study of Streptopus. Rhodora 37: 88-113. amplexifolius (L.) DC. var. americanus Schultes var. denticulatus Fassett roseus Michx. var. longipes (Fern.) Fassett

Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. pusilla (Michx.) Pers. T. palustris of American authors, not Huds.

TRILLIUM-Trillium; Wakerobin

Maps 1276-1279

Trillium cernuum L. —Nodding Trillium var. cernuum var. macranthum Eames & Wieg. flexipes Raf. T. gleasonii Fern. grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. nivale Riddell-Snow-Trillium

UVULARIA-Bellwort

Maps 1280-1281

Reference: Wilbur, R. L. 1963. A revision of the North American genus Uvularia (Liliaceae). Rhodora 65: 158-188.

Uvularia grandiflora Sm. sessilifolia L. Oakesia sessilifolia (L.) S. Wats.

Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf.—False Spikenard stellata (L.) Desf. trifolia (L.) Desf.

SMILAX - Greenbrier; Catbrier

Maps 1272-1273

TOFIELDIA-False Asphodel Maps 1274-1275

Rarely escaping cultivation.

SMILACINAFalse Solomon's-Seal

STREPTOPUSTwisted-Stalk

Streptopus

canadense Desf. — Canada Mayflower var. canadense var. interius Fern.

POLYGONATUM Solomon's-Seal

lasioneura Hook. 5. herbacea var. lasioneura (Hook.) DC.

ZIGADENUS- Death Camas Maps 1267-1271

References: Clausen, R. T. 1951. Smilax hispida versus 5. tamnoides. Rhodora 53: 109-111. Mangaly, J. K. 1968. A cytotaxonomic study of the herbaceous species of Smilax: section Coprosmanthus. Rhodora 70: 55-82; 247-273. Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: 435-463.

Reference: Fernald, M. L. 1935. Critical plants of the upper Great Lakes region of Ontario and Michigan. Rhodora 37: 256-258. Zigadenus elegans Pursh glaucus Nutt. Hardly, if at all, distinguishable from Z. elegans in Minnesota.

LIMNANTHACEAE False Mermaid Family

Smilax ecirrata (Kunth) S. Wats. 5. ecirrhata, an orthographic error. herbacea L. hispida Torr. 5. tamnoides L. var. hispida (Torr.) Fern. illinoensis Mangaly

Map 1282

FLOERKEA-False Mermaid Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd.

Map 1283

ANGIOSPERMS: LINAGEAE-MALVACEAE

56

LINAGE AE-Flax Family LINUM-Flax

Maps 1284-1287

References: Rogers, C. M. 1963. Yellow flowered species of Linum in eastern North America. Brittonia 15: 97-122. . 1968. Yellow-flowered species of Linum in Central America and western North America. Brittonia 20: 107-135. . 1984. Linaceae. North Amer. Fl., Series II, Part 12: 1-58.

Linum lewisii Pursh L. perenne L. var. lewisii (Pursh) Eat. & Wright Introduced from farther west. rigidum Pursh var. simulans Rogers sulcatum Riddell usitatissimum L.-Common Flax Sometimes spreading from cultivation.

LOBELIACEAE: See CAMPANULACEAE LORANTHACEAE-Mistletoe Family ARCEUTHOBIUM

Map 1288

References: Hawks worth, F. G., & D. Wiens. 1972. Biology and classification of dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobiwri). U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. No. 401: 1-234. Ugent, D. 1962. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin. No. 47. The orders of Thymelaeales, Myrtales, and Cactales. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 51: 83-134.

Arceuthobium

Reference: Graham, S. A. 1975. Taxonomy of the Lythraceae in the southeastern United States. Sida 6: 80-103.

Map 1289

Ammannia coccinea Rottb.

Map 1290

Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell.-Water-Willow; Water-Oleander var. laevigatus T. & G.

DIDIPLIS Didiplis diandra (Nutt.) Wood-Water-Purslane Peplis diandra Nutt.

Lythrum alatum Pursh—Winged-angled Loosestrife salicaria L. — Purple Loosestrife var. tomentosum (Mill.) DC. Naturalized.

PEPLIS: See DIDIPLIS ROTALA

Map 1294

Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne—Tooth-Cup

MALVACEAE-Mallow Family Reference: Utech, F. H. 1970. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 60. Tiliaceae and Malvaceae—Basswood and Mallow families. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 58: 301-323.

ABUTILON-Indian-Mallow

Map 1295

Abutilon theophrasti Medic.-Velvet-Leaf Introduced.

ALCEA-Hollyhock Alcea rosea L. Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. Occasionally spreading from gardens but not naturalized.

Map 1296

Hibiscus

LYTHRACEAE-Loosestrife Family

DECODON-Swamp-Loosestrife

Maps 1292-1293

References: Shinners, L. H. 1953. Synopsis of the United States species of Lythrum (Lythraceae). Field & Lab. 21: 80-89. Stuckey, R. L. 1980. Distributional history of Lythrum salicaria (Purple Loosestrife) in North America. Bartonia 47: 3-20.

HIBISCUS-Rose-Mallow

pusillum C. H. Peck—Dwarf Mistletoe

AMMANNIA

LYTHRUM-Loosestrife

Map 1291

trionum L.—Flower-of-an-hour Introduced.

MALVA-Mallow

Maps 1297-1299

Malva neglecta Wallr.-Common Mallow; Cheeses M. rotundifolia of some American authors, not of L. Introduced. rotundifolia L. —Cheeses M. pusilla Sm. M. borealis Wallm. Introduced. sylvestris L. - High Mallow Introduced. verticillata L. var. crispa L.—Curled Mallow M. crispa (L.) L. Introduced.

NAPAEA

Map 1300

Reference: Iltis, H. H. 1963. Napaea dioica (Malvaceae): Whence came the type? Amer. Midi. Naturalist 70: 90-109.

ANGIOSPERMS: MALV ACE AE-NYCTAGINACEAE

57 MORUS- Mulberry

Napaea dioica L. — Glade-Mallow

SPHAERALCEA-False Mallow

Map 1301

Reference: La Duke, J. C., & D. K. Northington. 1978. The systematics of Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb. (Malvaceae). Southw. Naturalist 23: 651-660.

Sphaeralcea

alba L.-White Mulberry Occasionally escapes from cultivation. rubra L.—Red Mulberry

MYRIC ACEAE-Sweet Gale Family COMPTONIA-Sweet Fern

coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb. —Scarlet Mallow Malvastrum coccineum (Nutt.) Gray

peregrina (L.) Coult. Myrica asplenifolia L. Myrica peregrina (L.) Kuntze

MYRICA Map 1302

gale L.—Sweet Gale

NAJADACEAE-Naiad Family (See also: POTAMOGETONACEAE, RUPPIACEAE, ZANNICHELLIACEAE)

MENYANTHACEAE-Buckbean Family Map 1303

Menyanthes trifoliata L. var. minor Raf.

NAJAS-Naiad

MIMOSACEAE: See LEGUMINOSAE MONOTROPACEAE: See PYROLACEAE MORACEAE-Mulberry Family CANNABIS-Hemp; Marijuana

Map 1304

Reference: Small, E., & A. Cronquist. 1976. A practical and natural taxonomy for Cannabis. Taxon 25: 405-435.

Cannabis sativa L. Naturalized.

HUMULUS-Hop

Map 1309

Myrica

Menispermum canadense L.

MENYANTHES-Buckbean; Bogbean

Map 1308

Comptonia

MENISPERM ACE AE Moonseed Family MENISPERMUM- Moonseed

Maps 1306-1307

Morus

Maps 1310-1313

References: Clausen, R. T. 1936. Studies in the genus Najas in the northern United States. Rhodora 38: 333-345. Haynes, R. R., & W. A. Wentz. 1974. Notes on the genus Najas (Najadaceae). Sida 5: 259-264. . 1979. Revision of North and Central American Najas (Najadaceae). Sida 8: 34-56. Rosendahl, C. O. 1939. Additional notes on Najas in Minnesota. Rhodora 41: 187-189. & F. K. Butters. 1935. The genus Najas in Minnesota. Rhodora 37: 345-348.

Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt gracillima Magnus guadalupensis (Spreng.) Magnus var. guadalupensis var. olivacea (Rosend. & Butters) Haynes marina L.

NYCTAGINACEAEFour-o'clock Family

Map 1305

Reference: Small, E. 1979. A numerical and nomenclatural analysis of morphogeographic taxa of Humulus. Syst. Bot. 3: 37-76.

MIRABILIS-Umbrella-Wort Maps 1314-1316

Humulus

Mirabilis

lupulus L. —Common Hop H. americanus Nutt. var. lupuloides Small var. pubescens Small

hirsuta (Pursh) MacM. Allionia hirsuta Pursh Oxybaphus hirsutus (Pursh) Sweet linearis (Pursh) Heimerl Allionia linearis Pursh Oxybaphus linearis (Pursh) Robins.

ANGIOSPERMS: NYCTAGINACEAE-ONAGRACEAE

58 nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM.—Wild Four-o'clock Allionia nyctaginea Michx. Oxybaphus nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet

NYMPHAEACEAE-Water-Lily Family BRASENIA-Water-Shield

Map 1317

Brasenia schreberi Gmel.

NELUMBO-Sacred Bean

Map 1318

Reference: Ward, D. B. 1977. Nelumbo lutea, the correct name for the American Lotus. Taxon 26: 227-234. Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers.-American Lotus; Water-Chinquapin

NUPHAR-Yellow Pond-Lily; Maps 1319-1320 Yellow Water-Lily Reference: Beal, E. O. 1956. Taxonomic revision of the genus Nuphar Sm. of North America and Europe. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 72: 317-345. Nuphar luteum (L.) Sibth. & Sm. subsp. pumilum (Timm) Beal N. microphyllum (Pers.) Fern. N. microphyllum forma multisepalum Lakela subsp. variegatum (Engelm. ex Clinton) Beal N. variegatum Engelm. ex Clinton subsp. pumilum x subsp. variegatum N. rubrodiscum Morong, applied to forms intermediate between the two subspecies.

NYMPHAEAWhite Water-Lily

Maps 1321-1323

References: Monson, P. H. 1960. Variation in Nymphaea, the white waterlily, in the Itasca State Park region. Proc. Minnesota Acad. Sci. 25-26: 26-39. Williams, G. R. 1970. Investigations in the white waterlilies (Nymphaea) of Michigan. Michigan Bot. 9: 72-86. Nymphaea odorata Ait. tetragona Georgi tuberosa Paine

SYRINGA-Lilac Syringa persica L.-Persian Lilac Introduced. Seldom spreading from cultivation. vulgaris L. —Common Lilac Introduced and persisting long after cultivation.

ONAGRACEAE Evening-Primrose Family References: Munz, P. A. 1965. North Amer. Fl., Series II, Part 5: 1-278. Raven, P. H. 1964. The generic subdivision of Onagraceae, Tribe Onagreae. Brittonia 16: 276-288. Ugent, D. 1962. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin. No. 47. The orders Thymelaeales, Myrtales, and Cactales. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 51: 83-134.

CALYLOPHUS

Map 1327

Calylophus serrulata (Nutt.) Raven Oenothera serrulata Nutt.

CIRCAEAEnchanter's Nightshade

Maps 1328-1329

Reference: Boufford, D. E. 1982. The systematics and evolution of Circaea (Onagraceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 69: 804-994. Circaea alpina L. x intermedia Ehrh. (as species) (C. alpina x C. lutetiana) lutetiana L. subsp. canadensis (L.) Asch. & Magnus C. canadensis (L.) Hill C. quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Franchet & Savat. var. canadensis (L.) Hara

EPILOBIUM-Willow-Herb

Maps 1330-1336

Reference: Mosquin, T. 1966. A new taxonomy for Epilobium angustifolium L. (Onagraceae). Brittonia 18: 167-188.

OLEACEAE-Olive Family FRAXINUS-Ash

nigra Marsh. —Black Ash pennsylvanica Marsh.—Red Ash; Green Ash F. pennsylvanica var. austinii Fern. F. pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (Vahl.) Fern. F. lanceolata Borkh.

Maps 1324-1326

References: Dayton, W. A. 1954. Some more notes on United States ashes (Fraxinus). J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 44: 385-390. Miller, G. N. 1955. The genus Fraxinus, the ashes, in North America, north of Mexico. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 335: 1-64. Fraxinus americana L.-White Ash

Epilobium angustifolium L.—Fireweed subsp. angustifolium subsp. circumvagum Mosquin E. angustifolium var. platyphyllum (Daniels) Fern. ciliatum Raf. E. glandulosum var. perplexans (Trel.) Fern. coloratum Biehler glandulosum Lehm. var. adenocaulon (Haussk.) Fern, var. cardiophyllum Fern, var. occidental (Trel.) Fern. leptophyllum Raf.

ANGIOSPERMS: ONAGRACEAE-ORCHIDACEAE

59 palustre L. var. grammadophyllum Haussk. var. oliganthum (Michx.) Fern. strictum Muhl.

GAURA

Maps 1337-1338

AMERORCHIS

Gaura biennis L. coccinea Pursh

LUDWIGIAFalse Loosestrife

Map 1350

Amerorchis

Maps 1339-1340

Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell. L. palustris var. americana Fern. & Grisc. polycarpa Short & Peter

OENOTHERAEvening-Primrose

Luer, C. A. 1975. The native orchids of the United States and Canada. New York Bot. Gard., New York. 361 pp. Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and monocots. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. & Univ. Michigan Herb. 488pp. Second printing, 1980, Cranbrook Inst. Sci. Bull. 55.

Maps 1341-1349

References: Dietrich, W., & P. H. Raven. 1976. An earlier name for Oenothera strigosa (Onagraceae) Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 382-383. & W. L. Wagner. 1988. Systematics of Oenothera section Oenothera subsection Raimannia and subsection Nutantigemma (Onagraceae). Syst. Bot. Monogr. 24: 1-91. Raven, P. H., W. Dietrich, & W. Stubbe. 1980. An outline of the systematics of Oenothera subsect. Euoenothera (Onagraceae). Syst. Bot. 4: 242-252. Straley, G. B. 1978. Systematics of Oenothera sect. Kneiffia (Onagraceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 64: 381-424. Wagner, W. L. 1983. New species and combinations in the genus Oenothera (Onagraceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70: 194-196. Oenothera biennis L. O. muricata L. clelandii Dietr., Raven & Wagner laciniata Hill nuttallii Sweet oakesiana (Gray) Robbins O. parviflora var. oakesiana (Robbins) Fern. parviflora L. O. parviflora subsp. angustissima (Gates) Munz perennis L. rhombipetala Nutt. serrulata Nutt.: See CALYLOPHUS villosa Thunb. O. biennis, in part, in the sense of Fernald, Gray's Man., ed. 8, not of L. subsp. strigosa (Rydb.) Dietr. & Raven O. strigosa (Rydb.) Mack. & Bush subsp. villosa O. strigosa subsp. canovirens (Steele) Munz

ORCHID ACEAE-Orchid Family References: Case, F. W. 1987. Orchids of the western Great Lakes region. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. Bull. 48. 251 pp. Correll, D. S. 1950. Native orchids of North America north of Mexico. Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham, Mass. 400 pp.

rotundifolia (Pursh) Hulten-Round-Leaved Orchis Orchis rotundifolia Pursh

APLECTRUM-Putty-Root; Adam-and-Eve

Map 1351

Aplectrum hyemale (Willd.) Torr.

ARETHUSA-Dragon's-Mouth

Map 1352

Arethusa bulbosa L.

CALOPOGON-Grass-Pink; Swamp-Pink

Map 1353

Reference: Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: 435-463.

Calopogon tuberosus (L.) BSP. C. pulchellus (Salisb.) R. Br.

CALYPSO

Map 1354

Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes var. americana (R. Br.) Luer

COELOGLOSSUM-Bracted Orchis Map 1355 Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm.-Long-Bracted Orchid var. virescens (Muhl.) Luer Habenaria viridis (L.) R. Br. var. bracteata (Muhl.) Gray

CORALLORHIZACoral-Root

Maps 1356-1359

Reference: Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: 435-463.

Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf.-Spotted Coral-Root odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt.—Autumn Coral-Root striata Lindl.—Striped Coral-Root trifida Chat.-Early Coral-Root

CYPRIPEDIUMMaps 1360-1365 Lady-Slipper; Moccasin-Flower Cypripedium acaule Ait.—Moccasin-Flower; Stemless Lady-Slipper x andrewsii Fuller (C. calceolus x C. candidum) arietinum R. Br.—Ram's-Head Lady-Slipper

ANGIOSPERMS: ORCHIDACEAE

60 calceolus L. var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Fern.-Small Yellow LadySlipper C. parviflorum Salisb. var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll-Large Yellow Lady-Slipper C. pubescens Willd. candidum Muhl. ex Willd. —White Lady-Slipper reginae Walt.-Showy Lady-Slipper

GALEARIS

Map 1366

Galearis spectabilis (L.) Raf.-Showy Orchis Orchis spectabilis L.

GOODYERARattlesnake-Plantain

Maps 1367-1369

Reference: Kallunki, J. A. 1976. Population studies in Goody era (Orchidaceae) with emphasis on the hybrid origin of G. tesselata. Brittonia 28: 53-75.

Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. repens (L.) R. Br. var. ophioides Fern. tesselata Lodd.

HABENARIA: See COELOGLOSSUM; PLATANTHERA LIPARIS-Twayblade

Maps 1370-1371

Liparis

liliifolia (L.) Lindl.-Purple Twayblade loeselii (L.) Rich.-Loesel's Twayblade; Green Twayblade

LISTERA-Twayblade

Maps 1372-1374

Listera auriculata Wieg. — Auricled Twayblade convallarioides (Sw.) Torr.-Broad-lipped Twayblade cordata (L.) R. Br.-Heartleaf Twayblade

MALAXIS-Adder's-Mouth

Maps 1375-1377

Reference: Reeves, T., & L. Reeves. 1985. Rediscovery of Malaxis paludosa (L.) Sw. (Orchidaceae) in Minnesota. Rhodora 87: 133-136.

Malaxis monophylla (L.) Sw.-White Adder's-Mouth var. brachypoda (Gray) Morris M. brachypoda (Gray) Fern. paludosa (L.) Sw.-Bog Adder's-Mouth unifolia (Michx.)—Green Adder's-Mouth

ORCHIS: See AMERORCfflS; GALEARIS PLATANTHERAMaps 1378-1387 Rein-Orchid; Fringed Orchid References: Sheviak, C. J., & M. L. Bowles. 1986. The prairie fringed orchids: A pollinator-isolated species pair. Rhodora 88: 267-290. Stoutamire, W. P. 1974. Relationships of the purple-fringed orchids Platanthera psycodes and P. grandiflora. Brittonia 26: 42-58.

Platanthera clavellata (Michx.) Luer-Club-Spur Orchid Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. H. clavellata var. ophioglossoides Fern. dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. ex Beck-Tall White Orchid Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. flava (L.) Lindl.-Tubercled Orchid Habenaria flava (L.) Spreng. var. herbiola (R. Br.) Luer Habenaria flava var. herbiola (R. Br.) Ames & Correll hooker! (Torr.) Lindl.—Hooker's Orchid Habenaria hookeri Torr. hyperborea (L.) Lindl.-Tall Northern Green Orchid Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. var. huronensis (Nutt.) Luer Habenaria hyperborea var. huronensis (Nutt.) Farw. var. hyperborea lacera (Michx.) G. Don—Ragged Fringed Orchid Habenaria lacera (Michx.) R. Br. x media (Rydb.) Luer (Putative hybrids, P. dilatata x P. hyperborea) Habenaria x media (Rydb.) Niles obtusata (Pursh) Lindl.-Blunt-Leaf Orchid Habenaria obtusata (Pursh) Richards. orbiculata (Pursh) Lindl.-Round-Leaved Orchid Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. praeclara Sheviak & Bowles-Prairie White Fringed Orchid Habenaria leucophaea (Nutt.) Gray, in part, of many authors. psycodes (L.) Lindl.—Purple Fringed Orchid Habenaria psycodes (L.) Spreng. viridis (L.) Lindl.: See COELOGLOSSUM

POGONIA

Map 1388

Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Juss.-Rose Pogonia P. ophioglossoides forma albiflora Rand. & Redf.

SPIRANTHES Ladies'-Tresses

Maps 1389-1392

References: Case, F. W., & P. M. Catling. 1983. The genus Spiranthes in Michigan. Michigan Bot. 22: 79-92. Sheviak, C.J.I 973. A new Spiranthes from the grasslands of central North America. Bot. Mus. Leafl. 23: 285-297. . 1982. Biosystematic study of the Spiranthes cernua complex. New York State Mus. Bull. 448: 1-73. Voss, E. G. 1966. Nomenclatural notes on monocots. Rhodora 68: 435-463.

Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich.-Nodding Ladies'-Tresses lacera (Raf.) Raf.-Northern Slender Ladies'-Tresses 5. gracilis (Bigel.) Beck, in part, of some authors. magnicamporum Sheviak-Great Plains Ladies'-Tresses romanzoffiana Cham.—Hooded Ladies'-Tresses

ANGIOSPERMS: OROBANCHACEAE-POLEMONIACEAE

61

OROBANCHACEAE-

PLANT AGINACEAE-Plantain Family

Broom-rape Family

OROBANCHE- Broom-rape

LITTORELLA

Maps 1393-1395

Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. ludoviciana Nutt. uniflora L.—One-flowered Cancer-Root

Maps 1396-1399

References: Denton, M. F. 1973. A monograph of Oxalis, section lonoxalis (Oxalidaceae) in North America. Publ. Mus. Michigan State Univ., Biol. Ser. 4: 455-615. Eiten, G. 1963. Taxonomy and regional variation of Oxalis section Corniculatae. I. Introduction, keys and synopsis of the species. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 69: 257-309. Oxalis dillenii Jacq. montana Raf. — Common Wood-Sorrel stricta L. O. europaea lord. violacea L.-Violet Wood-Sorrel O. violacea forma albida Fassett O. violacea var. trichophora Fassett

PAPAVERACEAE-Poppy Family CHELIDONIUM-Celandine Chelidonium majus L. Occasionally found outside cultivation.

PAPAVER-Poppy Papaver rhoeas L. — Corn Poppy Introduced and rarely spreading from gardens. somniferum L.—Common Poppy Introduced.

SANGUINARIA- Bloodroot

Map 1400

Sanguinaria canadensis L.

PHRYMACEAE-Lopseed Family Phryma leptostachya L.

PLANT AGO-Plantain

Maps 1403-1411

References: Bassett, I. J. 1966. Taxonomy of North American Plantago L. section Micropsyllium Dene. Canad. J. Bot. 44: 467-479. . 1967. Taxonomy of Plantago L. in North America: sections Holopsyllium Pilger, Palaeopsyllium Pilger, and Lamprosantha Dene. Canad. J. Bot. 45: 565-577. . 1973. The plantains of Canada. Research Branch, Canad. Dept. Agric., Monograph No. 7. 47 pp. Tessene, M. F. 1968. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 59. Plantaginaceae—Plantain Family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 56: 281-313. Plantago aristata Michx.-Bracted Plantain elongata Pursh eriopoda Torr. lanceolata L.—Ribgrass Introduced. major L.—Common Plantain; Whiteman's-Foot Introduced and naturalized. patagonica Jacq. var. patagonica P. purshii Roem. & Schult., misapplied. P. gnaphaloides Nutt. var. spinulosa (Dene.) Gray P. spinulosa Dene. P. purshii var. spinulosa (Dene.) Shinners Probably introduced from farther south or west. psyllium L. P. indica L. P. arenaria Waldst. & Kit. Introduced. rugelii Dene. virginica L. —Hoary Plantain

POACEAE: See GRAMINEAE POLEMONIACEAE-Phlox Family

PAPILIONACEAE: See LEGUMINOSAE

PHRYMA-Lopseed

Reference: Lakela, O. 1958. Distribution of Littorella americana in the midarrowhead region of Minnesota. Rhodora 60: 33-37. Littorella americana Fern.

OXALIDACEAE-Wood-Sorrel Family OXALIS - Wood-Sorrel; Sheep-Sorrel

Map 1402

Map 1401

Reference: Smith, D. M., & D. A. Levin. 1967. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 57. Polemoniaceae—Phlox Family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 55: 243-253.

COLLOMIA Collomia linearis Nutt. Gilia linearis (Nutt.) Gray

Map 1412

ANGIOSPERMS: POLEMONIACEAE-POLYGONACEAE

62 PHLOX-

POLYGONACEAE Buckwheat Family

Maps 1413-1416

Wild Sweet William

References: Levin, D. A. 1966. The Phloxpilosa complex: Crossing and chromosome relationships. Brittonia 18: 142-162. . 1967. Variation in Phlox divaricata. Evolution 21: 92-108. Wherry, E. T. 1955. The genus Phlox. Morris Arboretum Monogr. No. 3. 174 pp.

Phlox divaricata L. — Blue Phlox subsp. laphamii (Wood) Wherry P. divaricata forma bicolor Moore drummondii Hook. — Drummond Phlox Rarely spreads from gardens. maculata L. -Wild Sweet William P. maculata var. odorata (Sweet) Wherry paniculata L.—Perennial Phlox; Summer Phlox Spreads from cultiviation. pilosa L.—Prairie-Phlox; Downy Phlox subsp. fulgida (Wherry) Wherry subulata L.—Moss-Phlox Occasionally escaped from cultivation.

POLEMONIUMJacob's-Ladder

Maps 1417-1418

References: Davidson, J. F. 1950. The genus Polemonium (Tournefort) L. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 23: 209-282. Lakela, O. 1947. A variety of a western Polemonium in Minnesota. Rhodora 49: 118-119. Wherry, E. T. 1945. Supplementary notes on the genus Polemonium. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 34: 375-380.

Polemonium occidental Greene subsp. lacustre Wherry reptans L.

POLYGALACEAE-Milkwort Family POLYGALA-Milkwort

Maps 1419-1424

Reference: Gillett, J. M. 1968. Themilkworts of Canada. Canad. Dept. Agric., Monogr. No. 5. 24 pp.

Polygala cruciata L.—Cross-leaved Milkwort var. aquilonia Fern. & Schub. paucifolia Willd.—Fringed Milkwort; Flowering Wintergreen polygama Walt.-Racemed Milkwort var. obtusata Chodat sanguinea L.—Purple Milkwort senega L.—Seneca Snakeroot P. senega var. latifolia T. & G. verticillata L. -Whorled Milkwort var. isocycla Fern.

ERIOGONUM-Umbrella-Plant

Map 1425

Eriogonum aimuum Nutt. Introduced from western United States and established at the Sherburne Wildlife Refuge, Sherburne Co.

FAGOPYRUM-Buckwheat

Map 1426

Fagopyrum esculentum Moench F. sagittatum Gilib. Often found as an escape from cultivation, but not persisting for long.

POLYGONELLA-Jointweed

Map 1427

Reference: Morton, J. H. 1963. A taxonomic revision of Polygonella (Polygonaceae). Brittonia 15: 177-203.

Polygonella articulata (L.) Meissner

POLYGONUM - Knotweed; Smartweed

Maps 1428-1453

References: Brooks, G. M., & T. R. Mertens. 1972. A biosystematic study of Polygonum ramosissimum and Polygonum tenue. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 81: 277-283. Fassett, N. C. 1949. The variations of Polygonum punctatum. Brittonia 6: 369-393. McNeill, J. 1981. The taxonomy and distribution in eastern Canada of Polygonum arenastrum (4x = 40) and P. monspeliense (6x = 60), introduced members of the P. aviculare complex. Canad. J. Bot. 59: 2744-2751. Mertens, T. R., & P. H. Raven. 1965. Taxonomy of Polygonum, section Polygonum (Avicularia) in North America. Madrono 18: 85-92. Mitchell, R. S. 1968. Variation in the Polygonum amphibium complex and its taxonomic significance. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 45: 1-54. Ronse Decraene, L.-P., & J. R. Akeroyd. 1988. Generic limits in Polygonum and related genera (Polygonaceae) on the basis of floral characters. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 98: 321-371. Savage, A. D., & T. R. Mertens. 1968. A taxonomic study of the genus Polygonum, section Polygonum (Avicularia) in Indiana and Wisconsin. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 77: 357-369. Wolf, S. J., & J. McNeill. 1986. Synopsis and achene morphology of Polygonum section Polygonum (Polygonaceae) in Canada. Rhodora 88: 457-479. . 1987. Cytotaxonomic studies on Polygonum section Polygonum in eastern Canada and the adjacent United States. Canad. J. Bot. 65: 647-652.

Polygonum achoreum Blake amphibium L.-Water-Smartweed var. stipulaceum Coleman Including several intergrading forms. P. natans (Michx.) Eat. P. hartwrightii Gray

ANGIOSPERMS: POLYGONACEAE-PORTULACACEAE

63 arenastrum Boreau—Knotweed arifolium L. — Halbert-Leaved Tearthumb var. pubescens (Keller) Fern. aviculare L. — Knotweed P. monspeliense Pers. Introduced. bungeanum Turcz. Introduced. careyi Olney cespitosum Blume var. longisetum (DeBruyn) Stewart Introduced. cilinode Michx. coccineum Muhl. Including several intergrading forms and varieties. P. muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats. P. amphibium var. emersum Michx. convolvulus L.—Black Bindweed Introduced. cristatum Engelm. & Gray P. dumetorum of American authors, not L. cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc.—Japanese Knotweed Reynoutria japonica Houtt. Spreading from cultivation. douglasii Greene dubium Stein P. laxiflorum Weihe Introduced. erectum L. hydropiper L.-Common Smartweed hydropiperoides Michx. —Mild Water-Pepper lapathifolium L. var. lapathifolium var. salicifolium Sibth. orientale L. —Princess-Feather Cultivated and sometimes persisting in old yards. pensylvanicum L. —Pinkweed var. laevigatum Fern. var. pensylvanicum persicaria L. —Lady's-Thumb Introduced. punctatum Ell.—Water-Smartweed var. confertiflorum (Meisn.) Fassett P. punctatum var. leptostachyum (Meisn.) Small, misapplied. var. punctatum ramosissimum Michx.—Bushy Knotweed P. exsertum Small sagittatum L.—Arrow-Leaved Tearthumb scabrum Moench Introduced. scandens L. —Climbing False-Buckwheat tenue Michx. virginianum L. — Jumpseed Tovara virginiana (L.) Raf. viviparum L.

RHEUM-Rhubarb Rheum rhabarbarum L. Cultivated and persisting in abandoned gardens.

RUMEX-Dock; Sorrel

Maps 1454-1465

References: Mitchell, R. S. 1978. Rumex maritimus L. versus R. persicarioides L. (Polygonaceae) in the western hemisphere. Brittonia 30: 293-296. Rechinger, K. H. 1937. The North American species of Rumex. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. Ser. 17: 1-151.

Rumex acetosa L. —Garden Sorrel Introduced. acetosella L. —Sheep-Sorrel; Common Sorrel Introduced. altissimus Wood-Pale Dock crispus L.—Yellow Dock; Curled Dock Introduced. longifolius DC. R. domesticus Hartm. Introduced. maritimus L. —Golden Dock var. fueginus (Phil.) Dusen R. fueginus Phil. R. persicarioides L., misapplied. mexicanus Meisn.—Willow-Leaved Dock R. triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f. obtusifolius L.-Bitter Dock; Blunt-Leaved Dock Introduced. orbiculatus Gray—Water-Dock R. brittanica L., misapplied. patientia L. — Patience Dock Introduced. stenophyllus Ledeb. Introduced. verticillatus L.—Swamp-Dock; Water-Dock

PONTEDERIACEAE Pickerelweed Family HETERANTHERA-

Maps 1466-1467

Mud-Plantain Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM.—Water Star-Grass limosa (Sw.) Willd.

PONTEDERIA-Pickerelweed

Map 1468

Reference: Lowden, R. M. 1973. Revision of the genus Pontederia L. Rhodora 75: 426-487. Pontederia cor data L.

PORTULACACEAE-Purslane Family References: McNeill, J. 1974. Synopsis of a revised classification of the Portulacaceae. Taxon 23: 725-728. Swanson, J. R. 1966. A synopsis of relationships in Montioideae (Portulacaceae). Brittonia 18: 229-241.

ANGIOSPERMS: PORTULACACEAE-PRIMULACEAE

64 CLA YTONIA-Spring-Beauty Maps 1469-1470 Reference: Davis, R. J. 1967. The North American perennial species of Claytonia. Brittonia 18: 285-303.

Claytonia caroliniana Michx. virginica L.

MONTIA

Map 1471

Reference: McNeill, J. 1975. A generic revision of Portulacaceae tribe Montieae using techniques of numerical taxonomy. Canad. J. Bot. 53: 789-809.

Montia chamissoi (Ledeb. ex Spreng.) Greene

PORTULACA-Purslane

Map 1472

Portulaca oleracea L.—Common Purslane Introduced.

TALINUM - Fameflower

Maps 1473-1474

Talinum parviflorum Nutt. rugospermum Holz.

POTAMOGETONACEAE Pondweed Family POTAMOGETONPondweed

Maps 1475-1500

References: Haynes, R. R. 1975. A revision of North American Potamogeton subsection Pusilli (Potamogetonaceae). Rhodora 76: 564-649. . 1985. A revision of the clasping-leaved Potamogeton (Potamogetonaceae). Sida 11: 173-188. Hellquist, C. B., & G. E. Crow. 1980. Aquatic vascular plants of New England: Part 1. Zosteraceae, Potamogetonaceae, Zannichelliaceae, Najadaceae. New Hampshire Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 515: 1-68. , C. T. Philbrick, & R. L. Hilton. 1988. The taxonomic status of Potamogeton lateralis Morong (Potamogetonaceae). Rhodora 90: 15-20. Reznicek, A. A., & R. S. W. Bobbette. 1976. The taxonomy of Potamogeton subsection Hybridi in North America. Rhodora 78: 650-673.

Potamogeton alpinus Balbis—Northern Pondweed var. subellipticus (Fern.) Ogden var. tenuifolius (Raf.) Ogden amplifolius Tuckerm. — Large-Leaved Pondweed bicupulatus Fern. crispus L.—Curly Pondweed Introduced and naturalized. diversifolius Raf.-Rafinesque's Pondweed epihydrus Raf.-Nuttall's Pondweed P. epihydrus var. nuttallii (Cham. & Schlect.) Fern. P. epihydrus var. ramosus (Peck) House

filiformis Pers.—Filiform Pondweed var. alpinus (Blytt) Aschers. & Graeb. P. filiformis var. borealis (Raf.) St. John foliosus Raf. — Leafy Pondweed P. foliosus var. genuinus Fern. P. foliosus var. macellus Fern. friesii Rupr. — Fries' Pondweed gramineus L.—Variable Pondweed var. gramineus var. maximus Morong var. myriophyllus Robbins gramineus x P. illinoensis gramineus x P. robbinsii x haynensii Hellquist & Crow (Putative hybrid, P. strictifolius x P. zosteriformis) Reported and mapped for Minnesota by Hellquist and Crow (Brittonia 38: 418,1986) on the basis of specimens at the Gray Herbarium. illinoensis Morong—Illinois Pondweed natans L.—Floating Pondweed nodosus Poir. — Long-Leaved Pondweed obtusifolius Mertens & Koch—Blunt-Leaved Pondweed pectinatus L.—Sago-Pond weed praelongus Wulfen—White-Stemmed Pondweed pusillus L.—Palermo Pondweed P. lateralis Morong, in part, var. pusillus P. panormitanus Biv. var. tenuissimus Mert. & Koch P. berchtoldii Fieber P. berchtoldii var. lacunatus (Hagstr.) Fern. P. berchtoldii var. mucronatus Fieber P. berchtoldii var. polyphyllus (Morong) Fern. P. berchtoldii var. tenuissimus (Mert. & Koch) Fern. richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb.— Richardson's Pondweed robbinsii Oakes—Robbins' Pondweed spirillus Tuckerm.—Spiral Pondweed strictifolius Benn.—Narrow-Leaved Pondweed P. strictifolius var. rutiloides Fern. P. strictifolius var. typicus Fern. P. pusillus var. rutiloides (Fern.) Boivin vaginatus Turcz.—Sheathed Pondweed vaseyi Robbins—Vasey's Pondweed P. lateralis Morong, in part. zosteriformis Fern.—Flat-Stem Pondweed

PRIMULACEAE- Primrose Family Reference: Iltis, H. H., & W. M. Shaughnessy. 1960. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 43. Primulaceae-Primrose Family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 49: 113-135.

ANAGALLIS - Pimpernel Anagallis arvensis L.—Scarlet Pimpernel Introduced.

ANDROSACE

Maps 1501-1502

Reference: Robbins, G. T. 1944. North American species ofAndrosace. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 32: 137-163.

ANGIOSPERMS: PRIMULACEAE-RANUNCULACEAE

65

PYROLACEAE-Wintergreen Family See also: ERICACEAE

Androsace occidentalis Pursh—Western Androsace septentrionalis L.—Northern Androsace subsp. puberulenta (Rydb.) Robbins

DODECATHEONMaps 1503-1504 Shooting-Star; American Cowslip References: Fassett, N. C. 1944. Dodecatheon in eastern North America. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 31: 455-486. Thompson, H. J. 1953. The biosystematics of Dodecatheon. Contr. Dudley Herb. 4: 73-154.

Dodecatheon amethystinum Fassett—Jeweled Shooting-Star D. radicatum Greene subsp. radicatum, in part. meadia L.

Map 1505

GLAUX - Sea-Milkwort Glaux maritima L.

LYSIMACHIA-Loosestrife

Maps 1506-1512

References: Coffey, V. J., &S. B. Jones, Jr. 1980. Biosystematicsof Lysimachia section Seleucia (Primulaceae). Brittonia 32: 309-322. Ray, J. D., Jr. 1956. The genus Lysimachia in the New World. Illinois Biol. Monogr. 24 (No.'s 3-4): 1-160.

Lysimachia ciliata L. — Fringed Loosestrife x commixta Fern. (L. terrestris x L. thyrsiflord) hybrida Michx. L. lanceolata Walt, subsp. hybrida (Michx.) Ray nummularia L.—Moneywort; Creeping Loosestrife Introduced and naturalized. quadriflora Sims quadrifolia L.—Whorled Loosestrife terrestris (L.) BSP.—Yellow Loosestrife; Swamp-Loosestrife thyrsiflora L.-Tufted Loosestrife

PRIMULA-Primrose; Cowslip

Map 1513

References: Soper, J. H., E. G. Voss, & K. E. Guire. 1965. Distribution of Primula mistassinica in the Great Lakes region. Michigan Bot. 4: 83-86. Vogelmann, H. W. 1960. Chromosome numbers in some American farinose primulas with comments on their taxonomy. Rhodora 62: 31-42.

Primula mistassinica Michx.—Birds-eye Primrose P. intercedens Fern.

TRIENTALISChickweed-Wintergreen Trientalis borealis Raf. — Starflower

Map 1514

Reference: Haber, E., & J. E. Cruise. 1974. Generic limits in the Pyroloideae (Ericaceae). Canad. J. Bot. 52: 877-883.

CHIMAPHILA - Pipsissewa

Map 1515

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Bart.—Prince's Pine; Pipsissewa var. cisatlantica Blake

MONESES-One-Flowered Pyrola

Map 1516

Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray

MONOTROPA-Indian-Pipe; Maps 1517-1518 Pinesap Reference: Wallace, G. D. 1975. Studies of the Monotropoideae (Ericaceae): Taxonomy and distribution. Wasmann J. Biol. 33: 1-88.

Monotropa hypopitys L. - Pinesap uniflora L.—Indian-Pipe

PYROLA - Wintergreen

Maps 1519-1524

References: Haber, E. 1972. Priority of the binomial Pyrola chlorantha. Rhodora 74: 396-397. . 1983. Morphological variability and flavonol chemistry of the Pyrola asarifolia complex (Ericaceae) in North America. Syst. Bot. 8: 277-298. Krisa, B. 1966. Contribution to the taxonomy of the genus Pyrola L. in North America. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 85: 612-637.

Pyrola asarifolia Michx.—Pink Pyrola; Pink Wintergreen P. asarifolia var. purpurea (Bunge) Fern. P. asarifolia var. incarnata (DC.) Fern. chlorantha Swartz—Green-Flowered Pyrola P. virens Schreber in Schweigger & Koerte P. virens var. convoluta (Bart.) Fern. elliptica Nutt. — Shinleaf minor L.—Lesser Pyrola rotundifolia L.—Round-Leaved Pyrola var. americana (Sweet) Fern. P. americana Sweet P. asarifolia subsp. americana (Sweet) Krisa secunda L.-One-Sided Pyrola Orthilia secunda (L.) House var. obtusata Turcz. var. secunda

RANUNCULACEAE-Crowfoot Family ACONITUM-Monkshood; Aconite References: Hardin, J. W. 1964. Variation inAconitum of eastern United States. Brittonia 16: 80-94.

ANGIOSPERMS: RANUNCULACEAE

66 Munz, P. A. 1945. The cultivated aconites. Gentes Herb. 6: 463-513.

CERATOCEPHALUS

Aconitum napellus L.—Garden Monkshood Spreading from cultivation at Grand Portage.

Ceratocephalus testiculatus (Crantz) Roth Ranunculus testiculatus Cranz Introduced.

ACTAEA-Baneberry

CLEMATIS-Virgin's Bower Maps 1538-1539

Maps 1525-1526

Actaea pachypoda Ell.—White Baneberry A. alba, of many authors. rubra (Ait.) Willd.-Red Baneberry A. alba, of some authors, misapplied, forma neglecta (Gillman) Robins, forma rubra

ANEMONE-Windflower

Reference: Pringle, J. S. 1971. Taxonomy and distribution of Clematis, sect. Atragene (Ranunculaceae), in North America. Brittonia 23: 361-393.

Maps 1527-1533

Reference: Boraiah, G., & M. Heimburger. 1964. Cytotaxonomic studies on New World Anemone (section Eriocephalus) with woody rootstocks. Canad. J. Bot. 42: 891-922. Anemone canadensis L.—Canada Anemone caroliniana Walt.—Carolina Anemone cylindrica Gray—Thimbleweed multifida Poir. patens L.: See PULSATILLA quinquefolia L.-Wood Anemone var. bifolia Farw. A. quinquefolia var. interior Fern. A. quinquefolia var. interior forma rubra Moore riparia Fern. — Thimbleweed virginiana L. —Thimbleweed

ANEMONELLA-Rue-Anemone

Map 1534

Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Fames & Boivin

AQUILEGIA-Columbine

Map 1535

References: Boivin, B. 1953. Notes on Aquilegia. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 50: 509-510. Munz, P. A. 1946. Aquilegia, the cultivated and wild columbines. Gentes Herb. 7: 1-150. Aquilegia canadensis L. var. coccinea (Small) Munz A. coccinea Small var. eminens (Greene) Boivin A. eminens Greene A. canadense var. hybrida of authors, not Hooker.

CALTHA-Marsh-Marigold; Cowslip Caltha natans Pall. palustris L.

Maps 1536-1537

Clematis occidentalis (Hornem.) DC.—Purple Clematis C. verticillaris DC. virginiana L. — Virgin's Bower

COPTIS-Goldthread

Map 1540

Coptis groenlandica (Oeder) Fern. C. trifolia (L.) Salisb. var. groenlandica (Oeder) Fassett

DELPHINIUM-Larkspur

Map 1541

References: Brooks, R. E. 1982. New combinations in Delphinium and Rhus. Phytologia 52: 8. Warnock, M. J. 1981. Biosystematics of the Delphinium carolinianum complex (Ranunculaceae). Syst. Bot. 6: 38-54. Delphinium virescens Nutt. D. carolinianum Walt, subsp. virescens (Nutt.) Brooks D. carolinianum subsp. penardii (Huth) Warn., in part.

HEPATICA-Liverleaf Maps 1542-1543 Reference: Steyermark, J. A., & C. S. Steyermark. 1960. Hepatica in North America. Rhodora 62: 223-232. Hepatica acutiloba DC. H. nobilis Schreb. var. acuta (Pursh) Steyerm. americana (DC.) Ker H. nobilis Schreb. var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyerm.

HYDRASTIS-Golden-Seal

Map 1544

Hydrastis canadensis L.

ISOPYRUM-False Rue-Anemone

Map 1545

Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) T. & G.

MYOSURUS-Mousetail

Map 1546

Reference: Campbell, G. R. 1952. The genus Myosurus (Ranunculaceae) in North America. Aliso 2: 389-403. Myosurus minimus L.

ANGIOSPERMS: RANUNCULACEAE-RHAMNACEAE

67 NIGELLA Nigella damascena L.—Love-in-a-Mist Occasionally found outside cultivation, but evidently nowhere persisting for long.

PULSATILLA-Pasque-Flower

Map 1547

Reference: Aichele, D., & H.-W. Schwegler. 1957. Die Taxonomie der Gattung Pulsatilla. Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 60: 1-230.

Pulsatilla nuttalliana (DC.) Bercht. & J. S. Presl Anemone patens L., in the broadest sense. Anemone patens var. wolfgangiana (Bess.) Koch Anemone ludoviciana Nutt.

RANUNCULUS - Buttercup; Crowfoot

Maps 1548-1566

References: Benson, L. 1948. A treatise on the North American Ranunculi. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 40: 1-261. . 1954. Supplement to a treatise on the North American Ranunculi. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 52: 328-369. Drew, W. B. 1936. The North American representatives of Ranunculus, sect. Batrachium. Rhodora 38: 1-47. Duncan, T. 1980. A taxonomic study of the Ranunculus hispidus Michaux complex in the Western Hemisphere. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 77: 1-125. Fassett, N. C. 1942. Mass collections: Ranunculus abortivus and its close relatives. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 27: 512-522.

Ranunculus abortivus L.—Kidney leaf Buttercup var. abortivus R. abortivus var. eucyclus Fern, var. acrolasius Fern. acris L. — Tall Buttercup Introduced and naturalized. aquatilis L. var. capillaceus (Thuill.) DC.-White Water-Crowfoot R. trichophyllus Chaix circinatus Sibth. var. subrigidus (Drew) Benson—White Water-Crowfoot R. subrigidus Drew cymbalaria Pursh—Seaside-Crowfoot forma cymbalaria forma hebecaulis Fern. fascicularis Muhl.—Early Buttercup flabellaris Raf. — Yellow Water-Crowfoot forma flabellaris forma riparius Fern. flammula L. — Spearwort var. filiformis (Michx.) Hook. & reptans L. var. ovalis (Bigel.) Benson R. reptans var. ovalis (Bigel.) T. & G. gmelini DC.-Small Yellow Water-Crowfoot P. purshii Richards, var. gmelini var. hookeri (Don) Benson

hispidus Michx.—Swamp-Buttercup var. caricetorum (Greene) Duncan R. septentrionalis Poir. in Lam. var. caricetorum (Greene) Fern. R. caricetorum Greene var. nitidus (Ell.) Duncan R. septentrionalis Poir. in Lam. R. nitidus Ell. R. septentrionalis var. pterocarpus Benson lapponicus L. longirostris Godron—White Water-Crowfoot macounii Britt. pensylvanicus L. f. — Bristly Crowfoot recurvatus Poir. repens L.-Creeping Buttercup Introduced. rhomboideus Goldie—Prairie-Buttercup sceleratus L.—Cursed Crowfoot var. multifidus Nutt. var. sceleratus testiculatus Crantz: See CERATOCEPHALUS

THALICTRUM Meadow-Rue

Maps 1567-1569

References: Boivin, B. 1944. American thalictra and their Old World allies. Rhodora 46: 337-377; 391-445; 453-487. Mitchell, R. S. 1988. The identity of Tnalictrum confine (Ranunculaceae). Brittonia 40: 298-305.

Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall.—Tall Meadow-Rue dioicum L.—Early Meadow-Rue revolutum DC. Lake Co. venulosum Trel.—Veiny Meadow-Rue T. confine Fern. T. venulosum var. confine (Fern.) Boivin T. turneri Boivin

RHAMNACEAE-Buckthorn Family CEANOTHUS - Redroot

Maps 1570-1571

Reference: Brizicky, G. K. 1964. A further note on Ceanothus herbaceus versus C. ovatus. J. Arnold Arbor. 45: 471-473.

Ceanothus americanus L.—New Jersey Tea herbaceus Raf.—New Jersey Tea C. ovatus Desf. C. pubescens (S. Wats.) Rydb.

RHAMNUS-Buckthorn

Maps 1572-1574

Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her—Dwarf-Alder cathartica L.—Common Buckthorn Introduced and naturalized. frangula L.—Alder-Buckthorn Frangula alnus Miller Introduced and frequently spreading from cultivation.

ANGIOSPERMS: ROSACEAE

68

ROSACEAE-Rose Family Reference: Mason, H. G., & H. H. Iltis. 1958. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 42—Rosaceae I—Rose Family I. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 47: 65-97.

AGRIMONIA - Agrimony

Maps 1575-1576

Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. striata Michx.

AMELANCHIER-Juneberry; Maps 1577-1588 Serviceberry; Saskatoon References: Jones, G. N. 1946. American species of Amelanchier. Illinois Biol. Monogr. 20: 1-126. Morley, T. 1974. Spring flora of Minnesota. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 283 pp. Nielsen, E. L. 1939. A taxonomic study of the genus Amelanchier in Minnesota. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 22: 160-206. Robinson, W. A. 1982. Experimental taxonomy in the genus Amelanchier. II: Do the taxa in the genus Amelanchier form an agamic complex? Rhodora 84: 85-100. Many interspecific hybrids have been reported in this genus to accommodate the many intergrading forms. No really satisfactory taxonomic resolution of this diversity is available. Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. — Saskatoon arborea (Michx. f.) Fern. bartramiana (Tausch) Roemer humilis Wieg.-Low Juneberry var. campestris Niels. var. compacta Niels. var. exserrata Niels, var. humilis huronensis Wieg. interior Niels. intermedia Spach laevis Wieg.—Juneberry mucronata Niels. sanguinea (Pursh) DC. stolonifera Wieg. wiegandii Niels.

ARONIA-Chokeberry

Map 1589

References: Hardin, J. W. 1973. The enigmatic chokeberries (Aronia, Rosaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 100: 178-184. Uttal, L. J. 1984. Nomenclatorial changes, lectotypification, and comments in Aronia Medikus (Rosaceae). Sida 10: 199-202. Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell.—Black Chokeberry Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd.

CHAMAERHODOS Chamaerhodos nuttallii Pick.

Map 1590

CRATAEGUS-Hawthorn

Maps 1591-1606

References: Kruschke, E. P. 1965. Contributions to the taxonomy of Crataegus. Milwaukee Public Mus. Publ. Bot. 3: 1-273. Phipps, J. B., & M. Muniyamma. 1980. A taxonomic revision of Crataegus (Rosaceae) in Ontario. Canad. J. Bot. 58: 1621-1699. Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medicus chrysocarpa Ashe var. aboriginum (Sarg.) Kruschke C. aboriginum Sarg. var. chrysocarpa C. rotundifolia Moench, not Lam. douglasii Lindl. faxoni Sarg. var. faxoni var. praetermissa (Sarg.) Palmer C. praetermissa Sarg. irrasa Sarg. var. blanchardii (Sarg.) Egglest. C. blanchardii Sarg. var. irrasa laurentiana Sarg. var. brunetiana (Sarg.) Kruschke C. brunetiana Sarg. macracantha Lodd. var. macracantha C. succulenta var. macracantha (Lodd.) Egglest. var. pertomentosa (Ashe) Kruschke C. succulenta var. pertomentosa (Ashe) Palmer C. pertomentosa Ashe mollis (T. & G.) Scheele pedicellata Sarg. var. albicans (Ashe) Palmer C. albicans Ashe punctata Jacq. roanensis Ashe var. fluviatilis (Sarg.) Kruschke C. fluviatilis Sarg. var. roanensis C. macrosperma Ashe var. roanensis (Ashe) Palmer scabrida Sarg. C. brainerdi Sarg. var. scabrida (Sarg.) Egglest. var. asperifolia (Sarg.) Kruschke C. asperifolia Sarg. C. brainerdi var. asperifolia (Sarg.) Egglest. succulenta Schrad. ex Link var. pisifera (Sarg.) Kruschke C. pisifera Sarg. var. succulenta

FILIPENDULA Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.-Queen-of-the-Meadow Escaped from cultivation, Duluth.

FRAGARIA-Strawberry

Maps 1607-1608

Reference: Staudt, G. 1962. Taxonomic studies in the genus Fragaria. Typification of Fragaria species known at the time of Linnaeus. Canad. J. Bot. 40: 869-886.

ANGIOSPERMS: ROSACEAE

69 Fragaria vesca L. subsp. americana (Porter) Staudt F. vesca var. americana Porter virginiana Duchesne

GEUM-Avens

Maps 1609-1614

Geum aleppicum Jacq.—Yellow Avens var. strictum (Ait.) Fern. canadense Jacq. -White Avens G. canadense var. camporum (Rydb.) Fern. & Weath. laciniatum Murr. var. trichocarpum Fern. macrophyllum Willd. var. perincisum (Rydb.) Raup rivale L. —Water-Avens triflorum Pursh-Purple Avens

MALUS: See PYRUS PHYSOCARPUS-Ninebark

Map 1615

PRUNUS-Plum; Cherry

Maps 1634-1639

References: McVaugh, R. 1951. A revision of the North American black cherries (Prunus serotina Ehrh., and relatives). Brittonia 7: 279-315. Morley, T. 1974. Spring flora of Minnesota. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 283 pp.

Prunus

Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim.—Common Ninebark var. intermedius (Rydb.) Robins, var. opulifolius

POTENTILLA-Cinquefoil

palustris (L.) Scop.—Marsh-Cinquefoil var. palustris var. villosa (Pers.) Lehm. paradoxa Nutt. pensylvanica L. pentandra Engelm. P. rivalis var. pentandra (Engelm.) S. Wats. recta L. Naturalized. rivalis Nutt. simplex Michx.-Old-Field Cinquefoil var. calvescens Fern. var. simplex tridentata Ait.—Three-Toothed Cinquefoil

Maps 1616-1633

References: Bowden, W. M. 1957. Cytotaxonomy of Potentilla fruticosa, allied species and cultivars. J. Arnold Arb. 38: 381-388. Kohli, B., & J. G. Packer. 1976. A contribution to the taxonomy of the Potentilla pensylvanica complex in North America. Canad. J. Bot. 54: 706-719.

Potentilla anserina L.—Silverweed argentea L. —Silvery Cinquefoil Naturalized. arguta Pursh-Tall Cinquefoil bipinnatifida Dougl. var. bipinnatifida P. pensylvanica var. bipinnatifida (Dougl.) T. & G. var. glabrata (Hook.) Kohli & Packer P. pensylvanica var. glabrata (Hook.) S. Wats. effusa Dougl. finitima Kohli & Packer fruticosa L. — Shrubby Cinquefoil var. fruticosa var. tenuifolia Lehm. gracilis Dougl. var. gracilis var. pulcherrima (Lehm.) Fern, var. rigida (Nutt.) S. Wats. intermedia L. Introduced. millegrana Engelm. P. rivalis var. millegrana (Engelm.) S. Wats. nicolletii (S. Wats.) Sheld. norvegica L. P. monspeliensis L. P. norvegica var. hirsuta (Michx.) Lehm.

americana Marsh.—Wild Plum nigra Ait. — Canada Plum pensylvanica L. f.-Pin-Cherry pumila L.-Sand-Cherry var. besseyi (Bailey) Gl. P. besseyi Bailey var. cuneata (Raf.) Bailey P. susquehanae Willd. var. pumila serotina Ehrh.-Black Cherry virginiana L.—Choke-Cherry

PYRUS-Apple; Pear. Maps 1640-1641 See also: ARONIA; SORBUS Pyrus baccata L. —Siberian Crab Mains baccata (L.) Borkh. Spreads from cultivation. ioensis (Wood) Carruth.-Wild Crab Malus ioensis (Wood) Britt. malus L.—Apple Malus pumila Mill. Sometimes spreads from cultivation.

ROSA-Rose

Maps 1642-1645

References: Lewis, W. H. 1959. A monograph of the genus Rosa in North America. I. R. acicularis. Brittonia 11: 1-24. . 1962. Monograph of Rosa in North America. IV. R. x dulcissima. Brittonia 14: 65-71.

Rosa acicularis Lindl. subsp. sayi (Schw.) Lewis R. acicularis var. bourgeauiana Crepin R. acicularis var. rotunda Erl. & acicularis var. sayiana Erl. R. acicularis var. lacorum Erl.

ANGIOSPERMS: ROSACEAE-RUBIACEAE 70 arkansana Porter var. arkansana R. polyanthema Lunell var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell R. suffulta Greene R. pratincola Greene R. bushii Rydb. blanda Ait. Including several varieties and forms of questionable taxonomic value. forma carpohispida (Schuette) Lewis x dulcissima Lunell, as to binomial; emend. W. H. Lewis (R. blanda x R. woodsii) macounii Greene R. woodsii of many authors, not Lindl. multiflora Thunb. Spreads from cultivation. rugosa Thunb. Occasionally spreads from cultivation. woodsii Lindl. Introduced at one locality in St. Paul.

RUBUS-Bramble

Maps 1646-1665

References: Davis, H. A., A. M. Fuller, & T. Davis. 1967-1970. Contributions toward the revision of the Eubati of eastern North America. Castanea 32: 20-37. 1967; II. Setosi 33: 50-76. 1968; III. Flagellares 33: 206-241. 1968; IV. 34: 157-179. 1969; V. Arguti 34: 235-266. 1969; VI. Cuneifolii 35: 176-194. 1970. . 1982. Some comments on Rubus. Castanea 47: 216-219. Rosendahl, C. O. 1955. Trees and shrubs of the Upper Midwest. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 411 pp.

Rubus acaulis Michx. acridens Bailey allegheniensis Porter canadensis L. —Smooth Blackberry chamaemorus L.—Cloudberry ferrofluvius Davis, Fuller & Davis Described from Wisconsin and Minnesota. There are no specimens at MIN under this name. flagellaris Willd.—Common Eastern Dewberry folioflorus Bailey groutianus Blanch. latifoliolus Bailey minnesotanus Bailey multifer Bailey x neglectus Peck (R. occidentalis x R. strigosus) occidentalis L. parviflorus Nutt. — Thimbleberry; Salmonberry pensilvanicus Poir. pubescens Raf. recurvans Blanch. rosendahlii Bailey semisetosus Blanch. strigosus Michx.—American Red Raspberry var. canadensis (Richards.) House R. idaeus L. var. canadensis Richards. var. strigosus R. idaeus var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim. vermontanus Blanch. Davis, Fuller, and Davis (1967-1970) do not include Min-

nesota in the distributions of some of the above species. Furthermore, these authors credit many additional species to Minnesota that are not listed above.

SORBARIA-False Spiraea

Map 1666

Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br. Sometimes spreads from cultivation.

SORBUS - Mountain-Ash

Maps 1667-1669

Reference: Jones, G. N. 1953. Nomenclature of American mountain-ash. Rhodora 55: 358-360.

Sorbus americana Marsh. Pyrus americana, in the sense of Fernald, Gray's Man., ed. 8, not DeCandolle. aucuparia L.—Rowan; European Mountain-Ash Pyrus aucuparia (L.) Gaertn. Introduced and sometimes naturalized. decora (Sarg.) Schneider Pyrus decora (Sarg.) Hyland Pyrus americana (Pursh) DC.

SPIRAEA

Maps 1670-1671

Reference: Salamun, P. J. 1952. A population study of the variation in the inflorescence of Spiraea tomentosa. Rhodora 53: 280-292.

Spiraea alba Du Roi 5. alba forma rosea J. W. Moore Also including numerous specimens that are intermediate between this and 5. latifolia (Ait.) Borkh. tomentosa L.-Hardback; Steeple-Bush var. rosea (Raf.) Fern.

WALDSTEINIA-Barren Strawberry Map 1672 Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt.

RUBIACEAE-Madder Family Reference: Urban, E. K., & H. H. Iltis. 1957. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin. No. 38. Rubiaceae—Madder Family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 46: 91-104.

CEPHALANTHUS-Buttonbush

Map 1673

Cephalanthus occidentalis L.

GALIUM-Bedstraw; Cleavers

Maps 1674-1684

References: Iltis, H. H. 1957. Distributional and nomenclatural notes on Galium (Rubiaceae). Rhodora 59: 38-43. Love, A., & D. Love. 1954. Cytotaxonomical studies on the Northern Bedstraw. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 52: 88-105. Moore, R. J. 1975. The Galium aparine complex in Canada. Canad. J. Bot. 53: 877-893.

ANGIOSPERMS: RUBIACEAE-SALICACEAE

71 PufF, C. 1976. The Galium trifidum group (Galium sect. Aparinoides, Rubiaceae). Canad. J. Bot. 54: 1911-1925. . 1977. The Galium obtusum group (Galium, sect. Aparinoides, Rubiaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 104: 202-208. Seaholm, J. A. 1964. A taxonomic study of the genus Galium in Minnesota. Proc. Minnesota Acad. Sci. 31: 99-104.

Ptelea

Galium

Reference: Porter, D. M. 1977. Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) in North America north of Mexico. Brittonia 28: 443-447.

aparine L.—Cleavers asprellum Michx.—Rough Bedstraw boreale L.—Northern Bedstraw subsp. septentrionale (Roem. & Schult.) Ms G. septentrionale Roem. & Schult. G. boreale L., of American authors, not of Linnaeus, in the strict sense. G. boreale var. hyssopifolium (Hoffm.) DC. brevipes Fern. & Wieg. concinnum T. & G. labradoricum (Wieg.) Wieg. obtusum Bigel. odoratum (L.) Scop.—Sweet Woodruff Asperula odorata L. Rarely spreads from gardens. tinctorium L. G. tinctorium var. subbiflorum (Wieg.) Fern., in part. Not G. trifidum var. subbiflorum Wieg. trifidum L. triflorum Michx.—Sweet-scented Bedstraw verum L.-Yellow Bedstraw Introduced.

HEDYOTIS

Map 1685

References: Lewis, W. H. 1961. Merger of the North American Houstonia and Oldenlandia under Hedyotis. Rhodora 63: 216-223. Terrell, E. E. 1959. A revision of the Houstonia purpurea group (Rubiaceae). Rhodora 61: 157-180; 188-207.

Hedyotis longifolia (Gaertn.) Hook.

Houstonia longifolia Gaertn.

HOUSTONIA: See HEDYOTIS MITCHELL A - Partridge-Berry

Map 1686

Mitchella repens L.—Two-Eyed Berry

RUPPIACEAE-Ditch-Grass Family RUPPIA-Ditch-Grass

Map 1687

Ruppia occidentals S. Wats.

RUT ACEAE-Rue Family PTELEA-Hop-Tree Reference: Bailey, V. L. 1962. Revision of the genus Ptelea (Rutaceae). Brittonia 14: 1-45.

trifoliata L. —Water-Ash Introduced from farther east or southeast and occasionally persisting outside cultivation.

ZANTHOXYLUM-Prickly Ash

Map 1688

Zanthoxylum americanum Mill.—Northern Prickly Ash

SALICACEAE-Willow Family POPULUS-Poplar; Aspen

Maps 1689-1694

Populus alba L.-White Poplar; Silver-Leaf Poplar Including morphological variants, e.g., P. alba "pyramidalis," the Bolleana Poplar. Introduced and naturalized. balsamifera L.—Balsam-Poplar P. tacamahacca Mill. deltoides Marsh.—Cottonwood subsp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenw. grandidentata Michx.—Large-Toothed Aspen x jackii Sarg. (P. balsamifera x P. deltoides) ? P. candicans, in the sense of Rosendahl (1955), Trees and shrubs of the Upper Midwest. x smithii Boiv. (P. grandidentata x P. tremuloides) tremuloides Michx.—Quaking Aspen; Trembling Aspen

SALIX-Willow

Maps 1695-1710

References: Argus, G. W. 1965. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin. No. 51. Salicaceae. The genus Salix—The Willows. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 53: 217-272. . 1965. The taxonomy of the Salix glauca complex in North America. Contr. Gray Herb. 196: 1-142. . 1980. The typification and identity of Salix eriocephala Michx. (Salicaceae). Brittonia 32: 170-177. . 1984. Salix occidentalis Walter, the correct name for S. tristis Aiton (Salicaceae). Brittonia 36: 328-329. Dora, R. D. 1975. A systematic study of Salix section Cordatae in North America. Canad. J. Bot. 53: 1491-1522. . 1976. A synopsis of American Salix. Canad. J. Bot. 54: 2769-2789. Morley, T. 1974. Spring flora of Minnesota. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 283 pp.

Salix alba L.-White Willow Introduced and naturalized. amygdaloides Anderss.-Peach-Leaved Willow bebbiana Sarg.-Long-Beaked Willow Candida Fliigge—Sage-Leaved Willow forma Candida forma denudata (Anderss.) Rowlee discolor Muhl.-Pussy-Willow fragilis L.-Crack-Willow Introduced and naturalized

ANGIOSPERMS: SALICACEAE-SAXIFRAGACEAE

72 eriocephala Michx.—Heart-Leaved Willow 5. cordata Muhl. 5. missouriensis Bebb S. rigida Muhl. exigua Nutt. — Sandbar-Willow S. longifolia Muhl. S. interior Rowlee S. exigua forma wheeleri (Rowlee) Voss gracilis Anderss.—Slender Willow S. petiolaris Smith humilis Marsh.— Upland Willow var. humilis var. keweenawensis Farw. var. microphylla (Anderss.) Fern. 5. tristis Ait. S. occidentalis Walt., the valid name as a species. lucida Muhl.-Shining Willow maccalliana Rowlee Recently collected in Kittson and Roseau counties by R. Dana. nigra Marsh. —Black Willow pedicellaris Pursh—Bog-Willow var. hypoglauca Fern. pellita Anderss. pentandra L.—Bay-Willow; Laurel-Leaved Willow Introduced and occasionally spreading from cultivation. planifolia Pursh pyrifolia Anderss.-Balsam-Willow serissima (Bailey) Fern.— Autumn-Willow

SANTALACEAE-Sandalwood Family COMANDRA-Bastard-Toadflax

Map 1711

Reference: Piehl, M. A. 1965. The natural history and taxonomy of Comandra (Santalaceae). Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 1-97. Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. C. richardsiana Fern. Geocaulon lividum (Richards.) Fern. Comandra livida Richards.

SARRACENIACEAEPitcher-Plant Family

Map 1713

References: Schnell, D. E. 1979. A critical review of published variants of Sarracenia purpurea L. Castanea 44: 47-59. Wherry, E. T. 1972. Notes on Sarracenia subspecies. Castanea 37: 146-147. Sarracenia purpurea L.

CHRYSOSPLENIUMGolden Saxifrage

Maps 1714-1715

References: Packer, J. G. 1963. The taxonomy of some North American species of Chrysosplenium L., section Alternifolia Franchet. Canad. J. Bot. 41: 85-103. Rosendahl, C. O. 1947. Studies in Chrysosplenium with special reference to the taxonomic status and distribution of C. iowense. Rhodora 49: 25-36. Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. — Water-Mat iowense Rydb.

HEUCHERA-Alumroot

Map 1716

Reference: Wells, E. F. 1984. A revision of the genus Heuchera (Saxifragaceae) in eastern North America. Syst. Bot. Monogr. 3: 45-121. Heuchera richardsonii R. Br. H. richardsonii var. grayana Rosend., Butters & Lakela H. richardsonii var. hispidior Rosend., Butters & Lakela

MITELLA-Bishop's-Cap; Mitrewort

Maps 1717-1718

Mitella diphylla L.-Cool wort nuda L.

PARNASSIAGrass-of-Parnassus

Maps 1719-1720

Parnassia glauca Raf. palustris L. var. neogaea Fern.

RIBES-Currant; Gooseberry Maps 1721-1732

GEOCAULON-Northern Comandra Map 1712

SARRACENIA-Pitcher-Plant

SAXIFRAGACEAE-Saxifrage Family

Reference: Sinnott, Q. P. 1985. A revision of Ribes L. subgen. Grossularia (Mill.) Nutt. (Grossulariaceae) in North America. Rhodora 87: 189-286. Ribes americanum Mill.-Wild Black Currant cynosbati L. - Prickly Gooseberry glandulosum Grauer-Skunk-Currant hirtellum Michx. var. hirtellum var. saxosum (Hook.) Fern. hudsonianum Richards.-Northern Black Currant lacustre (Pers.) Poir.-Bristly Black Currant; Swamp Currant missouriense Nutt.—Missouri Gooseberry nigrum L.—Black Currant Spreading from cultivation. odoratum Wendl.-Golden Currant; Buffalo-Currant Doubtfully native to the state. Frequently escaping cultivation. oxyacanthoides L.

ANGIOSPERMS: SAXIFRAGACEAE- SCROPHULARIACEAE 73 rubrum L. —Red Currant R. vulgare Lam. R. sativum Syme Occasionally spreads from cultivation. triste Pall. —Swamp Red Currant

SAXIFRAGA-Saxifrage

Maps 1733-1736

References: Burns, G. W. 1942. The taxonomy and cytology of Saxifraga pensylvanica L. and related forms. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 28: 127-160. Butters, F. K. 1944. The American variety of Saxifraga aizoon. Rhodora 46: 61-69. Calder, J. A., & D. B. O. Savile. 1959. Studies in SaxifragaceaeII. Saxifraga sect. Trachyphyllwn in North America. Brittonia 11: 228-249.

Saxifraga aizoon Jacq. var. neogaea Butters cernua L. pensylvanica L. —Swamp-Saxifrage Including an array of subspecific taxa recognized by Burns (1942). S. forbesii Vasey virginiensis Michx.—Early Saxifrage

SULLIVANTIA

Map 1737

auriculata (Michx.) Blake Gerardia auriculata Michx. Tomanthera auriculata (Michx.) Raf. gattingeri (Small) Small Gerardia gattingeri Small paupercula (Gray) Britt. Gerardia paupercula (Gray) Britt. var. borealis Pennell Gerardia paupercula subsp. borealis (Pennell) Pennell var. paupercula purpurea (L.) Pennell Gerardia purpurea L. tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl. var. macrophylla (Benth.) Blake Gerardia tenuifolia var. macrophylla Benth. var. parviflora (Nutt.) Pennell Gerardia tenuifolia var. parviflora Nutt.

AUREOLARIAFalse Foxglove Aureolaria grandiflora (Benth.) Pennell Gerardia grandiflora Benth. var. pulchra Pennell pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. ambigens (Fern.) Farw. var. intercedens Pennell

Reference: Rosendahl, C. O. 1927. A revision of the genus Sullivantia. Minnesota Stud. PI. Sci. 1 (No. 6): 401-427.

BACOPA - Water-Hyssop

Sullivantia

Bacopa

renifolia Rosend.

TIARELL A - Foamflower

Map 1738

Reference: Lakela, O. 1937. A monograph of the genus Tiarella L. in North America. Amer. J. Bot. 24: 344-351.

Tiarella cordifolia L. Introduced and naturalized at one locality in Stearns Co.

SCROPHULARIACEAE Figwort Family References: Pennell, F. W. 1935. The Scrophulariaceae of eastern temperate North America. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Monogr. 1: 1-650. Salamun, P. J. 1951. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin. XXXVI. Scrophulariaceae. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 40 (Part 2): 111-138.

AGALINIS-Gerardia; False Foxglove

Maps 1739-1744

Reference: Pennell, F. W. 1929. Agalinis and allies in North America II. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 81: 111-249.

Agalinis aspera (Dougl.) Britt. Gerardia aspera Dougl.

Maps 1745-1746

Map 1747

rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst. Monniera rotundifolia Michx. Macuillamia rotundifolia (Michx.) Raf.

BESSEYA-Kitten-Tail

Map 1748

Reference: Pennell, F. W. 1933. A revision of Synthyris and Besseya. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 85: 77-106.

Besseya bullii (Eat.) Rydb. Wulfenia bullii (Eat.) Barnh. Synthyris bullii (Eat.) Heller

CASTILLEJAMaps 1749-1751 Indian-Paintbrush; Painted Cup Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng.-Scarlet Painted Cup C. coccinea forma pollens (Pursh) Pennell septentrionalis Lindl. C. pallida (L.) Spreng. var. septentrionalis (Lindl.) Gray sessiliflora Pursh-Downy Painted Cup

CHAENORRHINUMDwarf-Snapdragon Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange Linaria minor (L.) Desf. Introduced.

Map 1752

ANGIOSPERMS: SCROPHULARIACEAE 74

Map 1753

CHELONE - Turtlehead

Reference: Crosswhite, F. S. 1965. Variation in Chelone glabra in Wisconsin (Scrophulariaceae). Michigan Bot. 4: 62-66. Chelone glabra L. C. glabra subsp. linifolia (Coleman) Pennell obliqua L. subsp. speciosa Pennell & Wherry One authentic record from southern Minnesota, without locality, is at MIN.

DIGITALIS-Foxglove

Map 1754

Digitalis lanata Ehrh. Introduced and evidently becoming naturalized.

EUPHRASIA-Eyebright

Map 1755

Reference: Sell, P. D., & P. F. Yeo. 1970. A revision of the North American species of Euphrasia L. (Scrophulariaceae). J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 63: 189-233.

Euphrasia curta (Fries) Wettst. E. tatarica Fisch, in the sense of Fernald, Gray's Man., ed. 8 hudsoniana Fern. & Wieg. E. arctica Lange, misapplied to Minnesota specimens, var. ramosior Sell & Yeo

GERARDIA: See AGALINIS GRATIOLA-Hedge-Hyssop

Map 1756

Gratiola neglecta Torr.

ILYSANTHES: See LINDERNIA LIMOSELLA-Mudwort

Map 1757

Limosella aquatica L.

LINARIA-Toadflax

Maps 1758-1760

Reference: Alex, J. F. 1962. The taxonomy, history and distribution ofLinaria dalmatica. Canad. J. Bot. 40: 295-307. Linaria canadensis (L.) Dum.-Old-Field Toadflax dalmatica (L.) Mill. L. genistifolia (L.) Mill, subsp. dalmatica (L.) Maire & Petit. Introduced. genistifolia (L.) Mill. Introduced at one locality and may be established. vulgaris Hill—Butter-and-Eggs Introduced and naturalized.

LINDERNIAFalse Pimpernel

Maps 1761-1762

Reference: Cooperrider, T. S., & G. A. McCready. 1975. On separating Ohio specimens ofLindernia dubia and L. anagallidea (Scrophulariaceae). Castanea 40: 191-197. Lindernia anagallidea (Michx.) Pennell dubia (L.) Pennell The proposed subspecies and varieties are of uncertain taxonomic merit. pyxidaria L. Introduced. A single old specimen from Ramsey Co. is at MIN.

MELAMPYRUM-Cow-Wheat

Map 1763

Melampyrum lineare Desr. var. americanum (Michx.) Beauv. var. lineare

MIMULUS-Monkey-Flower Maps 1764-1765 Reference: Grant, A. L. 1924. A monograph of the genus Mimulus. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 11: 99-388.

Mimulus

glabratus HBK. var. fremontii (Benth.) A. L. Grant M. geyeri Torr. M. glabratus var. jamesii (T. & G.) Gray ringens L.

ORTHOCARPUS

Map 1766

Reference: Keck, D. D. 1927. A revision of the genus Orthocarpus. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 16: 517-571. Orthocarpus luteus Nutt.

PEDICULARIS-Lousewort; Maps 1767-1768 Wood-Betony Pedicularis canadensis L. P. canadensis var. dobbsii Fern. lanceolate Michx.

PENSTEMON-Beard-Tongue Maps 1769-1773 Penstemon albidus Nutt. digitalis Nutt. Introduced from farther south. gracilis Nutt. grandiflorus Nutt. pallidus Small Introduced from farther south.

SCROPHULARIA-Figwort Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh S. leporella Bickn. marilandica L.-Carpenter's-Square

Maps 1774-1775

ANGIOSPERMS: SCROPHULARIACEAE-SOLANACEAE 75

VERBASCUM-Mullein

Map 1776

Verbascum nigrum L. Introduced, but probably not persistent. phlomoides L. Reported for Minnesota by Pennell (1933), and by Fernald, Gray's Man., ed. 8, as an introduction. thapsus L.—Common Mullein. Introduced and naturalized.

VERONICA-Speedwell

Maps 1777-1784

Veronica

americana (Raf.) Schwein. — American Brooklime arvensis L.-Corn-Speedwell Introduced. catenata Pennell V. comosa Richt. V. salina Schur. V. connata Raf. Forms with the pedicels glabrous or more or less pubescent with gland-tipped hairs are present in Minnesota, and these are sometimes recognized as varieties or subspecies. longifolia L. Introduced. officinalis L.—Common Speedwell peregrina L.—Neckweed; Purslane-Speedwell var. peregrina var. xalapensis (HBK.) St. John & Warren persica Poir.—Bird's-Eye Introduced. scutellata L.-Marsh-Speedwell var. scutellata var. villosa Schum. serpyllifolia L.—Thyme-Leaved Speedwell var. humifusa (Dickson) Vahl V. tenella All., of Fernald, Gray's Man., ed. 8 Native. var. serpyllifolia Introduced and naturalized.

VERONICASTRUM-Culver's-Root Map 1785 Veronicastrum

virginicum (L.) Farw.

Datura inoxia Mill. D. metel Sims, not Linnaeus Introduced, but not persistent. stramonium L. —Stramonium D. tatula L. D. inermis Jacq. Introduced, but not persistent.

LYCIUM - Matrimony-Vine Reference: Hitchcock, C. L. 1932. A monographic study of the genus Lycium of the western hemisphere. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 19: 179-374.

Lycium

barbatum L.—Common Matrimony-Vine L. halmifolium Mill. L. vulgare Dunal Introduced.

NIC ANDRA - Apple-of-Peru Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. Introduced.

PETUNIA Petunia hybrida Vilm. Horticultural derivatives of crosses between P. axillaris (Lam.) BSP. and P. integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Thelung (P. violacea Lindl.) or, according to some authorities, between P. axillaris and P. inflata Fries. Sometimes persistent after cultivation.

PHYSALIS-Ground-Cherry

Reference: Hawkes, J. G., R. N. Lester, & A. D. Skelding, editors. 1979. The biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Academic Press, London. 738 pp.

Map 1786

Chamaesaracha grandiflora (Hook.) Fern.—Large White-flowered GroundCherry Physatis grandiflora Hook.

DATURA - Jimsonweed References: Avery, A. G., S. Satina, & J. Rietsema. 1959. Blakeslee: The genus

Maps 1787-1788

Reference: Waterfall, U. T. 1958. A taxonomic study of the genus Physalis in North America north of Mexico. Rhodora 60: 107-114; 128-142; 152-173.

Physalis

SOLANACEAE-Potato Family; Nightshade Family

CHAMAESARACHA

Datura. Ronald Press, New York. 289 pp. Fosberg, F. R. 1959. Nomenclatural notes on Datura L. Taxon 8: 52-57.

grandiflora: See CHAMAESARACHA heterophylla Nees P. heterophylla var. ambigua (Gray) Rydb. P. nyctaginea Dunal philadelphica Lam.-Tomatillo Introduced from Latin America. Reported for Minnesota under the name P. ixocarpa Brotero ex Hormen. by Waterfall (1958) pubescens L. var. grisea Waterf. ? P. pruinosa L. Introduced at Duluth from farther east. virginiana Mill. var. hispida Waterf. P. lanceolata Michx., misapplied, var. subglabrata (Mack. & Bush) Waterf. P. macrophysa Rydb. var. virginiana

ANGIOSPERMS: SOLANACEAE-UMBELLIFERAE

76 SOLANUM-Nightshade

References: Bassett, I. J., & D. B. Munro. 1985. The biology of Canadian weeds. 67. Solariumptycanthum Dun., S. nigrwn L. and S. sarrachoides Sendt. Canad. J. PI. Sci. 65: 401-414. Schilling, E. E. 1981. Systematics of Solarium sect. Solarium (Solanaceae) in North America. Syst. Bot. 6: 172-185.

Solanum

Celtis occidentals L. C. crassifolia Lam.

ULMUS-Elm

americanum Nutt. — Nuttall's Bur-Reed androcladum (Engelm.) Morong—Branching Bur-Reed angustifolium Michx.—Narrow-Leaved Bur-Reed chlorocarpum Rydb.—Green-Fruited Bur-Reed S. chlorocarpum var. acaule (Beeby) Fern. eurycarpum Engelm.—Giant Bur-Reed fluctuans (Morong) Robins.—Floating Bur-Reed glomeratum Laest. minimum (Hartm.) Fries-Small Bur-Reed

STAPHYLEACEAE-Bladdernut Family Map 1801

Staphylea trifolia L.

Ulmus americana L.—American Elm; White Elm pumila L.—Siberian Elm Naturalized. rubra Muhl.-Red Elm; Slippery Elm U. fulva Michx. thomasii Sarg.—Cork Elm; Rock-Elm U. racemosa Thomas

UMBELLIFERAE (APIACEAE)Parsley Family References: Crawford, D. J. 1970. The Umbelliferae of Iowa. Stud. Nat. Hist. Iowa Univ. 21: 1-37. Mathias, M. E., & L. Constance. 1944-1945. Umbelliferae. North Amer. Fl. 28B (1): 43-160; 28B (2): 161-295.

AEGOPODIUM-Goutweed

AETHUSA-Fool's-Parsley Map 1802

Dirca palustris L.—Leatherwood; Rope-Bark

Aethusa cynapium L. Introduced.

ANETHUM-Dill

TILIACEAE-Linden Family Map 1803

Reference: Jones, G. N. 1968. Taxonomy of American species of linden (Tilid). Illinois Biol. Monogr. 39: 1-156. americana L.—American Linden; Basswood

Maps 1807-1810

Aegopodium podagraria L. Introduced.

THYMELAEACEAE Mezereum Family

Tilia

Map 1806

CELTIS-Hackberry

Sparganium

TILIA—Basswood; Linden

Reference: Smith, S. G. 1967. Experimental and natural hybrids in North American Typha (Typhaceae). Amer. Midi. Naturalist 78: 257-287.

ULMACEAE-Elm Family

Maps 1793-1800

DIRCA-Leatherwood

Maps 1804-1805

angustifolia L.-Narrow-Leaved Cat-Tail x glauca Godron (as species) (T. angustifolia x T. latifolia) latifolia L.-Broad-Leaved Cat-Tail

SPARGANIACEAE-Bur-Reed Family

STAPHYLEA-Bladdernut

TYPHA-Cat-Tail

Typha

carolinense L.-Horse-Nettle dulcamara L.—Bittersweet Introduced. ptychanthum Dunal ex DC. 5. americanum Mill., misapplied. S. nigrwn L., misapplied. rostratum Dunal—Buffalo-Bur Introduced from farther west. sarrachoides Sendt. in Mart. S. villosum Mill., misapplied. Introduced. Native to South America. triflorum Nutt. Introduced from farther west.

SPARGANIUM-Bur-Reed

TYPHACEAE-Cat-Tail Family

Maps 1789-1792

Anethum graveolens L. Occasionally spreads from cultivation.

ANGELICA Angelica atropurpurea L.—Alexanders var. occidentalis Fassett

Map 1811

ANGIOSPERMS: UMBELLIFERAE 77

ANTHRISCUS - Chervil

LOMATIUM

Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. Introduced.

Lomatium orientate Coult. & Rose Cogswellia orientalis (Coult. & Rose) Jones

Map 1812

BERULA - Water-Parsnip

Berula pusilla (Nutt.) Fern. B. erecta (Huds.) Cov., if merged with its European counterpart.

Map 1813

CARUM-Caraway Carum carvi L. Introduced and naturalized.

CICUTA-Water-Hemlock

Maps 1814-1815

Reference: Mulligan, G. A. 1980. The genus Cicuta in North America. Canad. J. Bot. 58: 1755-1767. Cicuta bulbifera L. maculata L. var. angustifolia Hook. var. bolanderi (S. Wats.) Mulligan var. maculata

CRYPTOTAENIA-Honewort; Wild Chervil

Map 1816

Map 1817

Map 1818

Daucus

Map 1819

Eryngium yuccifolium Michx.—Rattlesnake-Master; Button Snake-Root

HERACLEUM-Cow-Parsnip

Map 1820

Reference: Brummitt, R. K. 1972. Relationship ofHeracleum lanatum Michx. of North America to H. sphondyliwn of Europe. Rhodora 73: 578-584. Heracleum lanatum Michx. H. maximum Bart. H. sphondylium L. subsp. montanum (Schleicher ex Gaudin) Briquet

HYDROCOTYLEWater-Pennywort Hydrocotyle americana L.

Osmorhiza chilensis Hook. & Arn. claytonii (Michx.) Clarke longistylis (Torr.) DC.-Anise-Root Varieties proposed on the basis of pubescence are insufficiently distinct for taxonomic recognition. obtusa (Coult. & Rose) Fern.

Map 1827

PASTINACA-Parsnip

Map 1828

Pastinaca sativa L. Naturalized.

PIMPINELLA Pimpinella saxifraga L.-Burnet-Saxifrage Introduced, but possibly not persisting.

POLYTAENIA

Map 1829

Polytaenia nuttallii DC. —Prairie-Parsley

carota L. — Wild Carrot; Queen Anne's-Lace Introduced and now fully naturalized.

ERYNGIUM-Eryngo

References: Constance, L., & R. H. Shan. 1948. The genus Osmorhiza (Umbelliferae). Univ. California Publ. Bot. 23: 111-156. Lowry, P. P. II, & A. G. Jones. 1979. Biosystematic investigations and taxonomy of Osmorhiza Rafinesque section Osmorhiza (Apiaceae) in North America. Amer. Midi. Naturalist 101: 21-27.

Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Raf. — Cowbane

Cymopteris acaulis (Pursh) Raf.

DAUCUS-Carrot

Maps 1823-1826

OXYPOLIS-Hog-Fennel

Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC.

CYMOPTERIS

OSMORHIZASweet Cicely

Map 1822

Map 1821

SANICULA-Sanicle; Black Snakeroot

Maps 1830-1833

Reference: Shan, R. H., & L. Constance. 1951. The genus Sanicula (Umbelliferae) in the Old World and the New. Univ. California Publ. Bot. 25: 1-78. Sanicula canadensis L. S. canadensis var. grandis Fern. gregaria Bickn. marilandica L. trifoliata Bickn.

SIUM-Water-Parsnip

Map 1834

Sium suave Walt.

TAENIDIA-Yellow Pimpernel Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude

Map 1835

ANGIOSPERMS: UMBELLIFERAE - VIOLACEAE

78 THASPIUM-Meadow-Parsnip

Map 1836

Thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt.

ZIZIA-Alexanders

Maps 1837-1838

Zizia aptera (Gray) Fern.—Heart-Leaved Alexanders aurea (L.) Koch—Golden Alexanders

VERBENACEAE-Vervain Family

URTIC ACEAE-Nettle Family Reference: Bassett, I. J., C. W. Crompton, &D. W. Woodland. 1974. The family Urticaceae in Canada. Canad. J. Bot. 52: 503-516.

BOEHMERIA-False Nettle

Map 1839

Reference: McGregor, R. L. 1983. Variation of Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. in Kansas. Contr. Univ. Kansas Herb. 3: 1-4.

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw.—Bog-Hemp

LAPORTEA-Wood-Nettle

Map 1840

Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd.

PARIETARIA-Pellitory

Map 1841

Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd.

PILEA-Clearweed

Maps 1842-1843

Pilea fontana (Lunell) Rydb. pumila (L.) Gray

URTIC A-Nettle

Reference: Tans, W. E., & H. H. Iltis. 1979. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. 67. Verbenaceae—the Vervain Family. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 67: 78-94.

LIPPIA: See PHYLA PHYLA

Urtica dioica L.-Stinging Nettle subsp. gracilis (Ait.) Selander U. gracilis Ait. U. dioica var. gracilis (Ait.) Taylor & MacBryde U. procera Muhl. ex. Willd. U. dioica var. procera (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wedd.

VALERIANACEAE-Valerian Family Maps 1845-1846

Reference: Meyer, F. G. 1951. Valeriana in North America and the West Indies (Valerianaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38: 377-503.

Map 1847

Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene Lippia lanceolata Michx. Lippia lanceolata var. recognita Fern. & Grisc.

VERBENA-Vervain

Maps 1848-1852

Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. — Creeping Vervain V. bracteosa Michx. x deamii Moldenke (V. bracteata x V. stricta) hastata L. — Blue Vervain V. hastata var. scabra Moldenke x perriana Moldenke (V. bracteata x V. urticifolia) simplex Lehm.—Narrow-leaved Vervain V. angustifolia Michx. stricta Vent. — Hoary Vervain urticifolia L.—White Vervain; Nettle-leaved Vervain

VIOLACEAE-Violet Family

Map 1844

References: Woodland, D. W. 1982. Biosystematics of the perennial North American taxa of Urtica. II. Taxonomy. Syst. Bot. 7: 282-290. , I. J. Bassett, & C. W. Crompton. 1976. The annual species of stinging nettle (Hesperocnide and Urtica) in North America. Canad. J. Bot. 54: 374-383.

VALERIANA - Valerian

Valeriana edulis Nutt. subsp. ciliata (T. & G.) Meyer V. ciliata T. & G. officinalis L.-Garden Heliotrope Spreads from cultivation.

VIOLA-Violet

Maps 1853-1874

References: Russell, N. H. 1958. The violets of Minnesota. Proc. Minnesota Acad. Sci. 26: 126-191. . 1965. Violets (Viola) of central and eastern United States: an introductory survey. Sida 2: 1-113.

Viola adunca Smith affinis Leconte No Minnesota specimens of this violet are at MIN. Russell (1965), however, records it from Fillmore Co. on his distribution map. arvensis Murr.-Wild Pansy Introduced. canadensis L. -Canada Violet var. rugulosa (Greene) Hitchc. V. rugulosa Greene conspersa Reichenb. cucullata Ait. cucullata x V. sororia incognita Brainerd V. incognita var. forbesii Brainerd V. blanda Willd., misapplied to Minnesota plants.

ANGIOSPERMS: VIOLACEAE - ZANNICHELLIACEAE

79 incognita x V. macloskeyi subsp. pallens labradorica Schrank V. adunca var. minor (Hook.) Fern. Russell (1958, 1965) records this species from the Susie Islands, Cook Co. lanceolata L. — Lance-Leaved Violet lanceolata subsp. lanceolata x V. macloskeyi subsp. pallens V. primulifolia L., misapplied to Minnesota plants. macloskeyi Lloyd subsp. pallens (Banks) Baker V. pallens (Banks) Brainerd macloskeyi subsp. pallens x V. renifolia missouriensis Greene nephrophylla Greene nephrophylla x V. sororia novae-angliae House nuttallii Pursh—Yellow Prairie-Violet pedata L. —Bird-Foot Violet V. pedata var. lineariloba DC. pedatifida G. Don—Bird-Foot Violet pedatifida x V. praticola pedatifida x V. sagittata pedatifida x V. sororia pratincola Greene V. papilionacea Pursh, in part, misapplied. pubescens Ait. var. eriocarpa (Schwein.) Russell—Smooth Yellow Violet V. eriocarpa Schwein. V. pensylvanica Michx. V. pensylvanica var. leiocarpa (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern, var. pubescens—Downy Yellow Violet renifolia Gray V. renifolia var. brainerdii (Greene) Fern. V. brainerdii Greene sagittata Ait.—Arrow-Leaved Violet Reports of V.fimbriatula Sm. in Minnesota should be referred to this species. sagittata x V. sororia selkirkii Pursh sororia Willd. ? V. papilionacea Pursh, in part. tricolor L.—Pansy Spreads from cultivation.

VISCACEAE: See LORANTHACEAE

VIT ACE AE-Grape Family PARTHENOCISSUSMaps 1875-1876 Virginia Creeper; Woodbine References: Rehder, A. 1939. New species, varieties and combinations from the collections of the Arnold Arboretum. J. Arnold Arb. 20: 409-431. Webb, D. A. 1967. What is Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planchon ? Feddes Repert. 74: 6-10.

Parthenocissus inserta (Kerner) Fritsch P. vitacea (Knerr) Hitchc. quinquefolia (L.) Planch. P. quinquefolia forma hirsuta (Donn) Fern.

VITIS-Grape

Maps 1877-1878

Vitis aestivalis Michx.—Summer-Grape var. argentifolia (Munson) Fern. V. argentifolia Munson riparia Michx.—River-Bank Grape; Frost-Grape var. riparia var. syrticola (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern.

XYRIDACEAEYellow-Eyed Grass Family XYRIS-Yellow-Eyed Grass

Maps 1879-1880

Reference: Krai, R. 1966. Xyris (Xyridaceae) of the continental United States and Canada. Sida 2: 177-260.

Xyris montana Ries torta Sm.

Z ANNICHELLIACEAE Horned Pondweed Family ZANNICHELLIAHorned Pondweed Zannichellia palustris L. var. major (Boenn.) Koch

Map 1881

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APPENDIX 1 EXCLUDED NAMES The presence of the following species, subspecies, or varieties in Minnesota has been reported in literature, or they are represented at MIN by specimens of doubtful authenticity. They must be excluded from the checklist for a number of reasons. Some taxa listed may ultimately be reinstated if substantiated by corrections of identifications, by new collections, or by discovery of older collections preserved in herbaria not consulted when preparing the checklist. AMARANTHACEAE Amaranthus spinosus L. ASCLEPIADACEAE Asclepias purpurascens L. BORAGINACEAE Hackelia floribunda (Lehm.) Johnston CAPRIFOLIACEAE Viburnum acerifolium L. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Silene virginica L. CHENOPODIACEAE Atriplex argentea Nutt. Atriplex heterosperma Bunge Chenopodium strictum Roth var. glaucophyllum (Aellen) Wahl. COMPOSITAE Aster linariifolius L. Aster undulatus L. Helianthus doronicoides Lam. Helianthus silphioides Nutt. Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. Solidago patula Muhl. Solidago spathulata DC. subsp. randii (Porter) Cronq. Vernonia baldwinii Torr. subsp. interior (Small) Faust CRUCIFERAE Camelina alyssum (Miller) Thell. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz CYPERACEAE Cyperus compressus L. EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia commutata Engelm. GENTIANACEAE Gentiana linearis Froel. GRAMINEAE Bromus arvensis L. Bromus racemosus L. Oryzopsis canadensis (Poir.) Torr. Panicum lanuginosum Ell. var. lindheimeri (Nash) Fern. Panicum tuckermanii Fern. Poa canbyi (Scribn.) Piper Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. var. lobata (Trin.) Scribn. HALORAGACEAE Myriophyllum humile (Raf.) Morong

Proserpinaca palustris L. var. creba Fern. & Grisc. JUNCACEAE Juncus acuminatus Michx. Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buchenau LABIATAE Physostegia parviflora Nutt. Salvia azurea Michx. ex Lam. var. grandiflora Benth. LEGUMINOSAE Astragalus plattensis Nutt. Melilotus indica (L.) All. Psoralea cuspidata Pursh LILIACEAE Smilax pulverulenta Michx. PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago pusilla Nutt. POLYGALACEAE Poly gala alba Nutt. POLYGONACEAE Polygonum prolificum (Small) Robins. RANUNCULACEAE Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall. var. hypoglaucum (Rydb.) Boivin ROSACEAE Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. Amelanchier gaspensis (Wieg.) Fern. & Weath. Potentilla collina Wibel Potentilla hippiana Lehm. Rosa conjuncta Rydb. Rosa eglanteria L. Rosa fendleri Cr6pin Rosa palustris Marsh. RUBIACEAE Galium lanceolatum Torr. SCROPHULARIACEAE Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. VIOLACEAE Viola palmata L. Viola primulifolia L. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Tribulus terrestris L.

81

APPENDIX 2 TABLES Table 1. Summary Number Number Number Number Number

of of of of of

Table 2. Native and introduced species by major group

134 2010 1618 392 66

families represented in the state flora species of vascular plants native species introduced species interspecific hybrids

Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Monocotyledons Dicotyledons Total

Native

Introduced

84 13 538 983

0 5 59 328 392

1618

Table 3. Most frequently encountered families ranked according to number of species (totals are given in parentheses) Rank by species

Rank by native species

Rank by introduced species

Compositae (222) Cyperaceae (211)* Gramineae (189) Rosaceae (103) Leguminosae (76) Cruciferae (67) Scrophulariaceae (54) Labiatae (47) Ranunculaceae (47)* Caryophyllaceae (45)* Polygonaceae (45) Orchidaceae (42)* Liliaceae (41) Polypodiaceae (41)* Umbelliferae (33)

Cyperaceae (209)* Compositae (163) Gramineae (145) Rosaceae (92) Leguminosae (53) Orchidaceae (42)* Ranunculaceae (42)* Polypodiaceae (41)* Scrophulariaceae (40) Liliaceae (35) Cruciferae (32) Labiatae (30) Polygonaceae (27) Juncaceae (25)** Umbelliferae (25)

Compositae (59) Gramineae (44) Cruciferae (35) Caryophyllaceae (26)* Leguminosae (23) Polygonaceae (18) Labiatae (17) Scrophulariaceae (14) Boraginaceae (11)** Rosaceae (11) Solanaceae (11)** Chenopodiaceae (10)** Umbelliferae (8) Malvaceae (7)** Liliaceae (6)

*Family name appears in one other column. **Family name appears only in this column.

Total

84 18 597 1311 2010

P A R T II

ATLAS OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MINNESOTA

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Aitkin Anoka Becker Beltrami Benton Big Stone Blue Earth Brown Carlton Carver Cass Chippewa Chisago Clay Clearwater Cook Cottonwood Crow Wing Dakota Dodge Douglas Faribault

7 F Fillmore 71 Freeborn 3 E Goodhue 4 C Grant 6 H Hennepin 2 1 Houston 5 L Hubbard 4 L Isanti 8 F Itasca 6 J Jackson 5 E Kanabec 3 J Kandiyohi 71 Kittson 2 F Koochiching 3 D Lac Qui Parle 11 C Lake 4 L Lake of the Woods 6 G Le Sueur 7 K Lincoln 7 L Lyon 3 H McLeod 6 M Mahnomen

9M 7M 8K 2H 6J 10 M 4E 71 6D 4M 7H 4J 1A 6B 2J 10 D 4A 6K 2K 3K 5J 3E

Marshall Martin Meeker MilleLacs Morrison Mower Murray Nicollet Nobles Norman Olmsted Otter Tail Pennington Pine Pipestone Polk Pope Ramsey Red Lake Redwood Renville Rice

2 B Rock 5 M Roseau 5 J St. Louis 6 H Scott 5 H Sherburne 8 M Sibley 3 L Stearns 5 L Steele 3 M Stevens 2 E Swift 8 L Todd 3 G Traverse 2 C Wabasha 8 G Wadena 2 L Waseca 2 D Washington 31 Watonwan 7 J Wilkin 2 C Winona 4 K Wright 4 K Yellow Medicine 7L

2M 3A 8D 6K 61 5K 51 7L 21 31 4H 1H 8L 4F 6L 7J 5L 2G 9L 6J 2K

EQUISETACEAE

MAPS 1-9

86

1. Equisetum arvense

2. Equisetum x ferrissii

3. Equisetum fluviatile

4. Equisetum hyemale var. affine

5. Equisetum laevigatum

6. Equisetum x litorale

7. Equisetum x nelsonii

8. Equisetum palustre

9. Equisetum pratense

EQUISETACEAE-LYCOPODIACEAE

MAPS 10-18

87

10. Equisetum scirpoides

11. Equisetum sylvaticum

12. Equisetum x trachyodon

13. Equisetum variegatum

14. Isoetes echinospora var. braunii

15. Isoetes macrospora

16. Isoetes melanopoda

17. Lycopodium annotinum

18. Lycopodium appalachianum

MAPS 19-27

LYCOPODIACEAE

88

19. Lycopodium appalachianum x L. lucidulum

20. Lycopodium appalachianum x L. selago

21. Lycopodium x buttersii

22. Lycopodium clavatum

23. Lycopodium complanatum Lycopodium digitatum

24. Lycopodium dendroideum

25. Lycopodium x haberei

26. Lycopodium inundatum

27. Lycopodium lucidulum

LYCOPODIACEAE-OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

MAPS 28-36

89

28. Lycopodium obscurum var. isophyllum

29. Lycopodium porophilum

30. Lycopodium selago

31. Lycopodium tristachyum

32. Marsilea mucronata

33. Botrychium campestre

34. Botry chiu m dissectum

35. Botrychium lanceolatum var. angustisegmentum

36. Botrychium lunaria

MAPS 37-45

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE-OSMUNDACEAE

90

37. Botrychium matricariifolium

38. Botrychium minganense

39. Botrychium mormo

40. Botrychium multifidum

41. Botrychium rugulosum

42. Botrychium simplex

43. Botrychium virginianum

44. Ophioglossum pusillum

45. Osmunda cinnamomea

OSMUNDACEAE-POLYPODIACEAE

MAPS 46-54

91

46. Osmunda claytoniana

47. Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis

48. Adiantum pedatum

49. Asplenium platyneuron

50. Asplenium trichomanes

51. Athyrium angustum

52. Athyrium pycnocarpon

53. Athyrium thelypterioides

54. Camptosorus rhizophyllus

POLYPODIACEAE

MAPS 55-63

92

55. Cheilanthes feei

56. Cheilanthes lanosa

57. Cryptogramma stelleri

58. Cystopteris bulbifera

59. Cystopteris fragilis

60. Cystopteris x laurentiana

61. Cystopteris protrusa

62. Cystopteris x tennesseensis

63. Cystopteris tenuis

POLYPODIACEAE

MAPS 64-72

93

64. Dryopteris x boottii

65. Dryopteris carthusiana

66. Dryopteris cristata

67. Dryopteris expansa

68. Dryopteris fragrans

69. Dryopteris goldiana

70. Dryopteris intermedia

71. Dryopteris marginalis

72. Dryopteris x triploidea

MAPS 73-81

POLYPODIACEAE

94

73. Dryopteris x uliginosa

74. Gymnocarpium dryopteris

75. Gymnocarpium x intermedium

76. Gymnocarpium jessoense subsp. parvulum

77. Gymnocarpium robertianum

78. Matteuccia struthiopteris var. pensylvanica

79. Onoclea sensibilis

80. Pellaea atropurpurea

81. Pellaea glabella

POLYPODIACEAE

MAPS 82-90

95

82. Polypodium virginianum

83. Polystichum acrostichoides

84. Polystichum braunii

85. Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum

86. Thelypteris hexagonoptera

87. Thelypteris palustris

88. Thelypteris phegopteris

89. Woodsia x abbeae

90. Woodsia alpina

MAPS 91-99

POLYPODIACEAE-SELAGINELLACEAE

96

91. Woodsia glabella

92. Woodsia x gracilis

93. Woodsia ilvensis

94. Woodsia obtusa

95. Woodsia oregana

96. Woodsia scopulina

97. Azolla mexicana

98. Selaginella rupestris

99. Selaginella selaginoides

CUPRESSACEAE-PINACEAE

MAPS 100-108

97

100. Juniperus communis var. depressa

101. Juniperus horizontalis

102. Juniperus virginiana

103. Thuja occidentalis

104. Abies balsamea

105. Larix laricina

106. Picea glauca

107. Picea mariana

108. Pinus banksiana

MAPS 109-117

PINACEAE-ACERACEAE

98

109. Pinus resinosa

110.

Pinus strobus

111. Tsuga canadensis

112.

Taxus canadensis

113.

Ruellia humilis

114. Acer negundo

115.

Acer nigrum

116.

Acer rubrum

117.

Acer saccharinum

ACERACEAE-ALISMATACEAE

MAPS 118-126

99

118.

Acer saccharum

119.

Acer spicatum

120. Adoxa moschatellina

121.

Mollugo verticillata

122. Alisma gramineum

123. Alisma subcordatum

125. Lophotocarpus calycinus

126. Sagittaria brevirostra

124. Alisma triviale

MAPS 127-135

ALISMATACEAE-AMARANTHACEAE

100

127. Sagittaria cristata

128. Sagittaria cuneata

129. Sagittaria graminea

130.

Sagittaria latifolia

131.

132. Amaranthus albus

133.

Amaranthus blitoides

134. Amaranthus hybridus

Sagittaria rigida

135.

Amaranthus powellii

AMARANTHACEAE-ANACARDIACEAE

MAPS 136-144

101

136. Amaranthus retroflexus

137. Amaranthus tamariscinus

138.

Amaranthus tuberculatus

139. Froelichia floridana var. campestris

140. Hypoxis hirsuta

141. Rhus aromatica

142. Rhus x borealis

143. Rhus glabra

144. Rhus radicans var. negundo

MAPS 145-153

ANACARDIACEAE-AQUIFOLIACEAE

102

145. Rhus radicans var. rydbergii

146. Rhus typhina

147. Rhus vernix

148. Apocynum androsaemifolium

149. Apocynum cannabinum

150. Apocynum medium

151. Apocynum sibiricum

152. Ilex verticillata

153. Nemopanthus mucronatus

ARACEAE-ARALIACEAE

MAPS 154-162

103

154. Acorus calamus

155. Arisaema dracontium

156. Arisaema triphyllum

157. Calla palustris

158.

Symplocarpus foetidus

159.

160. Aralia nudicaulis

161.

Aralia racemosa

162. Panax quinquefolium

Aralia hispida

MAPS 163-171

ARALIACEAE-ASCLEPIADACEAE

104

163. Panax trifolium

164. Asarum canadense

165. Asclepias amplexicaulis

166. Asclepias exaltata

167. Asclepias hirtella

168. Asclepias incarnata

169. Asclepias lanuginosa

170. Asclepias ovalifolia

171.

Asclepias speciosa

ASCLEPIADACEAE-BERBERIDACEAE

MAPS 172-180

105

172. Asclepias stenophylla

173.

175. Asclepias tuberosa

176. Asclepias verticillata

177. Asclepias viridiflora

178. Impatiens capensis

179. Impatiens pallida

180. Berberis thunbergii

Asclepias sullivantii

174. Asclepias syriaca

BERBERIDACEAE-BETULACEAE

MAPS 181-189

106

182. Jeffersonia diphylla

183. Podophyllum peltatum

184. Alnus incana subsp. rugosa

185. Alnus viridis subsp. crispa

186. Betula alleghaniensis

187. Betula cordifolia

188.

189. Betula nigra

181.

Caulophyllum thalictroides

Betula glandulifera

MAPS 190-198

BETULACEAE-BORAGINACEAE

107

Betula x purpusii

192. Betula x rosendahlii

190. Betula papyrifera

191.

193. Betula x sandbergii

194. Carpinus caroliniana subsp. virginiana

195. Corylus americana

196. Corylus cornuta

197. Ostrya virginiana

198.

Cynoglossum boreale

MAPS 199-207

BORAGINACEAE

108

199. Cynoglossum officinale

200. Echium vulgare

201. Hackelia deflexa var. americana

202. Hackelia virginiana

203. Lappula redowskii

204. Lappula squarrosa

205. Lithospermum canescens

206. Lithospermum caroliniense subsp. croceum

207. Lithospermum incisum

MAPS 208-216

BORAGINACEAE

109

208. Lithospermum latifolium

209. Mertensia paniculata

210. Mertensia virginica

211. Myosotis arvensis

212. Myosotis laxa

213. Myosotis scorpioides

214. Myosotis verna

215. Onosmodium molle subsp. hispidissimum

216.

Onosmodium molle subsp. occidentale

MAPS 2

BORAGINACEAE-CAMPANULACEAE

110

217. Plagiobotrys scopulorum

218. Butomus umbellatus

219. Coryphantha vivipara

220. Opuntia fragilis

221. Opuntia macrorhiza

222. Callitriche hermaphroditica

223. Callitriche heterophylla

224. Callitriche verna

225. Campanula americana

MAPS 226-234

CAMPANULACEAE

111

226. Campanula aparinoides

227. Campanula rapunculoides

228. Campanula rotundifolia

229. Lobelia cardinalis

230. Lobelia dortmanna

231. Lobelia inflata

232. Lobelia kalmii

233. Lobelia siphilitica

234. Lobelia spicata

CAMPANULACEAE-CAPRIFOLIACEAE

MAPS 235-243

112

235. Triodanis leptocarpa

236. Triodanis perfoliata

237. Polanisia dodecandra

238. Polanisia jamesii

239. Diervilla lonicera

240. Linnaea borealis var. americana

241. Lonicera canadensis

242. Lonicera dioica

243. Lonicera hirsuta

MAPS 244-252

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

113

244. Lonicera oblongifolia

245. Lonicera prolifera

246. Lonicera tatarica

247. Lonicera villosa

248. Sambucus canadensis

249. Sambucus pubens

250. Symphoricarpos albus

251. Symphoricarpos occidentalis

252. Symphoricarpos orbiculatus

CAPRIFOLIACEAE-CARYOPHYLLACEAE

MAPS 253-261 114

253. Triosteum perfoliatum

254. Viburnum edule

255. Viburnum lentago

256. Viburnum rafinesquianum

257. Viburnum trilobum

258. Agrostemma githago

259. Arenaria dawsonensis

260. Arenaria lateriflora

261. Arenaria macrophylla

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

MAPS 262-270

115

262. Cerastium arvense

263. Cerastium brachypodum

264. Cerastium fontana

265. Cerastium nutans

266. Dianthus armeria

267. Gypsophila paniculata

268. Myosoton aquaticum

269. Paronychia canadensis

270. Paronychia fastigiata

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

MAPS 271-279

116

271. Sagina nodosa subsp. borealis

272. Sagina procumbens

273. Saponaria officinalis

274. Scleranthus annuus

275. Silene antirrhina

276. Silene armeria

277. Silene cserei

278. Silene dichotoma

279. Silene drummondii

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

MAPS 280-288

117

280. Silene latifolia subsp. alba

281. Silene nivea

282. Silene noctiflora

283. Silene stellata

284. Silene vulgar is

285. Stellaria alsine

286. Stellaria borealis

287. Stellaria crassifolia

288. Stellaria graminea

MAPS 289-297

CARYOPHYLLACEAE-CHENOPODIACEAE

118

289. Stellaria longifolia

290. Stellaria longipes

291. Stellaria media

292. Vaccaria pyramidata

293. Celastrus scandens

294. Euonymus atropurpureus

295. Ceratophyllum demersum

296. Ceratophyllum echinatum

297. Atriplex patula

MAPS 298-306

CHENOPODIACEAE

119

298. Axyris amaranthoides

299. Chenopodium album

300. Chenopodium capitatum

301.

302. Chenopodium glaucum

303. Chenopodium rubrum

305. Chenopodium standleyanum

306. Corispermum hyssopifolium

Chenopodium desiccatum

304. Chenopodium simplex

CHENOPODIACEAE

MAPS 307-315

120

307. Corispermum nkidum

308. Corispermum orientale

309. Cycloloma atriplicifolium

310. Kochia scoparia

311.

Monolepis nuttalliana

312. Salicornia rubra

313.

314.

Salsola iberica

315.

Salsola collina

Suaeda calceoliformis

MAPS 316-324

CISTACEAE-COMMELINACEAE

121

316. Helianthemum bicknellii

317. Helianthemum canadense

318.

319.

320. Lechea stricta

321. Lechea tenuifolia

323. Commelina erecta

324. Tradescantia bracteata

Lechea intermedia

322. Commelina communis

Hudsonia tomentosa

COMMELINACEAE-COMPOSITAE

MAPS 325-333

122

325. Tradescantia occidentalis

326. Tradescantia ohiensis

327. Achillea niillefolium

328. Achillea ptarmica

329. Achillea sibirica

330. Agoseris glauca

331. Ambrosia artemisiifolia

332. Ambrosia coronopifolia

333.

Ambrosia trifida

MAPS 334-342

COMPOSITAE

123

334. Anaphalis margaritacea

335. Antennaria microphylla

336. Antennaria neglecta

337. Antennaria neodioica

338. Antennaria parlinii

339. Antennaria parvifolia

340. Antennaria plantaginifolia

341. Anthemis cotula

342. Anthemis tinctoria

COMPOSITAE

MAPS 343-351

124

343. Arctium minus

344. Arctium tomentosum

345. Arnica lonchophylla

346. Artemisia absinthium

347. Artemisia biennis

348. Artemisia campestris

349. Artemisia dracunculus

350. Artemisia frigida

351.

Artemisia ludoviciana

COMPOSITAE

MAPS 352-360

125

352. Artemisia serrata

353. Aster borealis

354. Aster brachyactis

355. Aster ciliolatus

356. Aster cordifolius

357. Aster urophyllus

358. Aster drummondii

359. Aster ericoides

360. Aster falcatus subsp. commutatus

COMPOSITAE

MAPS 361-369 126

362. Aster laevis

363. Aster lanceolatus

364. Aster lateriflorus

365. Aster x longulus

366. Aster macrophyllus

367. Aster modestus

368. Aster novae-angliae

369. Aster oblongifolius

361.

Aster hesperius

MAPS 370-378

COMPOSITAE

127

Aster oolentangiensis

372. Aster pilosus

370. Aster ontarionis

371.

373. Aster prenanthoides

374. Aster puniceus subsp. firmus

375. Aster puniceus subsp. puniceus

376. Aster sericeus

377. Aster shortii

378. Aster umbellatus

COMPOSITAE

MAPS 379-387

128

379. Bellis perennis

380. Bidens cernua

381. Bidens comosa

382.

383. Bidens coronata

384. Bidens discoidea

386. Bidens vulgata

387. Boltonia asteroides var. recognita

Bidens connata

385. Bidens frondosa

MAPS 388-396

COMPOSITAE

129

388. Cacalia muhlenbergii

389. Cacalia plantaginea

390. Cacalia suaveolens

391. Carduus acanthoides

392. Carduus nutans

393. Centaurea biebersteinii,

394. Chamomilla recuita

395. Chamomilla suaveolens

396. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum

COMPOSITAE

MAPS 397-405 130

397. Cichorium intybus

398. Cirsium altissimum

399. Cirsium arvense

400. Cirsium discolor

401. Cirsium flodmanii

402. Cirsium hillii

403. Cirsium muticum

404. Cirsium vulgare

405. Conyza canadensis

MAPS 406-414

COMPOSITAE

131

406. Conyza ramosissima

407. Coreopsis lanceolata

408. Coreopsis palmata

409. Coreopsis tinctoria

410. Crepis runcinata

411.

412. Dyssodia papposa

413. Echinacea angustifolia

414. Eclipta alba

Crepis tectorum

COMPOSITAE

MAPS 415-423

132

415. Erechtites hieracifolia

416. Erigeron acris var. asteroides

417. Erigeron annuus

418. Erigeron glabellus var. pubescens

419. Erigeron lonchophyllus

420. Erigeron philadelphicus

421. Erigeron pulchellus

422. Erigeron strigosus

423. Eupatorium altissimum

MAPS 424-432

COMPOSITAE

133

424. Eupatorium maculatum

425. Eupatorium perfoliatum

426. Eupatorium purpureum

427. Eupatorium rugosum

428. Eupatorium sessilifolium

429. Euthamia graminifolia

430. Euthamia gymnospermoides

431.

432. Galinsoga parviflora

Gaillardia aristata

COMPOSITAE

MAPS 433-441

134

433. Galinsoga quadriradiata

434. Gnaphalium obtusifolium

435. Gnaphalium uliginosum

436. Gnaphalium viscosum

437. Grindelia squarrosa

438. Haplopappus spinulosus

439. Helenium autumnale

440. Helianthus annuus

441. Helianthus giganteus

MAPS 442-450

COMPOSITAE

135

442. Helianthus grosseserratus

443. Helianthus hirsutus

444. Helianthus maximiliani

445. Helianthus nuttallii subsp. rydbergii

446. Helianthus occidentalis

447. Helianthus petiolaris

448. Helianthus rigidus

449. Helianthus strumosus

450. Helianthus tuberosus

COMPOSITAE

MAPS 451-459

136

453.

Hieracium aurantiacum

455. Hieracium kalmii

456.

Hieracium longipilum

458. Hieracium scabriusculum

459. Hieracium scabrum

451. Heliopsis helianthoides subsp. occidentalis

452.

454.

Hieracium floribundum

457. Hieracium piloselloides

Heterotheca villosa

MAPS 460-468

COMPOSITAE

137

460. Iva xanthifolia

461. Krigia biflora

462. Kuhnia eupatorioides var. corymbulosa

463. Lactuca biennis

464. Lactuca canadensis

465. Lactuca ludoviciana

466. Lactuca pulchella

467. Lactuca serriola

468. Lapsana communis

COMPOSITAE

MAPS 469-477 138

469. Liatris aspera

470. Liatris cylindracea

471. Liatris ligulistylis

472. Liatris punctata

473. Liatris pycnostachya

474. Lygodesmia juncea

475. Matricaria maritima

476. Megalodonta beckii

477. Nothocalais cuspidata

MAPS 478-486

COMPOSITAE

139

478. Parthenium integrifolium

479. Petasites frigidus var. palmatus

480. Petasites sagittatus

481. Petasites x vitifolius

482. Polymnia canadensis

483. Prenanthes alba

484. Prenanthes aspera

485. Prenanthes crepidinea

486. Prenanthes racemosa

COMPOSITAE

MAPS 487-495 140

487. Ratibida columnifera

488. Ratibida pinnata

489. Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima

490.

Rudbeckia laciniata

491. Rudbeckia triloba

492. Senecio aureus

493.

Senecio canus

494. Senecio congestus

495. Senecio indecorus

MAPS 496-504

COMPOSITAE

141

496. Senecio integerrimus

497. Senecio pauperculus

498. Senecio plattensis

499. Senecio pseudaureus var. semicordatus

500. Senecio vulgaris

501.

502. Silphium laciniatum

503.

504. Solidago x bernardii

Silphium perfoliatum

Shinnersoseris rostrata

MAPS 505-513

COMPOSITAE

142

505. Solidago canadensis

506. Solidago flexicaulis

507. Solidago gigantea

508. Solidago hispida

509. Solidago juncea

510.

Solidago missouriensis

511.

512.

513.

Solidago ptarmicoides

Solidago mollis

Solidago nemoralis

MAPS 514-522

COMPOSITAE

143

514.

Solidago riddellii

515.

Solidago rigida

516.

Solidago sciaphila

517.

Solidago speciosa

518.

Solidago uliginosa

519.

Solidago ulmifolia

520. Sonchus arvensis

521.

Sonchus asper

522. Sonchus oleraceus

MAPS 523-531

COMPOSITAE-CONVOLVULACEAE

144

523. Sonchus uliginosus

524. Tanacetum vulgare

525. Taraxacum erythrospermum

526. Taraxacum officinale

527. Tragopogon dubius

528. Tragopogon pratensis

529. Vernonia fasciculata

530. Xanthium strumarium

531.

Convolvulus arvensis

MAPS 532-540

CONVOLVULACEAE

145

532. Convolvulus sepium

533. Convolvulus spithamaeus

534. Cuscuta campestris

535. Cuscuta cephalanthi

536. Cuscuta coryli

537. Cuscuta glomerata

538. Cuscuta gronovii

539. Cuscuta obtusiflora var. glandulosa

540. Cuscuta pentagona

CONVOLVULACEAE-CRASSULACEAE

MAPS 541-549 146

541. Cuscuta polygonorum

542. Cuscuta umbrosa

543. Cornus alternifolia

544. Cornus amomum subsp. obliqua

545. Cornus canadensis

546. Cornus foemina subsp. racemosa

547. Cornus rugosa

548. Cornus stolonifera

549. Penthorum sedoides

MAPS 550-558

CRASSULACEAE-CRUCIFERAE

147

550. Sedum acre

551. Sedum integrifolium subsp. leedyi

552. Sedum purpureum

553. Tillaea aquatica

554. Arabis canadensis

555. Arabis divaricarpa

556. Arabis drummondii

557. Arabis glabra

558. Arabis hirsuta

CRUCIFERAE

MAPS 559-567

148

559. Arabis holboellii var. retrofracta

560. Arabis laevigata

561. Arabis lyrata

562. Arabis perstellata var. shortii

563. Armor acia rusticana

564. Barbarea orthoceras

565. Barbarea vulgaris

566. Berteroa incana

567. Brassica juncea

MAPS 568-576

CRUCIFERAE

149

568. Brassica kaber

569. Brassica nigra

570. Brassica rapa

571. Camelina microcarpa

572. Capsella bursa-pastoris

573. Cardamine bulbosa

574. Cardamine parviflora var. arenicola

575. Cardamine pensylvanica

576. Cardamine pratensis var. palustris

CRUCIFERAE

MAPS 577-585 150

577. Dentaria laciniata

578. Descurainia pinnata var. brachycarpa

579. Descurainia richardsonii

580. Descurainia sophia

581. Draba arabisans

582. Draba nemorosa

583. Draba norvegica

584. Draba reptans

585. Erucastrum gallicum

MAPS 586-594

CRUCIFERAE

151

586.

Erysimum asperum

587. Erysimum cheiranthoides

588.

Erysimum inconspicuum

589.

Hesperis matronalis

590.

lodanthus pinnatifidus

591.

Lepidium campestre

592.

Lepidium densiflorum

593.

Lepidium virginicum

594.

Lesquerella ludoviciana

CRUCIFERAE

MAPS 595-603

152

595. Nasturtium microphyllum

596. Nasturtium officinale

597. Rorippa islandica

598. Rorippa sinuata

599. Sisymbrium altissimum

600. Sisymbrium loeselii

601. Sisymbrium officinale

602. Subularia aquatica subsp. americana

603. Thlaspi arvense

MAPS 604-612

CUCURBITACEAE-CYPERACEAE

153

604. Echinocystis lobata

605. Sicyos angulatus

606. Bulbostylis capillaris

607. Carex abdita

608. Carex adusta

609. Carex aenea

610. Carex albursina

611.

612. Carex amphibola var. turgida

Carex alopecoidea

CYPERACEAE

MAPS 613-621

154

614. Carex annectens

615.

Carex aquatilis

616. Carex arcta

617. Carex arctata

618.

Carex assiniboinensis

619. Carex atherodes

620. Carex aurea

621. Carex backii

613.

Carex angustior

MAPS 622-630

CYPERACEAE

155

622. Carex bebbii

623. Carex bicknellii

624. Carex blanda

625. Carex brevior

626. Carex bromoides

627. Carex brunnescens var. sphaerostachya

628. Carex buxbaumii

629. Carex canescens

630. Carex capillaris var. major

CYPERACEAE

MAPS 631-639

156

631. Carex castanea

632. Carex cephalantha

633. Carex cephaloidea

634. Carex cephalophora

635. Carex chordorrhiza

636. Carex communis

637. Carex comosa

638. Carex conjuncta

639. Carex conoidea

MAPS 640-648

CYPERACEAE

157

640. Carex convoluta

641. Carex crawei

642. Carex crawfordii

643. Carex crinita

644. Carex cristatella

645. Carex crus-corvi

646. Carex cryptolepis

647. Carex davisii

648. Carex debilis var. rudgei

CYPERACEAE

MAPS 649-657

158

649. Carex deflexa

650. Carex deweyana

651.

Carex diandra

652. Carex disperma

653. Carex eburnea

654. Carex eleocharis

655. Carex emoryi

656. Carex exilis

657. Carex festucacea

MAPS 658-666

CYPERACEAE

159

658. Carex filifolia

659. Carex flava

660. Carex foenea

661. Carex formosa

662. Carex garberi

663. Carex gracillima

664. Carex granularis var. haleana

665. Carex gravida

666. Carex grayi

MAPS 667-675

CYPERACEAE

160

667. Carex gynandra

668. Carex gynocrates

669. Carex hallii

670. Carex haydenii

671. Carex heliophila

672. Carex hirtifolia

673. Carex hitchcockiana

674. Carex houghtoniana

675. Carex hystericina

MAPS 676-684

CYPERACEAE

161

676. Carex interior

677. Carex intumescens var. fernaldii

678. Carex jamesii

679. Carex katahdinensis

680. Carex lacustris

681. Carex laeviconica

682. Carex laevivaginata

683. Carex lanuginosa

684. Carex lasiocarpa var. americana

CYPERACEAE

MAPS 685-693

162

685. Carex laxiculmis var. copulata

686. Carex lenticularis

687. Carex leptalea

688. Carex leptonervia

689. Carex limosa

690. Carex livida var. radicaulis

691. Carex lupulina

692. Carex lurida

693. Carex meadii

MAPS 694-702

CYPERACEAE

163

694. Carex media

695. Carex merritt-fernaldii

696. Carex michauxiana

697. Carex molesta

698. Carex muhlenbergii

699. Carex muskingumensis

700. Carex normalis

701. Carex obtusata

702. Carex oligocarpa

CYPERACEAE

MAPS 703-711

164

703. Carex oligosperma

704. Carex ormostachya

705. Carex pallescens var. neogaea

706. Carex pauciflora

707. Carex paupercula

708. Carex peckii

709. Carex pedunculata

710. Carex pensylvanica

711.

Carex plantaginea

MAPS 712-720

CYPERACEAE

165

712. Carex praegracilis

713. Carex prairea

714. Carex praticola

715. Carex projecta

716. Carex pseudocyperus

717. Carex retrorsa

718. Carex richardsonii

719. Carex rosea

720. Carex rossii

MAPS 721-729

CYPERACEAE

166

721. Carex rostrata var. utriculata

722. Carex sartwellii

723. Carex saximontana

724. Carex scirpiformis

725. Carex scoparia

726. Carex sparganioides

727. Carex sprengelii

728. Carex sterilis

729. Carex stipata

MAPS 730-738

CYPERACEAE

167

730. Carex stricta

731. Carex supina var. spaniocarpa

732. Carex sychnocephala

733. Carex tenera

734. Carex tenuiflora

735. Carex tetanica

736. Carex tonsa

737. Carex torreyi

738. Carex tribuloides

CYPERACEAE

MAPS 739-747

168

739. Carex trichocarpa

740. Carex trisperma

741. Carex tuckermanii

742. Carex typhina

743. Carex umbellata

744. Carex vaginata

745. Carex vesicaria

746. Carex viridula

747. Carex vulpinoidea

MAPS 748-756

CYPERACEAE

169

748. Carex woodii

749. Carex xerantica

750. Cladium mariscoides

751. Cyperus acuminatus

752. Cyperus aristatus

753. Cyperus diandrus

754. Cyperus engelmannii

755. Cyperus erythrorhizos

756. Cyperus esculentus

CYPERACEAE

MAPS 757-765

170

757. Cyperus houghtonii

758. Cyperus lupulinus

759. Cyperus lupulinus x C. schweinitzii

760. Cyperus odoratus

761.

762. Cyperus rotundus

763. Cyperus schweinitzii

764. Cyperus strigosus

Cyperus rivularis

765. Dulichium arundinaceum

CYPERACEAE

MAPS 766-774

171

766. Eleocharis acicularis

767. Eleocharis compressa

768. Eleocharis elliptica

769. Eleocharis engelmannii

770. Eleocharis erythropoda

771. Eleocharis intermedia

772. Eleocharis macrostachya

773. Eleocharis nitida

774. Eleocharis obtusa

CYPERACEAE

MAPS 775-783

172

775. Eleocharis olivacea

776. Eleocharis ovata

777. Eleocharis parvula var. anachaeta

778. Eleocharis pauciflora var. fernaldii

779. Eleocharis rostellata

780. Eleocharis smallii

781. Eleocharis wolfii

782. Eriophorum angustifolium

783. Eriophorum chamissonis

MAPS 784-792

CYPERACEAE

173

784. Eriophorum gracile

785. Eriophorum spissum

786. Eriophorum tenellum

787. Eriophorum virginicum

788. Eriophorum viridi-carinatum

789. Fimbristylis autumnalis

790. Fimbristylis puberula var. interior

791. Hemicarpha micrantha

792. Rhynchospora alba

CYPERACEAE

MAPS 793-801

174

793. Rhynchospora capillacea

794. Rhynchospora fusca

795. Scirpus acutus

796. Scirpus atrocinctus

797. Scirpus atrovirens

798. Scirpus cespitosus var. callosus

799. Scirpus clintonii

800. Scirpus cyperinus

801. Scirpus fluviatilis

CYPERACEAE

MAPS 802-810

175

802. Scirpus georgianus

803. Scirpus hattorianus

804. Scirpus heterochaetus

805. Scirpus hudsonianus

806. Scirpus microcarpus

807. Scirpus pallidus

808. Scirpus paludosus

809. Scirpus pedicellatus

810. Scirpus pungens

CYPERACEAE-DIPSACACEAE

MAPS 811-819

176

812.

Scirpus smithii

813.

814. Scirpus torreyi

815.

Scirpus validus var. creber

816. Scleria triglomerata

817. Scleria verticillata

818.

Dioscorea villosa

819. Knautia arvensis

811.

Scirpus purshianus

Scirpus subterminalis

MAPS 820-828

DROSERACEAE-ELATINACEAE

177

820. Drosera anglica

821. Drosera intermedia

822. Drosera linearis

823. Drosera rotundifolia

824. Elaeagnus angustifolia

825. Elaeagnus commutata

826. Shepherdia argentea

827. Shepherdia canadensis

828. Elatine minima

ELATINACEAE-ERICACEAE

MAPS 829-837

178

829. Elatine triandra

830. Empetrum atropurpureum

831.

Empetrum nigrum

832. Andromeda glaucophylla

833. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

834. Chamaedaphne calyculata var. angustifolia

835. Epigaea repens var. glabrifolia

836. Gaultheria hispidula

837. Gaultheria procumbens

ERICACEAE

MAPS 838-846

179

Gaylussacia baccata

839.

841.

Vaccinium angustifolium

842. Vaccinium caespitosum

843. Vaccinium macrocarpon

845.

846.

844. Vaccinium myrtilloides

Kalmia polifolia

840. Ledum groenlandicum

838.

Vaccinium oxycoccus

Vaccinium uliginosum var. alpinum

ERICACEAE-EUPHORBIACEAE

MAPS 847-855 180

847. Vaccinium vitis-idaea var. minus

848. Eriocaulon septangulare

849. Acalypha rhomboidea

850. Euphorbia corollata

851.

852. Euphorbia cyparissias

853. Euphorbia dentata

854. Euphorbia geyeri

Euphorbia cyathophora

855. Euphorbia glyptosperma

MAPS 856-864

EUPHORBIACEAE-FAGACEAE

181

856. Euphorbia maculata

857. Euphorbia marginata

858. Euphorbia nutans

859. Euphorbia podperae

860. Euphorbia serpyllifolia

861. Euphorbia spathulata

862. Quercus alba

863. Quercus bicolor

864. Quercus ellipsoidalis

FAGACEAE-FUMARIACEAE

MAPS 865-873

182

865. Quercus macrocarpa

866. Quercus muhlenbergii

867. Quercus rubra

868. Quercus velutina

869. Adlumia fungosa

870. Corydalis aurea

871. Corydalis micrantha

872. Corydalis sempervirens

873. Dicentra canadensis

MAPS 874-882

FUMARIACEAE-GENTIANACEAE

183

874. Dicentra cucullaria

875. Bartonia virginica

876. Centaurium pulchellum

877. Gentiana affinis

878. Gentiana alba

879. Gentiana andrewsii

880. Gentiana puberulenta

881.

882. Gentianella amarella subsp. acuta

Gentiana rubricaulis

GENTIANACEAE-GRAMINEAE

MAPS 883-891 184

883. Gentianella quinquefolia subsp. occidentalis

884. Gentianopsis crinita

885. Gentianopsis procera

886. Halenia deflexa

887. Geranium bicknellii

888. Geranium carolinianum

889. Geranium maculatum

890.

891. Agropyron pectiniforme

x Agrohordeum macounii

MAPS 892-900

GRAMINEAE

185

892. Agropyron repens

893. Agropyron smithii

894. Agropyron trachycaulum

895. Agrostis geminata

896. Agrostis hy emails

897. Agrostis perennans

898. Agrostis scabra

899. Agrostis stolonifera var. major

900. Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris

GRAMINEAE

MAPS 901-909

186

901. Alopecurus aequalis

902. Alopecurus carolinianus

903. Alopecurus pratensis

904. Ammophila breviligulata

905. Andropogon gerardii

906. Andropogon hallii

907. Aristida basiramea

908. Aristida dichotoma var. curtissii

909. Aristida oligantha

MAPS 910-918

GRAMINEAE

187

911.

913.

914. Avena sativa

915.

917. Bouteloua gracilis

918. Bouteloua hirsuta

Avena fatua

916. Bouteloua curtipendula

Aristida tuberculosa

912. Arrhenatherum elatius

910. Aristida purpurea var. longiseta

Beckmannia syzigachne var. baicalensis

MAPS 919-927

GRAMINEAE

188

920. Bromus ciliatus

921. Bromus inermis

922. Bromus japonicus

923. Bromus kalmii

924. Bromus latiglumis

925. Bromus pubescens

926. Bromus secalinus

927. Bromus tectorum

919.

Brachyelytrum erectum

GRAMINEAE

MAPS 928-936

189

928.

Buchloe dactyloides

929.

Calamagrostis canadensis

930.

931. Calamagrostis lacustris

932.

Calamagrostis montanensis

933. Calamagrostis neglecta

934.

935.

Calamovilfa longifolia

936.

Calamagrostis purpurascens

Calamagrostis inexpansa var. brevior

Cenchrus longispinus

MAPS 937-945

GRAMINEAE

190

937. Cinna aru

938. Cinna latifolia

939. Datylis glomerata

940. Danthonia spicata

941. Deschampsia cespitosa var. glauca

942. Deschampsia flexuosa

943. Digitaria ischaemum

944. Digitaria sanguinalis

945. Diplachne fascicularis

MAPS 946-954

GRAMINEAE

191

946. Distichlis stricta

947. Echinochloa crusgalli

948.

Echinochloa muricata

949. Echinochloa walteri

950.

Elyrnus canadensis

951. Elymus diversiglumis

952. Elymus hystrix

953.

Elymus junceus

954.

Elymus racemosus

GRAMINEAE

MAPS 955-963

192

955. Elymus villosus

956. Elymus virginicus

957.

Elymus wiegandii

958.

Eragrostis cilianensis

959.

Eragrostis frankii

960.

Eragrostis hypnoides

961. Eragrostis pectinacea

962.

Eragrostis spectabilis

963. Eragrostis trichodes

GRAMINEAE

MAPS 964-972

193

964.

Eriochloa villosa

965.

Festuca arundinacea

966.

Festuca obtusa

967. Festuca ovina Festuca longifolia Festuca saximontana

968. Festuca pratensis

969. Festuca rubra

970.

971. Glyceria canadensis

972. Glyceria grandis

Glyceria borealis

MAPS 973-981

GRAMINEAE

194

973. Glyceria striata

974. Helictotrichon hookeri

975. Hierochloe odorata subsp. hirta

976. Hordeum jubatum

977. Hordeum pusillum

978. Koeleria macrantha

979. Leersia lenticularis

980. Leersia oryzoides

981. Leersia virginica

GRAMINEAE

MAPS 982-990

195

982. Leptoloma cognatum

983. Lolium perenne

984. Melica nitens

985. Milium effusum var. cisatlanticum

986. Miscanthus sacchariflorus

987. Muhlenbergia asperifolia

988. Muhlenbergia cuspidata

989. Muhlenbergia frondosa

990. Muhlenbergia glomerata

MAPS 991-999

GRAMINEAE

196

991. Muhlenbergia mexicana

992. Muhlenbergia racemosa

993. Muhlenbergia richardsonis

994. Muhlenbergia schreberi

995. Muhlenbergia sylvatica

996. Muhlenbergia uniflora

997. Oryzopsis asperifolia

998. Oryzopsis hymenoides

999. Oryzopsis pungens

MAPS 1000-1008

GRAMINEAE

197

Panicum boreale

1002. Panicum capillare

1000. Oryzopsis racemosa

1001.

1003.

Panicum columbianum

1004. Panicum commonsianum var. euchlamydeum

1005. Panicum depauperatum

1006.

Panicum dichotomiflorum

1007.

1008.

Panicum lanuginosum var. fasciculatum

Panicum lanuginosum var. implicatum

GRAMINEAE

MAPS 1009-1017 198

1009.

Panicum lanuginosum var. praecocius

1010.

Panicum latifolium

1011. Panicum leibergii

1012.

Panicum linearifolium

1013.

Panicum meridionale

1014.

Panicum miliaceum

1015.

Panicum oligosanthes

1016.

Panicum perlongum

1017.

Panicum philadelphicum

MAPS 1018-1026

GRAMINEAE

199

1018. Panicum virgatum

1019. Panicum wilcoxianum

1020. Panicum xanthophysum

1021. Paspalum ciliatifolium var. stramineum

1022. Phalaris arundinacea

1023. Phalaris canariensis

1024. Phleum pratense

1025. Phragmites australis

1026. Poa alsodes

MAPS 1027-1035

GRAMINEAE

200

1029.

Poa chaixii

1031. Poa glauca

1032.

Poa interior

1034.

1035.

Poa paludigena

1027. Poa annua

1028.

1030.

Poa compressa

1033.

Poa languida

Poa arida

Poa nemoralis

MAPS 1036-1044

GRAMINEAE

201

1038. Poa saltuensis

1036. Poa palustris

1037. Poa pratensis

1039. Poa sylvestris

1040. Poa x tormentuosa

1041. Poa trivialis

1042. Poa wolfii

1043. Puccinellia nuttalliana

1044. Schedonnardus paniculatus

GRAMINEAE

MAPS 1045-1053

202

1045. Schizachne purpurascens

1046. Schizachyrium scoparium var. frequens

1047. Scolochloa festucacea

1048.

Secale cereale

1049.

Setaria faberi

1050.

Setaria glauca

1051.

Setaria italica

1052.

Setaria verticillata

1053.

Setaria viridis

MAPS 1054-1062

GRAMINEAE

203

1054. Sorghastrum nutans

1055.

Spartina gracilis

1056. Spartina pectinata

1057. Sphenopholis intermedia

1058.

Sphenopholis obtusata

1059. Sporobolus asper

1060. Sporobolus cryptandrus

1061.

Sporobolus heterolepis

1062. Sporobolus neglectus

GRAMINEAE

MAPS 1063-1071

204

1063.

Sporobolus vaginiflorus

1064.

Stipa comata

1065.

Stipa spartea

1066.

Stipa viridula

1067.

Torreyochloa pallida

1068.

Triplasis purpurea

1069.

Trisetum spicatum

1070.

Vulpia octoflora var. glauca

1071.

Zizania palustris

HALORAGACEAE-HYDROCHARITACEAE

MAPS 1072-1080

205

1072. Myriophyllum alterniflorum

1073. Myriophyllum farwellii

1074. Myriophyllum sibiricum

1075. Myriophyllum tenellum

1076. Myriophyllum verticillatum

1077. Hamamelis virginiana

1078.

1079. Elodea canadensis

1080.

Hippuris vulgaris

Elodea nuttallii

HYDROCHARITACEAE-HYPERICACEAE

MAPS 1081-1089

206

1081. Vallisneria americana

1082. Ellisia nyctelea

1083.

Hydrophyllum appendiculatum

1084.

1085. Phacelia franklinii

1086.

Hypericum boreale

1088.

1089. Hypericum perforatum

Hydrophyllum virginianum

1087. Hypericum ellipticum

Hypericum majus

MAPS 1090-1098

HYPERICACEAE-JUGLANDACEAE

207

1091. Hypericum pyramidatum

1092. Triadenum fraseri

1093. Iris versicolor

1094. Iris virginica var. shrevei

1095. Sisyrinchium campestre

1096.

1097. Sisyrinchium mucronatum

1098.

1090.

Hypericum punctatum

Sisyrinchium montanum

Carya cordiformis

JUGLANDACEAE-JUNCACEAE

MAPS 1099-1107

208

1099. Carya ovata

1100. Juglans cinerea

1101.

1102. Juncus alpinoarticulatus

1103.

1104. Juncus balticus var. littoralis

1105. Juncus brachycarpus

1106. Juncus brevicaudatus

Juncus articulatus

Juglans nigra

1107. Juncus bufonius

JUNCACEAE

MAPS 1108-1116

209

1109. Juncus compressus

1110.

1111. Juncus effusus

1112.

Juncus filiformis

1113. Juncus gerardi

1114.

1115.

Juncus greenei

1116.

1108.

Juncus canadensis

Juncus x gracilescens

Juncus dudleyi

Juncus interior

JUNCACEAE

MAPS 1117-1125

210

1117. Juncus longistylis

1118. Juncus marginatus

1119. Juncus nodosus

1120.

1121.

1122.

Juncus pelocarpus

1123. Juncus torreyi

Juncus stygius var. americana

1124. Juncus vaseyi

Juncus tenuis

1125. Luzula acuminata

JUNCACEAE-LABIATAE

MAPS 1126-1134

211

1126. Luzula luzuloides

1127. Luzula multiflora

1128.

Luzula parviflora var. melanocarpa

1129.

Scheuchzeria palustris var. americana

1130.

Triglochin maritimum

1131.

Triglochin palustre

1132.

Agastache foeniculum

1133.

Agastache nepetoides

1134.

Agastache scrophulariaefolia

LABIATAE

MAPS 1135-1143

212

1135. Blephila hirsuta

1136. Dracocephalum parviflorum

1137. Galeopsis tetrahit

1138.

Glechoma hederacea

1139. Hedeoma hispida

1140. Isanthus brachiatus

1141.

Leonurus cardiaca

1142.

1143.

Lycopus americanus

Lycopus asper

LABIATAE

MAPS 1144-1152

213

1144. Lycopus uniflorus

1145. Lycopus virginicus

1146. Mentha arvensis var. glabrata

1147. Mentha cardiaca

1148.

1149.

1150. Nepeta cataria

1151. Physostegia virginiana

Monarda fistulosa

Monarda punctata var. villicaulis

1152. Prunella vulgaris

LABIATAE

MAPS 1153-1161

214

Salvia reflexa

1155.

Satureja vulgaris var. neogaea

1153. Pycnanthemum virginianum

1154.

1156. Scutellaria galericulata

1157. Scutellaria lateriflora

1158. Scutellaria leonardi

1159. Scutellaria ovata subsp. versicolor

1160. Scutellaria parvula

1161. Stachys palustris

MAPS 1162-1170

LABIATAE-LEGUMINOSAE

215

1162. Stachys tenuifolia

1163. Teucrium canadense

1164. Amorpha canescens

1165. Amorpha fruticosa

1166.

1167. Amphicarpaea bracteata

1168. Apios americana

1169. Astragalus adsurgens var. robustior

Amorpha nana

1170. Astragalus agrestis

LEGUMINOSAE

MAPS 1171-1179

216

1171.

Astragalus canadensis

1172.

Astragalus crassicarpus

1173. Astragalus flexuosus

1174.

Astragalus lotiflorus

1175.

Astragalus missouriensis

1176.

Astragalus neglectus

1179.

Baptisia alba var. macrophylla

1177. Astragalus racemosus

1178. Astragalus tenellus

MAPS 1180-1188

LEGUMINOSAE

217

1180.

Baptisia bracteata var. glabrescens

1181.

Chamaecrista fasciculata

1182.

Coronilla varia

1183.

Crotalaria sagittalis

1184.

Dalea leporina

1185.

Desmanthus illinoensis

1186. Desmodium canadense

1187. Desmodium cuspidatum var. longifolium

1188. Desmodium glutinosum

LEGUMINOSAE

MAPS 1189-1197

218

1189. Desmodium illinoense

1190. Desmodium nudiflorum

1191. Gleditsia triacanthos

1192.

1193.

1194. Lathyrus japonicus var. glaber

Glycyrrhiza lepidota

1195. Lathyrus ochroleucus

Gymnocladus dioica

1196. Lathyrus palustris

1197. Lathyrus venosus var. intonsus

MAPS 1198-1206

LEGUMINOSAE

219

1198.

Lespedeza capitata

1199.

Lespedeza capitata x L. leptostachya

1200.

Lespedeza leptostachya

1201. Lotus corniculatus

1202. Lotus purshianus

1203. Lupinus perennis

1204. Lupinus polyphyllus

1205. Medicago lupulina

1206. Medicago sativa

LEGUMINOSAE

MAPS 1207-1215

220

1207. Melilotus alba

1208. Melilotus officinalis

1209. Oxytropis campestris var. dispar

1210.

Oxytropis lambertii

1211.

Oxytropis viscida

1212. Petalostemon candidum

1213.

Petalostemon occidentale

1214.

Petalostemon purpureum

1215.

Petalostemon villosum

MAPS 1216-1224

LEGUMINOSAE

221

1216. Psoralea argophylla

1217. Psoralea esculenta

1218. Psoralea tenuiflora

1219. Robinia pseudo-acacia

1220. Strophostyles helvula

1221.

1222. Tephrosia virginiana

1223. Trifolium arvense

1224. Trifolium aureum

Strophostyles leiosperma

LEGUMINOSAE

MAPS 1225-1233

222

1225. Trifolium campestre

1226. Trifolium hybridum

1227. Trifolium pratense

1228. Trifolium repens

1229. Vicia americana

1230. Vicia angustifolia

1231.

1232. Vicia sativa

1233. Vicia villosa

Vicia cracca

LEMNACEAE-LENTIBULARIACEAE

MAPS 1234-1242

223

1234. Lemna minor

1235. Lemna trisulca

1236. Spirodela polyrhiza

1237. Wolffia columbiana

1238. Wolffia punctata

1239. Pinguicula vulgaris

1240. Utricularia cornuta

1241. Utricularia gibba

1242. Utricularia intermedia

MAPS 1243-1251

LENTIBULARIACEAE-LILIACEAE

224

1243. Utricularia minor

1244. Utricularia resupinata

1245.

Utricularia vulgaris

1246. Allium burdickii

1247. Allium canadense

1248. Allium cernuum

1249. Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum

1250. Allium stellatum

1251.

Allium textile

LILIACEAE

MAPS 1252-1260

225

Asparagus officinalis

1254. Clintonia borealis

1252. Allium tricoccum

1253.

1255. Erythronium albidum

1256. Erythronium americanum

1257. Erythronium propullans

1258. Hemerocallis fulva

1259. Lilium michiganense

1260. Lilium philadelphicum var. andinum

LILIACEAE

MAPS 1261-1269

226

1261. Maianthemum canadense

1262. Polygonatum commutatum

1263. Polygonatum pubescens

1264.

1265.

1266.

Smilacina racemosa

1267. Smilax ecirrata

Smilacina stellata

1268. Smilax herbacea

Smilacina trifolia

1269. Smilax hispida

MAPS 1270-1278

LILIACEAE

227

Smilax lasioneura

1272. Streptopus amplexifolius

1270. Smilax illinoensis

1271.

1273. Streptopus roseus var. longipes

1274. Tofieldia glutinosa

1275. Tofieldia pusilla

1276. Trillium cernuum

1277. Trillium flexipes

1278. Trillium grandiflorum

LILIACEAE-LINACEAE

MAPS 1279-1287

228

1279. Trillium nivale

1280.

Uvularia grandiflora

1281.

Uvularia sessilifolia

1282. Zigadenus elegans Zigadenus glaucus

1283.

Floerkea proserpinacoides

1284. Linum lewisii

1285. Linum rigidum

1286. Linum sulcatum

1287. Linum usitatissimum

MAPS 1288-1296

LORANTHACEAE-MALVACEAE

22$

1289.

Ammannia coccinea

1290.

Decodon verticillatus var. laevigatus

1291. Didiplis diandra

1292.

Lythrum alatum

1293.

Lythrum salicaria var. tomentosum

1294.

1295. Abutilon theophrasti

1296.

Hibiscus trionum

1288.

Arceuthobium pusillum

Rotala ramosior

MALVACEAE-MORACEAE

MAPS 1297-1305 230

1297. Malva neglecta

1298.

Malva rotundifolia

1299. Malva sylvestris

1300. Napaea dioica

1301.

Sphaeralcea coccinea

1302. Menispermum canadense

1303.

1304.

Cannabis sativa

1305. Humulus lupulus

Menyanthes trifoliata var. minor

MAPS 1306-1314

MORACEAE-NYCTAGINACEAE

231

1306. Moms alba

1307.

Morus rubra

1308.

Comptonia peregrina

1309.

Myrica gale

1310.

Najas flexilis

1311. Najas gracillima

1312.

Najas guadalupensis

1313.

Najas marina

1314.

Mirabilis hirsuta

NYCTAGINACEAE-NYMPHAEACEAE

MAPS 1315-1323

232

1315.

Mirabilis linearis

1316.

Mirabilis nyctaginea

1317.

1318.

Nelumbo lutea

1319.

Nuphar luteum subsp. pumilum

1320. Nuphar luteum subsp. variegatum

1321.

Nymphaea odorata

1322. Nymphaea tetragona

1323.

Brasenia schreberi

Nymphaea tuberosa

MAPS 1324-1332

OLEACEAE-ONAGRACEAE

233

1324. Fraxinus americana

1325. Fraxinus nigra

1326. Fraxinus pennsylvanica

1327. Calylophus serrulata

1328. Circaea alpina

1329. Circaea lutetiana subsp. canadensis

1330.

1331.

1332. Epilobium coloratum

Epilobium angustifolium

Epilobium ciliatum

ONAGRACEAE

MAPS 1333-1341

234

Epilobium leptophyllum

1335. Epilobium palustre

1333. Epilobium glandulosum

1334.

1336. Epilobium strictum

1337. Gaura biennis

1338.

1339. Ludwigia palustris

1340.

1341. Oenothera biennis

Ludwigia polycarpa

Gaura coccinea

ONAGRACEAE-ORCHIDACEAE

MAPS 1342-1350

235

1342. Oenothera clelandii

1343. Oenothera laciniata

1344. Oenothera nuttallii

1345. Oenothera oakesiana

1346.

1347. Oenothera perennis

1348. Oenothera rhombipetala

1349. Oenothera villosa

Oenothera parviflora

1350. Amerorchis rotundifolia

ORCHIDACEAE

MAPS 1351-1359

236

1353.

Calopogon tuberosus

1355. Coeloglossum viride var. virescens

1356.

Corallorhiza maculata

1358.

1359.

Corallorhiza trifida

1351.

Aplectrum hyemale

1352.

1354.

Calypso bulbosa var. amencana

1357.

Corallorhiza odontorhiza

Arethusa bulbosa

Corallorhiza striata

MAPS 1360-1368

ORCHIDACEAE

237

1360.

Cypripedium acaule

1361.

Cypripedium arietinum

1362.

Cypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum

1363.

Cypripedium calceolus var. pubescens

1364.

Cypripedium candidum

1365.

Cypripedium reginae

1366.

Galearis spectabilis

1367.

Goodyera pubescens

1368.

Goodyera repens var. ophioides

ORCHIDACEAE

MAPS 1369-1377

238

1369. Goodyera tesselata

1370. Liparis liliifolia

1371.

1372. Listera auriculata

1373.

1374. Listera cordata

1375. Malaxis monophylla var. brachypoda

1376. Malaxis paludosa

Listera convallarioides

Liparis loeselii

1377. Malaxis unifolia

MAPS 1378-1386

ORCHIDACEAE

239

1378. Platanthera clavellata

1379. Platanthera dilatata

1380. Platanthera flava var. herbiola

1381.

1382. Platanthera hyperborea

1383.

1385. Platanthera orbiculata

1386. Platanthera praeclara

Platanthera hooker!

1384. Platanthera obtusata

Platanthera lacera

ORCHIDACEAE-OROBANCHACEAE

MAPS 1387-1395

240

1387.

Platanthera psycodes

1388.

Pogonia ophioglossoides

1389.

Spiranthes cernua

1390.

Spiranthes lacera

1391.

Spiranthes magnicamporum

1392.

Spiranthes romanzoffiana

1393.

Orobanche fasciculata

1394. Orobanche ludoviciana

1395.

Orobanche uniflora

MAPS 1396-1404

OXALIDACEAE-PLANTAGINACEAE

241

1396. Oxalis dillenii

1397. Oxalis montana

1398.

Oxalis stricta

1399.

1400. Sanguinaria canadensis

1401.

Phryma leptostachya

1403. Plantago aristata

1404. Plantago elongata

Oxalis violacea

1402. Littorella americana

PLANTAGINACEAE-POLEMONIACEAE

MAPS 1405-1413

242

1405. Plantago eriopoda

1406. Plantago lanceolata

1407. Plantago major

1408. Plantago patagonica

1409. Plantago psyIlium

1410. Plantago rugelii

1411. Plantago virginica

1412.

1413.

Collomia linearis

Phlox divaricata subsp. laphamii

POLEMONIACEAE-POLYGALACEAE

MAPS 1414-1422

243

1414. Phlox maculata

1415.

Phlox paniculata

1416.

Phlox pilosa subsp. fulgida

1417.

1418.

Polemonium reptans

1419.

Polygala cruciata var. aquilonia

1421.

Polygala polygama var. obtusata

1422. Polygala sanguinea

Polemonium occidentale subsp. lacustre

1420. Polygala paucifolia

POLYGALACEAE-POLYGONACEAE

MAPS 1423-1431

244

1423. Polygala senega

1424. Polygala verticillata var. isocycla

1425. Eriogonum annuum

1426. Fagopyrum esculentum

1427. Polygonella articulata

1428. Polygonum achoreum

1429. Polygonum amphibium var. stipulaceum

1430.

1431. Polygonum arifolium var. pubescens

Polygonum arenastrum

POLYGONACEAE

MAPS 1432-1440

245

1432.

Polygonum aviculare

1433.

Polygonum bungeanum

1434.

Polygonum careyi

1435.

Polygonum cilinode

1436.

Polygonum coccineum

1437.

Polygonum convolvulus

1438.

Polygonum cristatum

1439.

Polygonum douglasii

1440.

Polygonum erectum

POLYGONACEAE

MAPS 1441-1449

246

1441. Polygonum hydropiper

1442.

Polygonum hydropiperoides

1443.

Polygonum lapathifolium

1444.

Polygonum pensylvanicum

1445.

Polygonum persicaria

1446.

Polygonum punctatum

1447.

Polygonum ramosissimum

1448.

Polygonum sagittatum

1449.

Polygonum scabrum

MAPS 1450-1458

POLYGONACEAE

247

1450.

Polygonum scandens

1451. Polygonum tenue

1452. Polygonum virginianum

1453.

Polygonum viviparum

1454.

1455.

1456. Rumex altissimus

Rumex acetosa

1457. Rumex crispus

Rumex acetosella

1458. Rumex longifolius

POLYGONACEAE-PONTEDERIACEAE

MAPS 1459-1467

248

1459.

Rumex maritimus var. fueginus

1460. Rumex mexicanus

1461.

Rumex obtusifolius

1462.

Rumex orbiculatus

1463.

Rumex patientia

1464.

Rumex stenophyllus

1465.

Rumex verticillatus

1466.

Heteranthera dubia

1467.

Heteranthera limosa

PONTEDERIACEAE-POTAMOGETONACEAE

MAPS 1468-1476

249

1468. Pontederia cordata

1469. Claytonia caroliniana

1470. Claytonia virginica

1471.

1472. Portulaca oleracea

1473. Talinum parviflorum

1475. Potamogeton alpinus

1476. Potamogeton amplifolius

Montia chamissoi

1474. Talinum rugospermum

POTAMOGETONACEAE

MAPS 1477-1485

250

1477. Potamogeton bicupulatus

1478. Potamogeton crispus

1479. Potamogeton diversifolius

1480.

Potamogeton epihydrus

1481.

1482.

1483.

Potamogeton friesii

1484. Potamogeton gramineus

Potamogeton filiformis

Potamogeton foliosus

1485. Potamogeton x haynesii

MAPS 1486-1494

POTAMOGETONACEAE

251

I486. Potamogeton illinoensis

1487. Potamogeton natans

1488. Potamogeton nodosus

1489. Potamogeton obtusifolius

1490. Potamogeton pectinatus

1491. Potamogeton praelongus

1492. Potamogeton pusillus var. pusillus

1493. Potamogeton pusillus var. tenuissimus

1494. Potamogeton richardsonii

MAPS 1495-1503

POTAMOGETONACEAE-PRIMULACEAE

252

1496. Potamogeton spirillus

1497.

Potamogeton strictifolius

1498. Potamogeton vaginatus

1499. Potamogeton vaseyi

1500.

Potamogeton zosteriformis

1501.

1502. Androsace septentrionalis subsp. puberulenta

1503.

Dodecatheon amethystinum

1495.

Potamogeton robbinsii

Androsace occidentalis

PRIMULACEAE

MAPS 1504-1512

253

1505.

Glaux maritima

1506.

1507. Lysimachia hybrida

1508.

Lysimachia nummularia

1509. Lysimachia quadriflora

1510.

1511.

Lysimachia terrestris

1512.

1504.

Dodecatheon meadia

Lysimachia quadrifolia

Lysimachia ciliata

Lysimachia thyrsiflora

PRIMULACEAE-PYROLACEAE

MAPS 1513-1521

254

Trientalis borealis

1515.

Chimaphila umbellata var. cisatlantica

1513. Primula mistassinica

1514.

1516. Moneses uniflora

1517. Monotropa hypopitys

1518. Monotropa uniflora

1519. Pyrola asarifolia

1520. Pyrola chlorantha

1521. Pyrola elliptica

MAPS 1522-1530

PYROLACEAE-RANUNCULACEAE

255

Pyrola rotundifolia var. americana

1524. Pyrola secunda

1522. Pyrola minor

1523.

1525.

Actaea pachypoda

1526. Actaea rubra

1527. Anemone canadensis

1528.

Anemone caroliniana

1529. Anemone cylindrica

1530.

Anemone multifida

RANUNCULACEAE

MAPS 1531-1539

256

1531. Anemone quinquefolia var. bifolia

1532. Anemone riparia

1533. Anemone virginiana

1534. Anemonella thalictroides

1535. Aquilegia canadensis

1536. Caltha natans

1537.

1538.

1539.

Caltha palustris

Clematis occidentalis

Clematis virginiana

MAPS 1540-1548

RANUNCULACEAE

257

1540. Coptis groenlandica

1541. Delphinium virescens

1542. Hepatica acutiloba

1543. Hepatica americana

1544. Hydrastis canadensis

1545. Isopyrum biternatum

1546. Myosurus minimus

1547. Pulsatilla nuttalliana

1548. Ranunculus abortivus

RANUNCULACEAE

MAPS 1549-1557

258

1549. Ranunculus acris

1550. Ranunculus aquatilis var. capillaceus

1551. Ranunculus circinatus var. subrigidus

1552. Ranunculus cymbalaria

1553. Ranunculus fascicularis

1554. Ranunculus flabellaris

1555. Ranunculus flammula

1556.

1557. Ranunculus hispidus var. caricetorum

Ranunculus gmelini

MAPS 1558-1566

RANUNCULACEAE

259

1558. Ranunculus hispidus var. nitidus

1559. Ranunculus lapponicus

1560. Ranunculus longirostris

1561. Ranunculus macounii

1562. Ranunculus pensylvanicus

1563. Ranunculus recurvatus

1564. Ranunculus repens

1565. Ranunculus rhomboideus

1566. Ranunculus sceleratus

RANUNCULACEAE-ROSACEAE

MAPS 1567-1575

260

1567. Thalictrum dasycarpum

1568.

Thalictrum dioicum

1569. Thalictrum venulosum

1570. Ceanothus americanus

1571.

Ceanothus herbaceus

1572. Rhamnus alnifolia

1573.

1574. Rhamnus frangula

Rhamnus catharticus

1575.

Agrimonia gryposepala

MAPS 1576-1584

ROSACEAE

261

1576. Agrimonia striata

1577. Amelanchier alnifolia

1578.

Amelanchier arborea

1579. Amelanchier bartramiana

1580.

Amelanchier humilis

1581.

Amelanchier huronensis

1582. Amelanchier interior

1583.

Amelanchier intermedia

1584.

Amelanchier laevis

ROSACEAE

MAPS 1585-1593

262

1585.

Amelanchier mucronata

1586.

Amelanchier sanguinea

1587.

Amelanchier stolonifera

1588.

Amelanchier wiegandii

1589.

Aronia melanocarpa

1590.

Chamaerhodos nuttallii

1591.

Crataegus calpodendron

1592.

Crataegus chrysocarpa

1593.

Crataegus douglasii

MAPS 1594-1602

ROSACEAE

263

1594. Crataegus faxoni var. faxoni

1595. Crataegus faxoni var. praetermissa

1596. Crataegus irrasa

1597. Crataegus laurentiana var. brunetiana

1598. Crataegus macracantha var. macracantha

1599. Crataegus macracantha var. pertomentosa

1600. Crataegus mollis

1601.

1602. Crataegus punctata

Crataegus pedicellate var. albicans

ROSACEAE

MAPS 1603-1611

264

1603. Crataegus roanensis var. fluviatilis

1604. Crataegus roanensis var. roanensis

1605. Crataegus scabrida var. asperifolia

1606. Crataegus succulenta

1607. Fragaria vesca subsp. americana

1608. Fragaria virginiana

1609. Geum aleppicum var. strictum

1610.

1611.

Geum canadense

Geum laciniatum var. trichocarpum

MAPS 1612-1620

ROSACEAE

265

1612.

Geum macrophyllum var. perincisum

1613.

Geum rivale

1614.

Geum triflorum

1615.

Physocarpus opulifolius

1616.

Potentilla anserina

1617.

Potentilla argentea

1618.

Potentilla arguta

1619.

Potentilla bipinnatifida

1620.

Potentilla effusa

ROSACEAE

MAPS 1621-1629

266

1621. Potentilla finitima

1622.

Potentilla fruticosa

1623.

Potentilla gracilis

1624.

1625.

Potentilla nicolletii

1626.

Potentilla norvegica

Potentilla intermedia

1627. Potentilla palustris

1628. Potentilla paradoxa

1629. Potentilla pensylvanica

MAPS 1630-1638

ROSACEAE

267

Potentilla rivalis Potentilla millegrana Potentilla pentandra

1632. Potentilla simplex

1630. Potentilla recta

1631.

1633. Potentilla tridentata

1634. Prunus americana

1635. Prunus nigra

1636. Prunus pensylvanica

1637. Prunus pumila

1638. Prunus serotina

ROSACEAE

MAPS 1639-1647

268

1639.

Primus virginiana

1640.

Pyrus ioensis

1641.

Pyrus malus

1642.

Rosa acicularis subsp. sayi

1643.

Rosa arkansana

1644.

Rosa blanda

1645.

Rosa macounii

1646.

Rubus acaulis

1647.

Rubus acridens

MAPS 1648-1656

ROSACEAE

269

1648. Rubus allegheniensis

1649. Rubus canadensis

1650. Rubus chamaemorus

1651.

1652. Rubus folioflorus

1653.

1655.

1656. Rubus multifer

Rubus flagellaris

1654. Rubus latifoliolus

Rubus minnesotanus

Rubus groutianus

ROSACEAE

MAPS 1657-1665

270

1657. Rubus occidentalis

1658.

Rubus parviflorus

1659.

Rubus pensilvanicus

1660.

Rubus pubescens

1661.

Rubus recurvans

1662.

Rubus rosendahlii

1663.

Rubus semisetosus

1664. Rubus strigosus

1665.

Rubus vermontanus

MAPS 1666-1674

ROSACEAE-RUBIACEAE

271

1666. Sorbaria sorbifolia

1667. Sorbus americanus

1668. Sorbus aucuparia

1669. Sorbus decora

1670. Spiraea alba

1671. Spiraea tomentosa var. rosea

1672. Waldsteinia fragarioides

1673. Cephalanthus occidentalis

1674. Galium aparine

RUBIACEAE

MAPS 1675-1683

272

1675.

Galium asprellum

1676. Galium boreale subsp. septentrionale

1677. Galium brevipes

1678.

Galium concinnum

1679.

1680.

Galium obtusum

1681.

Galium tinctorium

1682. Galium trifidum

1683.

Galium triflorum

Galium labradoricum

RUBIACEAE-SALICACEAE

MAPS 1684-1692

273

1684. Galium verum

1685. Hedyotis longifolia

1686. Mitchella repens

1687. Ruppia occidentalis

1688.

Zanthoxylum americanum

1689. Populus balsamifera

1690. Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera

1691.

Populus grandidentata

1692. Populus x jackii

SALICACEAE

MAPS 1693-1701

274

1693. Populus x smithii

1694. Populus tremuloides

1695.

Salix alba

1696. Salix amygdaloides

1697. Salix bebbiana

1698. Salix Candida

1699. Salix discolor

1700. Salix eriocephala

1701.

Salix exigua

MAPS 1702-1710

SALICACEAE

275

1702.

Salix gracilis

1703.

Salix humilis

1704. Salix lucida

1705.

Salix nigra

1706.

Salix pedicellaris var. hypoglauca

1707.

Salix pellita

1708.

Salix planifolia

1709.

Salix pyrifolia

1710.

Salix serissima

SANTALACEAE-SAXIFRAGACEAE

MAPS 1711-1719

276

1711.

Comandra umbellata

1712.

Geocaulon lividum

1713.

Sarracenia purpurea

1714.

Chrysosplenium americanum

1715.

Chrysosplenium iowense

1716.

Heuchera richardsonii

1717.

Mitella diphylla

1718.

Mitella nuda

1719.

Parnassia glauca

MAPS 1720-1728

SAXIFRAGACEAE

277

1720. Parnassia palustris var. neogaea

1721.

1723.

1724. Ribes hirtellum

1725.

Ribes hudsomanum

1727.

1728.

Ribes nigrum

Ribes glandulosum

1726. Ribes lacustre

Ribes americanum

Ribes missouriense

1722. Ribes cynosbati

MAPS 1729-1737

SAXIFRAGACEAE

278

Ribes oxyacanthoides

1731.

Ribes ru bruin

1729. Ribes odoratum

1730.

1732. Ribes triste

1733. Saxifraga aizoon var. neogaea

1734. Saxifraga cernua

1735. Saxifraga pensylvanica

1736. Saxifraga virginiensis

1737.

Sullivantia renifolia

SAXIFRAGACEAE-SCROPHULARIACEAE

MAPS 1738-1746

279

1738.

Tiarella cordifolia

1739.

Agalinis aspera

1740. Agalinis auriculata

1741. Agalinis gattingeri

1742. Agalinis paupercula

1743. Agalinis purpurea

1744. Agalinis tenuifolia

1745.

1746. Aureolaria pedicularia

Aureolaria grandiflora var. pulchra

SCROPHULARIACEAE

MAPS 1747-1755

280

1747. Bacopa rotundifolia

1748. Besseya bullii

1749.

Castilleja coccinea

1750.

Castilleja septentrionalis

1751.

Castilleja sessiliflora

1752.

Chaenorrhinum minus

1753.

Chelone glabra

1754.

Digitalis lanata

1755.

Euphrasia hudsoniana var. ramosior

MAPS 1756-1764

SCROPHULARIACEAE

281

1756. Gratiola neglecta

1757. Limosella aquatica

1758. Linaria canadensis

1759. Linaria genistifolia

1760. Linaria vulgaris

1761.

1762. Lindernia dubia

1763. Melampyrum lineare

1764. Mimulus glabratus var. fremontii

Lindernia anagallidea

SCROPHULARIACEAE

MAPS 1765-1773

282

Orthocarpus luteus

1767. Pedicularis canadensis

1765. Mimulus ringens

1766.

1768. Pedicularis lanceolata

1769. Penstemon albidus

1770. Penstemon digitalis

1771. Penstemon gracilis

1772. Penstemon grandiflorus

1773. Penstemon pallidus

MAPS 1774-1782

SCROPHULARIACEAE

283

1774. Scrophularia lanceolata

1775. Scrophularia marilandica

1776. Verbascum thapsus

1777. Veronica americana

1778. Veronica arvensis

1779. Veronica catenata

1780. Veronica longifolia

1781.

1782. Veronica peregrina

Veronica officinalis

SCROPHULARIACEAE-SOLANACEAE

MAPS 1783-1791

284

1783.

Veronica scutellata

1784.

Veronica serpyllifolia

1785.

Veronicastrum virginicum

1786.

Chamaesaracha grandiflora

1787.

Physalis heterophylla

1788.

Physalis virginiana

1789.

Solanum carolinense

1790.

Solanum dulcamara

1791.

Solanum ptychanthum

SOLANACEAE-SPARGANIACEAE

MAPS 1792-1800

285

1792. Solanum rostratum

1793. Sparganium americanum

1794. Sparganium androcladum

1795. Sparganium angustifolium

1796. Sparganium chlorocarpum

1797. Sparganium eurycarpum

1798. Sparganium fluctuans

1799. Sparganium glomeratum

1800. Sparganium minimum

STAPHYLEACEAE-ULMACEAE

MAPS 1801-1809

286

1802.

Dirca palustris

1803.

Tilia americana

1804. Typha angustifolia

1805.

Typha latifolia

1806.

Celtis occidentalis

1807.

1808.

Ulmus pumila

1809.

Ulmus rubra

1801.

Staphylea trifolia

Ulmus americana

MAPS 1810-1818

ULMACEAE-UMBELLIFERAE

287

1810.

Ulmus thomasii

1811.

Angelica atropurpurea var. occidentalis

1812.

Berula pusilla

1813.

Carum carvi

1814.

Cicuta bulbifera

1815.

Cicuta maculata

1816.

Cryptotaenia canadensis

1817.

Cymopteris acaulis

1818.

Daucus carota

UMBELLIFERAE

MAPS 1819-1827

288

1819. Eryngium yuccifolium

1820. Heracleum lanatum

1821. Hydrocotyle americana

1822. Lomatium orientale

1823. Osmorhiza chilensis

1824. Osmorhiza claytonii

1825. Osmorhiza longistylis

1826.

1827. Oxypolis rigidior

Osmorhiza obtusa

MAPS 1828-1836

UMBELLIFERAE

289

1828. Pastinaca sativa

1829. Polytaenia nuttallii

1830.

Sanicula canadensis

1831.

Sanicula gregaria

1832.

Sanicula marilandica

1833.

Sanicula trifoliata

1834.

Sium suave

1835.

Taenidia integerrima

1836.

Thaspium barbinode

UMBELLIFERAE-VALERIANACEAE

MAPS 1837-1845

290

Zizia aptera

1838.

Zizia aurea

1839.

1840. Laportea canadensis

1841.

Parietaria pensylvanica

1842. Pilea fontana

1843. Pilea pumila

1844. Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis

1837.

1845.

Boehmeria cylindrica

Valeriana edulis subsp. ciliata

MAPS 1846-1854

VALERIANACEAE-VIOLACEAE

291

1846. Valeriana officinalis

1847. Phyla lanceolata

1848. Verbena bracteata

1849. Verbena hastata

1850.

Verbena simplex

1851.

1852.

1853.

Viola adunca

1854. Viola affinis

Verbena urticifolia

Verbena stricta

VIOLACEAE

MAPS 1855-1863

292

1855.

Viola canadensis var. rugulosa

1856. Viola conspersa

1857. Viola cucullata

1858.

Viola incognita

1859.

Viola labradorica

1860.

Viola lanceolata

1861.

Viola macloskeyi subsp. pallens

1862.

Viola missouriensis

1863.

Viola nephrophylla

MAPS 1864-1872

VIOLACEAE

293

1864.

Viola novae-angliae

1865.

Viola nuttallii

1866.

Viola pedata

1867.

Viola pedatifida

1868.

Viola pratincola

1869.

Viola pubescens

1870.

Viola renifolia

1871.

Viola sagittata

1872.

Viola selkirkii

VIOLACEAE-ZANNICHELLIACEAE

MAPS 1873-1881

294

1873. Viola sororia

1874. Viola tricolor

1875. Parthenocissus inserta

1876. Parthenocissus quinquefolia

1877. Vitis aestivalis var. argentifolia

1878. Vitis riparia

1879. Xyris montana

1880.

1881.

Xyris torta

Zannichellia palustris var. major

Index to Genera and to Common Names Latin names of families are printed in boldface capital letters. Generic names are printed in boldface, upper- and lowercase, except synonyms, which are printed in italic. Common names of families, genera, and species are printed in roman type. Numbers without parentheses are page numbers in the checklist; numbers with parentheses are map numbers in the atlas. Abies, 6 (104) Absinthium, 18 (346) Abutilon, 56 (1295) Acalypha, 35 (849) ACANTHACEAE, 7 (113) Acanthus Family, 7 (113) Acer, 7 (114-119) ACERACEAE, 7 (114-119) Acerates, 9 Achillea, 17 (327-329) Acnida, 8 Aconite, 65 Aconitum, 65 Acorus, 9 (154) Acroptilon, 17, 20 Actaea, 66 (1525-1526) Adam-and-Eve, 59 (1351) Adder's-Mouth, 60 (1375-1377) Bog, 60 (1376) Green, 60 (1377) White, 60 (1375) Adder's-Tongue, 4 (44) Adder's-Tongue Family, 4 (33-44) Adenocaulon, 17 ADIANTACEAE, 4 Adiantum, 4 (48) Adlumia, 36 (869) Adoxa, 7 (120) ADOXACEAE, 7 (120) Aegopodium, 76 Aethusa, 76 Agalinis, 73, 74 (1739-1744) Agastache, 48 (1132-1134) Ageratina, 21 Agoseris, 17, 24 (330) Agrimonia, 68, 81 (1575-1576) Agrimony, 68 (1575-1576) Agrohordeum, 38, 40 (890) Agropyron, 38 (891-894) Agrostemma, 14 (258) Agrostis, 38 (895-900) AIZOACEAE, 7 (121) Alcea, 56 Alder, 10 (184-185) Black, 9 (152) Dwarf-, 67 (1572) Green, 10 (185) Mountain, 10 (185)

Speckled, 10 (184) Alexanders, 76, 78 (1811, 1837-1838) Golden, 78 (1838) Heart-Leaved, 78 (1837) Alfalfa, 52 (1206) Alisma, 7 (122-124) ALISMATACEAE, 7 (122-131) Alkali-Grass, 44 (1043) Alkanet, 10 Alliaria, 27 Allionia, 57, 58 Allium, 54 (1246-1252) Alnus, 10 (184-185) Alopecurus, 38 (901-903) Althaea, 56 Alumroot, 72 (1716) Alyssum, 27 Hoary, 28 (566) Small, 27 Sweet, 29 Amaranth, 8 (132-138) Amaranth Family, 8 (132-139) AMARANTHACEAE, 8 (132-139) Amaranthus, 8, 81 (132-138) AMARYLLIDACEAE, 8 (140) Amaryllis Family, 8 (140) Ambrosia, 17, 18, 21 (331-333) Amelanchier, 68, 81 (1577-1588) Amerorchis, 59, 60 (1350) Ammannia, 56 (1289) Ammophila, 38 (904) Amorpha, 51 (1164-1166) Amphicarpaea, 51 (1167) ANACARDIACEAE, 8 (141-147) Anacharis, 46 Anagallis, 64 Anaphalis, 18 (334) Anchusa, 10 Andromeda, 35 (832) Andropogon, 38, 44 (905-906) Androsace, 64 (1501-1502) Northern, 65 (1502) Western, 65 (1501) Anemone, 66, 67 (1527-1533) Canada, 66 (1527)

Carolina, 66 (1528) False Rue-, 66 (1545) Rue-, 66 (1534) Wood, 66 (1531) Anemonella, 66, (1534) Anethum, 76 Angelica, 76 (1811) Anice-Root, 77 (1825) Antennaria, 18 (335-340) Anthemis, 18 (341-342) Anthriscus, 77 APIACEAE, 8, 76 Apios, 51 (1168) Aplectrum, 59 (1351) Aplopappus, 18 APOCYNACEAE, 8 (148-151) Apocynum, 8 (148-151) Apple, 69 (1641) Balsam, 10 (604) May-, 10 (183) Apple-of-Peru, 75 AQUIFOLIACEAE, 9 (152-153) Aquilegia, 66, 81 (1535) Arabis, 27 (554-562) ARACEAE, 9 (154-158) Aralia, 9 (159-161) ARALIACEAE, 9 (159-163) Arbor Vitae, 6 (103) Arbutus, Trailing, 35 (835) Arceuthobium, 56 (1288) Arctium, 18 (343-344) Arctostaphylos, 35 (833) Arenaria, 14 (259-261) Arethusa, 59 (1352) Arisaema, 9 (155-156) Aristida, 38 (907-911) ARISTOLOCfflACEAE, 9 (164) Armoracea, 27 (563) Arnica, 18 (345) Aronia, 68, 69 (1589) Arrhenatherum, 38 (912) Arrow-Grass, 48 (1130-1131) Arrow-Grass Family, 48 (1129-1131) Arrowhead, 7 (126-131) Arrow-Wood, 13 (254-257) Downy, 13 (256) Artemisia, 18 (346-352)

Artichoke, Jerusalem, 22 (450) Arum, Water-, 9 (157) Arum Family , 9 (154-158) Asarum, 9 (164) ASCLEPIADACEAE, 9 (165-177) Asclepias, 9, 81 (165-177) Ash, 58 (1324-1326) Black, 58 (1325) European Mountain, 70 (1668) Green, 58 (1326) Mountain-, 70 (1667-1669) Northern Prickly, 71 (1688) Prickly, 71 (1688) Red, 58 (1326) Water-, 71 White, 58 (1324) Asparagus, 54 (1253) Garden-, 54 (1253) Aspen, 71 (1691, 1694) Large-Toothed, 71 (1691) Quaking, 71 (1694) Trembling, 71 (1694) Asperula, 71 Asphodel, False, 55 (1274-1275) ASPLENIACEAE, 4 Asplenium, 4 (49-50) Aster, 19, 24, 25, 81 (353-378) Aromatic, 19 (369) Azure, 19 (371) Big-Leaved, 19 (366) Crooked, 19 (373) Drummond's, 19 (358) Flat-Top, 19 (378) Golden, 22 (452) Hairy, 19 (372) Heart-Leaved, 19 (356) Heath-, 19 (359) Lindley's, 19 (355) New England, 19 (368) Ontario, 19 (370) Panicled, 19 (363) Purple-Stemmed, 19 (374-375) Rush, 19 (353) Short's, 19 (377) Silky, 19 (376) Smooth, 19 (362) Western Heath-, 19 (360) ASTERACEAE, 9, 17

INDEX

296 Astragalus, 51, 81 (1169-1178) Athyrium, 5 (51-53) Atriplex, 15, 81 (297) Aureolaria, 73, 81 (1745-1746) Avena, 39, 41 (913-914) Avens, 69 (1609-1614) Purple-, 69 (1614) Water-, 69 (1613) White, 69 (1610) Yellow, 69 (1609) Awlwort, 30 (602) Axyris, 16 (298) Azolla, 6 (97) Baby's Breath, 14 (267) Bachelor's Button, 20 Bacopa, 73 (1747) Balsam, 10 (178-179) BALSAMEVACEAE, 10 (178-179) Baneberry, 66 (1525-1526) Red, 66 (1526) White, 66 (1525) Baptisia, 51 (1179-1180) Barbarea, 28 (564-565) Barberry, 10 (180) Japanese, 10 (180) Barberry Family, 10 (180-183) Barley, 41 (976-977) Little, 41 (977) Barnyard-Grass, 40 (947) Bartonia, 37 (875) Virginia, 37 (875) Basil, Wild, 50(1155) Basswood, 76 (1803) Beachgrass, 38 (904) Beach-Pea, 52 (1194) Beak-Rush, 33 (792-794) Bean, Sacred, 58 (1318) Wild, 53 (1220-1221) Bean Family, 51 (1164-1233) Bearberry, 35 (833) Beardgrass, 38, 44 (905-906, 1046) Beard-Tongue, 74 (1769-1773) Beckmannia, 39 (915) Bedstraw, 70 (1674-1684) Northern, 71 (1676) Rough, 71 (1675) Sweet-scented, 71 (1683) Yellow, 71 (1684) Beech, Blue, 10 (194) Beech Family, 36 (862-868) Beech-Fern, 6 (86-88) Broad, 6 (86) Long, 6(88) Beggar's Lice, 11 (201-202) Beggar-Ticks, 19, 20 (380-386) Belamcanda, 47 Bellflower, 12 (225-228) Clustered, 12 Eastern Marsh-, 12 (226) Rover, 12 (227) Tall, 12 (225) Bellis, 19 (379) Bells-of-Ireland, 49 Bellwort, 55 (1280-1281) Bent, Creeping, 38 (900)

Bent Grass, 38 (895-900) BERBERIDACEAE, 10 (180-183) Berberis, 10 (180) Bergamot, 49(1148-1149) Wild, 49(1148) Berteroa, 28 (566) Berula, 77 (1812) Besseya, 73 (1748) Betula, 10 (186-193) BETULACEAE, 10, 27 (184-197) Bidens, 19, 24 (380-386) Bignonia Family, 10 BIGNONIACEAE, 10 Bilberry, 35 (841-847) Alpine, 35 (846) Dwarf-, 35 (842) Bindweed, 26 (531-533) Black, 63 (1437) Field-, 26 (531) Hedge-, 26 (532) Low, 26 (533) Birch, 10 (186-193) Bog-, 10 (188) Canoe-, 10 (190) Heart-Leaved, 10 (187) Paper-, 10 (190) Purpus, 10 (191) Red, 10 (189) Rosendahl, 10 (192) Sandberg, 10 (193) Swamp-, 10 (188) Yellow, 10 (186) Birch Family, 10 (184-197) Bird's-Eye, 75 Birthwort Family, 9 (164) Bishop's-Cap, 72 (1717-1718) Bitternut, 47 (1098) Bittersweet, 15, 76 (293, 1790) Climbing, 15 (293) Blackberry, Smooth, 70 (1649) Blackberry Lily, 47 Bladder-Fern, 5 (58-63) Bladdernut, 76 (1801) Bladdernut Family, 76 (1801) Bladderwort, 54 (1240-1245) Bladderwort Family, 54 (1239-1245) Blanket-Flower, 21 (431) Blazing Star, 23 (469-473) Blephila, 48(1135) Blite, Coast, 16 (303) Bloodroot, 61 (1400) Bluebead-Lily, 54 (1254) Bluebell, 12 (228) Virginia, 11 (210) Bluebell Family, 12 (225-236) Bluebells, 11 (209-210) Blueberry, 35 (841-847) Lowbush, 35 (841) Velvet-Leaf, 35 (844) Bluebottle, 20 Bluebuttons, 34 (819) Blue Cohosh, 10 (181) Blue-Eyed Grass, 47 (1095-1097) Blue Grass, 44 (1026-1042) Annual, 44 (1027)

Canada, 44 (1030) Kentucky, 44 (1037) Blue-Joint, 39 (929) Bluestem, Big, 38 (905) Little, 44 (1046) Bluet, Mountain-, 20 Blueweed, 11 (200) Boehmeria, 78 (1839) Bogbean, 57 (1303) Bog-Cotton, 33 (782-788) Bog-Laurel, 35 (839) Bog-Rosemary, 35 (832) Boltonia, 20 (387) Boneset, 21 (423-428) False, 23 (462) Upland, 21 (428) Borage, 10 Borage Family, 10 (198-217) BORAGINACEAE, 10 (198-217) Borago, 10 Botrychium, 4 (33-43) Bottle-Brush Grass, 40 (952) Bouncing Bet, 14 (273) Bouteloua, 39 (916-918) Box-Elder, 7 (114) Box Family, 12 Brachyactis, 19 Brachyeltrum, 39 (919) Bracken, 6 (85) Eastern, 6 (85) Bramble, 70 (1646-1665) Brasenia, 58 (1317) Brassica, 28 (567-570) BRASSICACEAE, 11,27 Brauneria, 21 Breadroot, 53 (1217) Brickellia, 23 Bristle-Grass, Bur, 45 (1052) Green, 45 (1053) Brome, Hungarian, 39 (921) Smooth, 39 (921) Brome-Grass, 39 (920-927) Bromus, 39, 81 (920-927) Brooklime, American, 75 (1777) Broom-rape, 61 (1393-1395) Broom-rape Family, 61 (1393-1395) Buchloe, 39 (928) Buckbean, 57 (1303) Buckbean Family, 57 (1303) Buckthorn, 67 (1572-1574) Alder-, 67 (1574) Common, 67 (1573) Buckthorn Family, 67 (1570-1574) Buckwheat, 62 (1426) Climbing False-, 63 (1450) Buckwheat Family, 62 (1425-1465) Buffalo-Berry, 34 (826) Buffalo-Bur, 76 (1792) Buffalo Grass, 39 (928) Bugle-Weed, 49 (1142-1145) Bugloss, Small, 10 Viper's, 11 (200) Bugseed, 16 (306-308) Bulbet-Fern, 5 (58)

Bulbostylis, 30 (606) Bulrush, 33 (795-815) Hard-Stem, 33 (795) Prairie-, 34 (808) River-, 34 (801) Slender, 34 (804) Soft-Stem, 34 (815) Bunch-Grass, Feather, 45 (1066) Burdock, 18 (343-344) Common, 18 (343) Hairy, 18 (344) Bur-Marigold, 19 (380-386) Burning Bush, 15 (294) Bur-Reed, 76 (1793-1800) Branching, 76 (1794) Floating, 76 (1798) Giant, 76 (1797) Green-Fruited, 76 (1796) Narrow-Leaved, 76 (1795) Nuttall's, 76 (1793) Small, 76 (1800) Bur-Reed Family, 76 (1793-1800) BUTOMACEAE, 12 (218) Butomus, 12 (218) Butter-and-Eggs, 74 (1760) Buttercup, 67 (1548-1566) Creeping, 67 (1564) Early, 67 (1553) Kidneyleaf, 67 (1548) Prairie-, 67 (1565) Swamp-, 67 (1557-1558) Tall, 67 (1549) Butterfly-Weed, 9 (175) Butternut, 47 (1100) Butterwort, 54 (1239) Buttonbush, 70 (1673) BUXACEAE, 12 Cacalia, 20 (388-390) CACTACEAE, 12 (219-221) Cactus Family, 12 (219-221) CAESALPINACEAE, 12 Calamagrostis, 39 (929-934) Calamintha, 50 Calamovilfa, 39 (935) Calla, 9 (157) CALLITRICHACEAE, 12 (222-224) Callitriche, 12 (222-224) Calopogon, 59 (1353) Caltha, 66 (1536-1537) Calylophus, 58, 59 (1327) Calypso, 59 (1354) Camelina, 28, 81 (571) Campanula, 12 (225-228) CAMPANULACEAE, 12, 56 (225-236) Campion, 14 (275-284) Bladder, 15 (284) Snowy, 15 (281) Starry, 15 (283) White, 14 (280) Camptosorus, 5 (54) Canary-Grass, 43 (1022-1023) Reed, 43 (1022) Cancer-Root, One-flowered, 61 (1395)

INDEX

297 CANNABINACEAE, 12 Cannabis, 57 (1304) Caper Family, 13 (237-238) CAPPARACEAE, 13 (237-238) CAPPARTOACEAE, 13 CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 13 (239-257) Capsella, 28 (572) Caragana, 51 Caraway, 77 (1813) Cardamine, 28 (573-576) Cardaria, 28 Cardinal-Flower, 12 (229) Carduus, 20 (391-392) Carex, 30 (607-749) Carnation, 14 (266) Carpenter's-Square, 74 (1775) Carpetweed, 7 (121) Carpetweed Family, 7 (121) Carpinus, 10 (194) Carrot, 77 (1818) Wild, 77 (1818) Carum, 77 (1813) Carya, 47 (1098-1099) CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 13 (258-292) Cashew Family, 8 (141-147) Cassia, 51 Castilleja, 73 (1749-1751) Catalpa, 10 Chinese, 10 Catawba-Tree, 10 Catbrier, 55 (1267-1271) Catchfly, 14 (275-284) Forking, 14 (278) Garden, 14 (276) Night-Flowering, 15 (282) Sleepy, 14 (275) Sweet-william, 14 (276) Catchfly-Grass, 42 (979) Catfoot, 22 (434) Catmint, 49 (1150) Catnip, 49(1150) Cat-Tail, 76 (1804-1805) Broad-Leaved, 76 (1805) Narrow-Leaved, 76 (1804) Cat-Tail Family, 76 (1804-1805) Caulophyllum, 10 (181) Ceanothus, 67 (1570-1571) Cedar, Eastern Red, 6 (102) White, 6 (103) Celandine, 61 CELASTRACEAE, 15 (293-294) Celastrus, 15 (293) Celtis, 76 (1806) Cenchrus, 39 (936) Centaurea, 17, 20 (393) Centaurium, 37 (876) Centaury, 37 (876) Cephalanthus, 70 (1673) Cerastium, 14 (262-265) Ceratocephalus, 66, 67 CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 15 (295-296) Ceratophyllum, 15 (295-296) Chaenorrhinum, 73 (1752) Chamaecrista, 51 (1181)

Chamaedaphne, 35 (834) Chamaerhodos, 68 (1590) Chamaesaracha, 75 (1786) Chamomile, 18 (341-342) Stinking, 8 (341) Wild, 24 (475) Yellow, 18 (342) Chamomilla, 20, 24 (394-395) Charlock, 28 (568) Jointed, 29 Cheat, 39 (926) Checkerberry, 35 (837) Cheeses, 56 (1297-1298) Cheilanthes, 5 (55-56) Chelidonium, 61 Chelone, 74 (1753) CHENOPODIACEAE, 15 (297-315) Chenopodium, 16, 81 (299-305) Cherry, 69 (1636-1639) Black, 69 (1638) Choke-, 69 (1639) Pin-, 69 (1636) Sand-, 69 (1637) Chervil, 77 Wild, 77 (1816) Chess, 39 (926) Chickweed, 15 (285-291) Common, 15 (291) Field-, 14 (262) Forked, 14 (269-270) Giant-, 14 (268) Indian, 7 (121) Mouse-ear, 14 (262-265) Chicory, 20 (397) Common, 20 (397) Chimaphila, 65 (1515) Chinquapin, Water-, 58 (1318) Chiogenes, 35 Chives, 54 (1249) Chokecherry, 68 (1589) Black, 68 (1589) Christmas-Fern, 6 (83) Chrysanthemum, 20 (396) Chrysopsis, 20, 22 Chrysosplenium, 72 (1714-1715) Cichorium, 20 (397) Cicuta, 77 (1814-1815) Cinna, 39 (937-938) Cinnamon-Fern, 4 (45) Cinquefoil, 69 (1616-1623) Old-Field, 69 (1632) Marsh-, 69 (1627) Shrubby, 69 (1622) Silvery, 69 (1617) Tall, 69 (1618) Circaea, 58 (1328-1329) Cirsium, 20 (398-404) CISTACEAE, 17 (316-321) Cladium, 32 (750) Clammy weed, 13 (237-238) Claytonia, 64 (1469-1470) Clearweed, 78 (1842-1843) Cleavers, 70, 71 (1674-1684) Clematis, 66 (1538-1539) Purple, 66 (1538) Cleome, 13 Cliff-Brake, 5 (57, 80-81)

Purple, 5 (80) Slender, 5 (57) Smooth, 5 (81) Clinopodium, 50 Clintonia, 54 (1254) Cloudberry, 70 (1650) Clover, 53 (1223-1228) Alsike, 53 (1226) Bush-, 52 (1198-1200) Crimson, 53 Hop-, 53 (1224-1225) Prairie-, 53 (1212-1215) Rabbitfoot-, 53 (1223) Red, 53 (1227) Stinking, 13 Sweet, 52 (1207-1208) Water-, 4 (32) White, 53 (1228) White Sweet, 52 (1207) Yellow Sweet, 52 (1208) Clubmoss, 3 (17-31) Bog-, 4 (26) Bristly, 3 (17) Fir-, 4 (30) Running, 4 (22) Shining, 4 (27) Clubmoss Family, 3 (17-31) Cockle, Corn-, 14 (258) Purple, 14 (258) Red, 14 Sticky, 15 (282) White, 14 (280) Cocklebur, 26 (530) Coeloglossum, 59, 60 (1335) Coffee, Wild, 13 (253) Cogswellia, 77 Collomia, 61 (1412) Coltsfoot, 26 Sweet, 24 (479-481) Columbine, 66 (1535) Comandra, 72 (1711) Northern, 72 (1712) Comfrey, 11 Common, 11 Northern Wild, 11 (198) Prickly, 11 Commelina, 17 (322-323) COMMELINACEAE, 17 (322-326) Compass-Plant, 25 (502) COMPOSITAE, 9, 17 (327-530) Composite Family, 17 (327-530) Comptonia, 57 (1308) Coneflower, 24 (489-491) Prairie-, 24 (487-488) Purple, 21 (413) Conringia, 28 Convallaria, 54 CONVOLVULACEAE, 26 (531-542) Convolvulus, 26 (531-533) Conyza, 20 (405-406) Coolwort, 72 (1717) Coontail, 15 (295-296) Coptis, 66 (1540) Coralberry, 13 (252) Corallorhiza, 59 (1356-1359) Coral-Root, 59 (1356-1359)

Autumn, 59 (1357) Early, 59 (1359) Spotted, 59 (1356) Striped, 59 (1358) Cord-Grass, 45 (1055-1056) Alkali, 45 (1055) Prairie, 45 (1056) Coreopsis, 21 (407-409) Coriospermum, 16 (306-308) CORNACEAE, 27 (543-548) Corn-Cockle, 14 (258) Cornel, 27 (543-548) Cornflower, 20 Corn-Spurrey, 15 Cornus, 27 (543-548) Coronilla, 51 (1182) Corydalis, 36 (870-872) Golden, 36 (870) Pale, 36 (872) CORYLACEAE, 27 Corylus, 10 (195-196) Coryphantha, 12 (219) Cotton-Grass, 33 (782-788) Cottonweed, 8 (139) Cottonwood, 71 (1690) Cowbane, 77 (1827) Cowherb, 15 (292) Cow-Parsnip, 77 (1820) Cowslip, 65, 66 (1513, 1536-1537) American, 65 (1503-1504) Virginia, 11 (210) Cow-Wheat, 74 (1763) Crab, Siberian, 69 Wild, 69 (1640) Crab-Grass, 40 (943-944) Cranberry, 35 (841-847) American, 35 (843) High-bush, 13 (257) Large, 35 (843) Mountain-, 35 (847) Small, 35 (845) Cranesbill, 37 (887-889) CRASSULACEAE, 27 (549-553) Crataegus, 68 (1591-1606) Crepis, 21 (410-411) Cress, Austrian, 29 Bitter, 28 (573-576) Creeping Yellow, 29 Field-, 29 (291) Garden-, 29 Hoary, 28 Lake-, 28 Marsh-, 29 (597-598) Penny-, 30 (603) Rock-, 27 (554-562) Sand-, 27 (561) Spring-, 28 (573) Winter-, 28 (564-565) Yellow, 29 (597-598) Crested Fern, 5 (66) Cristatella, 13 Critesion, 41 Crotalaria, 51 (1183) Crowberry, 34 (830-831) Black, 35 (831) Purple, 34 (830)

INDEX

298 Crowberry Family, 34 (830-831) Crowfoot, 67 (1548-1566) Bristly, 67 (1562) Cursed, 67 (1566) Seaside, 67 (1552) Small Yellow Water-, 67 (1556) White Water-, 67 (1550-1551, 1560) Yellow Water-, 67 (1554) Crowfoot Family, 65 (1525-1569) Crown-Vetch, 51 (1182) CRUCIFERAE, 11,27 (554-603) Crunchweed, 28 (568) Cryptogramma, 5 (57) Cryptotaenia, 77 (1816) Cuckoo-Flower, 28 (576) Cucumber, Bur-, 30 (605) Wild, 30 (604) CUCURBITACEAE, 30 (604-605) Cudweed, 22 (434-436) Low, 22 (435) Culver's-Root, 75 (1785) Cupgrass, 41 (964) Cup-Plant, 25 (503) CUPRESSACEAE, 6 (100-103) Currant, 72 (1721-1732) Black, 72 (1728) Bristly Black, 72 (1726) Buffalo-, 72 (1729) Golden, 72 (1729) Northern Black, 72 (1725) Red, 73 (1731) Skunk-, 72 (1723) Swamp, 72 (1726) Swamp Red, 73 (1732) Wild Black, 72 (1721) Cuscuta, 26 (534-542) Cut Grass, 42 (979-981) Cycloloma, 16 (309) Cymopteris, 77 (1817) Cynoglossum, 11 (198-199) CYPERACEAE, 30 (606-817) Cyperus, 32, 81 (751-764) Awned, 32 (752) Fragrant, 32 (760) Cypress, Summer, 16 (310) Cypress Family, 6 (100-103) Cypress-Spurge, 36 (852) Cypripedium, 59 (1360-1365) Cystopteris, 5 (58-63) Dactylis, 39 (939) Daisy, English 19 (379) Ox-Eye, 20 (396) Daisy-Fleabane, 21 (417, 422) Dalea, 51 (1184) Foxtail-, 51 (1184) Dame's Rocket, 29 (589) Dandelion, 26 (525-526) Common, 26 (526) Dwarf, 23 (461) False, 17 (330) Red-seeded, 26 (525) Danthonia, 40 (940)

Datura, 75 Daucus, 77 (1818) Dayflower, 17 (322-323) Day-Lily, 54 (1258) Orange, 54 (1258) Yellow, 54 Dead Nettle, 49 Death Camas, 55 (1282) Decodon, 56 (1291) Delphinium, 66 (1541) DENNSTAEDTIACEAE, 4 Dentaria, 28 (577) Deschampsia, 40 (941-942) Descurainia, 28 (578-580) Desmanthus, 52 (1185) Desmodium, 52 (1186-1190) Dewberry, Common Eastern, 70 (1651) Dianthus, 14 (266) Dicentra, 36 (873-874) Dichanthelium, 43 Didiplis, 56 (1291) Diervilla, 13 (239) Digitalis, 74 (1754) Digitaria, 40 (943-944) Dill, 76 Dioscorea, 34 (818) AMARYLLIDACEAE, 8 (140) DIOSCOREACEAE, 34 (818) Diplachne, 40, 42 (95) Diplasiastrum, 3 Diplotaxis, 28 DIPSACACEAE, 34 (819) Dipsacus, 34 Dirca, 76 (1802) Distichlis, 40 (946) Ditch-Grass, 71 (1687) Ditch-Grass Family, 71 (1687) Dock, 63 (1454-1465) Bitter, 63 (1461) Blunt-Leaved, 63 (1461) Curled, 63 (1457) Golden, 63 (1459) Pale, 63 (1456) Patience, 63 (1463) Swamp-, 63 (1465) Water-, 63 (1462, 1465) Willow-Leaved, 63 (1460) Yellow, 63 (1457) Dodder, 26 (534-542) Dodecatheon, 65 (1503-1504) Dogbane, 8 (148-151) Dogbane Family, 8 (148-151) Dogfennel, 18 (341-342) Dogmint, 50(1155) Dogtooth Violet, 54 (1255-1257) Minnesota, 54 (1257) White, 54 (1255) Yellow, 54 (1256) Dogwood, 27 (543-548) Gray-bark, 27 (546) Pagoda-, 27 (543) Panicled, 27 (546) Round-Leaved, 27 (547) Silky, 27 (544) Dogwood Family, 27 (543-548) Draba, 28 (581-584) Dracocephalum, 48, 49 (1136)

Dragonhead, 48 (1136) American, 48 (1136) False, 49 (1151) Dragon's-Mouth, 59 (1352) Dropseed, 45 (1059-1063) Northern, 45 (1061) Prairie-, 45 (1061) Sand-, 45 (1060) Drosera, 34 (820-823) DROSERACEAE, 34 (820-823) Dryopteris, 5, 6 (64-73) Duck-Potato, 8 (130) Duckweed, 54 (1234-1236) Greater, 54 (1236) Lesser, 54 (1234) Star-, 54 (1235) Duckweed Family, 54 (1234-1238) Dulichium, 32 (765) Dutchman's Breeches, 36 (874) Dyssodia, 21 (412) Echinacea, 21 (413) Echinochloa, 40 (947-949) Echinocystis, 30 (604) Echium, 11 (200) Eclipta, 21 (414) Eelgrass, 46 (1081) ELAEAGNACEAE, 34 (824-827) Elaeagnus, 34 (824-825) ELATINACEAE, 34 (828-829) Elatine, 34 (828-829) Elder, 13 (248-249) Box-, 7 (114) Common, 13 (248) Marsh-, 23 (460) Red-berried, 13 (249) Elecampane, 23 Eleocharis, 32 (766-781) Eleusine, 40 Ellisia, 46 (1082) Elm, 76 (1807-1810) American, 76 (1807) Cork, 76 (1810) Red, 76 (1809) Rock-, 76 (1810) Siberian, 76 (1808) Slippery, 76 (1809) White, 76 (1807) Elm Family, 76 (1806-1810) Elodea, 46 (1079-1080) Elsholtzia, 48 Elymus, 38, 40, 41 (950-957) EMPETRACEAE, 34 (830-831) Empetrum, 34 (830-831) Enchanter's Nightshade, 58 (1328-1329) Epigaea, 35 (835) Epilobium, 58 (1330-1336) EQUISETACEAE, 3 (1-13) Equisetum, 3 (1-13) Eragrostis, 40 (958-963) Erechtites, 21 (415) ERICACEAE, 35, 65 (832-847) Erigeron, 20, 21 (416-422) ERIOCAULACEAE, 35 (848) Eriocaulon, 35 (848)

Eriochloa, 41 (964) Eriogonum, 62 (1425) Eriophorum, 33 (782-788) Erodium, 37 Erucastrum, 29 (585) Eryngium, 77 (1819) Eryngo, 77 (1819) Erysimum, 29 (586-588) Erythronium, 54 (1255-1257) Euonymus, 15 (294) Eupatoriadelphus, 21 Eupatorium, 21 (423-428) Euphorbia, 26, 81 (850-861) EUPHORBIACEAE, 35 (849-861) Euphrasia, 74 (1755) Euthamia, 21, 25 (429-430) Evening-Primrose, 59 (1341-1349) Evening-Primrose Family, 58 (1327-1349) Everlasting, 18, 22 (334-340, 434-436) Pearly, 18 (334) Eyebright, 74 (1755) FABACEAE, 36, 51 FAGACEAE, 36 (862-868) Fagopyrum, 62 (1426) False Asphodel, 55 (1274-1275) False Boneset, 23 (462) False Dragonhead, 49 (1151) False Foxglove, 73 (1739-1746) False Indigo, 51 (1165, 1179-1180) False Mermaid, 55 (1283) False Mermaid Family, 55 (1283) False Pimpernel, 74 (1761-1762) Fameflower, 64 (1473-1474) Felwort, 37 (882) Fennel, Hog-, 77 (1827) Fern, Beech-, 6 (86-88) Bladder-, 5 (58-63) Braun's Holly-, 6 (84) Broad Beech-, 6 (86) Bulbet-, 5 (58) Christmas-, 6 (83) Cinnamon-, 4 (45) Crested, 5 (66) Dissected Grape-, 4 (34) Fragile, 5 (59) Fragrant, 5 (68) Glandular Wood-, 5 (70) Goldie's, 5 (69) Grape-, 4 (33-43) Hairy Lip-, 5 (56) Interrupted, 4 (46) Lady-, 5 (51-52) Lance-Leaved Grape-, 4 (35) Leathery Grape-, 4 (40) Lip-, 5 (55-56) Long Beech-, 6 (88) Maidenhair-, 4 (48) Marginal, 5 (71) Marsh-, 6 (87) Matricary Grape-, 4 (37) Mosquito-, 6 (97) Northern Oak-, 5 (77)

INDEX

299 Oak-, 5 (74-77) Ostrich-, 5 (78) Rattlesnake-, 4 (43) Royal, 4 (47) Sensitive, 5 (79) Shield-, 5, 6 (64-73, 83-84) Slender Lip-, 5 (55) Small Grape-, 4 (42) Spreading Wood-, 5 (67) Sweet, 57 (1308) Walking, 5 (54) Water-, 6 (97) Wood-, 5 (64-73) Fescue, 41 (965-969) Hard, 41 (967) Meadow-, 41 (968) Nodding, 41 (966) Prickle, 44 (1047) Red, 41 (969) Sheep-, 41 (967) Six-Weeks, 46 (1070) Tall, 41 (965) Festuca, 41, 46 (965-969) Feverwort, 13 (253) Figwort, 74 (1774-1775) Figwort Family, 73 (1739-1785) Filipendula, 68 Fimbristylis, 33 (789-790) Fir, 6 (104) Balsam-, 6 (104) Douglas, 7 Fireweed, 21, 58 (415, 1330) Flag, 47 (1093-1094) Blue, 47 (1093) Southern Blue, 47 (1094) Sweet, 9 (154) Yellow, 47 Flax, 56 (1284-1287) Common, 56 (1287) False, 28 (571) Flax Family, 56 (1284-1287) Fleabane, 21 (416-422) Daisy-, 21 (417, 422) Marsh, 25 (494) Floating Fern Family, 6 (97) Floerkea, 55 (1283) Flower, Blanket-, 21 (431) Cardinal, 12 (229) Cuckoo-, 28 (576) Spider-, 13 Flowering Fern Family, 4 (45-47) Flowering Rush, 12 (218) Flowering Rush Family, 12 (218) Flower-of-an-hour, 56 (1296) Fluminea, 44 Foamflower, 73 (1738) Forget-me-not, 11 (211-214) Garden, 11 Smaller, 11 (212) True, 11 (213) Four-o'clock, Wild, 58 (1316) Four-o'clock Family, 57 (1314-1316) Foxglove, 74 (1754) False, 73 (1739-1744) Foxtail, 38 (901-903) Bristly, 45 (1052)

Giant-, 45 (1049) Green, 45 (1053) Yellow, 45 (1050) Foxtail-Grass, Bristly, 44 (1049-1053) Fragaria, 68 (1607-1608) Fragile Fern, 5 (59) Fragrant Fern, 5 (68) Frangula, 67 Franseria, 18, 21 Fraxinus, 58 (1324-1326) Froelichia, 8 (139) Frog's-Bit Family, 46 (1079-1081) Frostweed, 17 (317) Fumaria, 36 FUMARIACEAE, 36 (869-874) Fumewort, Slender, 36 (871) Fumitory, 36 Climbing, 36 (869) Common, 36 Fumitory Family, 36 (869-874) Gaillardia, 21 (431) Galearis, 60 (1366) Galeopsis, 48 (1137) Galinsoga, 22 (432-433) Galium, 70, 81 (1674-1684) Garlic, 54 (1246-1252) Nodding Wild, 54 (248) Wild, 54 (1247) Garlic-Mustard, 27 Gaultheria, 35 (836-837) Gaura, 59 (1337-1338) Gayfeather, 23 (469-473) Gaylussacia, 35 (838) Gentian, 37 (877-881) Bottle-, 37 (879) Closed, 37 (879, 881) Fringed, 37 (884-885) Horse-, 13 (253) Prairie, 37 (880) Rose-stemmed, 37 (881) Spurred, 37 (886) Yellowish, 37 (878) Gentian Family, 36 (875-886) Gentiana, 37, 81 (877-881) GENTIANACEAE, 36 (875-886) Gentianella, 37 (882-883) Gentianopsis, 37 (884-885) Geocaulon, 72 (1712) GERANIACEAE, 37 (887-889) Geranium, 37 (887-889) Wild, 37 (889) Geranium Family, 37 (887-889) Gerardia, 73, 74 Germander, 50 (1163) American, 50 (1163) Geum, 69 (1609-1614) Giant-Hyssop, 48 (1132-1134) Gitia, 61 Gill-on-the-ground, 48 (1138) Ginger, Wild, 9 (164) Ginseng, 9 (162-163) American, 9 (162) Dwarf-, 9 (163) Ginseng Family, 9 (159-163)

Glade-Mallow, 57 (1300) Glasswort, 16 (312) Glaux, 65 (1505) Glechoma, 48 (1138) Gleditsia, 52 (1191) Glyceria, 41, 45 (970-973) Glycyrrhiza, 52 (1192) Gnaphalium, 22 (434-436) Goafs-Beard, 26 (527-528) Golden-glow, 24 (490) Goldenrod, 25 (504-519) Golden-Seal, 66 (1544) Goldie's Fern, 5 (69) Goldthread, 66 (1540) Goodyera, 60 (1367-1369) Gooseberry, 72 (1721-1732) Missouri, 72 (1727) Prickly, 72 (1722) Goosefoot, 16 (299-305) Oak-leaved, 16 (302) Goosefoot Family, 15 (297-315) Goose-Grass, 40 Gourd Family, 30 (604-605) Goutweed, 76 Grama, Side-Oats, 39 (916) Grama-Grass, 39 (916-918) GRAMINEAE, 37, 61 (890-1071) Grape, 79 (1877-1878) Frost-, 79 (1878) River-Bank, 79 (1878) Summer-, 79 (1877) Grape Family, 79 (1875-1878) Grape-Fern, 4 (33-43) Dissected, 4 (34) Lance-Leaved, 4 (35) Leathery, 4 (40) Matricary, 4 (37) Small, 4 (42) Grass, Alkali-, 44 (1043) Alkali Cord-, 45 (1055) American Slough-, 39 (915) Arrow-, 48 (1130-1131) Barnyard-, 40 (947) Bent, 38 (895-900) Blue, 44 (1026-1042) Blue-Eyed, 47 (1095-1097) Bottle-Brush, 40 (952) Bristly Foxtail-, 44 (1049-1053) Brome-, 39 (920-927) Buffalo, 39 (928) Bur Bristle-, 45 (1052) Canary-, 43 (1022-1023) Catchfly-, 42 (979) Cord-, 45 (1055-1056) Cotton-, 33 (782-788) Crab-, 40 (943-944) Creeping Bent, 38 (900) Crested Wheat, 38 (891) Cut, 42 (979-981) Early Scorpion-, 11 (214) Fall Witch-, 42 (982) False Melic, 44 (1045) Feather Bunch-, 45 (1066) Fowl Meadow-, 44 (1036) Goose-, 40 Grama-, 39 (916-918)

Green Bristle-, 45 (1053) Indian-, 45 (1054) June-, 41, 44 (978, 1037) Manna-, 41 (970-973) Marsh-, 45 (1055-1056) Meadow-, 44 (1026-1042) Melic, 42 (984) Muhly, 42 (987-996) Needle-, 45 (1064-1066) Needle and Thread, 45 (1064) Nut, 32 (751-764) Nuttall Alkali-, 44 (1043) Oat-, 38, 41 (912, 974) Orchard-, 39 (939) Panic, 42 (1001-1020) Porcupine-, 45 (1064-1066) Poverty-, 38, 45 (908, 1063) Prairie Cord-, 45 (1056) Quack, 38 (892) Rattlesnake-, 41 (971) Reed-, 39 (929-935) Reed Canary-, 43 (1022) Rice-, 42 (997-1000) Rice-Cut, 42 (980) Rough-Stalked Meadow-, 44 (1041) Rush-, 45 (1059-1063) Salt-, 40 (946) Salt-Meadow, 40 (945) Sand-, 45 (1068) Satin-, 42 (987-996) Scorpion-, 11 (211-214) Scratch-, 42 (987) Silk-, 42 (998) Slender Wheat-, 38 (894) Slough-, 39, 45 (915, 1056) Spear-, 44 (1037) Squirrel-Tail, 41 (976) Star-, 8 (140) Sweet, 41 (975) Switch, 43 (1018) Tall Melic, 42 (984) Tall Oat-, 38 (912) Tickle, 38 (896) Torrey's Manna-, 45 (1067) Triple-Awned, 38 (907-911) Tumble, 41,44(962, 1044) Vanilla-, 41 (975) Wedge-, 45 (1057-1058) Western Wheat-, 38 (893) Wheat-, 38 (891-894) White, 42 (979-981) Whitlow-, 28 (581-584) Wild Oat-, 40 (940) Wire-, 44 (1030) Witch-, 43 (1002) Yard-, 40 Yellow-Eyed, 79 (1879-1880) Yellow Nut-, 32 (756) Grass Family, 37 (890-1071) Grass-of-Parnassus, 72 (1719-1720) Grass-Pink, 59 (1353) Gratiola, 74 (1756) Greenbrier, 55 (1267-1271) Green Dragon, 9 (155) Grindelia, 22 (437) Gromwell, 11 (205-208)

INDEX 300 American, 11 (208) False, 11 (215-216) GROSSULARIACEAE, 46 Ground-Cedar, 4 (23, 31) Ground-Cherry, 75 (1787-1788) Large White-flowered, 75 (1786) Ground Ivy, 48 (1138) Ground-Juniper, 6 (100) Groundnut, 51 (1168) Ground-Nut, 9 (163) Ground-Pine, 4 (28) Round-branched, 4 (24) Ground-Plum, 51 (1172) Groundsel, 24 (492-500) Common, 25 (500) Gumweed, 22 (437) Gymnocarpium, 5 (74-77) Gymnocladus, 52 (1193) Gypsophila, 14 (267) Habenaria, 59, 60 Hackberry, 76 (1806) Hackelia, 11, 81 (201-202) Hairgrass, 38, 40 (896, 898, 941-942) Common, 40 (942) Tufted, 40 (941) Halenia, 37 (886) HALORAGACEAE, 46 (1072-1076) HAMAMELIDACEAE, 46 (1077) Hamamelis, 46 (1077) Haplopappus, 22 (438) Hardhack, 70 (1671) Harebell, 12 (228) Hawk's Beard, 21 (410-411) Hawkweed, 23 (453-459) Orange, 23 (453) Hawthorn, 68 (1591-1606) Hazel, Witch-, 46 (1077) Hazelnut, 10 (195-196) American, 10 (195) Beaked, 10 (196) Heath Family, 35 (832-847) Hedeoma, 49(1139) Hedge-Nettle, 50 (1161-1162) Hedyotis, 71 (1685) Helenium, 22 (439) Helianthemum, 17 (316-317) Helianthus, 22, 81 (440-450) Helictotrichon, 39, 41 (974) Heliopsis, 22 (451) Heliotrope, Garden, 78 (1846) Hemerocallis, 54 (1258) Hemicarpha, 33 (791) Hemlock, 7(111) Water-, 77 (1814-1815) Hemp, 57 (1304) Bog-, 78 (1839) Indian, 8 (148-151) Water-, 8 (137) Hemp-Nettle, 48(1137) Henbit, 49 Hepatica, 66 (1542-1543) Heracleum, 77 (1820) Hesperis, 29 (589)

Heteranthera, 63 (1466-1467) Heterotheca, 20, 22 (452) Heuchera, 72 (1716) Hibiscus, 56 (1296) Hickory, 47 (1098-1099) Pignut, 47 (1098) Shellbark, 47 (1099) Hieracium, 23 (453-459) Hierochloe, 41 (975) High-bush Cranberry, 13 (257) HIPPURIDACEAE, 46 (1078) Hippuris, 46 (1078) Hoary Pea, 53 (1222) Hog-Peanut, 51 (1167) Holly, 9 (152) Mountain, 9 (153) Holly Family, 9 (152-153) Holly-Fern, Braun's, 6 (84) Hollyhock, 56 Honesty, 29 Honewort, 77 (1816) Honey Locust, 52 (1191) Honeysuckle, 13 (241-247) Bush-, 13 (239) Fly-, 13 (241) Grape-, 13 (245) Hairy, 13 (243) Mountain Fly-, 13 (247) Swamp Fly-, 13 (244) Tatarian, 13 (246) Wild, 13 (242) Honeysuckle Family, 13 (239-257) Hop, 57 (1305) Common, 57 (1305) Hop-Hornbeam, 10 (197) American, 10 (197) Hop-Tree, 71 Hordeum, 41 (976-977) Horehound, 49 Common, 49 Water-, 49 (1142-1145) Hornbeam, 10 (194) American, 10 (194) Hop-, 10 (197) Horned Pondweed, 79 (1881) Horned Pondweed Family, 79 (1881) Hornwort, 15 (295-296) Hornwort Family, 15 (295-296) Horse-Gentian, 13 (253) Horsemint, 49 (1148-1149) Horse-Nettle, 76 (789) Horseradish, 28 (563) Horsetail, 3 (1-13) Field-, 3 (1) Marsh-, 3 (8) Meadow-, 3 (9) Water-, 3 (3) Woodland-, 3 (11) Horsetail Family, 3 (1-13) Horseweed, 20 (405) Hound's Tongue, 11 (198-199) Common, 11 (199) Houstonia, 71 Huckleberry, 35 (838) Black, 35 (838) Hudsonia, 17 (318)

Humulus, 57 (1305) Huperzia, 3 Hydrastis, 66 (1544) HYDROCHARITACEAE, 46 (1079-1081) Hydrocotyle, 77 (1821) HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 46 (1082-1085) Hydrophyllum, 47 (1083-1084) HYPERICACEAE, 47 (1086-1092) Hypericum, 47 (1086-1091) Hypoxis, 8 (140) Hyssop, 49 Fragrant Giant-, 48 (1132) Giant-, 48(1132-1134) Hedge-, 74 (1756) Purple Giant-, 48 (1134) Water-, 73 (1747) Yellow Giant-, 48 (1133) Hyssopus, 48, 49 Hystrix, 40, 41 Ilex, 9 (152) Ilysanthes, 74 Impatiens, 10 (178-179) Indian-Grass, 45 (1054) Indian Hemp, 8 (148-151) Indian-Lovegrass, 41 Indian-Mallow, 56 (1295) Indian Millet, 42 (998) Indian-Mustard, 28 (567) Indian-Paintbrush, 73 (1749-1751) Indian-Pipe, 65 (1517-1518) Indian-Plantain, 20 (388-390) Great, 20 (388) Pale, 20 Indian-Tobacco, 12 (231) Indian Turnip, 9 (155-156) Indigo, False, 51 (1165, 1179-1180) Fragrant False, 51 (1166) Wild, 51 Wild False, 51 (1179) Interrupted Fern, 4 (46) Inula, 23 lodanthus, 29 (590) Ipomoea, 26 IRIDACEAE, 47 (1093-1097) Iris, 47 (1093-1094) Iris Family, 47 (1093-1097) Ironweed, 26 (529) Ironwood, 10 (197) Isanthus, 49(1140) ISOETACEAE, 3 (14-16) Isoetes, 3 (14-16) Isopyrum, 66 (1545) Iva, 23 (460) Ivy, Ground-, 48 (1138) Poison, 8 (144-145) Jack-in-the-Pulpit, 9 (156) Jacob's-Ladder, 62 (1417-1418) Jeffersonia, 10 (182) Jerusalem Artichoke, 22 (450) Jerusalem Oak, 16 Jewelweed, 10 (178-179)

Jimsonweed, 75 Joe-Pye Weed, 21 (424, 426) Jointweed, 62 (1427) JUGLANDACEAE, 47 (1098-1101) Juglans, 47(1100-1101) Jumpseed, 63 (452) JUNCACEAE, 47 (1102-1128) JUNCAGINACEAE, 48 (1129-1131) Juncus, 47, 81 (1102-1124) Juneberry, 68 (1577-1588) Low, 68 (1580) June-Grass, 41, 44 (978, 1037) Juniper, 6 (100-102) Creeping, 6 (101) Ground-, 6 (100) Juniperis, 6 (100-102) Kalmia, 35 (839) Kentucky Coffee-Tree, 52 (1193) King-Devil, 23 (457) Kitten-Tail, 73 (1748) Knapweed, Russian, 20 Spotted, 20 (393) Knautia, 34 (819) Knawel, 14 (274) Knotweed, 62, 63 (1428-1453) Bushy, 63 (1447) Japanese, 63 Kochia, 16 (310) Koeleria, 41 (978) Krigia, 23 (461) Kuhnia, 23 (462) LABIATAE, 48, 51 (1132-1163) Labrador-Tea, 35 (840) Lactuca, 23, 81 (463-467) Ladies' Tobacco, 18 (335-340) Ladies'-Tresses, 60 (1389-1392) Great Plains, 60 (1391) Hooded, 60 (1392) Nodding, 60 (1389) Northern Slender, 60 (1390) Lady-Fern, 5 (51-52) Lady-Slipper, 59 (1360-1365) Large Yellow, 60 (1363) Ram's-Head, 59 (1361) Showy, 60 (1365) Small Yellow, 60 (1362) Stemless, 59 (1360) White, 60 (1364) Lady's-Thumb, 63 (1445) Lamb's Quarters, 16 (299) LAMIACEAE, 48, 51 Lamium, 49 Laportea, 78 (1840) Lappula, 11 (203-204) Lapsana, 23 (468) Larch, 6 (105) American, 6 (105) European, 6 Larix, 6 (105) Larkspur, 66 (1541) Lasallea, 19 Lathyrus, 52 (1194-1197) Laurel, American, 35 (839) Bog-, 35 (839)

INDEX

301 Leadplant, 51 (1164) Leafcup, 24 (482) Leather-Leaf, 35 (834) Leatherwood, 76 (1802) Lechea, 17 (319-321) Ledum, 35 (840) Leek, 54 (1246-1252) Wild, 54 (1246, 1252) Leersia, 42 (979-981) LEGUMINOSAE, 12, 36, 51, 57, 61 (1164-1233) Lemna, 54 (1234-1235) LEMNACEAE, 54 (1234-1238) Lemon-Lily, 54 LENTmULARIACEAE, 54 (1239-1245) Leonurus, 49 (1141) Lepidium, 29 (591-593) Leptochloa, 40, 42 Leptoloma, 42 (982) Lespedeza, 52 (1198-1200) Lesquerella, 29 (594) Lettuce, 23 (463-467) Blue, 23 (466) Prickly, 23 (467) White, 24 (483) Wild, 23 (464) Leymus, 40 Liatris, 23 (469-473) Licorice, 52(1192) Wild, 52 (1192) Lilac, 58 Common, 58 Persian, 58 LILIACEAE, 54 (1246-1282) Lilium, 54 (1259-1260) Lily, 54 (1259-1260) Blackberry, 47 Bluebead-, 54 (1254) Corn-, 54 (1254) Day-, 54 (1258) Lemon-, 54 Michigan, 55 (1259) Tiger-, 54 Trout-, 54 (1255-1257) White Water-, 58 (1321-1323) Wood-, 55 (1260) Yellow Pond-, 58 (1319-1320) Yellow Water-, 58 (1319-1320) Lily Family, 54 (1246-1282) Lily-of-the-Valley, 54 Wild, 55 (1261) LIMNANTHACEAE, 55 (1283) Limosella, 74 (1757) LINACEAE, 56 (1284-1287) Linaria, 73, 74 (1758-1760) Linden, 76 (1803) American, 76 (1803) Linden Family, 76 (1803) Lindernia, 74 (1761-1762) Linnaea, 13 (240) Linum, 56 (1284-1287) Liparis, 60 (1370-1371) Lip-Fern, 5 (55-56) Hairy, 5 (56) Slender, 5 (55) Lippia, 78 Listera, 60 (1372-1374)

Lithospermum, 11 (205-208) Littorella, 61 (1402) Live-forever, 27 (552) Liverleaf, 66 (1542-1543) Lobelia, 12 (229-234) Great, 12 (233) Pale-spike, 12 (234) Water-, 12 (230) LOBELIACEAE, 56 Lobularia, 29 Loco Weed, 53 (1209-1211) Locust, 53 (1219) Black, 53 (1219) Honey, 52 (1191) Prickly, 53 Lolium, 42 (983) Lomatium, 77 (1822) Lonicera, 13 (241-247) Loosestrife, 56, 65 (1292-1293, 1506-1512) Creeping, 65 (1508) False, 59 (1339-1340) Fringed, 65 (1506) Purple, 56 (1293) Swamp-, 56, 65(1290, 1511) Tufted, 65 (1512) Whorled, 65 (1510) Winged-angled, 56 (1292) Yellow, 65 (1511) Loosestrife Family, 56 (1289-1294) Lophotocarpus, 7 (125) Lopseed, 61 (1401) Lopseed Family, 61 (1401) LORANTHACEAE, 56, 79 (1288) Lotus, 52 (1201-1202) American, 58 (1318) Lousewort, 74 (1767-1768) Lovegrass, 40 (958-963) Indian-, 41 Love-in-a-Mist, 67 Ludwigia, 59 (1339-1340) Lunaria, 29 Lungwort, 11 (209-210) Tall, 11 (209) Lupine, 52 (1203-1204) Wild, 52 (1203) Lupinus, 52 (1203-1204) Luzula, 48 (1125-1128) Lychnis, 14, 15 Lycium, 75 LYCOPODIACEAE, 3 (17-31) Lycopodiella, 3 Lycopodium, 3 (17-31) Lycopsis, 10, 11 Lycopus, 49(1142-1145) Lygodesmia, 23, 25 (474) Lysimachia, 65 (1506-1512) LYTHRACEAE, 56 (1289-1294) Lythrum, 56 (1292-1293) Machaeranthera, 22, 23 Macuillamia, 73 Madder Family, 70 (1673-1686) Madia, 24 Maianthemum, 55 (1261) Maidenhair-Fern, 4 (48)

Malaxis, 60 (1375-1377) Mallow, 56 (1297-1299) Common, 56 (1297) Curled, 56 False, 57 (1301) Glade-, 57 (1300) High, 56 (1299) Indian-, 56 (1295) Rose-, 56 (1296) Scarlet, 57 (1301) Mallow Family, 56 (1295-1301) Maltese Cross, 14 Malus, 69 Malva, 56 (1297-1299) MALVACEAE, 56 (1295-1301) Malvastrum, 57 Mammillaria, 12 Mandrake, 10 (183) Manna-Grass, 41 (970-973) American, 41 (972) Fowl, 41 (973) Northern, 41 (970) Tall, 41 (972) Torrey's, 45 (1067) Maple, 7(114-119) Black, 7 (115) Hard, 7 (118) Mountain-, 7 (119) Red, 7 (116) Siberian, 7 Silver, 7 (117) Soft, 7 (117) Sugar, 7(118) Maple Family, 7(114-119) Mare's-Tail, 46 (1078) Mare's-Tail Family, 46 (1078) Marginal Fern, 5 (71) Marigold, Bur-, 19 (380-386) Fetid, 21 (412) Marsh-, 66 (1536-1537) Water-, 24 (476) Marijuana, 57 (1304) Marrubium, 49 Marsh-Elder, 23 (460) Marsh-Fern, 6 (87) Marsh-Grass, 45 (1055-1056) Marsh-Marigold, 66 (1536-1537) Marsh-Vetchling, 52 (1196) Marsilea, 4 (32) MARSILEACEAE, 4 (32) Matricaria, 20, 24 (475) Matrimony-Vine, 75 Common, 75 Matteuccia, 5 (78) May-Apple, 10 (183) Mayflower, Canada, 55 (1261) Meadow-Grass, 44 (1026-1042) Fowl, 44 (1036) Rough-Stalked, 44 (1041) Meadow-Rue, 67 (1567-1569) Early, 67 (1568) Tall, 67 (1567) Veiny, 67 (1569) Medicago, 52 (1205-1206) Medick, 52 (1205-1206) Black, 52 (1205) Megalodonta, 19, 24 (476) Melampyrum, 74 (1763)

Melandrium, 14, 15 Melic Grass, 42 (984) False, 44 (1045) Melica, 42 (984) Melilotus, 52, 81 (1207-1208) MENISPERMACEAE, 57 (1302) Menisperimim, 57 (1302) Mentha, 49 (1146-1147) MENYANTHACEAE, 36, 57 (1303) Menyanthes, 57 (1303) Mermaid, False, 55 (1283) Mertensia, 11 (209-210) Mezereum Family, 76 (1802) Microseris, 24 Milfoil, 17 (327) Water-, 46 (1072-1076) Milium, 42 (985) Milk-Vetch, 51 (1169-1178) Cooper's, 51 (1176) Loose-Flowered, 51 (1178) Milkweed, 9 (165-177) Common, 9 (174) Swamp-, 9 (168) Milkweed Family, 9 (165-177) Milkwort, 62 (1419-1424) Cross-leaved, 62 (1419) Fringed, 62 (1420) Purple, 62 (1422) Racemed, 62 (1421) Sea-, 65 (1505) Whorled, 62 (1424) Milkwort Family, 62 (1419-1424) Millet, Common, 43 (1014) Foxtail, 45 (1051) German, 45 (1051) Hungarian, 45 (1051) Indian, 42 (998) Wood, 42 (985) Mimosa, Prairie-, 52 (1185) MIMOSACEAE, 57 Mimulus, 74 (1764-1765) Mint, 49(1146-1147) Field-, 49 (1146) Mountain-, 50 (1153) Wood-, 48(1135) Mint Family, 48 (1132-1163) Mirabilis, 57 (1314-1316) Miscanthus, 42 (986) Mistletoe, Dwarf, 56 (1288) Mistletoe Family, 56 (1288) Mitchella, 71 (1686) Mitella, 72 (1717-1718) Mitrewort, 72 (1717-1718) Moccasin-Flower, 59 (1360-1365) Mollugo, 7 (121) Molucella, 49 Monarda, 49(1148-1149) Dotted, 49 (1149) Moneses, 65 (1516) Moneywort, 65 (1508) Monkey-Flower, 74 (1764-1765) Monkshood, 65 Garden, 66 Monniera, 73 Monolepis, 16 (311)

INDEX

302 Monotropa, 65 (1517-1518) MONOTROPACEAE, 57 Montia, 64 (1471) Moonseed, 57 (1302) Moonseed Family, 57 (1302) Moonwort, 4 (33-43) MORACEAE, 12, 57 (1304-1307) Morning-Glory, 26 Common, 26 Morning-Glory Family, 26 (531-542) Morus, 57 (1306-1307) Moschatel, 7 (120) Moschatel Family, 7 (120) Mosquito-Fern, 6 (97) Motherwort, 49 (1141) Common, 49 (1141) Mountain-Ash, 70 (1667-1669) Mountain-Holly, 9 Mountain-Mint, 50 (1153) Mountain-Moss, 6 (99) Mountain-Rice, 42 (1000) Rough-leaved, 42 (997) Mouse-ear, 23 Common, 14 (264) Mousetail, 66 (1546) Mud-Plantain, 7, 63 (122-124, 1466-1467) Mudwort, 74 (1757) Mugwort, Common, 18 Western, 18 (351) Muhlenbergia, 42 (987-996) Muhly, Mat-, 42 (993) Plains, 42 (988) Wirestem, 42 (989) Muhly Grass, 42 (987-996) Mulberry, 57 (1306-1307) Red, 57 (1307) White, 57 (1306) Mulberry Family, 57 (1304-1307) Mullein, 75 (1776) Common, 75 (1776) Mustard, 28 (567-570) Ball-, 29 Black, 28 (569) Field-, 28 (570) Garlic-, 27 Hare's-Ear, 28 Hedge-, 30 (601) Indian-, 28 (567) Tansy-, 28 (578-580) Tower-, 27 (557) Tumble, 29 (599) White, 28 Wormseed-, 29 (587) Mustard Family, 27 (554-603) Myosotis, 11 (211-214) Myosoton, 14, 15 (268) Myosurus, 66 (1546) Myrica, 57 (1309) MYRICACEAE, 57 (1308-1309) Myriophyllum, 46, 81 (1072-1076) Naiad, 57 (1310-1313) Naiad Family, 57 (1310-1313) NAJADACEAE, 57 (1310-1313)

Najas, 57 (1310-1313) Nannyberry, 13 (255) Napaea, 56 (1300) Nasturtium, 29 (595-596) Neckweed, 75 (1782) Needle and Thread Grass, 45 (1064) Needle-Grass, 45 (1064-1066) Nelumbo, 58 (1318) Nemopanthus, 9 (153) Nepeta, 49(1150) Neslia, 29 Nettle, 78 (1844) Dead, 49 False, 78 (1839) Hedge-, 50(1161-1162) Hemp-, 48 (1137) Stinging, 78 (1844) Wood-, 78 (1840) Nettle Family, 78 (1839-1844) New Jersey Tea, 67 (1570-1571) Nicandra, 75 Nigella, 67 Nightshade, 76 (1789-1792) Enchanter's, 58 (1328-1329) Nightshade Family, 75 (1786-1792) Nimble Will, 42 (994) Ninebark, 69 (1615) Common, 69 (1615) Nipplewort, 23 (468) Nothocalais, 17, 24 (477) Nuphar, 58 (1319-1320) Nut, Ground-, 9 (163) Nut-Grass, 32 (751-764) Nut-Rush, 34 (816-817) NYCTAGINACEAE, 57 (1314-1316) Nymphaea, 58 (1321-1323) NYMPHAEACEAE, 58 (1317-1323) Oak, 36 (862-868) Black, 36 (868) Bur-, 36 (865) Chestnut, 36 (866) Common Red, 36 (867) Hill's, 36 (864) Jerusalem, 16 Northern Pin-, 36 (864) Northern Red, 36 (867) Swamp-White, 36 (863) White, 36 (862) Oakesia, 55 Oak-Fern, 5 (74-77) Northern, 5 (77) Oat-Grass, 38, 41 (912, 974) Tall, 38 (912) Wild, 40 (940) Oats, 39 (913-914) Cultivated, 39 (914) Wild, 39 (913) Oenothera, 58, 59 (1341-1349) OLEACEAE, 58 (1324-1326) Oleander, Water-, 56 (1290) Oleaster, 34 (824-825) Oleaster Family, 34 (824-827) Olive, Russian, 34 (824)

Olive Family, 58 (1324-1326) ONAGRACEAE, 58 (1327-1349) Onion, 54 (1246-1252) Nodding Wild, 54 (1248) Wild, 54 (1250) Onoclea, 5 (79) Onopordum, 24 Onosmodium, 11 (215-216) OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, 4 (33-44) Ophioglossum, 4 (44) Opuntia, 12 (220-221) Orach, 15 (297) Garden, 15 Orchard-Grass, 39 (939) Orchid, Blunt-Leaf, 60 (1384) Club-Spur, 60 (1378) Fringed, 60 (1383, 1386-1387) Hooker's, 60 (1381) Long-Bracted, 59 (1355) Prairie White Fringed, 60 (1386) Purple Fringed, 60 (1387) Ragged Fringed, 60 (1383) Rein-, 60 Round-Leaved, 60 (1385) Tall Northern Green, 60 (1382) Tall White, 60 (1379) Tubercled, 60 (1380) Orchid Family, 59 (1350-1392) ORCfflDACEAE, 59 (1350-1392) Orchis, 59, 60 Bracted, 59 (1355) Round-Leaved, 59 (1350) Showy, 6 (1366) Ornithogalum, 55 OROBANCHACEAE, 61 (1393-1395) Orobanche, 61 (1393-1395) Orpine Family, 27 (549-553) Orthilia, 65 Orthocarpus, 74 (1766) Oryzopis, 42, 81 (997-1000) Osmorhiza, 77 (1823-1826) Osmunda, 4 (45-47) OSMUNDACEAE, 4 (45-47) Ostrich-Fern, 5 (78) Ostrya, 10 (197) OXALIDACEAE, 61 (1396-1399) Oxalis, 61 (1396-1399) Ox-Eye, 22 (451) Ox-Eye Daisy, 20 (396) Oxybaphus, 57, 58 Oxycoccus, 35 Oxypolls, 77 (1827) Oxytropis, 53 (1209-1211) Pachysandra, 12 Painted Cup, 73 (1749-1751) Downy, 73 (1751) Scarlet, 73 (1749) Painted Leaf, 36 (851) Panax, 9 (162-163) Panic Grass, 42 (1001-1020) Panicum, 42, 81 (1001-1020)

Pansy, 79 (1874) Wild, 78 Papaver, 61 PAPAVERACEAE, 61 (1400) PAPILIONACEAE, 61 Parietaria, 78 (1841) Parnassia, 72 (1719-1720) Paronychia, 14 (269-270) Parsley, Fool's-, 76 Prairie-, 77 (1829) Parsley Family, 76 (1811-1838) Parsnip, 77 (1828) Cow-, 77 (1820) Meadow-, 78 (1836) Water-, 77 (1812, 1834) Parthenium, 24 (478) Parthenocissus, 79 (1875-1876) Partridge-Berry, 71 (1686) Partridge-Pea, 51 (1181) Paspalum, 43 (1021) Pasque-Flower, 67 (1547) Pastinaca, 77 (1828) Pea, Beach-, 52 (1194) Everlasting, 52 Hoary, 53 (1222) Pale, 52(1195) Partridge-, 51 (1181) Scurf-, 53 (1216-1218) Veiny-, 52(1197) Wild, 52 (1194-1197) Pear, 69 Prickly, 12 (220-221) Pearlwort, 14 (271-272) Pearly Everlasting, 18 (334) Pea-Tree, 51 Siberian, 51 Pedicularis, 74 (1767-1768) Pellaea, 5 (80-81) Pellitory, 78 (1841) Penny-Cress, 30 (603) Pennyroyal, American, 49 False, 49(1140) Mock, 49 (1139) Rough, 49(1139) Pennywort, Water-, 77 (1821) Penstemon, 74 (1769-1773) Penthorum, 27 (549) Peplis, 56 Peppergrass, 29 (591-593) Pepperwort, Hairy, 4 (32) Perilla, 49 Periwinkle, 8 Common, 8 Petalostemon, 53 (1212-1215) Petasites, 24 (479-481) Petrohagia, 14, 15 Petunia, 75 Phacelia, 47 (1085) Phalaris, 43 (1022-1023) Phegopteris, 6 Phleum, 43 (1024) Phlox, 62 (1413-1416) Blue, 62 (1413) Downy, 62 (1416) Drummond, 62 Moss, 62 Perennial, 62 (1415) Prairie-, 62 (1416)

INDEX

303 Summer, 62 (1415) Phlox Family, 61 (1412-1418) Phragmites, 43 (1025) Phryma, 61 (1401) PHRYMACEAE, 61 (1401) Phyla, 78 (1847) Physalis, 75 (1787-1788) Physocarpus, 69 (1615) Physostegia, 49, 81 (1151) Picea, 6 (106-107) Pickerelweed, 63 (1468) Pickerelweed Family, 63 (1466-1468) Pigmyweed, 27 (553) Pigweed, 8 (134, 136) Russian, 16 (298) Winged, 16 (309) Pilea, 78 (1842-1843) Pimpernel, 64 False, 74 (1761-1762) Scarlet, 64 Yellow, 77 (1835) Pimpinella, 77 PINACEAE, 6 (104-111) Pine, 7 (108-110) Ground-, 4 (28) Jack-, 7 (108) Norway, 7 (109) Pitch-, 7 Red, 7 (109) Scotch, 7 White, 7 (110) Pine Family, 6(104-111) Pineapple-Weed, 20 (395) Pinesap, 65 (1517-1518) Pinguicula, 54 (1239) Pink, 14 (266) Deptford, 14 (266) Grass-, 59 (1353) Maiden, 14 Rush-, 23 (494) Swamp-, 59 (1353) Pink Family, 13 (258-292) Pinkweed, 63 (1444) Pinus, 7 (108-110) Pinweed, 17 (319-321) Pipewort, 35 (848) Pipewort Family, 35 (848) Pipsissewa, 65 (1515) Pitcher-Plant, 72 (1713) Pitcher-Plant Family, 72 (1713) Plagiobotrys, 11 (217) PLANTAGINACEAE, 61 (1402-1411) Plantago, 61, 81 (1403-1411) Plantain, 61 (1403-1411) Bracted, 61 (1403) Common, 61 (1407) Great Indian-, 20 (388) Hoary, 61 (1411) Indian-, 20 (388-390) Mud-, 7, 63 (122-124, 1460-1467) Pale Indian-, 20 Rattlesnake-, 60 (1367-1369) Water-, 7 (122-124) Plantain Family, 61 (1402-1411) Platanthera, 60 (1378-1387)

Plum, 69 (1634-1635) Canada, 69 (1635) Ground-, 51 (1172) Wild, 69 (1634) Poa, 44, 81 (1026-1042) POACEAE, 37, 61 Podophyllum, 10 (183) Pogonia, 60 (1388) Rose, 60 (1388) Polanisia, 13 (237-238) POLEMONIACEAE, 61 (1412-1418) Polemonium, 62 (1417-1418) Polygala, 62, 81 (1419-1424) POLYGALACEAE, 62 (1419-1424) POLYGONACEAE, 62 (1425-1465) Polygonatum, 55 (1262-1263) Polygonella, 62 (1427) Polygonum, 62, 81 (1428-1453) Polymnia, 24 (482) POLYPODIACEAE, 4 (48-96) Polypodium, 5 (82) Polypody, 5 (82) Common, 6 (82) Polypody Family, 4 (48-96) Polystichum, 6 (83-84) Polytaenia, 77 (1829) Pond-Lily, Yellow, 58 (1319-1320) Pondweed, 64 (1475-1500) Blunt-Leaved, 64 (1489) Curly, 64 (1478) Filiform, 64 (1481) Flat-Stem, 64 (1500) Floating, 64 (1487) Fries', 64 (1483) Horned, 79 (1881) Illinois, 64 (1486) Large-Leaved, 64 (1476) Leafy, 64 (1482) Long-Leaved, 64 (1488) Narrow-Leaved, 64 (1497) Northern, 64 (1475) Nuttall's, 64 (1480) Palerno, 64 (1492-1493) Rafinesque's, 64 (1479) Richardson's, 64 (1494) Robbins', 64 (1495) Sago-, 64 (1490) Sheathed, 64 (1498) Spiral, 64 (1496) Variable, 64 (1484) Vasey's, 64 (1499) White-Stemmed, 64 (1491) Pondweed Family, 64 (1475-1500) Pontederia, 63 (1468) PONTEDERIACEAE, 63 (1466-1468) Poplar, 71 (1689-1694) Balsam-, 71 (1689) Silver-Leaf, 71 White, 71 Poppy, 61 Common, 61 Corn, 61

Poppy Family, 61 (1400) Populus, 71 (1689-1694) Porcupine-Grass, 45 (1064-1066) Portulaca, 64 (1472) PORTULACACEAE, 63 (1469-1474) Potamogeton, 64 (1475-1500) POTAMOGETONACEAE, 57, 64 (1475-1500) Potato Family, 75 (1786-1792) Potentilla, 69, 81 (1616-1633) Poverty-Grass, 38, 45 (908, 1063) Prairie-Clover, 53 (1212-1215) Purple, 53 (1214) Silky, 53 (1215) White, 53 (1212-1213) Prairie-Coneflower, 24 (487-488) Prairie-Mimosa, 52 (1185) Prairie-Senna, 51 (1181) Prairie-Trefoil, 52 (1202) Prairie-Turnip, 53 (1217) Prenanthes, 24 (483-486) Prickly Pear, 12 (220-221) Little, 12 (220) Plains, 12 (221) Primrose, 65 (1513) Birds-eye, 65 (1513) Evening-, 59 (1341-1349) Primrose Family, 64 (1501-1514) Primula, 65 (1513) PRIMULACEAE, 64 (1501-1514) Prince's Pine, 65 (1515) Princess-Feather, 63 (1515) Proserpinaca, 81 Proso, 43 (1014) Prunella, 50(1152) Prunus, 69 (1634-1639) Pseudotsuga, 7 Psoralea, 53, 81 (1216-1218) Ptelea, 71 Pteridium, 6 (85) Pteritis, 5 Puccinellia, 44, 45 (1043) Puccoon, 11 (205-208) Hairy, 11 (206) Hoary, 11 (205) Narrow-leaved, 11 (207) Pulsatilla, 66, 67 (1547) Pulse Family, 51 (1164-1233) Purslane, 64 (1472) Common, 64 (1472) Water-, 56 (1291) Purslane Family, 63 (1469-1474) Putty-Root, 59 (1351) Pycnanthemum, 50 (1153) Pyrola, 65 (1519-1524) Green-Flowered, 65 (1520) Lesser, 65 (1522) One-Flowered, 65 (1516) One-Sided, 65 (1524) Pink, 65 (1519) Round-Leaved, 65 (1523) PYROLACEAE, 35, 57, 65 (1515-1524) Pyrus, 68, 69, 70 (1640-1641)

Quack-Grass, 38 (892) Queen Anne's-Lace, 77 (1818) Queen-of-the-Meadow, 68 Quercus, 36 (862-868) Quillwort, 3 (14-16) Braun's, 3 (14) Lake-, 3 (15) Prairie-, 3 (16) Quillwort Family, 3 (14-16) Quinine, Wild, 24 (478) Radish, 29 Wild, 29 Ragweed, 17 (331-333) Common, 18 (331) Great, 18 (333) Western, 18 (332) Ragwort, 24 (492-500) Golden, 25 (492) Northern, 25 (497) Prairie-, 25 (498) Western Golden, 25 (499) RANUNCULACEAE, 65 (1525-1569) Ranunculus, 66, 67 (1548-1566) Raphanus, 29 Raspberry, American Red, 70 (1664) Ratibida, 24 (487-488) Rattle Box, 51 (1183) Rattlesnake-Fern, 4 (43) Rattlesnake-Grass, 41 (971) Rattlesnake-Master, 77 (1819) Rattlesnake-Plantain, 60 (1367-1369) Rattlesnake Root, 24 (483-486) Red Osier, 27 (548) Redroot, 67 (1570-1571) Redtop, 38 (899) Reed, 43 (1025) Reed Canary-Grass, 43 (1022) Reed-Grass, 39 (929-935) Reedgrass, Wood-, 39 (937-938) Rein-Orchid, 60 (1378-1387) Reynoutria, 63 RHAMNACEAE, 67 (1570-1574) Rhamnus, 67 (1572-1574) Rheum, 63 Rhubarb, 63 Rhus, 8 (141-147) Rhynchospora, 33 (792-794) Ribes, 72 (1721-1732) Ribgrass, 61 (1406) Rice, Mountain-, 42 (997-1000) Wild, 46 (1071) Rice-Cut Grass, 42 (980) Rice-Grass, 42 (997-1000) Robinia, 53 (1219) Rock-Brake, 5 (57) Rock-Cress, 27 (554-562) Rocket, Dame's-, 29 (589) Sand-, 28 Yellow, 28 (565) Rockrose, 17 (316-317) Rockrose Family, 17 (316-321) Rock-Spikemoss, 6 (98) Rope-Bark, 76 (1802)

INDEX

304 Rorippa, 29 (597-598) Rosa, 69, 81 (1642-1645) ROSACEAE, 68 (1575-1672) Rose, 69 (1642-1645) Rose Acacia, 53 Rose Family, 68 (1575-1672) Rose Pogonia, 60 (1388) Roseroot, 27 (551) Rosinwood, 25 (502-503) Rotate, 56 (1294) Rowan, 70 (1668) Royal Fern, 4 (47) RUBIACEAE, 70 (1673-1686) Rubus, 70 (1646-1665) Rudbeckia, 24 (489-491) Rue Family, 71 (1688) Ruellia, 7 (113) Rumex, 63 (1454-1465) Ruppia, 71 (1687) RUPPIACEAE, 57, 71 (1687) Rush, 47(1102-1124) Beak-, 33 (792-794) Common Scouring-, 3 (4) Dwarf Scouring-, 3 (10) Flowering, 12 (218) Nut-, 34 (816-817) Scouring-, 3 (1-13) Smooth Scouring-, 3 (5) Spike-, 32 (766-781) Swaying, 34 (813) Twig-, 32 (750) Variegated Scouring-, 3 (13) Wood-, 48(1125-1128) Rush-Aster, 19 (353) Rush Family, 47 (1102-1128) Rush-Grass, 45 (1059-1063) Rush-Pink, 23 (474) Russian Olive, 34 (824) RUTACEAE, 71 (1688) Rye, 44 (1048) Wild, 40 (950-957) Ryegrass, 42 (983) Sage, 50(1154) White, 18 (351) Sagebrush, 18 (346-352) Sagina, 14 (271-272) Sagittaria, 7 (126-131) St. John's-Wort, 47 (1086-1091) Common, 47 (1089) Great, 47 (1091) Marsh, 47 (1092) St. John's-Wort Family, 47 (1086-1092) SALICACEAE, 71 (1689-1710) Salicornia, 16 (312) Salix, 70 (1695-1710) Salmonberry, 70 (1658) Salsola, 16 (313-314) Salt-Grass, 40 (946) Salt-Meadow Grass, 40 (945) Saltwort, 16 (313-314) Salvia, 50, 81 (1154) SALVINIACEAE, 6 (97) Sambucus, 13 (248-249) Sandalwood Family, 72 (1711-1712) Sandbur, 39 (936)

Sand-Grass, 45 (1068) Sandwort, 14 (259-261) Thyme-leaved, 14 Sanguinaria, 61 (1400) Sanicle, 77 (1830-1833) Sanicula, 77 (1830-1833) SANTALACEAE, 72 (1711-1712) Saponaria, 14, 15 (273) Sarracenia, 72 (1713) SARRACENIACEAE, 72 (1713) Sarsaparilla, 9 (159-161) Bristly, 9 (159) Wild, 9 (160) Saskatoon, 68 (1577-1588) Satin-Grass, 42 (987-996) Satureja, 50(1155) Savin, Creeping, 6 (100) Savory, 50(1155) Saxifraga, 73 (1733-1736) SAXIFRAGACEAE, 46, 72 (1714-1738) Saxifrage, 73 (1733-1736) Burnet-, 77 Early, 73 (1736) Golden, 72 (1714-1715) Swamp-, 73 (1735) Saxifrage Family, 72 (1714-1738) Scarlet Pimpernel, 64 Schedonnardus, 44 (1044) Scheuchzeria, 48 (1129) Schizachne, 44 (1045) Schizachyrium, 38, 44 (1046) Scirpus, 33 (795-815) Scleranthus, 14 (274) Scleria, 34 (816-817) Scolochloa, 44 (1047) Scorpion-Grass, 11 (211-214) Scorpion-Weed, 47 (1085) Scotch-Thistle, 24 Scouring-Rush, 3 (1-13) Common, 3 (4) Dwarf, 3 (10) Smooth, 3 (5) Variegated, 3 (13) Scratch-Grass, 42 (987) Scrophularia, 74 (1774-1775) SCROPHULARIACEAE, 73 (1739-1785) Scurf-Pea, 53 (1216-1218) Scutellaria, 50 (1156-1160) Sea-Blite, 16 (315) Secale, 44 (1048) Sedge, 30 (607-749) Brook-, 32 (761) Red-Rooted, 32 (755) Three-Way, 32 (765) Umbrella-, 32 (751-764) Sedge Family, 30 (606-817) Sedum, 27 (550-552) Selaginella, 6 (98-99) SELAGINELLACEAE, 6 (98-99) Selfheal, 50(1152) Senecio, 24 (492-500) Senna, Prairie-, 51 (1181) Sensitive Fern, 5 (79) Serviceberry, 68 (1577-1588)

Setaria, 44 (1049-1053) Shagbark, 47 (1099) Sheep-Sorrel, 61 (1396-1399) Shepherdia, 34 (826-827) Shepherd's-Purse, 28 (572) Shield-Fern, 5, 6 (64-73, 83-84) Shinleaf, 65 (1521) Shinnersoseris, 23, 25 (501) Shooting-Star, 65 (1503-1504) Jeweled, 65 (1503) Shorthusk, 39 (919) Sicklepod, 27 (554) Sicyos, 30 (605) Side-Oats Grama, 39 (916) Silene, 14, 15, 81 (275-284) Silk-Grass, 42 (998) Silphium, 25 (502-503) Silverberry, 34 (825) Silverweed, 69 (1616) Sinapsis, 28 Sisymbrium, 29 (599-601) Sisyrinchium, 47 (1095-1097) Slum, 77 (1834) Skeleton-Weed, 23 (474) Slough-Grass, 39, 45 (915, 1056) American, 39 (915) Skullcap, 50(1156-1160) Common, 50(1156) Mad-Dog, 50(1157) Skunk-Cabbage, 9 (158) Smartweed, 62 (1428-1453) Common, 63 (1441) Water-, 62, 63 (1429, 1446) Smilacina, 55 (1264-1266) Smilax, 55, 81 (1267-1271) Snakeroot, Black, 77 (1830-1833) Button, 77 (1819) Seneca, 62 (1423) White, 21 (427) Snapdragon, Dwarf-, 73 (1752) Sneezeweed, 17, 22 (328, 439) Snowberry, 13 (250-252) Creeping, 35 (836) Snowflake, 49 Snow-on-the-Mountain, 36 (857) Soapberry, 34 (827) Soapwort, 14 (273) SOLANACEAE, 75 (1786-1792) Solarium, 76 (1789-1792) Solidago, 19, 21, 25, 81 (504-519) Solomon's-Seal, 55 (1262-1263) False, 55 (1264-1266) Sonchus, 25 (520-523) Sorbaria, 70 (1666) Sorbus, 69, 70 (1667-1669) Sorghastrum, 45 (1054) Sorrel, 63 (1454-1465) Common, 63 (1455) Garden, 63 (1454) Sheep-, 63 (1396-1399, 1455) Wood-, 61 (1396-1399) Southernwood, 18 Sow-Thistle, 25 (520-523) Common, 25 (522) Field, 25 (520) Smooth, 25 (523) Spiny, 25 (521)

SPARGANIANCEAE, 76 (1793-1800) Sparganium, 76 (1793-1800) Spartina, 45 (1055-1056) Spear-Grass, 44 (1037) Bunch, 44 (1028) Low, 44 (1027) Prairie, 44 (1028) Spearmint, 49 Spearwort, 67 (1555) Specularia, 12 Speedwell, 75 (1777-1784) Common, 75 (1781) Corn-, 75 (1778) Marsh-, 75 (1783) Purslane-, 75 (1782) Thyme-leaved, 75 (1784) Spenopholis, 45, 81 (1057-1058) Spergula, 15 Spergularia, 15 Sphaeralcea, 57 (1301) Spider-Flower, 13 Spiderwort, 17 (324-326) Spiderwort Family, 17 (322-326) Spikemoss, 6 (98-99) Rock-, 6 (98) Spikemoss Family, 6 (98-99) Spikenard, 9 (161) False, 55 (1264) Spike-Rush, 32 (766-781) Spindle-Tree, 15 (294) Spiraea, 70 (1670-1671) False, 70 (1666) Spiranthes, 60 (1389-1392) Spirodela, 54 (1236) Spleenwort, 4, 5 (49-53) Ebony, 5 (49) Maidenhair-, 5 (50) Narrow-leaved, 5 (52) Silvery, 5 (53) Sporobolus, 45 (1059-1063) Sprangletop, 40, 44 (945, 1047) Spring-Beauty, 64 (1469-1470) Spruce, 6 (106-107) Black, 7 (107) Norway, 6 White, 6 (106) Spurge, 36 (850-861) Cypress-, 36 (852) Flowering, 36 (850) Japanese, 12 Leafy, 36 (859) Spurge Family, 35 (849-861) Spurrey, 15 Corn-, 15 Red Sand-, 15 Sand-, 15 Squirrel-Corn, 36 (873) Squirrel-Tail Grass, 41 (976) Stachys, 50(1161-1162) Staff-Tree Family, 15 (293-294) Staphylea, 76 (1801) STAPHYLEACEAE, 76 (1801) Starflower, 65 (1514) Star-Grass, 8 (140) Water, 63 (1466) Star-of-Bethlehem, 55 Star-Thistle, 20 (393)

INDEX

305 Starwort, 15 (285-291) Water, 12 (222-224) Steeple-Bush, 70 (1671) Stellaria, 14, 15 (285-291) Stickseed, 11 (201-204) Sticktight, 20 (380, 382, 385-386) Stinkgrass, 41 (958) Stinkweed, 30 (603) Stipa, 45 (1064-1066) Stitchwort, Common, 15 (288) Stonecrop, 27 (550-552) Ditch-, 27 (549) Storksbill, 37 Stramonium, 75 Strawberry, 68 (1607-1608) Barren, 70 (1672) Strawberry Elite, 16 (300) Streptopus, 55 (1272-1273) Strophostyles, 53 (1220-1221) Suaeda, 16 (315) Subularia, 30 (602) Sullivantia, 73 (1737) Sumac, 8 (141-147) Fragrant, 8 (141) Poison, 8 (147) Smooth, 8 (143) Staghorn-, 8 (146) Summer Cypress, 16 (310) Sundew, 34 (820-823) Sundew Family, 34 (820-823) Sunflower, 22 (440-450) Common, 22 (440) Tickseed-, 19, 20 (383) Swamp-Pink, 59 (1353) Sweet Cicely, 77 (1823-1826) Sweet Coltsfoot, 24 (479-481) Sweet Fern, 57 (1308) Sweet Flag, 9 (154) Sweet Gale, 57 (1309) Sweet Gale Family, 57 (1308-1309) Sweet Grass, 41 (975) Sweet William, 14 Wild, 62 (1413-1416) Sweet Woodruff, 71 Switch-Grass, 43 (1018) Symphoricarpos, 13 (250-252) Symphytum, 11 Symplocarpus, 9 (158) Synthyris, 73 Syringa, 58 Taenidia, 77 (1835) Talinum, 64 (1473-1474) Tamarack, 6 (105) Tanacetum, 26 (524) Tansy, 26 (524) Common, 26 (524) Tansy-Mustard, 28 (578-580) Tapegrass, 46 (1081) Taraxacum, 26 (524-526) Tarweed, 22, 24 (437) TAXACEAE, 7(112) Taxus, 7 (112) Teaberry, 35 (837) Tearthumb, Arrow-Leaved, 63 (1448)

Halbert-Leaved, 63 (1431) Teasel, 34 Teasel Family, 34 (819) Tephrosia, 52 (1222) Teucrium, 50(1163) Thalictrum, 66, 67, 81 (1567-1569) Thaspium, 78 (1836) Thelesperma, 26 THELPTERIDACEAE, 4 Thelypteris, 6 (86-88) Thimbleberry, 70 (1658) Thimbleweed, 66 (1529, 1532-1533) Thistle, Bull-, 20 (404) Canada, 20 (399) Common, 20 (398-404) Musk-, 20 (392) Nodding, 20 (392) Plumed, 20 (398-404) Plumeless, 20 (391-392) Scotch-, 24 Sow-, 25 (520-523) Star-, 20 (393) Swamp-, 20 (403) Thlaspi, 30 (603) Thoroughwort, 21 (423-428) Three-Seeded Mercury, 35 (849) Three-Square, 34 (810) Thuja, 6 (103) Thyme, 50 Creeping, 50 THYMELAEACEAE, 76 (1802) Thymus, 50 Tiarella, 73 (1738) Tickle Grass, 38 (896) Tickseed, 21 (407-409) Tick-Trefoil, 52 (1186-1190) Tiger-Lily, 54 Tilia, 76 (1803) TILIACEAE, 76 (1803) Tillaea, 27 (553) Timothy, 43 (1024) Toadflax, 74 (1758-1760) Bastard-, 72 (1711) Old-Field, 74 (1758) Tobacco, Indian-, 12 (231) Ladies', 18 (335-340) Tofieldia, 55 (1274-1275) Tomanthera, 73 Tomatillo, 73 Tooth-Cup, 56 (1294) Toothwort, 28 (577) Torreyochloa, 41, 44, 45 (1067) Touch-me-not, Pale, 10 (179) Spotted, 10 (178) Touch-me-not Family, 10 (178-179) Tovara, 63 Tower-Mustard, 27 (557) Toxicodendron, 8 Tradescantia, 17 (324-326) Tragopogon, 26 (527-528) Trefoil, 53 (1223-1228) Birdsfoot-, 52 (1201-1202) Prairie-, 52 (1202) Tick-, 52 (1186-1190) Triadenum, 47 (1092)

Tribulus, 81 Trientalis, 65 (1514) Trifolium, 53 (1223-1228) Triglochin, 48 (1130-1131) Trillium, 55 (1276-1279) Nodding, 55 (1276) Snow-, 55 (1279) Triodanis, 12 (235-236) Triosteum, 13 (253) Triplasis, 12 (1068) Triple-Awned Grass, 38 (907-911) Trisetum, 45 (1069) Triticum, 46 Trout-Lily, 54 (1255-1257) Minnesota, 54 (1257) Yellow, 54 (1256) White, 54 (1255) Tsuga, 7 (111) Tumble Grass, 41, 44 (962, 1044) Tumbleweed, 8 (132-133) Tunica, 14, 15 Turnip, Indian, 9 (155-156) Prairie-, 53 (1217) Turtlehead, 74 (1753) Tussilago, 26 Twayblade, 60 (1370-1374) Auricled, 60 (1372) Broad-lipped, 60 (1373) Green, 60 (1371) Heartleaf, 60 (1374) Loesel's, 60 (1371) Purple, 60 (1370) Twig-Rush, 32 (750) Twinflower, 13 (240) Twinleaf, 10 (182) Twisted-Stalk, 55 (1272-1273) Two-Eyed Berry, 71 (1686) Typha, 76 (1804-1805) TYPHACEAE, 76 (1804-1805) ULMACEAE, 76 (1806-1810) Ulmus, 76 (1807-1810) UMBELLIFERAE, 8, 76 (1811-1838) Umbrella-Plant, 62 (1425) Umbrella-Sedge, 32 (751-764) Umbrella-Wort, 57 (1314-1316) Urtica, 78 (1844) URTICACEAE, 78 (1839-1844) Utricularia, 54 (1240-1245) Uvularia, 55 (1280-1281) Vaccaria, 14, 15 (292) Vaccinium, 35 (841-847) Valerian, 78 (1845-1846) Valerian Family, 78 (1845-1846) Valeriana, 78 (1845-1846) VALERIANACEAE, 78 (1845-1846) Vallisneria, 46 (1081) Vanilla-Grass, 41 (975) Veiny Pea, 52 (1197) Velvet-Leaf, 56 (1295) Venus's Looking-glass, 12 (235-236) Verbascum, 75 (1776)

Verbena, 78 (1848-1852) VERBENACEAE, 78 (1847-1852) Vernonia, 26, 81 (529) Veronica, 75 (1777-1784) Veronicastrum, 75 (1785) Vervain, 78 (1848-1852) Blue, 78 (1849) Creeping, 78 (1848) Hoary, 78 (1851) Narrow-leaved, 78 (1850) Nettle-leaved, 78 (1852) White, 78 (1852) Vervain Family, 78 (1847-1852) Vetch, 53 (1229-1233) Crown-, 51 (1182) Hairy, 53 (1233) Milk-, 51 (1169-1178) Spring-, 53 (1232) Tufted, 53 (1231) Vetchling, 52 (1194-1197) Marsh-, 52 (1196) Tuberous, 52 Viburnum, 13, 81 (254-257) Vicia, 53 (1229-1233) Vinca, 8 Viola, 78, 81 (1853-1874) VIOLACEAE, 78 (1853-1874) Violet, 78 (1853-1874) Arrow-Leaved, 79 (1871) Bird-Foot, 79 (1866-1867) Canada, 78 (1855) Dogtooth-, 54 (1255-1257) Downy Yellow, 79 (1869) Lance-Leaved, 79 (1860) Smooth Yellow, 79 (1869) Yellow Prairie-, 79 (1865) Violet Family, 78 (1853-1874) Viper's Bugloss, 11 (200) Virginia Creeper, 79 (1875-1876) Virgin's Bower, 66 (1538-1539) Virgulus, 19 V1SCACEAE, 79 VITACEAE, 79 (1875-1878) Vitis, 79 (1877-1878) Vulpia, 41,46(1070) Wahoo, 15 (294) Wakerobin, 55 (1276-1279) Waldsteinia, 70 (1672) Walking Fern, 5 (54) Wallflower, Western, 29 (586) Walnut, 47 (1100-1101) Black, 47 (1101) White, 47 (1100) Walnut Family, 47 (1098-1101) Wapato, 8 (128, 130) Wartweed, 36 Water-Arum, 9 (157) Water-Clover, 4 (32) Water-Clover Family, 4 (32) Watercress, 29 (595-596) Water-Fern, 6 (97) Water-Hemlock, 77 (1814-1815) Water-Horehound, 49 (1142-1145) Waterleaf, 47 (1083-1084) Maple-Leaved, 47 (1083)

INDEX

306 Virginia, 47 (1084) Waterleaf Family, 46 (1082-1085) Water-Lily, Yellow, 58 (1319-1320) White, 58 (1321-1323) Water-Lily Family, 58 (1317-1323) Water-Marigold, 24 (476) Water-Mat, 72 (1714) Water-Meal, 54 (1237-1238) Water-Milfoil, 46 (1072-1076) Water-Milfoil Family, 46 (1072-1076) Water-Oleander, 56 (1290) Water-Parsnip, 77 (1812, 1834) Water-Pepper, Mild, 63 (1442) Water-Plantain, 7 (122-124) Water-Plantain Family, 7 (122-131) Water-Purslane, 56 (1291) Water-Shield, 58 (1317) Water Stargrass, 63 (1466) Water Starwort, 12 (222-224) Water Starwort Family, 12 (222-224) Waterweed, 46 (1079-1080) Water-Willow, 56 (1290) Waterwort, 34 (828-829) Waterwort Family, 34 (828-829) Wedge-Grass, 45 (1057-1058) Prairie, 45 (1058) Slender, 45 (1057) Weed, Bugle-, 49 (1142-1145) Butterfly-, 9 (175) Joe-Pye, 21 (424, 426) Loco, 53(1209-1211)

Pineapple-, 20 (395) Prickle-, 52 (1185) Scorpion-, 47 (1085) Skeleton-, 23 (474) Wheat, 46 Wheat-Grass, 38 (891-894) Crested, 38 (891) Slender, 38 (894) Western, 38 (893) Whiteman's-Foot, 61 (1407) Whitlow-Grass, 28 (581-584) Whitlow-Wort, 14 (269-270) Wild Licorice, 52(1192) Wild Rice, 46 (1071) Willow, 71 (1695-1710) Autumn-, 72 (1710) Balsam-, 72 (1709) Bay-, 72 Black, 72 (1705) Bog-, 72 (1706) Crack-, 71 Heart-Leaved, 72 (1700) Laurel-Leaved, 72 Long-Beaked, 71 (1697) Peach-Leaved, 71 (1696) Pussy-, 71 (1699) Sage-Leaved, 71 (1698) Sandbar-, 72 (1701) Shining, 72 (1704) Slender, 72 (1702) Upland, 72 (1703) Water-, 56 (1290) White, 71 (1695) Willow Family, 71 (1689-1710) Willow-Herb, 58 (1330-1336) Windflower, 66 (1527-1533) Winged Pigweed, 16 (309)

Winterberry, 9 (152) Wintergreen, 65 (1519-1524) Aromatic, 35 (836-837) Chickweed-, 65 (1514) Flowering, 62 (1420) Pink, 65 (1519) Wintergreen Family, 65 (1515-1524) Wire-Grass, 44 (1030) Wiregrass, 40 Witch-Grass, 43 (1002) Fall, 42 (982) Witch-Hazel, 46 (1077) Witch-Hazel Family, 46 (1077) Wolfberry, 13 (251) Wolffia, 54 (1237-1238) Wood-Betony, 74 (1767-1768) Woodbine, 79 (1875-1876) Wood-Fern, 5 (64-73) Glandular, 5 (70) Spreading, 5 (67) Wood-Lily, 55 (1260) Wood Millet, 42 (985) Wood-Mint, 42 (1135) Wood-Nettle, 78 (1840) Wood-Reedgrass, 39 (937-938) Wood-Rush, 48 (1125-1128) Woodsia, 6 (89-96) Alpine, 6 (90) Blunt-lobed, 6 (94) Cathcart's, 6 (95) Oregon, 6 (95) Rocky Mountain, 6 (96) Rusty, 6 (93) Smooth, 6 (91) Wood-Sorrel, 61 (1396-1399) Common, 61 (1397)

Violet, 61 (1399) Wood-Sorrel Family, 61 (1396-1399) Wormwood, 18 (346-352) Beach-, 18 Roman, 18 Sage-, 18 (350) Woundwort, 50(1161) Wulfenia, 73 Xanthium, 26 (530) XYRTOACEAE, 79 Q879-1880) Xyris, 79 (1879-1880)

Yam, 34 (818) Wild, 34 (818) Yam Family, 34 (818) Yard-Grass, 40 Yarrow, 17 (327-329) Common, 17 (327) Yellow-Eyed Grass, 79 (1879-1880) Yellow-Eyed Grass Family, 79 (1879-1880) Yerba-de-tajo, 21 (414) Yew, 7(112) American, 7 (112) Yew Family, 7(112) Zannichellia, 79 (1881) ZANNICHELLIACEAE, 57, 79 (1881) Zanthoxylum, 71 (1688) Zigadenus, 55 (1282) Zizania, 46 (1071) Zizia, 78 (1837-1838)

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Gerald Ownbey is an emeritus professor in the Department of Plant Biology at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. As the curator of the University Herbarium for over thirty years, he developed its collection of almost 750,000 specimens to make it the largest in the Midwest. Professor Ownbey is the author of Common Wild Flowers of Minnesota (University of Minnesota Press, 1971). Thomas Morley is also an emeritus professor in the Department of Plant Biology at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. In addition to introducing hundreds of students to Minnesota flora in his popular course "Minnesota Plant Life," he is widely recognized for his pioneering efforts to protect remnants of Minnesota's native habitats. Professor Morley is the author of Spring Flora in Minnesota (University of Minnesota Press, 1966).