AENEID BOOKYIII
EDITED BY K. W. GRANSDEN
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CAMBRIDGE GREEK AND LATIN CLASSICS
GENERAL EDrroRS
P. E. EASTERLING
RegillJ Pro/nsor ofGrul:. Unl<'usiryojCQmbridg' PHILIP HAlIDlE
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U"j<'trJiry of Cambriag..
RICHARD HUNTER
Rtadu I" Gruk olld w li" Ultrolllrt'. U"i<'t' liry tI/ CaMbridgt E. J. K ENNEY £mUilll~
K..n"l'dy ProftUQr of WI;". U,,j<·trJ;ry oj CtuMbridS'
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VIRGIL
AENEID BOOK VIII EDITED BY
K. W. GRANSDEN
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CONTENTS
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(i) Virp'umuffIMf4Sl (ii) frmb (iii) T~ (i v) Mft III .ur1"7 t
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(il 11. tiN ",,,u (ii ) 11Ihu_ (iii) Pm,is, pnqraplu aM .v..a..fic.v (iv) Fmilll M41i11«it: P . V • • OILI MAROHl t A&HllltlOI LI • • • O C TAVVI
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Bibliography Irw;lC"Q 10 the CDJnmcqtary I
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PREFACE It .. pe-hapo ....." .... thai A •• ,w VIlIIbouJd _~ received~ puativdy tilde individ....... critical attention.. K.Iinpet eaIkd book VIII the molt Vuaili&n book of"tht: poem. II an certaWy claim 10 be the moll varied. and a,tradive, conu.iniJlc at it doea the maanilicc.nly loid .tcH'y 0( Hercule. and Cae.... and the inc:ompvabk • walk round tht: site of" Rome '; whiu: in the da';'ne ecphrasit VirJil .e..eab the purJXIIe and intention of the ~ _ fully than hedoea in any other book attpt perhapo the .ath and twdftb. The litavy infll.Im« ofboolt VIII hat hem c:ona>ckrabIe (thoqb Ie. than aha, of book IV) . Nowhere else in the poem doet Vircil ranee .0 freely thl"OUlh m.«>ry. nliaioo, mytholocy and lopoa.apby. Th.iI will be evident from the j>qQ which I'ollow, at abo will be the lise ol my cmeral debt to my prcd« :>no Warde Fowler', ..t-... ., 1M m. ..t R.- dia<'>,.d only Klectcd P"'CU. tbouch with .. bumane leam.illl and inai&hl which ......·;n exemplary. A IUt with brief _ by Mile Gui1......i ......; E7 . J in 193~ ; more recently. Berth.. TiUy'. n. I""''' P.JlaJ took telected p.n,,..,. from boob VUllO XII . Bindtt'• .fer" _ ....,.,mu it not an edition. bul an exhaultiv.: p.udy hiltorieaJ. COIIlIMrIW'y on Cft'tain teCliON of book VIII . My own work hat '-rI 8fUtly bdped by !he recent editioN ofinclividual booI,. by Prokaon A",tiD and Williams. Nonien on VI mnallU indiap ' IKe : I have abo UKd Conway OD I. A ........ c:omplece c:onunmtarim the mo.! _ I, thai of Williaml, aPr red only when my work _ vimaaUy compkte. Hmty jHOyj J«I , u 1M""') .. few brilliant insiahll amid much wh.ieh 7 II. dull and ineievanL Only OIIe U'aNlation it h:kned 10, aad Wt it Dryden'•. h bat ",ve fau.lto : Ikyda> _ the fint 10 admit Wt hia _ _ r I " 7' ·" -.liut V.,";" (Wonlaworthin a letter IOScotI, 7 November ,80.5, uuly olin ...ed Wt DryrJ-p 'bat neither a tavkr heart ftOI" a iofl:y n=oe ofmooal di,ruly '). Nevertbde., it remai.nI, with ill potl. Miltoni<; enulT aad drive. 1he only En,1ith vusion wh.ich CIUI lay claim 10 dulic , ..1\,. - the full ftowerinc of renal.ance Enaland" CIIltivatloa of Virwil tJuouch nearly two cmcurie.. Amonl the _ y _ ) ' I and. lM:>b 011 Viz(i.I, I woWd aincle OUt
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PREY ACE
F. W. H. Myen'! 'VirtU', Norden'•• Verp. Aeneil im Lichte ihrer Zeit', Ikcw'. ",OILceri", mKi.,. 11w .JUt-q.JUw'NMW, Campo'.1_ • 6- and the .Jwlr.. important in auch difFerml _ya, ofKo"'fI" and P6vbl, On the ~,.pby, Lua:li'. monumental 11iMtm. Ii Ild: 2' A.Ii". proved ~uablc. while Oailvic'. C. lMJ 1-5 p"" !lie Mucb'lleec!ef bdp with early R.oman hillary. The ........ men· tiorIed ben: CODftitUie lIIlIy .. tqiruWIc, but DO one who iI acquaiPted with them <;an Ik quite iIJ>MaD1 of what ill involvai in wcwkiq 011 VirJil. _ ti.ilis/_lu:. 14",", .. II remaino to~edlC"""" 0(. man: pea,.,....... kind. Prer tN" R . D. Williartil ~ throu(b the draft of my Introductioa and made .. number oC v&laaWc luae.tioov and eoc,ccted many erron, Ibu eby compoundina: ~ debt I already oo.w: him lOr hit editioft of book III.
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0.. N. M. HonCalI read lhtout;h the manuoaipt of the Commentary and of tbe Inutilluctioo, P>*Ic many eoc, and pve me much , ocbolariy and ~phical ink>rmation whieh 1 would otberwiIe , haY<: mi= ' d Help on pwtiaalat pi"OOl ..... came from Prot.... A. A. Lone: ~ the edilOn 01 the 1M: at 'V5F' '·'"Uf. The DireclOl" and ~ of the Britirh School a' Rome mwlc the , RItOIl«et of the Rome room freely available to me. II> thil c:onneo;tioa I r.bouJd like I expi my t/!.nb to the Faculty Board cia ' Fa debe Vnivenir, ofCambridt:e for • ,rani -.rdI that viRt to Rome wbiclt. aloo ena~ me to rd'rah my memoria 01 the tiJtM4'.pby. I m\ll' -*' think , the Ddeptet of the Clarendon P, and SU R.tI(cr Mynon AIr Jk",·i . • 10 reprinllhe latter'. te,lI ,."VIII and 10 dire" that text ia. few pi_lilted in the Note oa the Tat. FiaalIy. ~ . ,peri.1 debe of ptitude 10 PIC' lOt K ........,.. bod> lOr the a ... pIe of hit OWD. ed.ia- ofLuocmiIif III in!hit.ma. and abo b hiafuMmtin( advice, bdp _ ~ ~ C'\uy -tate of thit ed.ib. Witbwt biI wpport, ;1 woWd pe'u bavc beCII undert· ...... fingb.... He _ Mn P. E. EutcrliDc have ..Wid me fiva:I UIO" cbaa I eaR 10 r' 11M Illbe!'.
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Our dotiny, our nature, and OW" home h wi!h infinitude, and only !here; With hope i1 is, hope that can never die, Effort, and cxpct.lation, and desire, And Klmething evmn(Jre aboul to be. W OItO.WOItTH, hdw 6.538-.2
History . .. is a looking both before and after; .., indeed, the coming TIme aJ..eady waic., \U1It'Cn, yet definitely shaped, predetermioed and inevitabJe, io the Tune come; and only by the combination of both is the mearun, of either completed. CAItLYLit. 0"
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INTRODUCTION I. VIRGIL'S CAREER AND REPUTATION Publius VCl'JiliWl Muo becatne .. dusic in bis own lifelime and remaiMd 10 Ih""'Khoul antiquity. at witne. the .plmdic:l m ....>lCripa ofh;'.wlll wrinen in rutlie capitals and the comrnen .... ry olScrvi... (roul1h- firth centuries A.D.) which oontai... the ~nn;nlP of an entire tradition of ..Utl",ical a~. The proCound veneration in which be was hdd durinS the middle '"IQ illhown in hiI' .....aken;n'· by nUlIe in the DiWwc.-dy - .. unique pica: olliteraty bomace. To Ibe hicruchic and rcnre
K', whooe S' /fh..,i'. C.b 'r rorresponcb to the <ttw, and ......., epic n. FMrit bqi... with .. 'reluctant" apolOf!y for underlaid", heroic ~ moddl<:d on the ' ille "10' q ..... train quoted by S«viuo and Vi",i]', biographer Don.tut' .. the on,inal openilll of AtrttiC.' A ,imil.r, pe,hai'" even ,rnleT, indcbtednts may be IttIl in Milton. both ;" his puloral poem L;Iri"" and in P•• iiu wI. In Ihe r~ Vi,.il _ V"crally reguded u the fint and ,reatal of who imi .... ted Homer in their own vem-.culu, inferior 10 Homer in 'invention: but superior 10 him in ' ..,' or tlylc. Duri.,. the eilhta:nth century the InOvemcnttowards nanu-alism and away from neo-cl,.ie·1 formalism, t<>seth..,. with a renaissance in Homeric '100;., aft..,. nearly IWO millennia ol Lalin-dominated eulhlU. cauoed Vircil'. rq>Ulation to d~line a lilde, lhouah il wu not ICriouIly impoaned ; Tenny1On'. f>"><'m 'To Vi"';I ' ICltinCl 10 his c:onlinuinr appcallO the romantic ocnIoibilily. In 19t2 H . W. Garrod' wrote' It is
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I Th .. w«1r. .. I<"""ally thouah l 10 be he,d on SuetoniUl, Do wu ilhw ...... A tranol.tion .. in Campo I On t/w, 'cancdlecl' openinc quatrain lee AUlIin', cd. ol M . I , wh<:n: it ........ cd that the vv. ""',purioua (oe.: .... Campo '1 ' - ! ), ConwaybdievW them 10 ha"., bHn ,..nui .... , but deleted by V. himoelf. a view which has tt'Cently bHn ",·alI\lcd by P. A. Hanocn, C.Q . .. .I. n (.g72) '!!J-48 . • CaOTOCi', . .ay .. in Elv/isJI1ikr_. - ' t4r twmu, cd . C . S. Cordon (Od'on:I 'g'2).
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" modem Cub ' 10 dis,...rase Vi'llil' and de(endrd him by gelure. towards his 'romanticism' _ his 'f.ilure 10 attain', the C«lflict ;n his work, 'thU q""JeI within itself of .. mystical and romantic ~;UI working UNatis¥ within the limitt of .. lOnna! dauicism, na-eT quite confident, .t~r wholly eflkknt '. A modern diuentienl voice is 'hal of R obert Grav ..,' whoM: a'lack on Virgil ao lhe • Eo,ablishment' poet t- f%UtlMul .... boIly lacking in originality, humour and vitality, might have bun ""Jutary ~ it not marmi by ,ibet a' his lack of military experieJcc .nd a, biJ (probable) hOmoKlCuality. The I.. t word in these frii id and scholastic debat ... on H omer ~. Vil'l,l may perh_po be C . S! LewU'I : he pointed QUI Iha, if Vir';! is 10 be rqarded as.. " HorneT, then Homer mUll be ~arded as an even WORe Vil'(il. The main rae .. or the poet', lif" arc well authenl;"atlMl and nttd ooly the brid"est egpitulation hen:. Born near Mantua in 70 • .c., Ihy and «clirinl t!Y tcmPC~I, .. lover of the oounlry and .. l ltiden! of philOlOphy, became the friend of Hon«, Maeccnu and AugustUi. The c~non 0( his compolitioru, all wriuen in hex.ameten, " &1..",11, cw bucolia, len .00rt pplont.l poeml eonaists oft ( I) Ihe modelled 0<1 n ! o",i!UJ, published in 37 ... c. ; (~) lhe G.wp.., a didactic: epie in "lOur books in praioc: 0( ,be Italian countryside and Italian (armina, '&....Idled on H.,.joel '. W...b .... D_.1J, published in 30 a.c.; (3) the .fimfti, " a p.!riotic heroic epi<: in twelve boob, bq;un aboul 3Oa.c., 0( Jruch lhe principa1 mode .. ue Ihe two Homericep;CI. To oay thaI Vi~iI used Greek mode" is nol deny him originality. Indeed, it is ~ ... Iy in the way he trama:nded his modelo that his originality liCl. The Greeb had invented and duailied the maio literary 1"""" (tiistGr)', tr&&edY. pptoral. didactic and heroic epic, ete.) and R~ literary culture w.. throuahou1 dominated by Greek mode". ~ relati ...... hip tM:lweI!n the Latin work and its Greek model i. primarily ,eneric : the Roman writn' leamed from his exemplar wtUl! kind of thinK mi,ht be: put in, .... mUJI tM: ld't out, in order to prev.te the dlOCOfWll proper 10 the ,enre. Greek literature abo tel .!andardo of excellence in each of the &enfCI which the Romano ~ht tb emulate. In no other oense, however, can Virgil'.
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worb be said 10 be ' like ' their l1lI'.Idels, least of all when he it imilatinc a particular episode or effecl, indo:cd, when we speak of 'imitation' we ohould ~ pcop<:oly speak of aUw.ion; V,'lPl, like"'-I Rom ...... wntcn, wrote pnmaril y for a learned and IOphiuicated audience, wbo, ""c:as'lding lhe.ourttl ofa paaage, would be equipped 10 appreciale how Vi,.,il had Iynthnised and transcended them. MQC~, QQI ooly Ihe Latin temper, bul the Latin language and hco.ameter, are unlike the Greek. Virgil's three com~itiona are ~ like each ot h.... thAn they are like their vanQUI modds, being unified by the pel'$Olla!ity and lIyle of their author. In hit miltlu"" of charm and high ICnow.nea, hislCnK oflandsclpe, his profound ..,nsitivity to the light and . hade ofhuman life, the"_ II i.rr,/l
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non haec Euandro de Ie promiur. pannti d;.c:edcns dedcram. cum me compluus eunlcm millerel in magnum imperium meluensque moneTel &en. <:SIC ui ...... cum dura prod;a lente. et n\iJ\C ille quidem ape moltum captw inani Jon ct UCla f.cil cumolalque altana donis, noo iuueoem exanimum el nil iam caelestibuo ollis (11 'ofS-S2 j debenlem uano maati comilamur honore. 'lIIe' il'l49 is Ey.nd .... who doeo 1'101 yel Itnow that hiJlDn ~ dead. VirgiJ dra .... inlense poignancy from the cootrul be .... een the fath ....·s
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icnOCWlCC, hiI ~IY prayen for hi$ lOll'. J&fety, and the reality 01 the funeral c:or~. , The IIiadi<; model foc thiI dramatic irony it that moment in book ~ XII when Andromache, unaware that Hector it dead, prepars hili bath. Vircil has altered. the homely and comell;': preparation, 10 t)1p;c:al ol Homer, into IOOIethina: cbaracwiltically Roman, .. rdiJioll. rite. When Virai! d.ikd a, Brindisi on his way home to Italy from .. vilil 10 Cn.:c.:,;n '9 .!c" the ~ was mort: CIt IcM finished. but he had intended 10 ,pc~ .. fu.nber three yean revisinr and impro..u., it before devotinc the rot of bi. life to plUIo.ophy. Hit dam-bed illlltroctions thaI .liU unrevised manUlCripl be dat~ wen: KI uidc, and u. ~.-.n« with the wish... of A ....... IUI the poem WAf publiabcd .-lhitmouaJ y to immediate and continuing critical acclaim, oeemin~ to jUllir), even the patriotically bypttbolic en_ th",j,.m 01 ~ti ..., ....... piJ _;111 Mlrifw II..... the lint r«Ol'd<:d
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2. THE AENEID (i)
ITIIUCTUIIS
Each of the p"""p,'. Iwelve booU is 10 lOme dqrH .. sdf-cotltained eompu.ition with , 1& own lpecial tone and theme, and can be read &I .. separate entity. (I each book can equ.-.lly only be Cully undentood if mated to other boob and to the poem .... whole. 111.. iI not DIlly for the obvious 1'"'00 .hal the poe", is .. continuous narrative, hul .bo because it 10 organiKd m..1 ideas, cvmts, image., echo in corresponde""e aDd antilllois from one pari to anoIher, in a complex Iyslcm of paral~lism and CrOll-reference. This 'encyclopaedic' lIruclure is cha.tkteriltic of epics, which mcmorialiK lIIc world. piclutC, bolh hist~al and lymiMMic, of Ihe culture which produced Ihem. Bul the " + tutC of lIIc APWi/ IUtp'I'CI in complexilY lhal of any pTeVious "~vinc epic and is equalled (if al all ) only by !he epics ofOantc. Sp;o:ntn' and Mihoo. who all wrote in avowed homage 10, cw imiution , Virgil. That the pGCt bimoclf planned !he w«1r. in two linked parIS is dear , fram the wordo ot:!he Icooud in'" -";. placed ncar, but nOl a', the beFnninc of VII ("If.) :J{~ • .. . & ... ... _ .... 11 ·i'Hlt. J ••. _ _
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r6M, 1....;'" ~ ........... The I«ood put ~nWIII the 'greater matter' of heroic warfare ; in it Virgil bad allasl to fa« the challenl~ and eump1~ orthe /lUuI. The oune is no IonIC' tel in fom,n lands, Greece and Cuth&fllc, location of Aeneu' 'Odyaean' 'mmI .. i/o; MSfitllt
wanderinga, hul in Lalium, in and around Rome. Vel il mUit be laid at once that the commonly repeated view that boob I- VI conatitute Virgil'. 'Odyucy' and book. VII- XII his ' Iliad ' is an over .... mplification. It is of coune true thai the thema of lravenin, and figbtin, dominate relpeclivety the fint and ~ partl of the poem, that these Ihema are the lubj""l of Ihe IWO Homeric epia (theJuth !"eVening the H omerie sequence, li na OdyueUl' wanderinp follow the I liol) and tl\.lol , jUlI as fighting is a grander and m<M"C: tra(ic heroic ,ubi""l tban I.avelling, so the lasl lix boob ofw Anwij upire 10 the tragic and concenlrated grandeur allhe 11'-4 rather than to the ma«' diffUJCd atmOlphere orthe 'marvellous' which cbaractCf"isel the Oily,..,. But 10 say, u Highet does (1M s;mNs tfllv Anvill 1B7), that the fCCond half orVirgil'. epie islliadie because it offen a patt<:m of arrival, combat and victory is to invite the comment that this pattern is no less Odywcan than Iliadi c. A""u II (the rail of Troy), thou,h ItfUClurally Od»'1lean, bcin, a pcrtOnal reminiscence or the hero'l, is wholl y lliadic in iu Ir-«i c intena;ty; AmnII V (funeral gamel) is modelled on Ili.d XXIII; Anvil XII is both Iliadic in tbal il re-macll Ihe Achillel- Hector-PatroclUi ai tuation, and Odyaean in that in il Aeneas kill. the luitor alhis fianm Lavinia and completel his post-Trojan adventUTeI by assuming the undisPUled kingship o f the land from which his aoccoton once came. POsch! noted ('liB) that of the so--called lIladic boob of the A""u, VII and VIII are the leut lIiadi c; but he did not note the utent to which VIII is Odyue.an, in ton<:, purptJlz and s,ructu",. Aeneas' journey '0 PaUanteum and hio sojourn with Evanderoorrnpo:>n11"., where, howey,""~ it iladmilted wt 1M> authorial inu:ntion un be inferred from this fact since the poem is unr-evised and its IOtal Lc:nJ1l> cannot he ptecio.oly authenti.o::. ted . On the principle '" central ity in Latin poet.,. 1ft Will ....... , T ORI' ~13"i1.
, TI>c «nita! Lin,.. '" the poem as _
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I INTRODUCTION of ApolIOlliUl: the mqic $hidd 10
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thleld in II... poem begiN to
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al'JUCd lhat theM: triad ic di,isiOOl '.. we mathematically planned by Virsil in .u'_dana with the ralio known at the Pythasorean roklftl ieC1M;.n ..... d.i";,", p"'p';w1ion '.· Book VIII hu • dearly defiMd lriad.>c aU'''''lUre whido may t.....,1 OU I at
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( 0) 1- 17 p.dude: evenU in La,ium C'l ) 18-85 Aenf:» in camp : vi:tioo of Tiberinus and IIKrifitt of_ (S) 86-,0 1 Ameu' journey up the TibeT
£vander' • .."dement of ,.nantrum on the ai te oI'Romc:
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( I) 102~3 Ameat' ..m...la, 'all..ntnam ('I ) 184- 305 Evandtt tell, the lIory of Hereul.,. and CacUll (S) 306-69 The walk round Ihe oite 01 Rome : end of Aenf:»' fint d.ay wi,h E~oda
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(I ) 407-1, Vulcan', journey (I'00\'I Olym...... 10 thc Cyclop !l' cavc (3) 4'14- 53 The tor!i..., of the anna (0 ) 454- )84 The nul day : Acncu' Care. w""l 10 Evander el ) s11s-62s Ameat' ride to ~re : Venus '" .. the amv (, ) 6i~7" The d Qeription ollbe ohidd." P'
• Sh."'"'J "'JiI, ~''''. "TlUotlwOi, _ ~ put "" ...... ~ I 'tIw Cell,;., by w Grelle : tee L P. Willi_. no. c-.... " Y;,p ('9119) 3011.
But allhouth a ......... kdre or P'yth ..... cali number..,....boIiorn w.......med by anc:ic:,,1 wril," (ou, e .• . , !he end 01 Plutarch'. Ljfi" n..-. !6', IhtTe it no nid.n>cc 'divino: popootion' _ <'WI" uoed .. 11M: buio lila I..,.,.,.. K&If: lita'aty <_r : ilion. 11>c: nu ... h~ pul ",""ani ;., 'tuM yean ;., 0ELpod 01 po LiI. by !he EAclioh renaiooaroce poetI, eo~ i ·;.lly Sp i _ f , do _ pow' d: a pan.IId. " TlI. cotpbr_ • ilt
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8 th~
poem'i dly;'iom merely articulate its formal and thematic unity. Like Millon, ' long choeling and beginning latc',' Virgil BUI
6naUy took as I IUb~1 ofh;' hernic epic Aeneu' flillht from Troy, his arri ...al in Latium and his cmcrcence &I dux and wit"... Yel thc P'l"m'. reallhcnle wu seen by iu earliest rud,,", to be the origi... of Rome and of A.JgtlSIUS, "vents which lie far apart from u"h other and far oullidc the legendary lime in which the limy of Aeneas i. sct. Donatus' Lifi)makes Ihi. dear:' a'll"menll,lm uarium &c multiplo: (:1 quasi amborum Homen carminum irutar, pra.,tu.,. nominibus ac
rebus Craecil r;..li nisque commune, <:1 in quo, quod SlooCbat, Romana" .i mul ~ rbi. cl August; arlgn oontine...,tur.' Not only was Virgi l', literary aim the linking of IWO cultures, hi. own and Ihal of Gr«<:e; he also ' mylhographical ' aim, the ellabli.hment oft"e
Il.d ..
lqend of Aenul .. 'he .",hentic nary of Rome', orisinl, ""Sling or
absorbing all ollier legends, and a political aim, the linking of Atne» with thtlnew rultr Augustus . This l»t aim w» achieved by the usc: of a figurative device which we may caU typology: Aeneas is praentcd ;n th~ poem » the prefilluration of AUgultus, and the poem'. funclion like that of Ihe opening boob of l.ivy'. history, is not.imply to reenate the remOle p»t but to lICe in thai p»t exemplary parallel. with, o~ paradigms of, the praent. The poem'I.~ture may thUi be called both 'teleological' and • cyclical'.' It is teleological because ilS • end' or 'ttW' is the fO\lndin, of Rome and ilS pTaervation by AugustUi. It il cyclical because unlil the culminalingl event repreo.ented by the Augustan sett lemenl, Ihe processes of time are l ten, » they were seen by all the ancient historians, » a :"ries of ' cycles'. In A_iJ t . ~67-g6 Jupiter forelell. P.L. g.,{; : d' tM Lift, 'nouiooilM Ae""id .... incohaui. '. n.., openinl oi &/. 6 . uqtsll hal V. may have p!.nnM an ~ on tr"";.ional R ...... n annalislic Iina a , an early dale (d. Serv'UI on &/. 6.3): il would, al Ie",,,. boo: un ......0 dio,!,ioo lhe 'aul<>l>i
cenuM on'M cafeerol AUIIllIUl ; V. may have abandootM thio in f.......... of • moce Homeric ~ hemc in which hio lory should be ...bordinatcd to myth, in conformity wi\h ..... ioto.elian lheory oIlhe prOJlfT n.lure or ~: tee Norden, VLZ" 401 - '5' • Th_ lWO rCadillp of hio.ory are, paha,,", ultimalely ;'«<..... il.ble, and the poem'. ;:m bivalence may boo: in pari due 10 thio. On what io ..id here d. Otis, 'V~I and Clio " 1'Ao",,:,. 20 (.g66) W-75.
I
•
•
2. THE AENEID
9
that peace will be atablilhed betWttll the peopla of Latium undo:!" A~eu' descendant Augustus: the penoaification of Fumr, bound and chained like a captive in a Roman triumph (u depicted on Aeneu' ,hield at the end of the book VIII ), CfIds the prophecy and provides an oo-ganioing image of the entire poc:m. In Amrii XII, jupitcr presida over what io only a lIage in thia dOCII'" chiel", but not ooIe embodiment of Furor. It io clear from book VIII that, just u Aeneu'scttlement of Latium has had earlier prefigurations , beginni"ll with that ofSatum, whOle reign in Latium COrTCIponded U) the Hctiodic myth of the 'golden age', 10 it in its turn provida a paradigm of the settlement of Augustus. It io aloo clear that for Virgil the Augustan settlement it the culmination ofa cyclical seria: 'hie uir, hie at, tibi quem promilli .aepius audil' _ the 'Messianic ' tone of these words in Am. VI and of jupiter'. ~_ Ou./tIJ,f_ . .m pi tmIt;III' utriJ in Am. I, was adapted by M ilton in p~,adUt lAII to describe the eaming of Chmt. We need not attribute any ' prophetic' intimations to Vil"Ril : it;. only nccaaary to note that the Greek concept of me 'saviour ', the mortal hero dciJi...!. after death, wu widdy current in the last CCflturia before Ch ritl; the myth of Hercula, which has a central place in AnwUJ VIII, it the mool fall"lOUl embodiment of this idea. But it cannot be deni...!. thaI in the AI"MiJ Vi..il seemt to ha"" ttamcend...!. the cycJiCIIl view ofhi'lory, For him the value of the: pasl lia in Ihe facl lhal it lcaw towards • divincly-ordain...!. goal, the triumphanl fulfilment by Augustus of Ihat 'empire without end' prophcti...!. by jupiter in Am. I: Ihc return Or raloralion of the golden or' Apollonian' agc which Servius, in his commentary on .he rourth Eclosue (Virgil'. famouo pas.oral vision of ,h., golden agc rator«l ), saw as the ' ultimum ,a ..:dum', the culmination of a cycle. With what ohouJd happen aftcr Augustus the ,4,"';4 io nOI eoncern...!. . The .,,,,,nll lowards which th., poem mova (Augustus' victory at Ac1ium and lubscquCflt triumph ) are no t' final' ; CVetl with rq:ard 10 Augustus (the untimely death of whOle heir Marc:~lIus is lamenl...!. in book VI ) it io only proper 10 ,peak of 'an end', The word/ittiJ occun often in the poem in rderw ce to th~ prom~ 'end' of Aeneas' laboun and of juno" hOitility towards what is ordain...!.
I
"by dCJtiny
INTRODUCTION
and ~ Jupiter u the agmt and co-ordinator of dC!ltiny . The liva and dTm of hetoes mutt end with their deification: only an abillr&clion, i7tTial itselr, the Roman miaioo to rule, it Nlid in lhe poem 10 be '""thout end'. I! is ofth., natUn of all epic poems, e~n Homer'. , thither an be rud on mOn, Ih~ one level, that is, allegorically. Virgil, lik., molt of his cOIIlemporarih. hoped and believed that under AU(UItus thole ideals of (Mder civili..tion toward. which man cOIltinuaily upires would be DlOU fully realised than under pR'Vious ,qim.,., The vision which . .... I~ M and dominatet Ihe AtrttiJio the dOti"lf ofth., gap bet_en aspi .. u.l1n and achievement , the Iransundcna:, wilh divine aid, of man'. li i-il.lions. For the modem ruder, who h", I; ... ed • Wou,h the dedine and r.u of other 'empires without cnd', Ihe p""m' ........ 'n-1 I;"", J>I"1'hap". in .. that !hit ultimale vis;"'"
rnd
"""*"
lumbJa
perpeh~lIy
on the brink of realisation. The douhll .ods
criticisms which me poem u" poIit;calllatemenl raiaco arc embodied in, and becomt: pan of, the poem'. larger ~aning as "statement .boot the moral ~volulion of mankind. When we bye tbt Aene» is a type or prefiguration 01 August ... _ have, aner all, dotle very Hille to explain why the AGVili is It ill a
iaKt
great poem in ~e twentieth «ntury, whleh care. no more for AUl"'t ... than r.. Aene.. _ pc.ha"" if any thin" rather less. For all i" faceliousnea W. H. Auden'. poem 'Secondary EpOc' which condemlll Virgil} art AI a 'mUle: betrayed' by Iubocrvience to the Augustan polilidtJ iH08' ..... me. offen a ..IUlary if unintentional rd.,. " ........... 01 lbe ArJUmenl that tbe ktwiJ &eel nothin, Ixyood that ~me and tbl ill effect is IhudOrc nullified by history. Virail· • .en,e oIlhe put eonlinually cbcdt. and modifica his vWon 01 the futJ!e. The ruins 01 lUt"'tx KUlemenll which Ev&neier mows Aeneu in a.3~~-7 COiIUIlefIt with lilent yet eloquent irony on the ...iJ .......... kd $how that all politicalllOluliOlll are: 'lOr the lime 00",'. Mot""...,:, althou,h the AGVili is an epic poem OQ the traditional heroic thdne 01 war, no poetry. not even Wilfred Owen',. hal apr ed an inlJu.er haired of war. F« Vi"lil. the o"';re to kill is, quite limply, ;~e. and he ")'110, ofTumUl, in booI! IX,-,,", . .. UP {iff_ w..... (..,.1,.• . 11 is with violence, death, and oacri1ese thallhe ........... mdIo. We '-ve 10 tum back to booI! I to remind ounelYCI of jupiter'. prop~ 01 peace, when
,,
,
•
2. THE AENEID
11
Furor impiua intul llleua lederu super arma et centum uirn::tua a~nis poot teOWUm nodis rreme! horridua ore eruento.
(ii )
AUIII A'
Aeneas was a Trojan hero in the I I ..... who IUrviveci the war' that the race of Dardanua might not pcriah ' (I Ii•• 20.308, Comm. 731 ). He was not the only ouch survivor who traditionally settled in Italy, thou,h Virgil i ... ists that he was the fi ... t to "'ttle in Latium;' Antenor is praented as having already "'ttled on the Adriatic coast, thus providing Venua with a cauae ror complaint &f]aimtJupiter rOf withholdinl! a similar peacerul destiny rrom htt own lOll Aeneat.' From atnOflJ! the victorioua Greeks there occurred limilar migratiom: Diomede is already ",tiled when Aeneas comes (Comm. gfr.); Od)'1lCUl allO p·red thtoUJlh, though he did not stay, becomil\Jl'. according to Greek tradition , the founder of the Latin race.' A ICSend abo exiltcd that DardanUl, rounder of the royal bouae or Troy, was born in Jt&ly (Comm. fr.), and Virgil uteSlhis legend to tnruf'orm Ame..• arrival inlO a 'IIOSIOJ' (homecoming) modelled on the relum ofOdyueus in Homtt.· Thi. was of the greatest importance dynastically. As a euhu ..... hero and rounder of the Roman ... tion, Ameas came rrom outside, came, indeed . like 5.tum lon, berore (Comm. '1~-27) as an aile ; but the ita '''Ienrlu. whoo.e coming the prophecies had wretold (Comm. ~3) .Iso genea10Sically ' belonged ' and th ... entttUI into his rill:hlrui heritage , becoming ita not by UlUrp;llOOn Of by conquest but by lawful election. So too AugwlIUI returned in triumph to Rome in Augwt 29 I .e. after two yea ... in the east , A .... • .•. Me G. K. GoJi,..ky, ' T roiac qui prim.... b 01' .. ', ( e · I( 28
I,.
(.g6g)
.-.8. It/a., ..,.,ho ,,'forI ....u,..... f"W, . .• '
• A .... 1.2y.-3. S« WIoooIt 32- * ct. alto Aen:. y isit 10 Hdm ......... 01 Priam, and Andromlchr, '.294ff., &rid h .. p&r1.i", word. 10 them, '.+93ff. , ''';..ik ;".14 I i . .. . ... ' _. JUt Iii .Ii;' ""/_ _ _I
• Heo.iod, ~ • •0. ' - t6. On Od~ ... &rid Italy"", £. D. Phillipo, ] .H.s. 73 ( '9!>') !>!-67· • On Aen.'. homecominl ct. lhe w<>nh 01 tho orad" 01 Apollo., '.94-6 fO* ""'. bJit uM.. ......... 1_I_iliH .. ! rI • ."....... , ..~ri.. _ .... AMh ..... mioint...".., ....... riddle 10 ref., 10 Cut •. homeland 01 the Trrojan kina: Teu«r.
1Ii.,.,,,-· '1,_
"u....
, "
INTRODUCTION
following th~ def';', of Antony and Cleopatra at Actiurn, a wulward journey Ii • ., thai khis heroic predec ' F' or. Another tradition, thallh., Troja ... wer., ,hrinsel.. ,," ofGreck origin, is.bo alluded to by Virgil (Comm. 156) ICTVts lO emphw.c the uoily ofth .. Homme world from whose ashes Rome .prang. The revival of he Aeneas le,end (which probably eame 10 Rome • vi. Elmri.) was pired by rdigiOUl, political and cultural motives. On Ih" rdigiOUl levd , Aeneas' jIid.. both towards the goo. and lowards his family , aped.lly his r.thtt.nd lOll, illlt· cd by Virgil throughout the pm and transforms Aencas from .. Homeric hero into .. Rom&n ~e. BUI du, lecend also oe .... t:d 10 f'U'h Rome'. mythical .ncal~ b.d: .",hind the found.tion ofLavinium and Alba Long_, he. tradil!:<>na'aOCCltOl'-cilieo (App. A) to the Homeric bronze age. A numoo of import.arlt Roman ramil;et, among them the SeN Julia (rom Alba Longa, 10 which Julius Ceo.. and his adopted"'" AugustUi belondd. claimed Trojan de'O<:DI. Bul a1lhout1:h Virgil , etponded 10 Au~tan m· t and political needs (u did Spmsa, in his epic Tiu F~ a,-, to ElizabcdlAn DIltS),' be wu above aU an artist and a phitoioPher ofhistory; having cho&en a Homeric hero fOr . his poem he justified the c hoice and discharged his artistic debt by giving Aeneu a ~y Homeric roI., ;n his poem. Virgil abeot-J:. [nlO the Aen.... of ~ I - VI Odyucua' traditional roles, of wanderer, wle and l"lendtv founder of the Latin race: (thut leaving hirntclf free to present the ' lliadic' Odyueua, in AmtY II, u the chief villain of the ,.c~ of Troy). Moreover, the wan in Latium which fill the last four boob of the poem not only prefigure Rnme', actuaJ or traditional confl· 11 1S wilh het" neighboun from thc time of Romulus onwareb (and mott rttmdy, the civil wan) ; they are abo truly a occond lIi.6,· with the finalllCene, the kmin, ofTumus by Am .... in revenge 10.- the , calh of Evandcr'. oon Pallu, modelled on the Achilleo-HttlOr- r atroclus Jituation in the Ilw. At variow points in the poem Virgil puIS inlO the maud.. of Aeneas' enemies !
.nd
"
A parallel miihl bt! drawn bttwcen V.'..... of Aenea. and Sp
,,-,.,
I
2. THE AENEID
"
him at a 'JttOod Paria' with 'Lavinia ditcspowt:d" in tbe role of Helen. But Aen~u is not a Ie:o.~ Pari. (though durin, hU ...joum with Dido h~ "",crted briefly to his ' luiatic' orilint), DOl" even .. JttOod Hector, for in him defeal is trantformed inlo victocy. Here the Sibyl'. prophecy '0 Aenu. al 6.83ff. mUll be quo.ed in flln, for i. ;. central 10 an understanding of the IlruClu.e and maHin, of the poem : o tand~m mqnis pelagi defuncte peridis (oni t~frae ,rauiora manenl), in reana Lauin; o..rdanidae uenienl (mille hane de pectore curam), onI non el IIeniosc uoIenl. bella, horrida bella, el Thybrim multo _pumanlem u.n,uine cemo. non Sim"," libi nec Mnlh ... nec Darica cutra defuerint; ali ... Latio;am. ".ftUl Achilles, nalus et ipse' dea: nec Tcucria addiu luno U5qu.am aberil, cum lu IUpple>t in rebus q;cnis q .... gentes ltaillm aul quu non oraueria u.bes! c&uaa mali tanli conillnx iterum hoIpita TcucriJ cxlemique ilcrum Ihalami. til ne cede malis, onI contra audentiof ito. qua lua Ie Fortuna ,inet. uia prima ..IUlio (quod minime reria) Graia ".ndeluf ab Ufbe. It will be noted elscwher~, both in Ihe Introduction and the Commentary (e.g. on 143~.5, 36.5) how thoc prophecies beJin to come lrue in boob VII and VIII. The 'Gr....,k city ' from which AeneaS' ... lvalion is to come: io Evander', """Iemenl on the Palaline and is Ihm none otheT than Rome henelf. Bllt 01.1. immediale businCli here is with the lIiadic rd"erences. The ICCOnd Achilles, already born in Latium, is Tum ... ; yet history does not repeat itself, u the poem proc:ecch the lliadic roles arc re-allocated. It is Aeneas who become. Achille., and this transformation bccina in book VIII, when the 'Odyuean' wanderer and luppliam receiv...... had HorneT" Achilles, d ivine oUd in the fonn ofthc .hidd. Such, indeed., is Vircil' • • Millon, PL 9.17. Layinil wu or;,inally promioed to Turn ..... Het r-oIe u He"'" io Iliad;" ; "'e is 1100 1 o.:
•
I
•,
,.
INTRODU CTION
humanity and r~1 for Homeric tradition thaI he un even trarulcr to the doomed (fumus aomething of the patbol and dignity of Horna', doomed Hector. The Iliadic conflict is rdOurhl yet alto transcended. refusal of the Greek bruin! Diomede to luppotl Tumlll and re-erJPle his ok! enemy (Comm. gft'.) rdIecb the way in which the HomJic patlem of tribal (euclin, is breakina: up. is beilll u&mio rmed eveJ when (apparently) rtturring_ Man'. propensiry ro.r evil , fwiu.. wlIi,i.filU'dis, is not)'('1 pu~, but as in Cud Irqo:dy the cune is wod..lng itself OUI, renewed conflict iI the neceaary prelude 10 '~ul co-uislencc', Virgil'. moot famousltalemenl of th.is idea is in Ih~ (ouMh Eclogue, whue the 'lr'&CeI of former evil' make lalt appearam::e, '1fW i""- u Til'-· ..,...., ..;ut"" ArM/in, Wore the rcuontion of the 'aoJden ace'.'
Thf
,.-6,
thrif
The reviw:d ~ Iqend ..,rved Virgil as .. paradillm of the role of Augusto. ... of !tome from wa.r and chaoo. Virsil dra_ .. paralld bc1w~ the 111.110 of Latium in AerIe..' time, when the Trojans' peaceful mission is turned inlG .. ......, HIli by the f - of Tum"" and the r_iluation which faced Augustus and was I'eIOlved at ,he baltlc of Adium. When in book VIII Evanctu offen Aeneu voluntari.ly, an Aeneu accepu, the leadership of lhe people of Lalium in defence of lhei~ ancienl &nd violaled peace, lhere ia • prefigu... tion of A~IUS' eonflici wilh Antony, .. dc::scribed QI'I lhe Imeld of Aeneu,l'e.679I1ilW' A..,..mu .pttl/~ iIoJtrotlli. and .. Augustus himsdfdewibed it in hit & s w s'" 2S.S i .....1Iif iIo _ - "
TOut
""" IWi. ....
c._,
t,
II HI#> . . "if;.d ku-;.,. tilt 'jlllCit.
I
Wd!
(iii)
TYPOI.O O Y
AI. baa been lhe IU'\Ieture of the kttrii it bolh cyclical and tdeo. 1000cal. The moves lhrou.ah val periods of time, yet in another ICnIe il b Iynchronic, nol diachronic: lh •• iJ, all the eventt in it, whether ~ fall within the temporality of lhe main (Aeneu)
Mil ..
nar ... tive or ~r they occuncd ion« befon or lone after Ac:nIU' time &nd are n.J..,.,ed indirectly (e.g. Evantkr'l accounl& of the fint
~
I n..: t« ...... 0( ,:.aUenIt from the Homeric put io cenual 10 the !"une and tuhnl,?lK or the A-w. a . Ven ...• I~ 10 JupilCt, IO.~ "'.. , .. ..u,. .. ''''''''''. and ~ XIt" S" 011 -,-is .............. "J." J M.""" 1"-> T...u.
r , •
=
..
I". _.
"
2. THE AENEID
Jettlement of Latium by Saturn and of Herewes' victory over or the events depicted on Aeneu' shield), hAve .. kind of'limultaneity ' (li"e archaeologic.aJ ' Iayen') by their presence in the poem u a structure of inlerrelated im.a.ces or aemplary
ean..,
·t~ '.
Th .... in boo" VIII there is a typological lin" between Rome', variOUl enemies thOUjlhout her poot-Romulcan history, depicted on Aeneas' Ihield, from Ponenna and Tarquiniut to Antony and Cleopatra, and earlier enemi.,. of civilisation, whether confronted by Aeneas himself (Tum .... and Mnentius) or already displiled ofbefore he Came (Cacus, killed by Hereul.,.). These: enemi.,. can be arranged as a leries of exemplary types, culminating in Antony and Cleopatra, just as the city" variOUl a.avioun and heroes may be arrang«l in a pa.rallel oeri.,., (rom Saturn to Augustus. But what Jinks the heroes is no! toIely, not even primarily, martial pm..ca. Iu Sy"", puts it (,00) ' Not by conquest .lone but by the foundation of a lasting ci ty, did '. hero win divine hon .... R in life and divinity after d.,.th ,' II is the hero'l •"tistie ' (or 'founding ') rather than his; purdy military function which Virgil emphasises throughout boo" VIII . It is in Ihis book that Virgil USet, for the only lime in the poem, the tide (Comm. "3), signilicandy ofEvander, f.... nder ofPallanteum, the ·..,.Rome·, .. man of peace. In the lasl book of the poem Aeneas proclairm that his own role when Trojanl and Lalinl are united will be l piritual and "listic : ...... i - u Ttwri I
-wi.'
, ~ title" + '.... ( .. Gk .....,...) does not _m to have lift" used bd'or~ the time 01 C·.... : ..,., S. WciNlOCk. IN.,,,]oJ;'' (1972) ,83. I O.llkhmond. 'Palatino: Apollo acain ' . C, Q.. 01 ... , ('95~) ,80-4, ,,,".. ,ed thaI the d ..InlCUon 01 Coocuo' botIIC w .. an allqorieal aU.....,., 10 the d .. tnlCUon or AnlOl'ly'l botIIC (NI the Palatine by a ' Rricho'ac fite ' i" 29 • •e., • MC'''Iry preliminary 10 A ...... t ... • PI .... ammc or rcbuildm,. AJthoua;h V. tranod"erred. C"",,*' cave 10 the Aventiroe he would .... vc kroown the earlier Inditioolli"kinl him with the Palatine, • link pc "rved in 1M Seal.., Caci (_ below, (ilO).
s
"
INTRODUCTION
entn.nc~
to the ci which he had ..ved from. reversion to barbarinn. The Roman lriu~ph, in which the mIen the city he hu "..aerv
tri_"',/o<'
,+
2'..
Nf'M"'
qusi., 4.-
A.,.
AiellO
:::::t~ ~:::::::.~ ~H::::f: .c.. p.,;.,1ed s..e VIII wao fint oul by 0...... '7- '9aloo Conun. ~'2. Vukan ..... had a fciotival in A...... t (W. W. Fowler. RJ _/utiwtU (1899)
""• cr . . .c.. 6.,81 , I ..... _
I
• • '/i,A;, JIM irtclal. R-.
2. THE AENEID
"
7.1 7-20). Then: _ also a somewhal uncomfortable parallel betwem his e&reer as conqueror and expansionist and that of the murdered, albeil also deified,Julius Caaa!" (d. Syme 46+). ' Romul ... was the son oI"Man, as Aeneas of"Vmusj his warlike ch.t.raCler is emphaaiKd by Livy.' In hi. app"aran« in 'he AnvU hi. martial aspec:1 is not ignored (any more lhan Aeneu' is) bul he is abo the child mckled by a wolf, Iqcnclary .ymbol 01" R.otne'. pastoral berinninll' and the deified hero, like Julius e",. oakly ......... Even Ihe killin, of Rem.. michl be lypoIc:oIPeally ........ ised b)' implied anakosY with Herrule' kmins of Cacuo : both Remus and Cacut lived on the Aventine, both 1"1 .H~ on tM ~tme (Uvy 1.7. 1-3), the acred J I iu., Rome'. fint tettlc:mmt, Rat of Romulw.. Evandn- and AUCW_· I'or Virril, Romul .. marks the end 01" pre-Roman myth and the bq:inmn, of a n.&lionallnlditiun. He it ~ """I 10 Au,usl'" both inJupiln-'. ~ in book I and in 1M vision of"hum es which endt book VI, and whieh is al"-I aactly the z.ame I...... h .. 1M ecphruis of the zhidd at the end of" book VIII, which bq:i11ll with Romulus and encb with A.1IC"'i.... Front 7,)3 a.c. onwanb Ihe Rotn.a.I1II art! d'cribed indiffen:ndy .. MIN of Romulus and as I0OI o£ AmeN (Comm. 638, 6.t8). The Troj.n teed, fint planted m llaly in Ihe
beroic ace o£ Homeric epic, bqi.nt with Romullll to bear ill Roman (roil.
AI the end o£book VIII, when A.C"neu puu on the lhield, Iymbol of Roman hislory, o£ rndurance with divine .id, Vi!"Iil ·......;.te his acceptance of this hud destiny with that of Au.., the: ' endUrei'"" mythieal shoulderer of 1M burden of the univenc.' In the vision which ends book VI AuplllS is • ......;ated both with A.u.. and with • F.... anti·R"",an ded"''''' ;., the: Romul ..... ICdyn, 'UrI. A..u ..... Auco-to Con.!;,." t>.C. t>.s. '97 ( '97' ) +t- 7i; Comm. 6]3. • 1•• 6.7. CI. abo l .tt .2, where Livy deocrib.$ TuUi ... Hootlli ..... fl ..... .n-.- R•• "b. , R"""ul. . .pPe*n, Iranofi""ed .. Qui,in ... and 'KCnCiled to R ........ , inJupitot'. wioion, ' .'29"'. • 6·,56-8~3 (omil ..... 'poolJOipt") - g8 w...: 8.~128 (omi ...... 'introduction') _ gglina. • VirJil abo won. Au.. into.he mythical . "".. try oA 1M Trojano : _ Comm • •,ti-,. 11>erc io. ',traqe.nd .... mor.bI~ pic",,,, oA Atlaa,.t on« • mountain and • &iatt •. .. """.If, batvqut, t"O'fn in ........ ..-.- ......elqut'
(Williamo.J /H.) .1
4 '~.s-~ •.
INTRODUCTION
"
Hercul"". the I.. let _ who once ahouldem:l Alia.' burden (Ovid, FA$li 1.,6.5) _ bciPJantiquity'. mOIl famout burdcn4boulduer.
II
Augustus Caesar ..• prof'"",, imperium; [aut alra tider. ,dl... ubi cadifer Alias
I
...
.,.em umerO torquet. •• nee: beru A1cid"" l.antum tdluris obiu;t . ..
Noc ev<:n Her<;Ull · legendary .... nderings (which in.4l1ViJ VIII take him to the v<:ry 1litc of Rome to .ave Evandcr'. cily from Caew) exceed the w.~rings of AugtlllUi on behalf of civilisation (the lubje<:1 ..110 of Hcliralian p&fleryric, C. ' .3.5, 3.,5). This COIm;" imagery. fint uud in the ~ of Augustus by Jupiter, 1.287 (f« above) linb
.'01
.h" ~ ~(sodlik" ~ ) with Jupiter the oky.god. himself, in wbow: image .Iie Rorn.an trinlJl .....~1 (Romuh....nd Augustus) par.ded throu,h~ the cily. All these he;;J. arc what the Greeks caJled QMtl_l, uvioun of
civilisation ~ barbarilm (d. Comm. ISg): Hercul"" is literally 'alcxihkOl', 'wUdcr-ofl' of evil', when he kliis Cacus, and the aci of , warding DR' eyil' iuelf linked with the klistie rilual of drawing the boundaria and ' poaibly) wilh Ihe rile of Ihe Lupercalia (Comm. 663-6). In Gree . mYlhology Hercula belonp with Cutor and Pollux, the Dio.curi (COrnm. 679 ) and Batthut' as ...."'our-heroes, removed to heaven by lilk gotb.' This is the compan y 10 which Romulus, Aeneas and Julir Caaar have been cal1nt, and 10 which Augwtw will be: cr. Horate, C. 3.3.g-15 and 3.+.2-5 /KuUtlS tIi.... 114tfl,ulITj the future tense ilca~fuUy used , for Auguslw tothe RomUll was no Hdl",,_ UI;e locI-kinl, Ptolemy. In Virgil'. epic liruciure a future lense oervcsequally toCiescribe thecominldeificaliom of Aeneu, ~Hri <..I. ( 12.79+) and AJ.wtus, as prophesint by Jupiter, ,t,,,,,,, hi .Ii", ~..l • ..ri;it~ (1.28g) . ~ugustUS' deilleation will beas inevitable as was Ihal of his Prnl«~7~ he U Ihe culmina'ing Ilgure in a Iypological..,ria. , In n.. F. . Q.wtrv 5.1.1-2, Spenoer \lie> BatthUl .tId Hcrc ..1eo .. u ....pI..,. '71"'" ~ hio hero Sir N.",.U, whose million io 10 civil;"'. 10 myth<:c .... phic .nditlon 'My tame 10 ..and for.he ina ..... rallon oClhe rule of law in 1M e"" l~nd WClt rapcctivdy . • The .htory .lUt Ihe IQd$ w.,,-c Gn("c h .. man be;np, attributed to !he Gtttk wrl ..... EuikmttUl, entered Roman my'~ wilh En.. i... , who
+.
.... '" --O'T"
U ,"• • om" 0<";0';'... _oom
I ' .....
•
I
•
'2. THE AENEID
"
A"' .... t .... and Aenus are funher linked by thei r tutdary deitic:s. Venus as Aenua' mother and tutelary deity 0( the sensJulia is abo mother of aU the Romans, Lucreti .... ' Anw ....... ".whu: she guidc:s her son from Troy to Latium (Comm. ~t), ..... /rl _ _ . .141 f_u. _wI><> ( • •38~ ). It is Vn.us who in book VIII commia.ions the shield; it is undu the sign 0( Venus Victrix that Aene» preparc:s to go forth to war. Apollo is the guiding deity of the Trojans and 0( Augustus, wh..., father he was suppoocd to have been (Suet. 9+). Hi, epiphany at Actium crowns the Troja" "",,10.: from his eminence on the Greek promonl~, U later from Ihe Palatine (Comm. 10+. 7"") he pr.,.;dc:s over Au!ustus' victory and triumph. He led Evandu to the site of Rome (Comm. 336); and he is the poet', deity, _wi/PI __ I><> (Ed. 6.3, C..,~. 4.7, A.... 3.395). Of the role ofHe.cul.,. in A."..iJVIII KI,fl(thing more must be .... id. His association wilh Rome as a eult·figu re Iraditionally began with Evander and was confirmed by Romulus .' He was the molt Conspicuous of the heroea O(Greek myth . Homer is aware ofhis ,upremlCY, thoush not of his apath...:.is.' He was famous for his victorious and u.lu~ry d«ds : Virgil linu him with ACfl(u th,ough the common key.wordaf...u. and I• ..,,,.' But his vllue to Vir!!i! does "Ot reside only in his bein!! a pre...,"";ncnt cult-figure, a saviour of the city (Cacus is a local venion of numerous giants and monsten, ,ymbob 0( lawl.,..".,.., whom he destroyed in various places) and a deified hero. In lateT G reek literary tradition he became a type of natural man, llriving towareb virtue, his violent dcab justified by their encl, Ihe d.,.tructioo ofevil. Xeoophon recounts in Ihe M_dili. (2. 1.21-34) the phtlOO1Opber Prod;"us' "DrY of the 'choice of Hercules', in which the hero rejecu the • Didonian' blandishments of _ lady penooifying pleasure in favour of another lady pe.--.ifying virtu"" ehoooinSa life of labour not as the .esull of ulunal pressure from tyrants but in conformity to the divine will . In the .enaissance the choiuof Hercules became a figure 0( the lOlli's atnl88le Dr' p'ychomachia', while the •g,eal champion of the antique world' and J.c""ndary conqIKror of
17_ .... A..,.
I For the ptobablc historical orilins ol his cull in Rome ICC Grant 55- 7. I 'For not even 'he oniBhty Herad.,. dUped death' (II . • 8.007). OJ. 00 .60-.- 4 is probably an interpolation
INTRODUCTION
20
the
was ttanil'onned into a knight errant and, ultimately, into a type arCh",I.1 F:W Virgil, "ene»' rejection of Dido, hiI wandcrinfP and final victory (lver Tum ....,jWW '""""".t u_ lnTi.ilil,.tand in dear analogy wi the Hercules ofGreck uaditioo.. ln hiI account of Hercuks' vi~ over CaeUl, Virgil abo deliberately u.. et the hero'. violence (tee C<mm . • '9, 299). He "';'ht have • IUppr ' ' cd it, .. be misht have IUppt cd Aeneu' jwM in his lUI battle with Tum.l., bul his knowledle alike ofbuman nature and ol hcroi<: mylholosY'~lopped him. Heros cannot make the world a,ood Well
-f-
pIKe; only • beau one. When there is no man evil earth will bye J, mou need of. hero :
to
destroy lbe
ilJe!d~um u.iwn. a«:ipid diuisque uidcbit
peqrUxta. berou et ;pIe uidebilUr iUit, ~tumque rqtt pamil uinutibui O€bem .
(ilI .
K .......' ..... 'VAL IN LATIUIIII :
TH_ avaNTI 01' 1001: VII
A r«urrin, mo • e of lbe A_ii, which Vi"';l useo to link At:neat' HotlM:ric and hi. ' biltic' function, ill"'" ..rIO convoy ohhe: Trojan household soob (J!tcr ....) from Troy to Latium, there 10 be K! up . . . Iymbol of conli~uiIY, The lescnd of Aeneas ~ _ ind J IOmt'thing of. d iehdaic COCl«ptl of lb( • chcem ~(' and th( 'p~ laid' (d. Gmait 12. 1-111). AI lb( J.&m( libe Vi"';l II... es th( fact that Amea did not brinJ th( ;m-'" into ~ land spiritually bmighted: ... tMR ,diP,.. . . _Nt .6"JtU I " (A.... 8.l+9-~). This i".linct Vi,..i ••"uriltea with the indi&m!QUI inhabit.antl and anirnillic local deitiea of Italy : it is • '.(ligioo 0( plac(', • oeM( 01' .we, 'wx;i,ted with the Iandtc:,pc, u inkNe in his I try U in Wordsworth·,. Aeneu bn>o.Ichl ;n the p ...., Evand( broucht in the Crcd: cult olthe deified Herc:ulea,
t .t.n "
• Sere M.:r. HuiJhco in t",.,. ~ 6 ('95!) '93....... !.
I I
2. THE AENEID
'1
yet there were gods long before the c.:oming of thae two eultureheroes, I•.&i_, Iii fWf"" JillMU, wonhipped by the native Latins &nd their eponymous king Latinus, whOle ceremonies are describo:d. in AtNitJ VII. The ew:n1J of book VIII follow, and ate linked with, thole of VII . 8Qth boo'" begin ... ith a night voyage. The Trojans' fint IllmpK of Ihe promised land of Latium, 7.'l~-36, il a I60u TiHril of STUt pattoral beauty, exactly correspondinl in lenglh &nd tone to Acno:u' journey upstream 10 the lile of Rome in VIII (86-g6+ 101 ). The arrival at o.lia, where A(neu ~ IX UfW" 1 _ 1 jwf'ticit, prefirures the l .. ter .. rrivab .. t the lroves ouwde PaJlanteum on the lile of Rome (8.tOi, 12~) and at Cure, ... hen: Aeneu teceives the l hield (8.~7). Boob VII &nd VIII both cent..., around .. n embassy. But in VIII Aene&ll!ooto Evandu in pc""", in (uUllment oftheSibyl'l prophecy that he will lind ..Ivation in .. Greek city and becao,qe he must be penooaHy initi .. ted into the history and toposr.. phy of Rome, to complete the initiation begun in .. n"Othu ml-.s _ _ -.s, the Elywian Fiekb (book VI ). Aeneas is absent from book VII: he sencb an amb ....dor, lIioneut, to negoti .. te with King La,inlll, ...ho, recOllnising in Aeneas h.iJ "Ihtful and promism hdr &nd ...... in_I ....., offen the Trojans a pcacd"ul alliance; Aeneu does not confrOflt Lalinlll unlil book XII ... hen the two leaden conclude a ueaty Iym_ boI"'"l the union of the immigrant and n .. tive peoples: ,.,'.-.s
u
uti"" ...... 1 ;"w/M
u. / Min. ".;_
( 12. 190-1 ). (It is the buakinl of this treaty by Turn ...... hieh leadlto the POX""I prWJ MkmtJ
dmouement.) Aeneu and Latin ...., the immilr&nt and the indisenout ancestor, ....., in -..e relpcelJ paralieiligut"CI. Some of Ihe lesends about Aen"", in Latium were in olha venions attached to Latin ... (e.l. the kminl of Mezentius). Both ancestors _..., wonhipped in Lavinium (Iradi_ ti .... al home of the J-'~I before the foo.tnding or Rome, see App. A), Aeneas u 'Jupiter Indiges' and Latinlll'" 'Jupitu Latiarit '. ParaHelI aha Cltist betW«ll l.atinUi and Evandu. In tome vernons Lavini .. wu Evander', d .. u,hter not l.atinUl' (and married Hercules not Aencu: Dian. Hal. 1.4l, ICC .. bo Grant 48) . Such paralleb facilitate the typological correlpoodencetl 00 ...hich the NrtriJ is built. EvandeT wu _times identified with Latin .... · animistic ancestor F.. unUl : both
•
22
INTRODUCTION
D&m<:I etylOOlosically signified 'kindly'
'ravourin,' OIle. Both Latinus and Ev~er, &I depicted in the Anoni, ate old and peaceloving yet inca~c on their own of defend,", the peace, prou~cting their preca~'~ leariD!, in the woods ', until aided by HucuJo and Aeneas. Both han ill. child whom they wtrusl to Aeneas: Evander'• ...... Pallu is fin, the OdystCan Peil.islratl.ll and Apollonian Dytkohos (me '1Of'I'), "
01'
' Iu\:dequen tly th" lIiadic PatrodUi (the 'blood-
brothel" ') : the doUble typology is characlemtic of Virgil. Both au.om
::'=.(C;:+~~'I ":.~:O:;~~~'~:'~nch=;-=::'
Latin .... is descerjped from Saturn , who legendarily came to Italy a' the dawn of civilisalion, &nd gave hill name to tho: 'Salum;an' Ol' ,olden .~. utfuus is older lhan his links with Aeneas. In Greek " oon .x Odr-CUI (by .he nymph Manca) 50 ,hat tradition he i. the the L.a!in race ~ ...,a1ly Greek (O.H. ' .43). In Virgil, he is not only deounded from Faun ...., and thus linked with ,he primil;"'", pastoral deities ""{crud ~ by Evandcr as the fint inhabitants of the hilb of Rome, but also [rom J>jCUl (woodpecker) which 'uggeJlJ ,he ,o,em ofa ,ribal oommilne (d. ,he woodpecker which helped ,he woIhuckle Romulus and Umus, Pluwch, & •. 4.!I). According to Dionysius, , utin ... marri Rhome, the Trojan woman who gave her name to Rome.' Though ;1 hu a patlnral 'lett;ng, U lmus' templelcuria ;. a grand building, in conirasl to tlw: primitive hut_tllement of Evander on Ihe Pala';ne.' &i., il ;. an ambivalen. grandeur, eharacte,iolieally .dI.,.,ting the u~ of A~tan poeu at the hybriatic met,opolilan Iplendoun of time. Virgil describes it in a resounding line u la:ho • ...,..,_ ;;1,....., mIl_ ...Mi.., (7. 170): the word·play luggalJ an all.. 10 AugUllus' own house, w;lh ,he adjacenllemple of Apollo, on Ih~ Pala.ine j' but the dexription aJso ,.,.,alb, uneasily, the now Callen ~ace of Priam. Both pc 1' , 'led Ihe sacred laurel in the
..
4 . ilm
P<""idJI
an 'et)'tll<>lory' for ...... who .... Rocne u a Greek city , •• ...". .han .. the rounda.ion 01 Romul ..... TIle Gfftk word ,....... '" 'milh.' or 'Itt..."h" this lind 01 aetiolo:>«iy. Latin",' temple .too reeal" .he .emple .oI Jup;~,~.ptoIin .., with its lilded ,<>of, .. heu the triumphal I
"Ill ..
pco<.d£".....
(Comm.
,is).
"
2. THE AENEI D
oamc"
led IRe. Latin...• lemple it 6Ikd with """ .... woocl fiJuns of anastral Italian dcilica. incl....t.... (7. ,80) Jan ... UK! Sarum, • .....;·ted by E... andcr in VIII with the earliesl KltkmenCi on the aile of Jlame (Comm. ,,57). The remple u.o boIda the .pwih ofwar (iftclucli... .ea· victories) which offen another rypoIo,ical parallel with the temple cl Apollo (Comm. 7tl ). t...lima hNj ...1 C:ONulled the oracle ofF.un... cor...... ,""'. fi_ponenl round the hod of LlI ... inia.' ThiI ritual of CONultation iI known leC:hnka1Iy .. an i..-,6..,..,' the Kd:a- ....... the niab' on • bed of loki ... of newly U"Ihrered Iheep in onta- 10 Jean, the future. Acneaa' nip' with E... UK!a- in VIII. from which he ariMs the 1bUowia, momin« lOp 10 c'e!e to reccil/t! the fuwrc in the rorm of'the pn>pbctic weld, offen an e parallel (Comm. s66-7). Bul t1thoua:h Law.... jihJ.... ir !. an .p;.nee. JUDO oppo'!I her will aM (in the mtpificmt cmll'al JCCtion of book VII, which like VIII bu a ujadic .1nIct\In) ICIIdI the fury AlIccto 10 Latin...• quem Amara, 10 Lavinia', Niror Tum ... aM to AIcani...• ............. With a dramatically cffccti¥c UIC cl anachroniam Virpl inuodlklll MOther -amI RlM'tlan ritual, the opo lIinc: of the ,ates cl the obrinc of)an"" eym-bc.Iisi... war.' The deec:riptioft enda with a mirbry echo of En ..;... , s.u;.!--IN • s.· :w".lfi, (7.6", Zan. AM. z&I V'). Latin... reWa 10 hit ciledel, .... inq ..iahint hia ancient htiwkHiY. In ;nnd ........ ' w tbc he UII of haly, .Ui.... _ "ndel' Tum... ,...mat the Tro;.n., ~ bebe ... : thit 'catalocue· (Comm , 6-,) aunda .. the
.11". .
"it
• RcPlod..:ed in L'tCIi 171. pllitO.
S (iii) T· .. " p>y.
• s... 7.7'..eo. load d. Co., -
s... ..... 0
-
. . . , lOr, ·~ .. Iire pAl
"'., ' 1'.' "
o O"chiori ...... _f....-H. IIota,A I • WItb T:idI puwMity ~ ~vod the rile and P"" to , .',b..1e r " (It.C. I,) •
•
,-.." and b Jr;. .
,t
t( I~). kt: d ~
•••
the
INTRODUCTION uti·type of the pageant oC Roman hua .. which Kwma the w.inlf eepbraAt oCbcok VI.
3. BOOK VIII i)
hat
VI.O I L·, I KJ". 01' THK .AIT
Muly critio n:oponded ta the unique chann KJHl ariginaJity oC the eishth huok J~ the A.Mi.' It ia the Auptan heart oC the po..m, for il ill the only boa" wtaa.c: actioo p'." on the aclllal aile ofRcrne. Bul it ia aDo th .. ~I putoral bock uf th .. poem ; and !hia ..... bivalencc ill the key 10 a J\. aptr l.IOdentandilll not only uf the bccIi: itself but aJ.oufth .. entire:h He. il hal adark prelo.KIe ( ' - '1) and thouah ill action narrow _pel ff'QQI dancer and destructioo. it it 011 the wbol .. a ~ uf lichl, not darm-. the luI prcdcminantJy J)'5ccful boa" 'f the poem. Wonder and delicht ..... ill dircctilll iC'lpuba. 10vc ct the pall and InIIl in the gocb ill dominanl themet. The cllmu. of abc book ill abe deso::ription of Aen .....• wield. wrouchl lOr him by V .. I:!an al Ven ...• inatiption. al tbe centre uf which it Ihown the vi~ of A"IU't'" at Actium and his . .. t.cqucnt 'triple triumph' - a victory in which Acneu ...... cbIcurdy. and th .. reader clearly. ~ own c:omina: vielory over Tum.... If it it in boob VI, XI aDd XII of the AMIiJ thaI we are el<*Sl to Virail .. the poet ofhumiln destiay. it if in book VIII thaI he L'IOtt dfe<:tiYCly articulata hiS , ~ue of piau and his aenae of the paat. Fill' the bock', tirne-.pan does ~ POt only Mmch • ."am 10 the comill,. i
incl'"
Thou,..
iI_.
(ii)
EVANn . .,
oolonies in Sicily and Italy probably dale fram the eichth century ~c. EYlUlodcr. woo ..... ,uPPCJ!~ to ha~ come from Artadi. to the Palati..... befon: the Trojan war. it purdy. I'IcuR cl The earliest G
I Notably Se;-!: 1Ieuve: 'J.. TIC ............ phil too.w:hanl .. I .... pIw ~ daDo _oc I" f'e que« buN ' , Ii....e.· • For W --s!..... y Pallaazeum..-hlati..... _ Li", : .,. 'IlIcft _y wdl Mve been boG I~. inhabi .....11 of)l;_ ia w ,"' ,oj miU ""......... " _ Gruol t .
"
S. BOOK VIII
Creek literary myth ineorP(uted into the AU(U'W1 euhu.nlantiquarian U'altiuoa. (Kif; name Pgnifia in Cn:ek ',ood man' jult u Cac:uI .. ' bad'.) Livy ")'I be introduced lil~ ID haly; be h- "'Wa, in hiI eor ....... n lOr and religiouo
eut_
Comm. II8,5). D . 1.. Drew 'UUmoed in no. sa lEV ttl,. Ac .w that Ev' ",," Ma penona ol VirJil bimaeIf, ",idi ... dM: QeW . . . ID Ronoe . Enrvf .••• initiation ol ApM' 1011-_ bit pn:viow initialioa olHen:uI-o. who, like Aene., d 5 " '>",d inlD the underworld and roe 5. c' ••ied £rozn it, a re,, :' "I perhap 6cwativdy re-enacted when Evander ..ka AeneaI, u ~ bad takt:n. Hen::u1a, up the Palatine (Ke below, S (iii) T'.-«n.phy. and Comm !.s9. ,6,5). Ame." oojoum with £".1'I'in and the celebrated ' wall round the Ale 01 ROXDC:' IWid at the bean ol Am£iVIlI. Evander a.pz r' the poet'. IU ' e oCthe natioa.al put, hiI deep f«Ilnc: lOr landvape and place, and alto perhaps alkJows him to iNh..., briefly 07>CC a",u. at the heaT! ol hiI bcroic: epic, in the E
,,;
of putoral. E".ndtt it a ehan.cterUticzolly a.:npozite firure. He ..... lBinilia with Nator in ~ IIJ and abo (b tho" gh. kine, be if poor) with Eumaeuz in CUy..." XIV. AItIlelU' nigh. journey ID PaUan'eum and biJ day and nitbl with Evander conupond ID Tdemacll...• journey to Pya and hiI day and niSbt with Nator (Knauer 2f9W, ) but in addition, IU ..... been noted, bis arrival at Palianleum w"aponds to Od'(IIeUI' ....... to Itb'u.5 On to tbae Creek modeb VirJil .....y • Livy ".8--'9. The pan.IIel ... P'Losted by5ain*~ bull am_ .WM'e that ...y modem. crill< bat punucd it. Tbc earUosl ........ lnl 01 N".... _ in Enai.., • 'J'ben: it .... a fainler ItCho oIApoIloni..• Lye.. (A'r, '",77"'. r,..,m , .,WI'. ).
,-,
•
, "
,
INTRODUCTION
arafted a.oJn... (NIeI, ErIn,...' 'C1'Oo!nI.i now I.."
have
......
indudi", perh,pI some reminiac:mce of of Acncaa' embauy to the kina of Alb.
vln
EvaDder'. chi function in book ill to IeI'W u the movthpiece for • .ma of abolotrical ditquisitiona, apl·jnt'li the origiDi of variout CUlIOftU I-t Ioc:a.tiooI. 1'heM: were: • feature of Hdlmiatic: pocU)'; Vircil ~btl_drew also on ROOl'n antiq"...w, and mylhopphic wri~ includin, EnNUI, CaIO" 0riPu. and V&I'TO" Iaol hQlOI'y of the Roman people - . tradition which culminated. in du: , OI""nin, boob oClLivy. Two important elemmb in all theee writinp. both o;:oI\IJ>icuou!! in Aafti VU1, are the family lqend and the fl>Ulld..tion·mym , The lalkl' iI Gredt, but the ronnel' oeema to have been peculiarly Rom·n. Evanckr'. hot.!1; lalilY to Aeneu it in the tradition of the m«>lleny. the rcccption of ~ sod or hero inlO" -.impl., dwcllin,. 1'hiJ originate. with Eumacuo' ~_pilality to Odr-u- (Neotol"'. ru:.piwily to Telco 'eb..." ia OCI. 100 (fNId • Kale 10 qualify) and bec.rne popular in Hcl1eniatic ,*"try. Callimachut de.cribed tbe entertainment of Heracla by. ~ maft, Mokwchw.. in hit Am., and WI ofTheoeUl, • ""cM
vln
u:_ -;~n ...... ~ ....... P\eC\lm potu.. reqwrp=qt noctcm fronde "9"'" uiridi: IUIII nobiI milia poma, cao~ moll.,. el prcoai eopia la.ctil.
i L___
of ~IY, m
The virtue the ler Ie of· ...... ple luffi<;iency' .... ther than dettitutioo, .....,~ a lI_wlerd «>pie of pAiU!. _rel'n" and 1\Ib.equendy d aui.lian. homiletic. Indeed, almott e.uy phikwophcr has proclaimed tl;, indifference 10 ........hh. The 1Ultin>m1 it rem iIi..
I
,
"
"
3. BOOK VIII
in HORee, for inltance in lhe oxymoron, oimilar to that elIpr' cd by Evandcr, liul ".. ,...,.,. /«14» nt'J d nt- .u. ,.. .........,. as im (E;. 1.IO·3"-:J)· The thcoxcny iI uted lhrtt limes by Spenser in the pastoral oixlh book of no. F..n. 12._.' Theoe p".'gca noc only provide the epie hero wilh .piritu.al Idrahmcnt before he r<:nCWlI hia qucot - in a_y ~c:.cly moddlcd on the Evander episode - but also KI oome elIlenl provide a commenl 00 the quest iudl; perhap even .. doubl at 10 itt ultimate value, a doubt which Virgil himsd{ elIpr' td in a f.amous ~ in hit KCODd C-tif, in which he contRIlcd lhe happy if We........ life of me Italian farmer with .a Ron.", jIm',,,,"V- ,.,... Such topia were rhelorical commoaplues of epideictic literalu",. But in A-U VIII the conlrall between rrandeur and oimpl;city ~ Iilerary convention. Through E"ander, aetiolnfy is made to lCrve a monlI pIIrpote! The imace of the hero (Comm. 367 ) . lOOping KI enter lhe .mall hotuc wu seen in lhe t~l'i"·n ce at an allqorical prdiguntion of Cluutian precept (' he that bumbleth himsclLthall be euJtcd ', • enter in at the Ittait gate', etc.). Not only in Spemcr, but throuahout r",,_j·nnu literalu"" heroic characters .ubroit KI a discipl ine of dia. P"17 jon 10 that they may later more wonhily fulfil their destined role. A Kood example occun in ShakClpea.R', C, Ilh/;,., (a nWtture of heroic chroni~e and putoral romance), 3.3.'l-3, where BeI";", ..Y" 'Stoop, boys; thit pte ) Instrucb you how t'ado", the heavens.' A more .pccific IOJIOlIlaphical alluaion OttUn in Marvell', poem ' Upon Appleton House ':
i..,....
But all things au COnlIXl tId he:!"(! Like Nature, onil!t"ly and ncar : In which we the Dimcmions lind or lOme more 10M Age and Mind
_.!heir
In F.Q.. 6+'4 1M Sal" .... Man offen Sir CakpiI>c • the hare p-ound with I>oui( ..... te bCllrowN ••. And the fmig of 1M fvo L,t bt.' I
In 6., .38-9 the Hennie Ieada Arthur to hi> .....11 ~. In 6.9.16 Mdit-.. (a n'_ UIkcn ....,." Vircil'. lint ~, in which Titynll nfl"en oimpk
,-",talley to Mdihno.) inYiea Sir C·Iick>r.! into
~ ...... ~ ' - ' •
• I Iuove devdoptd the .....""'" of thio _lion 01 the InU"Od. at JrUIa" Jencth in !WI) anida on'The putoral ahemalive'. A...... ('910) I~"" '. 117-g6.
•
..
I,
INTRODUCTION
,
WIlen
w"" ..ind Meta did IWop
Td'entef at. narrow loop; AI!pnniNrc ill doon lO.traM T, 'ttaiD tbeauel ....
thl'OU3h HeaYeDI pte.
ADd Iurdy when the alter A(e Sb:.J1 hitba- come in Pilgri......e• 'Ilbc sacmd pI_ 10 adon: . .. Mln will diopule bow their Eo::tcDt Within a\ICb dwadiab Confims weftt: ~_ will 'mile a, thiI, at well Ai.fRomliM hit BI c like CeD ,'
•
_".type
In the A:.ww,}..t .. Carthat'e io Ihc of~. 10 Dido', invitation 10 A FA in the fint half 01 the ......D io the ... Ii_type of EvandeI'·..• ~ !-d. him iDeo • pe'_ made 'pl H''IIiot by an (1.637-40) : at dooDUI inlUioc" npli tpkwIid· luxu u.tnaitur. _di;.quo: paeanl ctII'Niuia ,~~". , n
,
I
:: I~'::.e;,:=::~~ "
.eaJ Aen<:u
awo . . ,'
bomc tbroua:h .,..1OnI 1eITain, Ww'iJihu . " Ok • ... o:Jnpuabie not with Au .....tan Rome but with the: Elysian fieIdo the valley of c'rre. The COItlrUl between the DidoaiaD or y palace and the ample, tdf.. ufficient dwdlinr. became • • tand~ topic in the rmaiIAnce. The ,..tonI invitati_ SpmKr" F. . ". Cb-w au placed in • clear aroti. typic:al rdatioaahip with various' Diaocuan· ",.iis ~ which offu, at doe. Virwi!'.
E""nl'"..
.:ct
coJ!r.d
m I
~td>aI ol the proIOhitlOric:al '1 io a, e.~ (Comm l: • ..,...;...... .....-~;.ed to v:. w.ot. Sec rurtber
n.. _... " ', .
bllt
.!ype,
rdenuI. 10 t -'-..., (iii) Top'tSi,pby. 'or. ~..., A. G. Mckay, I'..p'J lW;J ('97' ), pl. ~ ~. vubol L ;00"1'101 ' "' bel"1 ir Aeo>.. ....... 10 Canb.tre and 10 R_ _ Comm ""'T.... iDhioD<-..... *lP '&.-di¥ideoV.', mIG which obolfUCl the hero (' II" .'. iad·..t;.,. Dido) uod ~ wtich II!dP him f_ui. incl"d! . , J!.yandcr). • cr. the oatiriCaI d'P ·iption allhc rich ........ _ ....._ . ...... if", A , • • W i6&;. _ _ led id c.,. _.,.tid'. with Ihc F Ce and _ _ .... pUDiy aI turallik. • J!..t. the Idle uod the Bo.a aim;. in P.Q.• •. 6. I • •
•"/It
'e.,..,...-·
r
tJJ.e
1-".
,,
"
3. BOOK VIII ~. a temptation 10 the ~d"ulnCII
,.. _.
,
...... .. .Jd ....
hero towanb 1eJI...... odf·i.nc!ulsenc:e and ol his bauic: m;'iM : d'. A..v 40193-+ _ ... ;"", u
I rrpa.... 'd!U2LlilloJ . . '""..... hIItnfw , • (V.,ro.
la rm'in,RCe countty.bouM: paelN.JOI....' ·1 'To Penshunt' and Carew'. 'To C,N. from Wral', a mod"t and f""":Uooal archile<:I1.11'e di.tinpiahco the sood boule from the c:ounIy nsidc:ncc ' buill 10 envioul show', Carew pcaiIc:o Wrat u. bou,e when: ' hip I EulIed lurnu threalen nol the rky'. an echo olthe hyperbolic i~ uted by Vif'lilIl8.gg- 'oo (Comm.), AI Dido'. rourt Aenau wore rich but utdCII awtume. IUIlword no lGn«er functional bul merely decor,tivc:
atque illi ,tell.l.. iupick ful .... emil era! Tyrioque erdebal muric:e lac:na dcmilu. ex umeria, diuer quae munera Dido feceret. et tenu; telu diIc:re1.to:ret .u.ro,' In Dido'. bed, in bet- cn-nd ~ac:e, Aeneas revcrted 10 his 'Aai.tic:' oriJi"'. Pan. not Hec:Ior.' the type of Antony not AquolUi (Comm. 685). From the bed ofEva.nder, in a prinliti~ hut. he aNa refreshed. ready 10 pul on the armour of thc 8dos cM'IP 10 <:mUle u the ' lliedic ' vlclOr and Roman tu" the Iype of the .toic and of the Christi... ba-o.
-;It.,....
(iii) Topooa/OPHY
The triadic ,truetun: of book VIII if al.o ,dkc:ted in im topotilpby . Excluding the (Ultra! oeWon, the Venu.-Vulc:1n pin.., (,70-4S3). the 1Cthna: of which it ima,inary. the main lldion P' eli in tht« Jocationt: Ostia, ROtne, Cac:re. For • proper UQC!cntandi", o( booII VlII, the modertt. ruder mUll acql.lb-e, u far .. P'C*ib«:, whal hiI ~tan pn:dec:aIoc- would certainly haw: ,ed,. 'HE! of ill topilCilpb.iea1 sip'lificance, Uttk need be aaid hen: of the opaUDJ occne. which "k.. place.t Aene" fint c:amp in Latium, oro the _=1,1 near the mouth of the
, ..c.:. +t6I .... Dryden" rendcrinc'Fotor'- 1'1_"'"
briap QUI cbc
... tilb ' dMFI, . • cr. 1M _ _ ofN.......... " 1M Trojano' oria"al ................ ,.6,..,.:, -.NJia-_Mfi'q, wi' ... ....n.. Tbe \We old"", it Do _';'- l ed iA die F,III", in~,. ,Jc:UecllO ,Moe, p..a n, 5,
I
,.
INTIlODUCTION
Tiber.'
lay. ' - man down
1bc~::~~~":::":"Nt.bly , idmti6cd
tbc: modem traveller may drive
aDd inl end may be __ tb'cbM b,,11 • type, modem Romuli.· actiOII. of boo': VIII beaino at I~ when ""enee' biI fticbtjoumey u,.ti " m, a'. rivenide cIearina:. ,,,,'cud in the cdebr"jon of dw: Hercuks rite, biatorical. timQ 011 12 AUJlllI at the An. Maxima ',~_ lIo&rium (cattle market). From hen, in the baa II Ie1 OIIt on their walk tb.rouab the city 10 •• End"',.,,.. ,, ' dw: WpO& ••pby (not 10 the U'aftic) of mode:a Rome, iI not euy 10 filCon._ the walk with certaiftty. Wba.
_no..
;.w:~'~"'~:;:'
;
the ate of what _ latel' to_lint be A"""tw' PalaliDe. TIliIIoo;aIiooD. pce,,'JI bon: cd by artieIe. '"Ilte " ......... Palalium',' in wbidI he "';~:;:::::.:=: be idaltjfied with :h b " -'<1: the S<-,I,c: c.Q mel
............. _.. ,;.. :
the _lied
r:
lhat Jb.i:t view;' w .. eel, aOO 'CjH:amtt The walk would Ihm beain and end. in the two
Virp',
,
"
5. BOOK VIII
_ I ancienl atUI ollhe Romwean ciry, linkins !hem and aivinc !hem (characteriotically) • pre-Romulean actioIatY. Ao;I;Ordin, 10 TacilUl (04l1li. 11.24) the limitl ollhe Romwean cily, the PI I I il , could be naLibly fK:OflllntCted : 'ad initium condcndi, el quod ~riwn RomulUl powcrit, no.cere baud abaurdwn reef. i(jtuf .. foro boario ubi at:RUm tauri llimulacrum ..picimUi. qu.i. ic:\ pUt animalium .... tro wbdilW', tulcua desipandi oppidi (<
iii'"
• a: V....... LL ~14! '''W;!' eondeb&uol in t...tio E _ rino ",...ti, ic:\
inwiu&e .... _ ~''''·Sd-''I-..kuao (hoc f"aci,t .....1 d rtg-o._., die ...... 10) ul __ d ....... -..I "'UIliti.' • a: Uvy I., · P....UUIII prim-. in quo .... enl educar.., .'on;;I..' • ViqiI tnnoIen the oile co the A_dfte , __1:000.... (Ill); C .m . ......
ell
i..ncUo bubua,
,.,.
La....., eI ",.....,
I
"
INTRODUCTION
remaiN ol the au. Livia",: this, Augullu.' fint buildi.., on the Palatine, CON~:W enlal1uuent and improvement 0(. modeal republican the domus Honenaii.1 C10K beside ;, nand the rcma.ins of. pie, now ~Iy agreed to be that ol Actian Apollo, vC>W«l by "8"ItUi in ,6 a.c. and dedicated in 28 a.Co Ir thiol complex of buildil'P be Wen IU • linlle unit, the c:ootnll betwccn limplicily and .pJh.dour. central to Virgil'. monI Iynthail, would find io atehiteCluiIu correlative. Here was the domestic and religious heatt orvirsil'. ~e, the modesty being raervul roc Augustus, the Iplendour rex ttJ deity whole apotheolil a' Actium brought him victory. CMd rerirded me PaI.tine as the.tU1 CQually of AuguslUi
F+
and Apollo: in 4-9.5' - 4 the two an: placed I"""ther with. third, Veata, cocIdea o~ the hearth.fire ('" Livia?) • •• Pala,m", triad' 10 match the 'Capi1irne triad':
ltal~~~~:.~e!:::;a":'I~:'t"~~=: In
Tn.,;. 3.'o, 11
Ovid describes an itinenory in imilation ofVirgil'1
walk. It culminau:. in ••plendid build,n,_ Surely, says the vic:wer,
this ill JupitU', iJu.e? But it .. the houae of Leucadian ( _ Act;an) Apollo, and of A~IUI. saved by Apollo 10 become hitnlelf SIr m.i_ (ef, Comm~ 188-g). Hae ..ain, the cu.a and Ihe lemplc arc reprded aa a li"l!c unil, WMn: Ihc finl citizen livro limply and his IUIC"ry cicily .....iidly, oidc by oMIc. Thc route tU~ by Evandcr and "'cneas from Ihe Forum &arium 10 !he PalaliQC w .. a circu;IQUS one, pardy pcr"-pt bee.UK Evandcr wu Hsit.s _ and " needed 10 ChOOK an eaty and cradual pa!h, bul primarily bccaUK ~u.c purpooc of!hc itinerary was nol to Jet home aa quickly u '-';ble but to include ccn.ain actioIosicaUy qnificanl • litel. Moreover, V!,rgil does no! .Iways make clear whkh IocatiOOl.n: actually paned oA the walk and which arc merely pointed OUI." Obviourly the ~ 011 the Janiculum, • mile or more ._y on Ihe othu oMIe of the river, mUll beJon« in the KCINKi catei"'~; ;1 aIIo
to',.
• cr. SuelOlli.., 1.,. 72
'pottea in P..... tio I(d nlhiiomin,. in &Cdi .....
lQO(iicis Honcnoianii.' • n.e oak is an aU ........ to !he c:iric CIOW" • ....ded 10 .........10.. ' Ovnm. 1118-9• Richmond m. be: ,.hl in "'anti... !hal, as tbry oland, 8."1-6 , ... e ~iIed ~rpltical
-.
,
,. ROOK VIII
"
nppean thnt Ihe two hills of the CapitoliM were not llcuodcd, the haoa lIlU"ely ps' !~ beneath than.1 1ft the snme way, nt the bqilUlin, of the H,"Kula GlCUI ecphraais, Evandu indicnta 10 Aeneu the rannint of Cncut' CRve, high nbove them. The. It.utina-poinl 01" the walk is not in ditpute. The Am Muima . lOOd in the Forum Boarium or CRlde-manel (Ovid, F.ni 1 .~I--2) , one of the c:ommuclal marke" whieh lay alOClJl the river, bcIow the. Forum Romanum, rrom earliat titru:l. It lay berwem the CiI"CUl Maximus and the. Forum Holitorium (vegetable market) whoR name lurvives in the modem Via Foro Olitorio (the continuation of the Via luprio loward. the rivu). The modern ttnveUa- ~ IJO 10 the. Pinu.n della Botta di Verial, 10 the KlUth-eut 01" which, probably in the comer formed by the Via della and the Via dell 'Am M.a.ima d 'Ercole, llood the Ara Maxima. This district illoday ehielly vitited because of the fnmoua church ofS. Maria in Com>ed.in, which $lando on the oile of a forma- Roman temple (of Cau) jUit 10 the. _th.wrst of the oile of the altar." To the north...,..l.toad a temple to Hercula the Victor, probably round, like the round temple which .urvives (with another, rec:tanl"lnr one) neAr theoite today. Hue wu found the IntKe bronu: ltatue of Hereola now in the Capitoline
Green
M~ .
At 8.,.x; the two heroa lu~ the Forum Boa.rium and Pf"OCC'Cd .. _ _ . The linl pin« pointed OUI by Evander it the Porta Carmentalil with ill altar (8.337-8). Owing the hiltorica1 cWquioition by Evnnder which lillo the intervening lina, the here!l may have been waiki", alon, the river to the Forum Holitorium, tumin, up the modem Via lugario and iu continuation, the Via della CoNoIuione. The Porta CarmentnJis probably .tood at the meeting oftheK streets. CIao,. by 1l00d the temple of Apollo, the city'. only temple 10 tha. deily until Auawtus built the one on the Palntine." Thil temple doa not survive, bu. il 1l00d quite ncar the still turviving theatre of • When Fowlet poin ........1 the n.Uno 01 the Jankulum (5~~) the IWO heroa ....., Iliready ... ~ the PIliati"". The Ii ...... do not pooo'C, no B. Tilly ..,... 1M.,.". t/ PdW ,8Y'., that the CapiIOlinc mo.. have been
..........
• S« L.,.ti 3tlt-'3 and the officinI ",ido! to S. Maria in r ..... modin by C . Ma.imi (RorM '9S'). • eo....... " ,""",. S« nloo P. Grimnl, 'La P"lOE'ICnndc d'£v.ndr<:'" tn& l in lumitrc del fou.illel.t ..UIlCl', R.E.A. ~ (,9t8) 'IP St .
.
INTRODUCTION
MarccU .... wh~ the Ittular JUIlC" were celebrated. If this route wen: followed. i1 r"'id take one immediatdy beneath the C.pitoline. But tb.. neU place mentioned ilthe Lupereal, the moot probable oile of which (Lut:1i j~6) is c!ole 10 the church of S. Anu_i. j ..t below the ""!.lIb_well 4..., of the Palatine (Ovid. F~ .... 381ff.). To reach this it would be J.:c IfY to lellv(: lhe Piazza della Bocci do Veriti by the lOUth-well ciber of the Pal. tine, by the Vi. VeI.bra (near the , Arch ofJama). rom then .. di,hl detour by the Vi. di S. Giovanni DecoU.to brintti one back inlo the Vi. della ConIoluione by the amalJ pi·v· of the IatM narm:. Or, by turning left .. t tbe top of the Via Vdabro in ~ the Vi. S. Teodoro which skiru the Palatine, one raocbcs the ForJm Romanum. The modem traveller win note bow today ~ and ~tation an: oom.,«:uous on the PaI.tine (and 10 .. le.a alent on Capitoline); rnocc:o.er, the Fon.om Rom .... um itld!, in V"1tJi~!,,:: the heart of mcll'Ojditan Romc:, today an
1m"
archaeological c, wu in the eighteenth century .. place where c:<Jc puturm, ' they did in Evander'. time (8.361) and ..... known u the Campo vbno (Lua:li 213. 216, p. I~). Time'. vicitaituda. "" and the ironies o{hiatorical penpecU\lC, which cut their "'adow even over Evandu'. juKied tour, when he points out to Aeneas Ni«liI
.,,'e. -u,..J..., ~fW,
,. _i_
Ii, ~ poweduJly evoI::ed by GibbCin (D«/iI.,,"'f.JJ..r 1M ~".,. 71), whue he dL:lCribei the vid/, ofRornc: ICerI (rom the Capitoline by two fineu.th. ";Mi
f;enn:ry papal cJ..niert: Hu primeval ~te, luch allhe mighl app"&T in a remote ace, when Evander entdl..;ned the 11n"lu of Troy, has bf,en delineated by , the fancy of ~il'Jil. Th.U: Tupcian rock _ then a lIIV.,., and lIOIitary ~: in the lime of the poet ;t _ Cf'OWIled with the colden roo& ~ a temple; the temple;' overthrown, the cold has bf,en pin'~'l~;hcd of fonune has accomplisMd her rcvoIu· tioa., and the ground iI &cain diofipraf with thorm and brambiQ. n,d'h ill of the Capitol, on which we oil, _ ro.",uly the head of the R&man empire, the citadel of the earth, the tUiih of ki..,.; iIIUfIn~ by the IOoulepo! of .to many triumphi, enriebt:d with the "J'IIil:!~ and tributea of.to many na~. Th.U: lpeCtilde of the worid, ~ is it (allen I bow chant:cd I bow def-ced I the path of victory .. obliterated by vines, and the benches of the ocnaton are con.: led by l du.,.hill. Cut your eyes on the Palati:>e hill, and
,
3. BOOK VIII
I«k among the Ihapelesa and
"
en~
fragmentl the marble theatre, Ihe obclilb, the coIoaal uatuCl, the porticoel of Nero'. palace : IUfVey the other bilb of the city, tbe vacant .pace it intttTUpied only by rui ... and glUllem. The forum of the Roman people, where they uecmbled to enact their IaWl and elecl that magitttatCl, iI now enclosed fof the cultivation or pot.berm, oc thrown open for the r<:a:ptlon or . wine and buff.loeI. The public and private edifices, that were founded foc ctemity, lie pn»ttate, nak«! , and broken, like the limm of a migbty gianl; and the ruin iI the mort: Yilible, from the IIUpendOUI relies tbat bave .UMved the injuries or time and fortune. During the walk il il the Capitoline not the Pa1atine which dominales the view II it abo dominates Evander'. diJc:ounc:. Indeed, it iI • brilliand y effective "mke to IUPP'"_ the name of the Palatine, the ..... k'i goal , a1logetber : the name ii, II it _te, OOI1Ipieuous by its YU'f amen«, appeari", only in the heavily emphatic: word.play of Pa1lanteum. It WII, in fact, the Capitoline whieb dominaled the city'. religiOUI life during the republie and _ 10 dominate it &lain when the Palatine fell inlO ruiru . Today, the Pa1aline is an archaeological preoerve while the Capitoline, the modem Campidoslio, is donUnated by the chureh of S. Maria A.ra Caeli and the Victor Emanuel monumenl. ThQ( ItNcturei . tande of the Forum Romanum. The lIep of the Via dell 'Area di SeltimiO Severn lead up to the Tabularium at the comer neart:lt the 10 the oouth._ comer of the Forum R.omanwn, the Via del Tempio di Gl<wt: and Via d.i Moate Tarpeio Jead up to the Capitoline jHopcr, the Tarpeian rod. From the. Belvedere Tarpeo, jUit behind which .too
.It.
, "
INTRODUCTION
Nova Vi .. Ff1XQ.
nonh-eul corner afthe Forum Romanum they couJd have 1«11 the nearby ArgiIetum and Carinae u they bq:an their final _ to the PaI. tine, The modem traveller may ."CI"I'Id by the CIiVUI P.... tinus (n.,... the Arch of Tina) and thence to me Orti Farnesiani ich overlook the Can Liviae. Thus the "'OS' oC the waUt ... \OpU8 •• phical oequence parallel with the hQloriJi oequence of evenll b.ler pl't:lmled to Ameu on the .thidd. From RoJiac'. PUIOra! beginnings (Lupc,cal. uylum) we move through her 'heloic ' the republican pedod (domin.ted by the Capitoline, abo dominates tbegrealsequence6,S2-&), toend, .. we began. 00 the t" al. tine, the Jea:1 ofEvander. Romulus and Augultut. The lUI 1CeJ1C: ol Amft4 VIII , where Aeneas receiv" the thidd, cakes place a' ~. The chaJll(' of toc.tion. is • characteristically Virzilian . tI'Oke. !~e. now ee ..... et..n (_ old C I Pt"), .bout thirty mile. north o€~, with ita pan Agylla, "'AI one of the moot powe.r..l citi" coastal Etruria, reaching ill zenith in the aevcnth and lixth cenlul')ei The city had commercial linb with Greece and ......· me • rJno... centre of metalwork, and thus an appropriate
whiJ
'1'
.>
' .c.
place for Aeneu!to receive the thicld. Bul there;' • more important Iymbolism : ro.. Aeneas, Caer.: was. friendly city ofGredr. origin; for the it wu • city which had once been Rome'. enemy and w .. now ~ .ubjecl' In AmnII 10. 1.53- 4> Tarchon king orc.ere beoomeoAeneu' itlly, i-wi' o;u/HdusI/W/rril, in the alliuce of Trojan and Etmvan, J later in the a1liancc of Trojan and Latin, Virgil p«I1gureo the uriified I laIy of the Auguttan settlement. Catte ;. cde~ated today for il:t rnacnificcnt EtnIloCan lombl, described by D. LaWTmce in £lr/UUII P/Mu. It ia uill isolated and thickly wooded, ~ivided by the valleys of thc Fwu. di Manganello, ere ed by lhe rOad leading out of Cuvc:ICri to lhc principal nccropoIiJ of the hiJt.Jical period, Banditaccia, and the FOlIa eli Mala on lhe other !.ide oIlhe town. Beyond Banditaccia lies a third lIream, the FOlIa d.i The lOllI/is ,,.,.. where Aeneu received the tbidd miaht have beenl in any of thc three locatiON.
Auguatanl
v..
Marronl. ,
,
(iv) MYTH AI ALLa o oav II hal been emW··i-.l. (pp. 8- 10) that lhc 'rut' subject oflhe A...nIialhe origi~ ofRomeand of AugutIUl. In this resp«!. book vnl
I
,
"
3. BOOK VIII
is clearly the most Roman and the mOIl Auguatan book of the poem: not only does iu Ktion ....e plaa on the ,ile of Rome, bul iu climax depid! Augustus' triumphal entry into the city whieh Anlcu cntertd with Evander. It is, perhapt, at this culminatin, point that typoiOlY end. and &1le"oq takes over. Virgil interweaves into the ttNCture of book VIII, with iujuxtapolition ol'limple put' and ' grand pr .. "nt', the moral ambi valences inhermt in tlO'O Gr«k mythf - the '(Olden age ' and the discovery of fire - to produce a cultural .ynthaia ol man's evolution from barbarism to civiliRtion. The 'Saturnia regna' arc described by Evander al 3 ' 5~7. Saturn wu identified with the Gr«k KrOfIOI in Haiodic myth, rather of Jupiter (Zeus) ancIJuno (Hera), the tlO'O principal deities who determine the action of Ihe "..wi/. in which Saturn plays no part, for he represents the legendary ua before llruules for power bqan. He was ailed from Olympus by his usurpin" IOn, and his downfall repreKnted the end of the fint of the races of men, the 'golden race'. But in the account given by Virgil and D.H. 1.,6, Satum fled to Italy where he established the fint pClceful reign ; thlt enabled the GrHir. Kronos 10 be identified with. primitive Italian a.ricultural deity and culture-hero, ancestor of Latinus, in whooc lemple his image Itands, alonl! with thai of other primitive ",raJ delti ... (7.'78-80) : ltalwque paterque Sabinus uitisalOr curuam KruatU sub imaline f.alcem, Saturnwque lena laniquc bifrontis imago. Evander'. account of Satum's reign ( 3~5), ~ ) I ,kf Ut ;.u ..pHI, echoes the description of Latinus' reign at 7.46 ....., ~ Ut JMu "pHI. The Latim pride themselves on retainin, the peace of Saturn'. reign voluntarily, not under legal cornpubiOl'l (7.2~ff.): neue ignorate Latinoo Saturn; gmtem haud uindo nee Jegibus aequam sfxHrI4 II•• uelerisquc dei K more tenentcm. Virgil'. account of the primitive inhabi tanll of Italy before Saturn'. corning is h·, cd on Lucreti .... They Ii~ wild in mountain caves (d'. 8.321 and Lucrcti.. 5.955 ui IW' ,....'fW QNIU rilM';_ nil"""'), knowing neither tM arb ol peace nor those ol agricuJu.m:o, .he tlO'O .. peeu ol the Salurnian Klliemeni (Camm. , ,6-17 ). They
-os
•
~
INTIlODUCTION
had DOl: 5'3:111--11, on
10 h&rvat Eden,
life
Of ~
food : d. Milton, PPU!u lMI
amall ltore will _ , when Ilore, AI' _ _ ripe Cor UK, hup 011 the nalk. Lucreth.. also ....ph··i, .. thai primilive man Ii"«l for the day, !.akin.: what natun: oR'..li.ed:
quod
J. atque imb.... dec!eranl. quod terra ~t
.; '" t ...
iii >d placab.t pectora donum.
(~93.,....a)
Vi";l idcalixa dUo •• pett of primitive life in hU nOllaJ&jC visioo of a 100t pNlOIlII .un~icity in GM-~s 1I.+92fF•• a famoua pap- v. in p..aiR of hali.n rural tire :
. V1. '"
UOI rami fi'aetUl, qUOl ipsa uokntl.a nata
In "eoi xlic
ul
.
I ere - , c:arptl.
m~
(b a Latin venion Jet: Ovid, Mil . 1.8gff.) and in the auo.ti.u. ~L"parian ISIVth, the pIdcn race __ a metapbw d .. ,ibi... tbe ~ .. bqiAninc of ....... ; be w .. ernted perfect, and hit PlUt.equeRt de-'4oPm ml.aboWl a falli", a_v from this ideal. Such .. view ofbinory IIOI, ~. MI Vi"';I'. lelcoJoticaI PU'I'" ., he thaefo..e ..tcp. alto the Ll>Cretian attOUftt of primitive man', evolution £rom barbarian tow. . . civilioation, IIIinfI Saturn to tyMboIill the fi ' . in this evolution. In l..ucRti ..... primitive man took what atunl1oR'ered, in the 'IOkim' or prdapu.rian -V, 001 had no idea of ~ pod Ol' of COI'PtraetI Ol' the laWl of propulV:
1aoe.
lmmUilC bonum potera.nt ipCCtan: neql>C uIliI ~ .... mtel' Ie ICibant Dec Je,ihul uti. (5.9~)
DeC
..
Jt........
To the ·th their profOund belief in !be value of I.w, thiI conk! OPIy mn" a .talC ofbubarism (CAo;ua in A-.:.i VIII ;. a Ibid' • .. well .. a .,....,.... of +",,;.). On the qdk tbeory of hillory, !be ci¥iliRnc wOIk fifat done in Latium by Satum mUll he periodieallV done 'Sd", wi~: eKh Iftsb threat to law and otder, each _ laple into barbariIm.. ~ won of eivilUtiorI iI cknc ..... in A.ww VIII by Hereul.. w~ he un. by AVCUOtuo..- . , tq.a d my 7 (1t..C. 6) and byYuJean: the~ of the Weld, whlch A<:neiII will . . . , to do bit of eiviliMtiorI and on whleh iI depkted the
..
c.cu..
"
3. BOOK VIII
"
evolution of ~ Roman alate, ibelf aymboliKI maTI" control of fire as an evolutionary pt'OCl:II. Th.. cyclic view of hiotory, in which man continually lapllel and is n:deemed. occun also in tM: myth of the flood. n.c ft"*J ' n. of Italian primitivism has mud. in common with the fint pmtdlluvian race, who had 10 endure hardship: d. Ov;d. M~. t .39~R'. iMU f«"U ... 1 , , _ up.rimJ,.~. In lAIc:rctiut V, the human race as fint cnatecl _ an.... '" -.n.iI, I#lI ... pol .... _ t o The aboriIinal ltali_ arc pnoi'ed at /wi by NUmaTlUi in his anti_Trojan apeech. 9.~8 630 (Comm. , . 6). ll>t« is an unraol~ tcnoion here (Comm. 55): in hio conflict with the ltali_ Aeneas and hio men mUlt them..,..... bKomc em, yel wit,-,Ilmin,the ' Trojan' qualitiel! whieh the LatiN lack. n.c burden of Ameu' fint .peech of exhortation 10 hit mm in boo!:: I ia _." ('911· 307) and thit bee ....... ~ monol burden of the entire poem. One may also !Ott the Venus- Vulcan q>isodc as tvOIutionary allcgo.-~·. Vulcan _ an am~ deity, at was 1M: element, fire, whkh be pcnonified. M C. S . Kirk not.. (M)f4 (1 970) 196) the ..arious Creek fire-mythl ' not only reflect its importance but aIoo flXm to pufoom tomClhi", of 'heir Levi-StnI''''';'n runction, in thiI (:ASC, of med.iatinl a contradiction '. Fire may be dan(erout and d"lrUCti~. at is the fire ofCacut, and abo. wlwn properly controlled., bmdiciailO maTI , oincc it is r,e« ery in order 10 cook food and warm the heanh .......... VIII;" muc:h cooeemed. with the ........... , " _ " . iii,... VirFl', Cacus rejHcamls primiti..e man at hia meat beallal, man in the cra bel"oN: Vulcan, bd'nrc the domestication offirc; be eats hio ftcsh raw, Iw fipts with ,Ion.. - the fire he bclchc:o Ktnh ia I"orcol fire,
'* c.- _'iii i_,£' when:
dan,c:rou. fiTe, use .... and daln.lctiV<': ill _ . , ' ........ 8,'.59. In coni..... . he fire in the Cyclopa'
ea~
none-.
arc rOiled W'Lder Vulcan'. tutclacc, it controlled and eGIiItructi~. The tranaition rl""O!l' primitivism, the era ....,. Jl'oJur 2L ". 10 tbe. ofmetal, tbe cirilitcd era'" JI'.t.._.' Ulymbo!. itcd in It".;.' '1/111 by the nichl ('l'etI1 by Aa><77 with Evander f'nIlowinl ~ ucital of Hcreula' rielOo"y OVCT Cacut) duri.,. which the
atmI
• The ,U'a«ic.:I pcuoibilltia cll.o>c:retian-Viftilian ~ ..oionuy tt.ew, wen! nc:pIoital in the retWooancc by PIero di c..u_ in • -'co cI pointinp okpioHint VttIca.... a IcaChcr cI ",...kind: _ E. P......y. 5, .. ill i '''IT (1 939. repr. 'soh) 4:t-.w'I
•
I
40
I
INTRODUCTION
Venus <X>mmissi_ from V .... un the shield 00 which Uc depicted the evolution ol th~ Roman l tate from pasion.! primitivism (the Judling the lw1n. in a cave) 10 Augustan IIOphistication: the lUI Kmel on the are of nati_ .ubdued and "eat n\fUI con!J"OlJed. In Virci!" Venus-Vulcan tpisode, 8.37<'>-+"'>. Yen,," bcnthet the fire of JOY<: in l~ Vulcan, who rises from her bed 10,0 forth 10 hi. work of ilQ1rucr and civiliution, ..tljkJ • Jfruu . " . " j.lwiJ... -Ii', jut! as, IOOIl after, Aeneas risc:s from his bed to CO forth 10 receive the lhi~ and perform hi:J own work 01 civilisation not V.ko ... The fi 1 -god becomQ the artificer. In bricf&e-tirnile a' 8'407-IS (see cpn.m.) Vulcan '. fire, which hear. lhe~. becomes the vestal fire ~ the Roman h~hold, tended through the night 10 thai the work of education .hould continue. The fire at driliu.tio.., once lit, must n& he .LIowa! to go out. So too, next mornina:, Aene.. rekindles the II.lbp;ng ' Herculean' fire, not on the Ar. Maxima, but in Evandtr'. ~ hearth : by killi", Cae... Hereulel brought fin: \lflder control, • Promethean aciUcvemenl, .nd provided an allegorical " parallel 10 the jtaminr' ol V .... ean by Venus on behalf 01 Roman civilisation : ho "1#" ;..yUH,,~ Ie'. R. .....,. ",ppm"" I 11M Ii""""
wolr
Ithidd
me
.,"'s,
I
In .his ~pitodr, as also in the aero.. nt of Saturn', rei",. Vu.;1 is indeb.ed 10 Llfretius, Two p.n.~ from the D.R.N, mIDI be quoted • •h~ being a part cl th~ ralt\OUll opr:ninr invocation to
first " V~nUl ("3'-401:
narn lu lOla poles tranquiUa pac:~ iuuare morJaiis, quoniam belli f~ra moenia Mauon armlpotcns rqit , in grcmium qui ..epl: tuum K reidt" aet~mo deuiclUI uulnen amoris, a.q ,k ita luspicicns lerrti unoic~ rcpo"a .,...,. amo«' a ... idoo inhi ..... in I~, dea, uis..... eque 1\10 pend.el t"c:supini Spiri lUi on::. bun~ 'ua, ciiua, IUD recubanlem corpore sanCICI . I[ _~.... lUper, luauu ' I~ I as ClrCUnu ex on:: ""tUC " peteru placidam Romanil, inclu .... pacem.'
':1
, 1.,.. ano
lee
Comm. 6". On Virail'.
3. BOOK VIII
41
II may -.:em naive 10 .uggal (Comm. fOII--l,) thai Virgil'. modification ofhis pered.. or', famous image, his ,ubot;tution of the husband Vulcan fw the lover Man, reH""u Augusca.n moral legislation by presenting Venus, AMn±- ,.,.mix, in the tole 0( Wlillinl. Vi";l" Auausca.n read<:n would perha»> haW! been more likely 10 .mile al the . kill with which the Lucretian p,r,ge .... been combined with Horner'. episode of the beguiling of ZwI by his own wife in lliad XIV. They would also, I .uspect, have been unable tg avoid menially nsubolituti", Man lOr Vulcan , 10 Camiliar W&l the Lucrelian image, bringing losether, in this mOil Roman book oCIM Amtii, the mother of Aeneas and the father ofRomuhu. Vulcan, (bough not the falber of Aeneas, becomco, like Evander, a 'paternal' figure calling up for A.l:r>ca·, in the prophetic lCCJIes on the lhield, the Roman genealogical tradition already conjured up for him, al the eOO of book VI, by AnchiJa. The KaIOd relevant p"",., from Lucretius comCI from his account of man', primilive bcginninp (D.R.N. V), Virgil'lleneral indebted. nell to which .... already been obIerved : tum genus humanum primum mollescere CD"pit, ignu enim curauit ut alsi. corpora frigus non ita iam po ent cadi .ub tegmine ferre tt Venus imminuil uin. puerique p&renturn blanditiis facile ingenium freg"re luperbum. (5. 1014- ,8) These lin ... describe the ooften;ng (civil;';ng) prDCdI broughl aboul by fire. The Lucretian Venus is genera live &I well as KlIual , and Virgil'. Venus, 100, is nOi merely a JeXual ligure in book VIII but the mother oClhe Aeneid.., wh..., fUlure Vulcan is 10 reveal.' The momenl when man eame in from the o:okI 10 Ihe warmth of the domeslic hcanh it ..:en by Lucretius as an imporca.nt evolulion.ry Itep. In the more ambivalent mcN'a r ItNCture of the Anwii the <:OfIttpl implied by wordt like -tku", and M-t.'t i_ i. modified by • .......,tim... un.,..y re'v crlion of the value of. 'lOll primili vilm ' , a nOlP-lgia for the old Roman vinues ·!!IO('i.ted by Virgil with Italy. an Italy older ""en than Ihe coming of Homeric Aene ... , Galinoky a rcua (20'-4' ) lII •• lIIe Lucretian VenUl inopiR
u.r r.mou.
•
I INTRODUCTION
•
I MM4, 00", •
-t. THE POETRY (i)
TKIl aPt ... ITYU
heroic epic moddJed on Homer, is written in a snnd or hi,h 'tile, It is also. national epic .bout the Roman put, wrium by. poe~wbo"'" renowned ror beirll. in Q!.Untilian'l ........w.rm.... lOI'tunatis', and wt.c.c prind~ nativ" model was EnniUl, who 10 him much at c:::h..\lCer llood 10 Spemcr. But • thouch ~Y learned in, and rape<:tful of, Homeric and Roman epic tradition, VirpJ did not ~e his Ieamina in the oeIfCOIIICious and ~tkalcd • Alexandrian' manner of the • doclUl'. Hcdrew continull!ly upon lhc put, but always in order 10 revive il in, and -relate il the po L2 onl. He wanted his pOeiU 10 be wM1ely acce.iblc 10 ~J rdlow-coo.muymcn. The .v...u is IhUl in ~ _peel me antilll"'" of. poem l uch at n. W...." He Kf:1N deliben.ldy to .voided (as Spenser in hit ~crma: liM" C2\aucer did noe) ... y bu. the motl scrupulow./y diKriminatinl ute of aTCha. islRl; • point ~ by Quintilian (8.3.24) and 8m JOfIIOO: 'bow rardy doth be and JAd-i' (ow-riu aia) .' SjXldet t..d virtually to inv~1 a vcnw;ular hia:h Ilyle lOr hit epic from scnotch; Vircil devcloped~ .-efint:d an ailti.., poetic tradition. He also reacted apiMt the KIf-cONciowJy affected· poetic ' dictioo of Calull ... ' ~ wtUeh COIl~. • very bi.J:~ ~ of compound woodland ' gk M'. by which II meant poetIC, nrc, i'orcign and technical in Catull.. C. 6f. which is about half the leap " oi a booII oithe .......... we find, lOr intw..;e. c.u-., Uyl!i ........ ..... . d ' ~ ,. . .... _ _• ". '!t"rJ, W,mah '".,. ) .. 0, h , '.., ., . " ", ., •• No poetry ::an exial without sk n, IUId R...".ftpcxalinparuc...larft ,W them beo;a:ueoiwbal i.ueretiUl c:aJ1ed ( I.SsII) 1&;; so. ,."iu,.".,. The 'pra:icr.ily .. ftd bnrvun oi the new (FonIyr:e 27,S) revoIutioniKd the pondervuo Enni.n bewnetCr: Virsil e.dnowledced Calul.l..' ."bievemetll t.r>d
The
woro.,
.uJei
uJ
u.w.
tJvc
ikrt.,...;
. J et.:
".fl!.
Ior","'''' ....... _
,
uJ tecMicIuc:'
~Iin
in
Only .. the "-ii, ,6g lima l.uc:retiw. V. repudiated "t.asetMr !he •iDdUpen_' r........ dooopitc ill .... II ir;aI COftvaoieDce.. He I1O
r,,_
F
and1inrr_A.~.
,
_,.,,t ··•.,..........
rt-"iJo·(.9!9) .
,. •
.
4. THE POETRY
took whit IH: needed from it, but he saw, too, that itt maanen.m, brilliant in.jn< ~'U/Iril, would become cloying in. twelye-book epic,' It io difficult for. modem reader to luIye rufticient knowIedce 0(, .00 tefIIilivity to, lhc: nuances ci • dw langlLllt.:, to apprea.te exactly how Vitgil ' purified me dialect 0/' me tribe', More tban any other lingle poet, IH: may be..w. to lulve created me poct.ic ~ o/'Rome .. Cicero had enated ill"....., 1&ll(U&l~, but he did lhiI by lublle modification ci me common tongue .00 ci the poeli~ diction of hi. p~ EMi ..., Lucreti ... .00 Catullta. He UKd archaitmI and g," eo, but nearly always 10 create lOme particular dl'"cct 01' in deliberate .00 appropriate reminilcence of one of hi. pralu ... He abo aUoW'td into heroic yent: many ' unpoetic ' or coIourleu word'l - pr<X>OWlI, advvbt, enciitia, c:onjunctiona -.00 promoted into the epie Ityle some '10 ... • wordt \lied by Plaut... and Terenc~. Accordilll to a famout, if IIOmewlult di.puted criticilm, l'«OI'ded in the ancient Lift (44),' he_ felt to have overdone his dittute fOl' poetiCitllll and to lulve made his prderence for • o;:ooun()ft ... oro.' ittelf oomem i", of an .ffectation.' The formation of Ityle it • gradual pnxCII, both in the life of. liter&ry ITIIdition and in me life of an individual wwUng within,.oo modifyi"" that tradition. The "yle o£ VifJil '. e&l'ly puto ....., with their l imple diction .00 mcUifl\lOUl prosody, it in many .... ys unlike that of the A,*", .. one would expect from the genre-consciouo and imitative Roman literary tradition , for puton.! W&I a humble 01' low genre: lOr which. modest and umlrenuOUI I lyle ..... p.opu. But Virgil'. epic .tyle itJelr evoIyed. N he ...-nMe the AtMJ, his diction .00 pt'OIOdy became increu.illlly bolder and mort: flaible, tsp«iaJly • Po< compara,;vc ... tiotia and liou «com...,.. ..... and 1 ' - in V . and hio ptalec ... ..., Cordier. "I. oU. E.ct. in VIII are ","PEr:" (') ' • "',,. (&), loo:_ (Sg), , ..c· "'" ('9) . -..dilo ()34), (6\1) , kil ....., (68) . Sa_ «!hac a"' ..... Cou.nd I LV. : ..., Comm • • • _ a t cvxndu." repatonm, non lumid"" nee exilit, oed "" ......... uni· but uerbio, a!que ideo lalenlia ': ' the in~.o< of a _ kind of aruficiality, Mi...... ""Ira......... nO< affectedly ..... pIe, bul b ..ud .... common .... do and for lhal r ' ..... not a. once perceived ' (Campo). I Set the very .....r..1 article by 1.. P. W~. ' Tbe Jancua&e uVifaii ...... H~ ', C.Q. . ..... 9 ( .9)9) ,8.-g.!. It would, ho"eoe., b( my • i;.... 10 preoa far..,y comparioon n ..... t V. Khined in hio epic: lIy1e aM the eapttimaI.. of Wordo_h with • the Jancua&e u ordi ....,. ....... ' .
_II.""
be'""••
INTRODUCTION in the later where we find, in the word. of F. W.IL Myen (Eu..1' rhuW.l 1 1~ 8-g), 'a later manner in proc of formation' ...... poaibiJiuQ ,~ted f.... Latin poetry which no 1Utt ' X had the l'O"'er to deve~. , This later manner (which hal analogieo with the 'later manner' of other great artitu, as may be Ken by comparing the p.ooody and di*tion of R-. ...J )oJi6t with thoee of Q; .,,,:,,,) perhapo fint ~ea rully in .....,.. XI, with iu llrikincly dramatic repeuLions of in the mapifieent fint hundred linea, iu IUbtic metrical effeeto (t.g, the irony 0(7,0-4-"), itl ute ofunemphauc worda at the end oflirb (d', Comm. 532), the number and variety of ill elWona, Qpecial l). in the wt 120 linea, iu exploitation of thai okIeat 0( Latin vene .u:.n.:ea, alliteration:
+
non
hae! Euandro de te prornW.a patmu
diaced~ dederarn, cum .... complexUl euntem mitleret r n magnum imperium metueruque monerd
effect oftbe' men.ac.ing m' (_ 'diu . .t. .. ;au ....i _ _-"- -u) iI Iransf'ormed into a much mort: lubtly interwoven alliterati Je pattern. where Enni ...'
~
(ii)
THa HaXA .. aTaa'
This metre, tal":11 over by the Romant from Greek literature (as in the mteenth c~tury blank venc was taken over inlO English poetry from Italian), bec_mc the ltandard insln,lInmt for several lUnda .... genre rifpoetic compotition. Fint, il was used by EnniUl f.... " heroic: epic, as it}wl been by Homer. Sc:wnd, it was used for diclacuc epic, as it had ~ by HCliod: here the pioneo:n in Laun were Cicero (who.e &aru.tauon 0( AralUl' Php.1 ' .. IUrvives only i. " frqtnenll) and I:.ucreti .. ; Virwil'l coatrilNtion to this gmn _ the C-lia. Third, used by Virwil to introdua into Latin poetry the bucolic .... ~toral poem, in imitalionofTheocriNl. Fourth, i l _ used (aa we hav~; ICm) by CatullUl in his poem C. 6+. the marriage of PelCUI and Thetis, in imitauon of the nlUTauve .... deteripuve POClW
i. _
of lhe Latin h.....""'If:r .... AIIea ~. On the Vitailian ha&nv:~ .... WilkinIon, GM '31-2, lH- :lOO. J in . . In VIII 01 ope<:iaI "",uk" iIolerost ore diKu.cd In the ~...,.. Dudworlh'. 1n.a1)'MI oCV,'I~" patlemo ore ........ 10 In App. B.
• On !he
•
-t. THE POETRY
"
of the A1eundrian poe~. (1bae nar.... tiyc and do:lCriptive pieca mia:hl abo indl.Kle ecphrucs ill$l:Tled inlo longer pod .... e.s . the Itory 0{ Arisl&eus in Virgil·.lOunh Georgic; lhe description ora work oraft wu a characterialie AJeundrian ttphruis with Homeric oripns; the concludins oection or A"";. VIII f.1b imo thia e&l"Iory.) Filth, the hexameter wu used by the Romam for yene_tire : in thia 'low' senre, whole .tyle wu clo6e 10 pn:.e and wbote tubject mailer w&a drawn from evcry-day life. license. in p!'OKIdy and diction were admitted by AUSU5Uin uaase (e.s. by HOC"ace) which wen: fell to be inappropriate to rrander kiBdt or YeQC. Virgil'. chitf onntribution to the development or the Latin heumeier lay in hisSradual abandoning or the .ingle line u the unit or composition in favour of a pa.... raphic .... periodic . tyle in which the sense flo .... tbrouSh a number oflona. In his early putorab, the unit of sense is tlill the line, u it wu for Catullus. Each line is normally timpie in ill texture and diction, oelf-contained in i~ t yntax and Iymnletricai in i~ Itructure; Hie t&men hane mecum poleras rcquieoccre noclem fronde luper uiridi : lunt nobis mitia porna. CUUlne&c: molla ct prcai copia lactia; et i&m lumma procul uillarum eulmina fumant maionoque cadunt allis de montibw umbf'ac. In theoe concluding lina from Ihe finl Eclogue, the molt notable lealUres &te the tmoothness and r"",larily orlhe movemenl- there ia no diaion; thCl'C ia only one cx.ample or enjambment, al the end olthe fint line, and thia a w.:ak one, lOr the line remai ... a compiet e _ unit, the phrase 'fronde .uper uiridi' being, so to "y, 'doeuchable'. The lut lwo Ii...,. are of the ..,.,., metrical type (Oft App. B) and offer an appropriately 'paston.!' cadence. The PP='ge abo induda Yarious tymmctrical anansemcntl ornouns and adjectiya. The final line cxcmpiifits the device known .. 'encloains word-order" in which the line begi... with an adjective and cndJ with the COffapondina noun (.ej-ru ... =,6_) : lina or thia type occur once in fift.ccn lina in C&t\l.llus. Indeed Iymmetrically eonmucted linCl, in which nouno and adjectiYCI &te aOTanged in parallel or chiutica1ly, occur about every tcven linea in C&lullua. The COtnmonCiI .ypc of rymmctrica1 line ia that exemplified in Am. 8.2 (Comm.) , ' cxlulit ct r...... IIrcpu_
•
.
INTRODUCTION
crunt cornua """,'. in which lhe ao::Ijttlivc a' the lhinl·foot cacauta balanceI the ooJ, al the end of lbe line. Virgil hat lina 0{ thiI type • • bout OOCe in ~t line. in the fint Ec:~. In the IfnwiJ, he (featly red\lUd. IW d~ on. lines cl thse rymmelriQI typos; indeed, many 01 W ex',!.!,p!ca oflucllli...,. in the poem reJH"GCft1 traditioPal epic fonnul.tioJ, often goinc . . . 10 Ennilll (Comm. ~) . 'The 10called 'colden liT' (Comm. 319);'. particular kiDd oCS)'lIUMcricaJ 111'\I<::1\U"t uteouch not, u \t.ey were IOc VirJil'. Il,IC<:eIIOI" Ovid, pa.ramount. AIont: with Ma""H,+'fI', lbe .t-i4 is the IUPIUUC embodi. ment of AuaUltaD literary ideab.. But;1 is. poem oCnation&lotruak. of heroic grandel!a. AI well ... Alexandrian' patbol, • poem in which 100 much meUifl~CIt would have hem as inapploptiale as would 100 much EnniJ. ruuedncll and primitivism. The unoothncll and decorum ofVi~'1 verse b..... me. by,word in the rmaialance : ~I the modem Itu&nl 01 the AmftJ iI.wan of one important .opect in which ill ~Y wu rcvolutionary. Th.i:o iI the \&Ie of diaion, apecially 01'100. vowell and Iyllabl." in .... E1i1ion1 occur about once il1 lOur linctl in the AIMii ... aa:ainot onee in eiJbt in the more melli· AllOW &1.,.... " n Enai..• hexameten di'ion, likc aUiteratic.l, _ often dumty to the point of barbaNm. 111 the A..w elision ie the means by whicH: Virgil achiev" tome of bit Mett and lUbtleat _ matopoeic: e/fec1- (a. c.,. C'.oPIm. ~1v-th). Apin, it ie perha,. i.n A..w XI that iIFl'l .....tery of the e/fectt of eli'ion I;aD baot be Itudied.
Ov1"
(iii) ,
1l1001, ' ........ OIl ... 'H • ... HO "1l .. IITICH.
In c:ompoa", A..w Virail dcvc~d .. 'periodic' luucture iD which the II mle • otilf....::d tlu1>uch two 01' lhme linao il1 a 1Cri"" of linked ....t,....,." or 'cola' (Comm. 1-6). This doeI IlOl mt-n, bow. ever, that he a c:omplelll)'QllUt with many lUbonliaate d'wn : on the c:or\U'I.ly hiI,ynllUt;, IarJcIr paratactic:, C(II j,tint' of parallel
I
I
4. THE POETRY
47
_ ' _ . oCten ~ in three., \If\IAIly lirLked by the eopWabYe, t but - ' i r n arTUIpd in atyMetoo. "These panlId oeDteneei 'Hue fianbtt linked by the frequenl UK of another r~ tcehnique wbeieby & ...cement iI teinforced or atDplified 0Q(:e or twice. ThiI ~, which Henry labelled 'theme and variation',' iI common in a rw'aled dietion, whether po1lze or ~UK, th2'OUlhoue ... tiquity and in the ~ But Vi..p'. _ ofll illO ~ that it mUll be beId to c:on&Ibtute a diltinpiahint' feature 01 hit epic ttyle. When & un;t 01 d;_~..., or period it completed, the zM'e break _bme! oa:un rzoI at the end of the line bue either at the end 01 the fint izot of the line or &1 the 'z '·K!,foot caaun (Comm. 1-6, h). ThiI it al70 & haIl,marll: oiVi..,u'. epic .tyle and (WIe wlzich w.. ddiben.tdy imitated by Millon in P.. zJ; .. UJI.' Sc~ual of tb.poerioc;b are then fuftbtt combined inlO a I....,.. unit or ~ph.' A rdatioNhip it al1~ted in the ancient Life 01 VizFl bet.. z hill method 01 azmpoAnt' the A....,w and the pi ea once in it (and in no other MC:icrzt poem) 01 a number 01 inoomp1ete line. (hcmilticho) (Comm, 41 ) "PO zentint' the lanponry bqinninr or endinJ oia pzp .... ld't wueoiz cd ae hiI death : Aeneida
pnIA
pri... ontione formatam dipwnque in libril
partic:ul.atim compoonen: : ..tltuit. piO\Itliberct quidque, et nihil in
online arripiUII. ac ne quid impetum rnoraretur, quaedam. im, pubta U'aNmiti1, alia It:W.imia in uerw ueluti fulzil, quae palocum pro tibicinibUI ("prop.") interpoci aiebal, ad .... tinendum oput donee ooIidu cohulUz&C adumirent, z If and .... .,., I27IId ra«e o/\m by V. tlwz by anyotbw d 'ni ' -I writer
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. . 1£
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INTRODUCTION
J. Sparrow (H.v.u-s ... ,~ ill VirP'I ,4,aoM', 1931) aplail1l the prop .. r....J.wc lme. wbich n!CUf . . otop-e... 1M' m·!re-ebj/b
throvcboul the ~. It should be noted that the jJirii/f.'" (haninicht) lhcauelws F of two kinda. lboot' which-blIow an by enjambment from the previOUt tim:. rwnd.ina: off a pqiod (e.g. 8·4', !ls6). aDd thole bqiA a pencRpb. The lauer aft o/\m .tock pm- whlcb Jni8ht bav.: been variOUlly apandtd and which .. ~ ,land .-d life obviow "top g .... the jolting down DC. lOnnula which -.Jd .,. we to IUpport the Ilructun:. at at 8 .41i9. 10-490.
whichl
"".
I
The We &lao •..........dI thaI Vifsil himtelf COP'Ipkud. ezlempore, a' • recital, 6 •• 6+ ana.6!i; the &ella) ClWllplc, oelWO Wid ECutiV1: 1ineI, teC>N implauaibl~ but it does altelt the temporary n.alun of the '. the probability thai there wen. .....,., morc of bemilticht and No • them • The Life ~ .tala dial ancient edilOn tried ~
fully locomplffi: dK baniatlcl. (Comm. 4' )' To ofFer an experiment,
:::'~;t:,!:;:;-,~~,:,~ti!~==:-.:::
liM u _ bad it ~Ied only of the won!. •incipiam '.
'-nIl• amor
o:ogno.cere DOItroI do ~:: .f.roi.ac lupranum aud;n, "bocu... quamq , animUi memin_lIo:Jcn:t lucluqu.e rcfucil, incipi'm . £iacti bello r"i'que repulai dllClOftS ~ IOC iam IabmtibIIJ anna inttat _Ii. equum dium. hUMi· ute aedi6canI .l .
Jed Ii
It mill' alao be:
callII
• thai the fa.a that the hcmiaticha wen: DOt in!ended 10 be pc:rmanc:nl ia DOt nco ! rily im:omp&tiblc with • modern fOpo;m which may Md lOme of !hem dl"ectiv.:. Iu. it hawn" tlUt does DOt apply 10 ~y cilNw ill VIII, but it it (b m.~) bani to _how Ulythinc~1d have been add.d to thedramaticaJly Pllwaful h "itticb ..t HU.' • fa' 'II' 7 "".. wtUch mda the 'F t . h d AJl«1o to Tum
7-4,51
I I
I I
,. THE POETRY
(iv) I'saLU.c AHD aKaTO.lle
In writintl the MMW, Vi,.u drew on rhetorial techniquos which lOrmed the dominant cultural tradition of Ellroptan literature from the time of the Greeb until the renaUN.n<:e. The techniqllQ and fisura in which the A-wabounds wen: admired and imitated by PJlLCI from Lt.... n 10 Milton ud qUDled by literary aitia and rbctoriciano from Quintilian IOJOII'OO, Many or'hem Wl:l"E fint wed by HOCMr; it_left 10 lata- writen, G~ and RORWI . to elaborate lhem and 10 codify them . TbtD, .A.....MVIII.like the rat or the poeUl, can furnish ClUIlJNes IXM only of JUCh fi«Iuet .. similE, h~rbole. anaphon, epiploOiKnl£, :te., but u.o or the toPes and tet·piec:a cl cpideictic literature :' we can find a J~Jke", a hymn, a diK:mbar...• lion IpE!~h, a f'arewdl ,poEch, a -n., and vanOUl dL' ~"pUVe .~' or eephruos. Such _ the ... pIe fare ofliterary composition throupoul antiquity. It .. aaly when we unckntand VisJiI'l we or rhetorical t«hniquel that _ can appreciate hit oricinality .. a poet. HE never UICI them me.-ely lOr diaplay ; they neva- dflt:lleRtc ioto mann:riJrna. nu. control it not jUl' the result or the AUCUIWI obi 'on with moder.tion; it is the product of .....' NltunU .am of the baIanee bct",eCil fedina and ""pt 'on which distinruisho thc 1'"-' poet from the compeknt one. The rb .... oriE .-cXlom aceecb or inftato the anotion. A ,ood ClUIlple in book VIII of!hi. control. io 10 be found in £"""'(2", fa.rewdl'pmh, in which Vi,.u UICI rhetorical and figura to ex~ his profound empalby wilb a eharacta- and situation. This romanticism (lOr luch we lIlIIy c:aU it) iI in ~ a dC"ldopmmI of tendencios already pI ' mt in latct Greek poetry, but informed by altnlC ofYilion and a moral pUlpilK. an imaci .... ti_ (or '0 we CoIcridIC'• .....-d, .. noplutic') power whieh _ he)oild lbe teopt: of his ~. Tbc bi,b Ityie whicb Dante pnizrC' is ultimately nothi.., 1_ than the eulted "".... ' ion. or ccnain feelinp about humaa experience which have no couotcrp&rt
",ht
fU".
*"
a....-.
• Sec rurther the littk-kr.o_ll but...aul by T. C. &r";m" e ,. (Unlv. of o,k'IO Studiczr in a, ,iC,1 PhiloH>c.. '!1M ), and
INTRODUCTI O N
"
elhin.
peculiarly Roman, but abo In Greek literature. It iI ...... peeuliuly ltaliJj. Some aCme :.f,ntl made i.n tbe above ftO(Q can ~h.p' be IJIIrnmed up by anaIyainc ~ complete paravaph from booII VIII. The end ol the dlKription" Hcrculca' fiShl with Cacut (241-67) wiU KJVe'. h iI written in Vi~I'1 vandaoln.urati"" .Iyle, yet the diction io never inlboled or~ . The p' sse,e hat an added ;,,'_1 in WI, thOI.Ifh narrative, il it IPoam (to Aeneu and the meier) by Evander, and iI I.herd"ore conin.cted. like the peat narrative of Troy', ral' in booIIl1, AI. and dramatic recital intended 10 move the IUlmer: the true fune ' II of the billb . tylo:.
vivid
'.I-t Enjambaiml ; UIe variation.
of.,
(Comm. 0 ): bmdiad)'l; theme and
11+9-6 Simile, clled on Homer and ApoIloni .... but evokin& Roman cb± C\lJtI : knuAnI", it .. GfC'dr. word, but nalwalilc:d aince PI-:uI .... ~ltrI,iambmenl ; ro::po:ated metrical pallc..... .(App. B). 141-.50 Tncolod of three parallel clauaa, ~ .• , iIod_ ... y 1 0",,, (d . cbnm. 1-6); .:lwOOl MA, ' L1ai.,.. (the Iu, in l an uncommot:l pclition) ; {(pealed metrical pauem in 249"",50. ',51 - ,5 Effective oC c:oIourl_ or 'indifferent ' wonb iJu, ....... 1WfW ...., _ ,.,., oJJ.; pron.ic near..:lich~ ..;,u;u in conlrul, the l ra! of the period it elaborately onomatopOek :
of",.,
...:._... -
. ,_ ...-LZZ_ .. .
"
"Itt.
.1_,,_ __
&Ifill ·· . ~, ('interlaced ' pall,"", of _ , • and _ ) ; elision of",.."._ (d.
J1£2Rt Ii . •• l1li222. _ _
Oomm. II ); .... _ apin ; M>crelian r=\ini ... r.nc:e uJip_ ; the e-I~ .t-i/", not altaled bcfo«: V. ; lDOI"e I
"Ii' ...
io
tweed 10 .hilt.
t6.-!i TrieoIoa ~ .ymmclrical . truc:tute of a63 ; effective ICNc-buak
a. ,...........
r <:acI ,
• 6.5-7 Coda : un .........
i
Ii"" of _ meIricaJ panCl"ll ; efl"eeUY'C and pattcmofri7 (Oomm.) .
4. THE POETRY
"
The _ t ,trW", fe.lun: of this pen'l<' ..... uidcra:l at a wbole ill the _y in wbi~b a vivid piclUn: orthe~ fin: ud darknen oftbe c;a~ bu been compcwd by the repetition and" 'sfW of woodo with related _inp : U I.I'M, fIP,f: I,~, ips, ."., -.. AI;,;-, I _ , 1/I«tU, rei &J 77, _Tn, ........ n, .,_ , _ ~..., I L,', " . •
..••.
.,
.-
NOTE ON THE TEXT
".Pi
The lal reprinled hen it thai of the Odmt Chnk ·1 Texl ~. edited by Sir Roser Mynon, C Oxford Uni~1y Pn:n 19i9, and it .eproduced by perminion of the Oxford Univenity Pre., Oxford , I have depaned from the Oxford Tell ill the I'oUowinf i ... tanceo: ec:Ji Iix- ec:Jil al 223, nIliIi 1ix-1&IbIJi a' 430, a comm. fOr a KIIIi.c:oloft al ~7, and;,. _N for it 'HI"· al $118. The 1 ' ... lor tboe chaIIca arc aplained in Ihe Commentary. I have abo marked additional paracrapb. at ....,ed above (p. 47 n. 4).
SIGLA F .. Vati<:anUl!lat. 3u,5.
i" M _ Flormtintll, Laur. xxxi-. I, uec. V p ". V.tican.... ,PalatinUllal. .631, SHe. jVJV R ... VatiCUlUl1,Ja1. 386,. IMI:. II V _ £nptcnta iVeronenaia, IKe. v M'P'R" ...... aliquis antiquUl 1&«.
'7
CD/ius • .. •• ~
J'
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.
• 172 ~ PariaiDo Iat. 7929 "16,5
.. Bemema. .st
• -
Bemer,.;.~l t.5.5+ t~
, _ BemcnaiI 167
I'" Ozonicai. BotIi ;'oct. F. t . 8 •• . 11 . 407 • .. V..cn,,'em,.
, - ParisinUli~' ,... lat. 1928 , .. PariainUl
1 _ PariainUiIaI. 13043
• _ J>arisintll lat. 130+4 • _ VaticuaJ Iat. 1.570 Cool ::1 m17 borum lid gmnium lid quotq1lOt _ ' "t»faUm '-'-;n.nwr y ... Guelfer~.. O ..di,"111 lat. ~. 70 _ ... codiccll i . DODO 'u;:u't>orea
IF
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•
P. VERGILI MARON IS AENEIDOS LIBER OCTAVVS VT belli signum Laurenti Tumus.b ucc elltulit cl rauco Itrepuerunl COI'nua cantu,
utque acris concuail cquos utque impulil anna, c:xtanplo turbati animi, simul ornne tumultu coniurat tTepido Latium aaeuilque iuuenttu effera. duclores primi M~pw el Vferu oontemptorque deum Mezentius undiquc cogunt auxili a et Luos uastant cultoribus agros. miuhur el magni Ve.oulus Diomedis ad urbem qui petal auxilium, et Latio consil lere Tcucn:», aduecturn Aenean cluai. uictMQuc penatis inferTe et f.tis rcgdll .e dicere poKi ed....-eU, multalQuc uiro $e adiungere gentis Dardanio ct hue Latio increbre.iCcn: nomen : quid IU"Uat his coeptis, quem, Ii. fortuna aequalur. euenturn pupae cupal, manifatlus ipsi quam Turno ~ aut rqi apparere Latino. Talia per Latium. quae T aomcdontius he:n:wo cunCla uideru magna cunrum ftucu..t aestu, .tque animum nunc hue celercm nunc diuidit illuc
~
10
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in partUque rapi! uari.. JKique omnia uenat, Acut aqua e U'Cmulwn IabriJ ubi lumen atnis
tole repercuawn aut radiantis imafinc Iunae omnia peruolitat late Ioca, iamque sub aurq erigitw' summique fent Iaquearia teen. nOli: a&1 et terral .nimalia f _ per omni. alituum pecud.umquc genus topoT altua habebat, cum pater in ripa pdique IUb aetheria u:e I-IS MI'IJ. ".,.RV
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P. YZllGILI WAItONIS
AaIeu, triJti tnrbatus pectora bello, ~ ""--- ' ICr'aFKlUC ~ .J.""1 per mcmonr. L__ qwctem. ' _ Pptoc:uowt huic ckus ipIIC loci ftuwo TiberiDUI ''''«DO populeu intef F OI' It auoUcre frondCl ui.tw: (cum tc~ aJauco udabat amietu c;arbulU. et crinia umbrou Ulthat haruodo). . _...., . i L ,., .J. dictia tum Ae ......an 1 C\IlV 'Ill ... "I(' e : ' 0 ate IttlIie dewn, 1Toianam ex hoItibut urban qui rc:udtia actcmaque PeFpID& KniU, __ .JI . .. La "" • -if ~ elate ~ La\U"eDD aruuquc ann, hie obi ~ ;-n~.cati (nc ablb.te) ~ta. ncu bd.1i ta.ut rntmI; tumoc' OUUUI et lrae
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pate. ~ ........ ~ tQn1num, litoreis iqent lnuenta IUb ilidbw SUI trici.U& eapinJn fetID enixa iacellit, alba tOIo recub- n., albi circwD ubent uti. [hie kx:u. ~ cit. r«[We. ea eata labonam,) Cl( quo tel' denh urban .tdMlntibw annis Atcanius clari copominis Albam. bud inoerta cano. IIUDC qua ratione quod inttat eapcdiu ulctcJ" paucil (aduene) dacebo. Arcade. hia ori., JeIIU1 .. p.II'nle pt'oUctum, • D ... JL ... _ __ · • • • qUi rqan ~ co'",te:J, qUi acna ICCUb, &1 pe ........rd,et poMltrC in moutibul 'lilt Ii Pall'ntU pe_qi de nomine p.!I'nteum. hi bdlwn _dr"due ducunl ewn pte Latiaa ' . ...d L_ . ,... ' boo CPFbU ......De ~ et oc 'a Iun&eipee qo te ri~.. et recto ftwninc duc:am,
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AZNIUDOS LIIZIl. OCTAVVS
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I""""';' fer rite pm:a, inmque min"que
60
Npplicibus NpeR uotia. mibj uietor honor-em pe;..,)ua. ego awn pkno q~ 8umine cemiJ .tringentem ripall et pinguia culta ....... ntem. caeruleus Tbybru, cado I"lriesjmUl amnia. hie mihi masna domw, .... Ioj. caput wbibw ClUL' OWt, «kinde Jacu 8uuiUl.e coodidil .lto ima petenl ; nos Aene'" ..nnwque reliqwl. 'W"Iit et .etherii tpe<:tanI orienu• .00lumina rite caw. "nd.m de ftwnine pa1mi.s _tinet ac: talit efFundil ad aethera uocet : ' Nymphae. Laurenta: Nymphae. pUi amnibus uncle eal. tuque. 0 Thybri NO ptor cum 8wnine MOCto, accipite Acne.n et tandem arcete peridia. quo Ie e"mque 1acus milerantem inoommoda nottra foote leoml, quocumque MIlo puk.berrimUi esis, .ernper honore meo. IelDper cdebnbere dooit comirer Heapuidum 8uwUl lEiuator aquuum. adsi- 0 tantum et poopiua tua nwnina mllOa.· tic memorat, gerrUnltque Iqh de d. biremb remlsioque .ptat, timuJ inatruit anoia. Ecce .utero Nbilum .!que ocu1iJc minbile moftStrum, y,ndida per liluam cum few concolor aJbo proeubuil uiridique in Iitofe ~citur lUI; quam piUl Aeneat tibi enim, ribi, mni rn • luno, mlctat .acra Cue... et cum Ii V utit ad aram.. Thybril ea 8uuium, quam &onp eat. nocte tumentem l....;it. et tacita rd'Iuent ita Nt:..titit uncia, mida ut in mc:w:u...uapi pI.ei.beque ~ 11e.. ~et aeqww aqw., runo ut luct.........b pt.
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P. VERGILI MAIlONIS
"
ergo iter incq:iplm edenn! J"UIIl()I"e teCW1do: labitur uneta amel; mirantur" et unciae, miralUr nernul iruuetum fulgentia longe
9"
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scuta uirum fl~uio pictalque innan: carinu. olli remigio n&temque diemque r.tigant et lonp ~t flonu, uariisquc tcguntw' arbqribuI, uiriiiisquc IeC&nI placido aequOI'c siluu. toI mt&wn 4 1i conscenderat ipeua OI'bem cwn mUJ'Ol ~ue procul ac ran domorum
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nunc Roman.
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proru Ul'bique propinquant.
" Forte die 80lIemncm iIIo rex Arcu honorem Amphiuyoni.aj!ae magno diuitque ferthat ante urban i ItlCO. PIli" huic filiua una, una omnes iuuenwn primi pauperque Itn.atua lura dabul, 4Pdwque cruor fumabat ad ~. UI celt .. rata atque inler opacum
.~
uided:
adlabi nCMUI leiienlur uuu consurgunl
ineumbere remis, bito cunetiquc relicti. .udn: q~ rumpere Pall.. aaaa uclat ra~toque uolat Ido obuilQ ipte, et procul e nu:nulo : 'iuueDeII. q~e aUla Nbqil ignotat temptlre quo tendiu.?' inquit. ' qui renu. ? ul de demo? pacemnt hue fern. an anna?' tum pater "ok.. puppi lie fatur ab aha ~_,.;t.--_ II .~ ..: _" ___ ... _ue,-nu camum prae"" .....d uuuae: 'Troi'lLg~~~w ~:;::C:I inimica Latinit, quot illi bello cgete ",paw. Euaodnam pe1imua. Cute h.ec et diCit lectoe Danlaniae ueit;p: duca ,.,...;. anna l08antia.' t tacita.
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AENEIDOS LIBER OCTAVVS
S7
obttipu.il taIIlo perelMP" nomipe Pallas: 'egiedere 0 qu.iewnque ell' ail ' eoramque parentem adloquere ae no.tria sueeede penatibuJ n,¥.· c:xcepitquc manu dextnmque arnplexw inhaesitj ptQ8h"W subeunt luco lIuuiumque rdiaqUllnt. Tum regan Aeneu d.iclit adf.M amici.: 'optime GraiUJUIwn. cui me Fortuna pt'CCU'i c:t uilta eomp~ uoJuil praetendc:n: ""1'1.... non c:quidem extimui Danaum quod ductor eI Arcu qwxlque ••tiTpe rora gemiru. c:olliunc:tus Atridil j ted mea me uirtut ell&l1c:ta oracu1a diuum WS'.. tique patn:s, tu. taria didita runa, eoniunaere tibi c:t r.1Ui qel'e uoIentem. Dard.m.I" Iliacae primut patel" urbQ et Electra, ut Grai pCillli.bml, AtlaDtide aetuI, aduebitut Teuao.; EIc:etram marimua Atlu c:didil, ac:thc:rioI "meto qui -unet orbia. uobQ MercwiUl patel' est, qlaCm candida Maia Cyllenae vim cxwvzpn.am ucrtic:e fudit; at Maiam. auditis Ii quieqnam Ofdimua, Atlu, idan Atlu IScO)(ut cedi qui Jiden. tollit. sic pus ambonam ecindilte .,...wnc: ab uno. his DOlI lep_ neque prima per artem temptamenta tui pepiai; me, me ipte meumque obic:ci caput et .upplex ad funina uOli . &eN eadem, quae teo audeJj D.unia bdlo il'llClCluirur ; POl.P pdIanl nihil afOfe credlliU quin omnem HUpCiiam penitutlU& sub iup mittant, c:t marc: quod supra tenant quodque adluit infra. • c;;cipe daque fidem . nlPt nobis rorti. bello pectora. fUPt animi et rebut tpeCtata iUuc:nhu.·
'':\
,,.,
.uctor.
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r..eru.
.11 pae..- M"~1f, Son. : pcrcuIouo ,0,' . • T06. 122 P" u.\C . . IllS M'] d M', JI.. toS. liS
I ..S
150
(ff. G. ii ..76. A. i SIS)
.so:
didita MI'Jua, s... : dcditaR. 139'........ #" .ofONiq....... a aati.. ,. ...7 .tore #"."" odfore (air·) MO#". (• .,.. MOl: "'"' It : o-'Y.ozcfoo' ,. s... .
,",
,.
" Dixeral Aen u . ilIe os oculo.que laquentis P. VERGILI MARONIS
iamdudum et &'tum hutrahat lumine
torpID.
tum ~c pau:J:,ert : • ut te, forWsimc Teucrum,
."
accipio ago ue libens! ul uerba parentis et uoc::em Arn::~e magni uuhumque recon;Io.-! nam rnemini Hesiorulll: wscntem regna .ororis Laomcdontiad~n , Priilffium Salamina petenlem protinUli Arndlae gdidot inuixre finis..
...
tum mihi prim~ genu uestibat Bore iuuentaJ,
" buque dUCCI " T euCI'OS, rrurau;o.r " " • • et "Ipswn Laomedontiad~; ted cuneUs ahiOf ibat
mira
Anehises. mihi !inens iuuen&li acdebat &more compellare uinLn et deo:trae eoniungen:: dexlTamj acceui ct cupid'us Phenei .nib moenia duxi. iIIe mihi inaignlm phuetr&m Lycia.tque aagitw diJCedens chl.J.ydcmque lIuro dedit inlertalam, frenaquc bina mew quae nunc habet lIurea P&l.lu. dIu 1:1 quam ~titil iuneta esl mihi foederc dextra, ct lUll cum pri~um tc:nis It uutina reddel, auxilio lactot dlmittam opibulIIUC iuuabo. inlcrea sacra h~ee. quando hue uenUUs amici, , annua, quae: diffcrre neW, celebrate faucnta - ~ ...,---~ " , QUUq(,-um, et J.Un nunc lOClorum UescJte meNU. Haec ubi diJa. dapes iubct et sublata reponi pocula lTamin~ue uira. locat ipse .edili, praec::ipuumquJ toro et uiliOli pdJe leoniJ acapit AeneantJOlioque inuitat acemo. tum Jccti iuue...... certatim anequc IaCCrdot " " " 111':.. a tosta '~nt tauronml, oncranlquc Canutnl dona labora..,Cuu4, 8accbwnque rninistrlUll. UClcilur Aencu amuJ el Troiana iuuenl\U pupclui leil" ~ui. Cl IUJlraliblU cs.ti •. Pottquam eJmpta famtll el amor comprea\U cdcndi, ~ Euandn.u ~ I: 'non haec 8Iillcmnia nobis,
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has ex mOff daJIQ, hanc tanti numinis aram uana supentitio uecenunque ignua deonu:n impomit : Neuis, hospet Troiane, pericH. &eruati facimus merilOlQUe nouamus honore.. iam primum .nio luspenaam h.ane upice nlpem, disiectae procul ut molet detertaque moow ltat domus ec KOpuli insentc:m traxae ruinam. hie Ipdunc.a fuil UIIIO summola rc:u:aau, temihomini. Cad fadet qu.am dira tenebal lOIi. inaccessam radii.; Itmpetque recenti eaede tepcbat humus, forlbl1l'l.ue adfin JUpc:rbis ora uirum trilli pendebant pallida taboo huie morutro Volcanus ent paler: illius am. on: uomera i p magna K ' mole fercbat. ,lIulit el nahU a1iquando optantibus leW auxilium aduenlumque dei. nam muimus ultor terlanini ncce Geryonae spo1iiJque IUperbus A1cides adenl taW"OlClue hac uietor agebal insentil, uaUemque. boutI amnemque tenehant. al furil Cad mens e.ffera, ne quid inausum aul intraetalUm tcelerisue doliue. A·iuec, qualtuor a .tabuli. praetlanti COIptHe laUl"l» aUCTtit. totidem forma superante iuuenc u • atque hot, ne qua fOft:nl pedibus Uettipa rcctis, cauda in tpduncam traetoa uertUque uiarum indicii. raplor taXO occultabal opaco; quaetenti nulla 'ad tpeluncam lilfll fttehant. Interea, cum iam .labulil ..tunta mouerec Amphitryoniadet armenia ab.iIWl'lque pannt. ditcCIfU mugire bouea atque omne quereJil
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impleri nemut t collet clamo!'e rdioqui. reddidit una uoccm uutoque IUb anb'O mugUt el Cad CUJlodita Cd"dlit. hie uero funis exanc:rat atro " anna manu noditq\ac rrauanun (die dolor: ra';t robur, et ~i petit ardua montia. tum primum nb.tri Caeum uidue timentem ttu'barumquc o6ili; Nail ilieet ocior Euro spehmcamque ~tit, pcdibut timor addidit .1 •• ut __ indusitlfupa.que jmm·nc e&tenU ckiecit $allum, terro quod et ute patcma pendcbat. ful~uc emunllt obice pc»tb.
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. "enu••UI.,.. • 10tum lustral Auentira montem, tel' M"ca temptat Iimina nequiqJ,am. tc:r fWlJI uUlc tete ~it. atabat acula oik:. pram,;, undiquc " ..i, _I .. __ !! . •• . . . .,......uncae UUI_ ~ alb rna uuu, " dinuum ruw. cIomus .opponuna uolucnun. bne, ut pro iugo laeuum incumbcebat ad amnem, de:.:ter in aduenum miens conctIIIi.l ct imiJ "u"I"m M>luil ~cibUi. indc repentc impulil; impubu quo mammua: intonat aether, di$tuhant ri i rdluitquc a.territUl amnii. AI .pecus et C·d det«ta appuWt ingem regia, el umbrOlac penitut patucrc cauemae, non secus ac qua pcnitUII ui terra dehi""",,,
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24'
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61
ergo ;nsper.ta deprcnswn Juee repulle
incllllWIlQue QUO .no .Ique insueta mdentem detuper Alcidet tefu prewit, omniaque anna aduocal el ramis UUtUqUC molaribw instal. iUe .utem, ncque mim fup. iam RIper u11a pericli, f.ucibus inaenlem fwnwn emir.bile diclU) euomil inuoJuilque domwn uliginc: caeaI prospc:<:lum eripier\l ocuIis. &Iomu.lque tub anlJ"O fwniferam noctem commixu. igne ~briJ. non lulil Alcida animis, teque ipte per ignem praecipiti iecil u.hu, qua plurimUi und·m fumlQ .gil nebulaque inJCna tpeclQ aestuat hie c.cum in tenc:briJ incendia lI.na uommtem corripit in nodwn complaUl, et anait inhaerena di_ ocul~ d ticcum .anguine ruttur. panditur atemplo foribUi domw au. reuukia abttraetaeque boUQ abiur.taeque rapinae cado ~knd.unlur, ped.iblilque infonne c.d·\M:I' protrahilur. ncqueunt apleri corda tuendo terribiIU oculoa, uullum uillouque aaew peclora semiferi .!que cutinctot faucibw ignis. Ex iIIo cdebratUi bono. ladique minora KJ"UI.uere diem, primUlque PotiriUl .UCIOf' el domus Htteulci CUltOi Pinaria JaCri haDe .,am luco .tatui!, quae maxim. Kffiper dicelUT nobiI et erit quae maxima Kffiper. quan: &lite, 0 iuueno. tantanun in munc:re I.udum cingite frondc comu et pocula potIlite atrit. communanque uoeate deum et date uina uoIenta.' diaent. Herculea bicolot cum populUi umbra udauitque comas foliiM(ue inneJla pependit.
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Deuno intai 7 propWe' fit VClpc:r Olympo. iamque ~ priJlUIIClUC PotitiUl ibant pdlibUII iD QIOi,O D ci!IcU. fI·mm·oque ferebaDt. iQltaun.nt epuliu ct mene.e ".ta .ecundae
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tuttJ capitum circumlltetit 1JII'Ild. laIuc, uera 10&. prolea, decIII aMite muD, et not et tua dtxtct adi pede It LIe tcCUndo.' I..emaeUII
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Atnet" capiturqut 10cia tt linauIa Iattut eaquiritqut auditqut uirum moaimenta priorwn. tum reJ[ Euandrus Romanae conditor arci.: 'hate ncmora ~ F.uni Nymph·equt lentbant JtnIClUt uirum truncis tt duro robore nata, quia lIequt mot nequt tuiUD erat, nee iuncae tallr'W aut COGIp""ere opet oorant aut parca:e partO, ted rami atque uF wetu uenatw· alebat, primw .b aethtrio utnit Satumu. Olympo anna louis fusims tt r:guu euul adtmptiJ. it g.enw indocilt ac: ditptnum montibu. .Jw compo.uit I... "que dedit, Latiumque uocari maluit, 1m quoniam laf"i.:t tutu. in on.. .urea quae ptrhibent illo Nb rqe (uerc aecuI. : lie pl.cid. popuiOl in p.ce rqebat, dettrior donee paulatim .t; decolor attat et belli rabitt et &mOl" RlCee.it habendi. tum manu. AUK/ni. et gentes Utnc:re Sic.Mt, aaepiw Itt nomen potwt S.turni. teD ... ; tum rego upaque immani ....... pore Thybril, • quo pott hall ftuwum copomine Thybrim di-imWl ; amisit Utr\llll uctut Albul. nomen. me pubum patria peI'pqut atrema leClucntem Fortuna onmipotcM et inductabile (atum bit potUere Iocis, matriaqut egere tli ilk ad. Carmentis nymphae monita et d_ auctor Apollo.' Vix. ea dicta, dthinc: POOl" WI IDODIItrat Itt anm tt Cannentalem Rom.ni _ine portam quam mmv--&nt, nymphae pri""m Catmeno. hooorem, uao. (.tidicae, cccinit quae prima NtW'Ol
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bane lamu talibus inter pauperis Romanoque ul ucnlum ad AicidCl lubUt, aude, hoIpe., Iinae deo, dixit, et
DOlt
PIUlOlI de more Lyead.. Araileti Iclum docet hospitis Argi. lCdem et Capilolia ducil silUCItribu. horrida dumi.. teJTebat agrettis a1u.am l&Xumque tranebant. , inquit 'frondOlO uertice eolian cst) habitat de,"; Arcades iptum Iouem. cum uepe nigrantem
...
dexu. nimoo.que cicret• ditiectis oppida murit, uick. monimenta uirorum. SatumUi eondidit anew; ruen.t Saturnia nomen.' ad tecta .ubiban! P'nimque annenta uidebant ct !aut!. mugire Cuinis. 'haec ' inquit ' Umina uiclor regia cepit. opel et te quoque dignum
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incipit et dietis diuinum upirat amtHon : • dum bello Arplici u.a..tlba~t Perpma i qJCi debita cuuruque inimia. ipiblD arct:J, non uUum 11I.·jJjum miscris, non anna ropui attit opiJquc tuae, nee te, cui.me c:oniunx, inc··umue tuo. uolui exucue labtAcs, qUlmw. el Priami debuan plurima natis, ct durwn ~ Relli's:", aaepe liboron. nunc louis imperiit Rutulorwn consoot oris : uao eadem .upplez uenio et sanctum rnih.i nwnen anna roso, genettix nato. te IiIia Nerd, potuil lacrimU nlhorul fk<:tere coruUJU:. upice qui <:OeInt populi, quae moenia clausiJ ferrwn acuant portia in me ezcidiumque meorum.' dixent et niueit hiDe atque hine diu. lacertis eunctantem amplezu molli foud. ille Icpc:nte aoxpil .oIiwn fIammam, not.... ue medullas iouauil calor et labd'acta pet" 0lIl CUCurril, non IleCID atque olim tonitru cum rupta COf'UaCO ignea rima mie.n· pereunit lumine nimoo.; JeDSit laeta dolia et fonnae comcia coniunx. turn pater aetemo fltUT deu..inetlD amou : 'quid ClUIU petia c:x aho? &duo. ceait quo tibi, diu., mei? limitis si CUTI. flli t, lum quoque ras nobis Teucroa armare fi,;PCt ; nee:: paler omnipoteDI Troiam nec flta uctabant narc decemquc aliOi Priamurn ,upa< 2 per annoe. et nunc, si bellare paras atque haec tibi meN est, quidquid in arte mea poaum promiu ere curae, quod fieri ferro Uquidoue potest electro, quanturn ignes animaeque u.Jent, abWte precando
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uiribus indubitate tuis.' ea uerba loculUI optatOlll dedit ~plaus placidumque pctiuit coniugis infutJ: 8lt:iIIio per membra lOpOfem. Inde ubi ~ , quia medio iam noetis abaf:tae curricula apukrat tomnum, cum femina primum, , cui lolenTe colo uitam lenuique Minerua
.
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lmpOSllum, cmercm ct IOplOlll SUICltal Igrul
noctem .ddcJ opcri, faxnuluque ad lumina !onp exercet peruo, ~Ium ut ItJ'UUe rubile coniUJis ct pc ,', pvum educcre na.tos : haud IeCUJ i~potens nee tempore KgJ\iOT iIIo moUibus e open ad (.brill. wrgit. intula Sicani.Jb. iuxta latus AeoIiamquc ..• u....... ' enptur ..... ~ UDlUlU'b us ..... quam rubter ct Cyclopum exesa <:amini. antrll AClneCI tonant, ualidiquc incudibus ictus auditi rdc:nm , gmUtus, .triduntque cauerru. mClune ~um ct fom.acibus ignil .OOda',
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hoc tunc ignip,ptcns cu10 delCtndit ab alto.
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L__ t OfJet'i II . . atnmIIquc ' m·•......... scquaa'b us "u-a.. parte alia MJti cumnnquc rotuque uoIuai. inatabanl, qui~ut iUe uirot, quib .... ezcital urbelj
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AENEIDOS LIBER OCTAVVS
acgidaque horrifenm, tlubatac p.lI.di. anna, co::rtatim ~uamis .apcntum auroque polibant o::onexo.que anrui.s ip"mque in pectore diuao:: Cortona dclC cto ucnetttc:m lumina c:olIo. ' toilite euneta ' inqllit 'coepu.qu.o:: .ufcne J.w u, Aetnaci Cyelopes, et hue aducrtito:: mentcm : arma .cri f.cicnd.e. uiro. nunc uiribus usus, nune manibIU r.pidU, omni nunc arte m'ptTa. pnecipitate mI)I'U.' nee pJura elf.tus, .t illi ociIU ineubuCfe omnes paritcrquo:: laborcm toZ"titi. tluit .0::1 riloW .urique mctaIlum uulnifieu.quo:: ehalybs \1alIta romeee liquacil. inrcntcm dipo::um informant, unwn omnia contra tela Latinorwn, ieptenolque orbibus OC'W impcdiunt. alii uentolis foUibus .ura. accipiunt redduntque, alii stridcnti. tinguot acn. lacu; semit impo.iw incudibtD antrum i illi inter _ multa ui brecchi. toUunl in numcrwn, uo::n&Dtque tenaci forcipe m"'m. Haec pater" AeoIi.ia properat dum Lemnius orb, Euandnun ex humili tecto lux Jlllcitat alma et matutini uolucrum .ub culmine e&ntus. conaurgit Kniot tunicaque inducitUt artus et Tyrrhena pedum a r emMu uincul. planlil. tum lateri .tquo:: limen. Tqo::acum .ublipt envm demir••b Iaeua panthcnc tc:rp retorquo::nt.. nee non et co::rnini ell.todes 1imiQ( ab alto pnl'Cldunt '" umque CInes ........itantur c:rikm. !M.piu. Awoe IJCd: n et ecaetA petebat
61 455
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congi! i i~1 dextrAl mediioque rcsidunl aedibUl ct licild tandem ...... uone Cruunlur. Rex prior h.J:c: • maxime Teue~m ductor, quo _pile numq,,·m res equidem TrOiae uicw aut tqna ratelxw, nolm ad belli J rcjlium pro nomine tanto oiguae wes; Jiinc Twco claudimur amnii hine RUlulw ~anit et munun c:ircumsonat armU.. sed tibi ego i~tU populo. opulentaquc rcgi:i.Q iungere cutr. ~. quam fon inopina aalutC:Dl ostentat : ralis b'uc Ie posccntibw aMen. baud procul hlik saxo incolilUr fundata uetUito urbU A«YllinaelledQ, ubi Lydia qU<>lldam gens, bello iuga insedil Emucis. hane multos fioruOIem IUUl()I; rex deiode lUpubo imperio et saeuh tenuit Mezentiut annia. quid me:rnoresriJinfaodaa cudes, quid facta tynt.nni cffera? di apia, ipsiu. generique rc:seruenll mortua quin cF. iungebal corpon wuit component mar:libwque m&nlU atquc oribw ora, tonnenti gen~ ct .anie taboque ftuentiJ complC'llU in mbcro Ionga sic mane necabat. at feai. tandemiciues wanda furentem. anna.a circ~tunl iIM"mque domwnque. obU'UnCallI ~ ignem ad (utip. iactant. iUe inter caed~ Rutulonun d.p'UI in agroI confugere ct Tami , ddendier h~pitU armis. ergo omnis furiiJ , sUf1"C1it Etruria iUlW, rcgem ad PlPP'-icium pi"&Qenti Marte repolCunt. his ego te t duc«wun milibWi addam. toto rwnque ~unl condenaae litore puppet aignaque ferre iubent, retinct longaeuUl ha.ruspez rata caneot: Maeooiae deleda iuuentua,
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AENEIDOS LIBER OCTAVVS
69
Ros ucterum uirtlUque uirum, quos hutua in hOIStem (crt dolor et merita acecndit Mezentiua ira, nulli (.., halo tantam subiungere ptem : externOl optate duces." tum Etnocl KKdit hoc acies campo monitis exlerrita diuum. ipse oratorel ad me Rglli.que coronam cum sceptro mUit mandatque indgnia Tarchon, ,uccedam cutris Tyrrhenaque reg ..a cay p' am. sed mihi tarda gelu geclilquc eff'eta seneelua inuidet imperium scraeque ad (cwtia \lites. nalum cxhortartt, ni 1Tlilt~ matte Sabella hinc panem patriae traherct. IU, cuiua el annU el generi ratum indulget, quem numina poM:unl, ingrcdcn:, 0 Teucrum atque halum (orU.ime duclOT. hunc tibi praelerea, spes et .alacia nostri, PaUanta adiungam; lub Ie toleran: magistro mililiam CI grauc Marti, opus, lua CU'Oen: racta adsuescat, primil cl Ie mirelur ab ~. Arcadil' huic equites bi.!; centum, rubora pubi.!; leeta dabo, IOtidemque lUO tibi nomine Pall..,.' Vix ea ratua eral, defixique ora lencbant Aen~ Anchiaiades cl fidua Achates, multaque dura IUO lrilti cum COIde putabant, ni signum cado Cytherea df"iiAet aperoo. namque impmuiso uibratua ab aethere fulgor cum SOnilU uenil et ruen: omnia uUa repenle, Tyrrhenuaque tubac mugire per aethera clangor. IUlpiciunt, ilerum atque itcrum rrago." incTepal ingens. anna inler "uhem cadi in regione serena po- .udum rutilarc uidenl et puba tonarc. !ia rarum PRe., DSmo.; fala M«fato os-. (-pet R); -pI
Jilli
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r .......me M., s-. ;
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P. VERGlLJ ........ RONIS
otMlipucre an+ j. alii, ted TroiUJ bc:rot apouit 8QDitum d diuae promQaa parentis. tum mc:moral:l ' ne utro, bwpc:;. ne quaere prof'CClO quem catUm ~tenta (ennl: qo poICOI' Olympo.
...
hoc lignum cJinit miauram diu. creatrix, • bcUum ~I. Vo1caniaque anna pa allfQ
.uzilio. heu quantae nf.;"'"' caedet Law-entibut instant! Laturam
qua. pcxnu
mim, Turne, dabU! quam multa 19b undaa
scuta uirum ~euque et forti. COipon. uoh»Q, Thybri pater! ~I .des et focdera rumpant.' Haec ubi di&ta dedit, .000 M: toIlil .b alto et primwn H~a. IOpitu ipibut aru c:xcitat, hnteriumque larem panlI»que penatiJ 1acIUl adil; rrJctat lectu de IJI(lI"e bidenti. Euandrw pantel" Troiana iuuentus. poll hine ad quill pditur 1Oci000ue reuUit, II • • q~m d e nUD:ICfO qw _ In L_". UCWI tequantur praatantia wrl'ute lqit; pan cetera prona (crtU!' aqua ...p.iwque .ecundo ddluit amni, nunlia uenlurai AJeanio rerumque pam.que. .__ • T il • 'T'o-'o ' L ••• ...... tur eqw eucnt .. , ....ena petentiUID &naaj dueunt "-,In AUM!!, quem fuJua Ieoni· pel!j, obit pnd'uIJmI unruibut aum.. Fam. uolat subito uWpta pa wbe... ociut ire equi~ Tyrrbeni. ad limb~ i gil uota mecu du~t matTel, po upi.'*lue paiclo • • ,II .Jr • .....,.. • It timor et Jam app&ft11m,1Oo tum pater EI1·Mru. datnm c:omplcxw euna. bacftt ~ Iaaimant ae tali. ratur:
,..
pari!a-.
totJn
Panwn
1ft . . . . . . _ _
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... __ ,, " fL ' :'.os... "' ....... (v··'GO J., ) ~ •. . 01' P Stll";Wa(¢". "7.:t.""4IO) h ; a ........... : .. C&:.' l_M.... e •. . . i · ' ....... 5445 ' '+'I(A·iYS7)M 5551) ..'m'r J :' .. , ....._ _ .. .."",. •• " P<j 7& .. .. _-7" roc : _ ", _ _ :>;>'" toEC r, . sst •_ -, h • .wrUI (' '.. . . , G To.) ,.. , ."
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AENEIDOS Ll8ER O C TAVVS
'0 mihl pTaeteritOl referat si Iuppiter a.nno., qualis et'arn cum primam aciem Praenate sub ipu sttaui scutorumque incendi uietOl' aceru<» el regtm hac Erulum dextta sub Tartan mw, nueenti cui Iris animas Feronia mater (horrendum dic:tu) deden.t, terna anna mouenda ter leto Ilernendua erat; cui tunc tamen omnia abstulit haec animas dotta et totidem exwt annia : non ego nunc dulci arnplexu diuellerer usqu.am, nate, tuo, neque finitimo Mezentius umqu.am huic capiti insuhans tot fC'tt'O saeu.. ded i"et fURCTa, tam muhis uiduanet ciuibua urbem. al uoa, 0 superi, et diuum tu maxime rector luppiter, Arcadii, q"aC'1O, miserescite regis ct patri.. auditc prcces. Ii Rumina uatTa incolumem Pallanta mihi, Ii rata rC:lC" uant, Ii ui.surus cum uiuo et uenttitus in unum, uit&m oro, patiOI' quemuia dura.rc laborem. sin aliquem infandum casum, Fortuna, minaris, nunc, nunc 0 liceat crudelem abrumpere wtam, dum eurae arnbiguae, dum spet incerta futuri , dum tc, cue puer, mea lOla et aera uoIuptu, complexu teneo, pWOl' nC"U nuntius awU uulnerct.' haec aeni10r dipenu dicta .uptemo fundebat; farnuli canlapsum in tecta rerchant. laroque adeo aierat portis equitatUi aperu. Aeneas inter primos et fidua Acbalea, inde alii Troiae proceres, ipse agmine PI!!a. in medio ehlamyde et pic:tis conspectus in a.nnis,
71 ~
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(tf. A. ;; 6t4) sS ...... " __ M .... ..t-. _ as, s.r..: __ " .... I'W. Sono..J A. ia .. sh COIIIy '. 111'. ""'"... (...... ~. _ _). JI-. !'.s- ." 0-._ Tor. Hot. 6!7 sII3 die~J (A. iii 4h) III' s88 in} il Ma'Io-' _.$MI. ""'. ... i. '., m
.
•
....
•
n
P. VBRGILI MARONIS
quaJis ubi Oceani perfusus Lucifer unda, quem Venus ~IC alios A$trorum diligit ignis, extulil 01 sacrJm caclo tcncbJ"asque resoluit. stant pauidac in murn mattes oculisque sequuntur puluenam nu I m 1:1 fulgcntis aere (aternu. oUi per du~ qua proxima meta uiarum, armali tend 'I; it clamor, el agmine facto quadripedantc, putrero SOnilu quaU! ungula campum.
est iogcm gclidum lucus prope Caeritis amncm, religione la te saccr; undique coUes inclusere caw et nigra nemus abielt cingunl. Siluano (ama ~, t ueleres Acrasse: Pelugos,
'"
pau:r
aruorum pe<:oifisque deo, Jucumque diemque,
qui primi finit~A1iquando habuere Latinos. baud procul hjpc Tardio et Tynheni luta tenebant CUlt. lods. c~ue omms de colle uideri iam potuat leiio et I.tis tendebat in aruis. hue pater Aeneas el bello lecta iuuenlus " 1:1 eqUOil et corpora curant. sueeedunt, fessique At Venus ~herios intcr dea candida nimbos ,, dona rereru Adetat; natumque in u.a.lle reducta ut procul egdido secretum flumine uidit, talibus adlala t dictisl«{ue obtuiil uJlJ'O: • _..J: II . . • . en !-",,,ecla met promlSSil COnlllgls ute munera. ne m~x a ut Lautentis, nate, superbos aut acrem dutlites in proeJia poscere Tumum.' dixit, el ampld us nali Cytherea petiuit, anna sub aduAsa JlO'uit radiantia quucu. iIle deae doni.t !et tanlO iaetus honore expleri nequil .tque oculos per singula uoluit, . .lD~ue 11 " uenat mJraturque manus et b race h II. terribilem cril ~ galeam Hammuque uomentem, ratifuumque em, loriearn ex ..ere rigentem,
6 ••
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IS I 0 qelido M' . ,Sono.: e' ,dido M'I'RUMI (tdido.J lem I' 62, loricamqlK _ ' -
, I
•
AENEIDOS LlBER OCTAVVS
aanguineam, ingenlem, qual~ cum caeruI.a nube. JOJis inardeacit radiu longcquc rdulgel; tum leuU ocrea. electro auroque recocto, hutamque el clipei non enarrabile tatum. Imc res Italas Romanorumque lriumpha. baud ualum ignarus uenlurique inscilU &CUi feceral ignipotens, illic !Cnus omne futurae Slirpu ab Ascanio pugnalaque in ordine bdla. feccral et uiridi felam Mauortis in anlro procubuisse lUJnm, gemiROl huic ubcra circum ludere pendenlu puera. eI lambcre matrem impauidOl, iIlam lercti ccruice rdlen mulcere a1lernos ct corpora fingere lingua. nec procu1 hinc Romam ct raptu line more Sabinas corues.su caueae, magnis Circensibus aelis, addiderat, lubitoque nouum consurgere beUum Romulidu Talioque aeni Curibusque lC'ueru. post idem inlet sc posito certamine reges annali l ouD anle aram patera.tque tencnta slabanl et caa, iungebant foedera pore.a. Mud procul indc cllae Meltum in diuena quadrigae dislulerant (al tu dictis. Albane. manC!'es! ). raptabalquc uiri mcndacil uiscera Tullus per liluam. el spani rotabanl sanguine uepra. nec non Tarquinium eiectum Ponenna iubebat acciperc ingentique urbem obsidionc prcmcbal; Acnudac in ferrum pro liberlatc rucbam. ilium indignanli limilcm limilemque minanli aspicera, pontcm audcrci quia ucllerc Codes cl Ruuium uindis innarct Cloelia ruptis. in summo CUSIOlil Tarpciac Manlius arci. sIabal pro tcmpJo ct Capitolia ceha tcncbat, ~8
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rcfteu M'PR.Mt : re/Iaam M'.
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P. VERGILI MARON IS
Romulcoquc rcccna horn:bal regia culmo. alquc hie aUfil~ uoliwu ugentcus an," porticibus Gallt . in Iiminc adeuc canthal; Galli per dumJ. adennt arcemquc tcnebilnt dcfcnai tencb ' ct dono nocu. opae.c. aurea. cacsariCi ollis alquc aurea. uatU, uirpti.luccnt , guIis. tum lactCll. colla. aUTO inncctunJ... duo quitquc Alpina coruJCiIDt II • " 1&CIa manu. KUlI. protecll. cotpOfa I ongu. hie clUultanu. ,SWot nudosquc Lupc:rcot IaniletOllQuc cl lapta ancilia cado txludcral. cutac duecbanl sacra per urbcm pilcnu. matrajin moUibUl. hine proeul addit Tarwcaa cli • ..!. JedCl. alta ..Iia __ _, II r> __" ' " ct ......crum ~, cl tc . ..... w .."". nunaa pendcntcm ~uIo Furi.atumquc «a trcmentcm.
...
area
Diu..
RlCretotquc
pici. his d.antcm iura CaIOncm.
trrndi
Haec inter late marls ibal imago aurea, led. Ruetu Ipumabant cael"ula cano, cl eircum arge~to dari ddphincs in orbcm aequora ucrrcbi..nl caudis acstumquc sccabant. "In mtWO _ .•"(' ",, ' ... 'II acratas ' A"·'''' ella ug.o.a • ccmcre erat, totumquc imtructo Mane uidcrcs (crucre Lcucat'f auroquc cffuJatte RuctUi. hine Aug\UIUI MeDlIt.IOI in proclia Cpeur cum patriblD ~uIoquc, penatibus ct map.is dis, .wu cd ... in ~ppi, aeminas eui tcmpora ftammas 11 • •••• Iacta UotDUDt EJ:atn'ltnquc apentw ueruce II \II. parte uent;~~ A,rippa JCCUndis uduus atmen ~ cui, bcUi inaignc fUpcrbum.
alia
0"
...
tcmpora nauali' (w,ent n»trata corona.
hine ope bar~ uariisquc AntomUi annis,
~1 Galli} oW .. 1
66D twx: p , aua • 66.... ................ : ·bat ",p.." WI 5 I
_ I JOt _ 6t610 .... ... cui} bulc ,..
&e, -n. "'1IMfk: (0Pf • • )
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A£N£IDOS LIBER OCTAVVS
uietor ab Aurorae populis et litan rubro, Aegyptum uiruque Orienta el ultima .eeum Baetra uemt, .equitutque (nd..) Aegyptia COniUM. una omna ruere ae tOlum Ipum&re reduetis eonuulswn remis fOItrilllue tridenlibl,g aequor. alta petunt; pelago creel.. innare feulI"" Cyclad.. aUI montis concurrere montibus altos, tanta mole uiri turr1tis puppibus irutanl. SlUppea Aamma manu telillque uolalile ferrum spargilur, ana noua Neptunia caede rubescunt. rqina in mediis patrio uocat agmina .alto, necdum etiam gcmil\Ol a togo respicit anguia. omnigenumque deum morutra et latralOf Anubis contra Neplunum et Venenm. eontnque Mineruam tda tenent. saeuit medio in eertamine Mauon cadatus ferro, tr'Utesque ex aethere Dirac, et sci". gaudens uaelit Diseordia palla, quam cum sanguineo sequitur Bellona ftagello. Aelius haec eemens arcum intendebat Apollo dauper; omnis eo terroce Aegyptus et Indi, omni. Arabs, omna uertebant terga Sabaei. ipsa uidebatur uentis regina uocatis uda dan: et loot iam iamque immittere funi .. iDam inter caedes pallentem morte futura feeerat ignipotens undis et lapyge ferri, contra autero magna maerentero COipoie Nilum pandentemque sinus et lOla ueate uocantem eaerulewn in g.en.ium latebrotaque Rumina uictos. At Caeu.r, triplici inueetua Romana uiwnpho moenia, dis Italis uotum immortale sa.crabat, maxima ter centum lOum delubra peT url>ern. laelitia ludUque uiae plausuque fremebant;
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"omnibus in templi. matrum chorw, omnibus &rae; ENEIDOS LlSER OCTAVVS
ante
&I'Q
II
.
.
.
terra!n c·n, straUtte IUuena.
,
iF sedcru nhJb candcnti. limine Phoebi ' dona ~I populorum aptatque .uperoo poltibus; inced~t uictae lonsu Ol'dine gentes, quam uariae lijlguis, habitu tam \.Iati. 1:1 anoia. hie Nomadum lienus et djscinctos Mulciber AfraI. hie Ldegu cjuque ~ltif~ue Gdonot firment; EUPtJ..ks ibat iam mollior undis, ellU'emique ho~num Morini, Rbenusque hiCOl'Dit, indomitique Oh ae. et pontem indignatus Araxes.
Tali. per cli~ Volcani, dona parenti.,
mir.tur
l'C'f'U~ue
ignanu imagine puder
auolleru Ulnad famamquc et rata nepotum. 7U JUI""'l....
"'if-
75'
".
hinc:n, M"kircr .. r.L.J rac"'_,". fa., it Dr .. (A. ii 766) Jt
N
,
I
I
•
COMMENTARY I - I,
Prologue. Tumus, haY;n, .... umec\ the leadership of the It.alia.no, givea
the Ii,nal for war .sainll the Trojans. 1-4 VI .. ....... The book begi..... itt. an extended rhetorical period in V.'. characteristic plIutaclic lIyle. The main senten« is the mcolon 1>116,.". (IC .•""') -.oi.,i, Ii.... .. l..j~, .uvilfw ... ff.,., fonninll "theme and two variatioN (see funher Introd . • (iii)). Syntactically lubordin,ue 10 the lricolon, but describing e'on is complicated by the ~I that lhe finllwo lines comprne a theme and variation, 'TumUi sa"" the war-sifllal and the horns sounded', 10 11'1.1.111'1" III-ttquence is in effect &/so. trioolon. nch claUK having Tumut u iu ,ubjecl, the fint ,,!aUK brin, extcnded by epcxegeais (d. 38n.) to pennit. chanS" of ,.,ammaticallubjecl. Alto charac:teri.tlc au the enjambmem bct ... ~en linea !I and 6 and the placinl of the Knse-btu.k .ner the fint foot of linc 6 (I« lnuod . and d . 32,5. 332, 7'l'l, 726). A KI'lJe of ocilemenl and anticipation is builll.lp by the urangemall of each tricolon as a crescendo, with the emph.uia fallill( on 'r-- .rod fIn., as well as by onomatopoeic dcvi<:<:l, notIbly the reputed ....nd II sounds and the alliteTJotive pallem of" and II.
lA... d is an adj . arr<:<:in, with~u. The people called Lamenta lived Ul the qn u..-.u or ~, 10 the .o\lIh of Ilom<:. n<:it capital Lavinium wu traditionally foundt:d by Aen. (App. A), I
presumably on the lite of the unnamed . t.r; olthcir kine Latinus. ne relationship between the name olthe tribe and rqion and that oflh<: city is dioputed. V. USet luch phraset as Uuq#tdi....... (1.661 - 1) and I..otiIIi, iiI«. (1.2-3) indifferent.ly. See flltlher Ogilvie ,8, AlfOldi
2+6 n.,.
T ...... , kill( of the Rutuli and Aen.'1 riv.1 for the hand of I....tinus' dau,hter I....vini. \d: lhe Dido-hrb:u .itualion in book IV} .
[ 17 1
COMMENTAR y , 1_7
"He became the ,leader of QPpwiuon to the Troj... Kltlcmcnlj hit
death at the han4, oC Am. forms the condU$ioo of the poem. The name do Etlu'<"u (_ rYlTben .... 1); Ogilvie ~OD.
pl.,
• r'.II ... rw thlt type ol'yrnm<:lrial line, in which lhe adj. at the thirdl;foot c:aelW'a ",rca with the noun al the end, tee IQuod. 4 (il) ana cf. ago 68-']0 e«:, Onomatopoeic tinet describinl the: war-ll1.Im~ occw" frequallly in heumcler vene: d. EnniUl' nocoriouJ ., iwJ lIfriWi _it. ......."""" Jail (imitated by V. a' 9-m). Ll.lcretiJ 11.619 r' "I:: 2rw "'**- ""'"* _. Alii , 7 .61~ - p o u-n. The ..... ("'~h wu .kuehl, whertat the ~""'" ...AI curved) wat ... ppwmt 10 be ~ EII"...... n origin (,5:a6n.): both m.tnlmcnU were .....:d in lhe arm~ in V:. time. His we ohucll fonnl.llu in all cpOc poem i:I not mc:rCly conventional, INt pan ofa deliberate Romaniaa. lion of !he ua~1I of heroic warfare. See further Heinze '9fj. and. n. on
Ju,.,_ ".. '_.
60,.
I r s.
• • Me Sb .... ~,"'...d•••'_1 OC(:I.ln qain a' 11.4.51, and d. aIao uk'mjlz. ""kIM 11.618. For the metrical pallen! (c:aesur., a' _one! and fout'th (eel with dision of loot vowel acrou third·1Oot caetura) cf. 101 .,8, ,..el, .532, ,61, and.ee Soubir... 311-1,5.
~1Il~:~1:!'(::':::7:~~~ =::~be~:'~~ Latin leadltR ~7ed I<> Acn. which ror .... the oondu.ion of VII. ~PUS • • tamer , 0( bona' and - . 0( NeptWle. QCC\In a. 7.6g1 - +:
,
a.
Fowler. Vi,A's ~ fjlltuWu 6,-6; Ufmt occun 7.7+4-9. Mcouput is ~tioocd qwte frequenlly in boob IX-X II; UleDI QCC\In apin ~y in XU where m. dealh is noIcd a. +60 and mentioned by 1 mUl in m.lu,.peech (1'Z.li+I ). tee
,hI:: .• _ Muz .... , ed>ocd from 1.6+8. wbere MeaentiUl be..t~ lhe ·ca...... ue· 0( Latin leaden (N Tu.mw encb it,
1
:1 t
" portrait 0( C·milla N a kind 0( 'pendan.': tee if one reprrda the R . D. WlIliam.. I'The funet:ion and E1.",~t"'"' 0( Vi..,u'. c.talocue in ~ 7', M:1. II ( Ig6I ) 1"'&-.s3): For V. be is zecond in importance OFlly to TumUl .. an enemy of Rome, anaIOfOUI in ...... VlIlIO ea(!ua, Tarquin.iUl, c.tiline, AniOny: lhe tradition o(m. alliance wilh TJm... acainlt Am . . . - back to C.IO (o,v;.u Cr. II) .
C.p..
•
"
COMMItNTAIl. Y : 7- 10
There were ..ariouI.toriet .bout him, whidt V. adapa 10 filiI bia own rotuiremmta. In one va'Iioa he _ killed 001 by Am . .. in V. but by Latin", (Gali.nUy '49-5O)j in another, he survival Am. and roupt A8canius (Servius on I.~). In V. he .. the b.tte! and ailed kina: ole-,ft (an ac:oount ofhio tyrannoul ~me it ri- to Am. by E ..ander .1 S.f811r.), • bad Em_'n contruted with the rood Etn ..... n Tarcbon ($06n.). In bit ac:COWlt ofbit ddeat, V . traDlptlP" into' udW<; tima the .tory of Rome', .truple &pintt the Etnoac:ans wbidt cWminatcd in theai* and (all ofVeii: OriI";e40-' , Granl '99 DOO. F.... V. bio 'impiety' (dierepnl of divine ....ctionn) m·ket him. • tnditional anti·type of Am.: "d!' ",1I. . . . . (like ,...) is • convattional .ttribute; il cann<M br: lranalatcd (N Dryden doet) • bI&Iphemer'. E: : ,.'r.cf. g.ao~ ·s :· 'nf,,!u.m,and6.6!«I~Pblqy.. in Tartar\II "tten bia eternal -.m. iouliliao - :-;ti,,_
tons
wamins.
I:" ""' __ .
•
Malllln "SL, ' deprivetheliddaofhunband,. . (b«a'llc they were bei.R(I 'fMi- :ipkd for the comins wu) 'ovu
h'l:
II
:
_ • wide U'U ' : " " ' " to br: taken pred>ca.tively and not (with Pace) .. • 'C(lQvauionai epithet'. W''''' it....,.:J. in italitenol , _ of 'make ewpty' (oot ' dc:oU'Oy'): ef. Livy S.31.1 w ........ _ . , . The failure of Venlllus' mj·ion 10 Diomede io ... ported in filii at ".!ID~""9~.ltfontll an obvioun _trul with the .u...... • ol Am.'. own bthoomins mi,;')" 10 E ......:Ier. a poinl underJiIllOd by Ovid, Mil. , ...~ A.-: 'I E.Mri .. n",i."InufN,! a Y. : Jnfi.m. ".,... DiE ."if " ;rim I •n aI •
J!S,.
•e-., N HiJbet
notel, ~51, tbia ...... OUdi ..... in"';" .tUf. the fomsal .p .. b or 'd.iplunMie DOtt' whicla Vmlll.. would deliver,
..1ri"C far help and indndins . . .ppraiNJ of the miliwy Atuation. For aaocber piece of estended . .Ii. It'i,. "",the: i~ _oil or
R"P'OIU' et .. '9' .... .. TbiI type of line, in which ,hE""" en de;." bEfore (or, more WEiOCtly. en 'ph-" " of) a _ _ ,Uabk (lPOII cwnlllOOl, .. ) .tthe: b:ai.nni.nc of' the: tbiS'd f_, iEr •• peri.1 favoo.arilC of'V.'I : c:f. 17, ,~, ,e, etc. See Sovbi..n lSI...,. . . .sft-3; HdItS""-':'h 'S5- 50. Soubiran notet tbat the: _ d dided before the inOCIVIyU.bk i-
s,.
,.
..
COMMENTARY: 10-17
ocldom an iam (l«wM .53) and more often encb with • long vowel eM''' tIwIa vowel (_ _ _.112). J·d'c eT, ' 7 ' IWphruen:calIlAnehixs'qUQlion to N:n. a' 6.807. = ' • •hn " ;._illl tfINi.sI,m 1Mr. 1 which i& here _Wtiro : the TrvjanJ au pn:pared to nand firm in Latium. TIIia i& , the.,. zIo ' (390.).
,
n
is
.".p J "·,eliaionalwbeainninlolthelCtOlldfoot rrequanly rowJf in the ....'w: Soobiran p'
.5111.
7" in.bletir : V. nowhen doe has Ih( form with cu.,." but he K~Ua1 timet".,. . . . (or _ (c., . 473. ~) . ! 'i' i" II ... ocaon in Juno'. lint .peecb, 1.68, on which Conway noteI ,ttlb taunt i& repeated a, 8 . 11 ', The envoy', reported wordl here p!*i~Y do .",1«, LM MF and COIItcrnpt of T\lI1lUl S
_Rb Aen. (anid tee abo .(i.-l7n.). bill it .bookl be: remembered
of T~ ~ a1mc:.t • clicho!; of the Aeneu ieamd: Am. hi ( ..:feu tom._JHJ eI2.520. I I ,d' W.I • is abo an echo (rom book I, when: Aero. iltfrrm ... . : . 'tlje ( 1.6) : ~ would apect such rem.i,,;Vcncu in • ~piIU latory p,r ,ee. ciJ aho Am,', wonk to D>do, 1.'78-9 .... "au Am'!', ,~ p; u".,. p" lin, I ,lMu .... 22" IJ 2!. ~. carryinr the I' rUt to Wet)' by _ ~ AuptlUl Achum (Re rurther 6'J9'1 .): dual will be I~ into vic:«>ry. thaI the
dd'ea~:i~'
a,
. .... or ~ ,w came 10 Rome vi. Lavinium and ere much okIer tIwI the "";va! in Latium of the cult of Ameu t -. . : The)
on the
'T4 w.00'
of IhlI cull ICC G·!imky '47"--8. AlRIWi "7-71 .
•• htle, £or key word lee }SIn. The rhyme with /'lUlU perbap .... ,es 10 mlpt...b .. !he link ~ ...em the Trojan cods aPd the Trojan destita . '. ~
with .... in the p«>iouI line. DanIan... _ the ammo-- of the ~ ho\re of Troy (,,.....). hcow;e the IIdj. limply ..
De
'
- ' Trojan ' .
I
;,n
......7 , " I' .... , ' = .. .••.. ,', pi:MeNy ,ef.... to Dioow:de. who ~ wounded Am . al Troy and have kil"'d him bad. il __ £or Apbn:dite·. in.... 'Clition: a HOI' i.e: alhmor which V. woukI ~pect ru. i den to pid. up (II. .s.~.).lA«Twde , (the mYO)'l U'P" "",",,,, th... be a better j ........ of" the military thre.1
beI!a
mia'"
•
COMMBNTARY: 17- 21
"
oIrue:! by Am. tIwl eithu Tum,," 01' Latinut (10 whom Am. is an unkr_" quantity). The words ~ intended 10 add • touch 01 lI.uny to the ..,.umml 01 milic.ry nec:eaity: il mUfl, Nlu .11, uvt: br:en fNrly obvious 10 Tumut .nd IAtinUi wMl Am. inlended. It ILL... unlikely Wt i,ri could refu to A<:n., for thlt _Id lum lbe whole P"'IJC into. pt'OIncted, ....t irappiOpi'i.te, Ineu .c Am.'s 11...1e«Y (_ ~ think what be is up to, but pr-..m.blyhe
..... . )
the formal repetition, and the cbiutic oymmetry, of 17. dipk>cn,rically concluck: the PO • • ' i .~! ' ·h. cr. Juno'. wonb .boul Am . • 1 10.66, WJ."'; ......_ u6i ... i1tI-~ L..tiM. Tben: _y be an impl;"'liM 0..1 Tum.. ....t lAtin. . .n: lawfully titled, wlw:reao Am. (ICe loa) only clNIDI to be. kin, in llaly. T • I d . I. The ..,.~ 01 his name ill the WI line 01 this opminc par&«rIIpb it an e:x.ample 01' riD( compolition • or 'relumina I)'DUndry', a lechnique common in ancient literat,,", and iu imit.loR (e.S. Millon , P.L •. 34-0 113) • ....... . ..... 1
........ Aen .', ¥ilion of'lhe rivu-rod Tiberin.., who propbea.ie. his ultimate victory, oymboliled by the appearantt 0( a while lOW. He eacri6ces this animaltoJuno, thm iJoeI up the river 10 ocek aid from the Greek telller Evander.1 PalJanteum, on the aile of the NI"", Rome. Thia 1It:q~ doIely paralleb evrnU ill VI : prophecy (Sibyl, TiberiDUS). rilual porlenl (lfOIden ~h, while lOW), ' enchanted voy.,.,' (Slyx, Tiber), meetin& (Anchiseo, Evandu). Verbal parallels &n!' DOled in the CommmW'y as they OCCIll' •
c.,
. ' d-p b • ACDCaI, • hero 0( the I'&« of Laomedon' (fa~ 0( Priam). The srand peripbruil is not used eIIewhe!-e ill the poelll (I. '21& )".+, it tiled 01 Priam at I.sa. 162) bul it perhapo appropriale be,e both beca. . Ame&$' Trojan aDCe.try bat been in V,'. mind duri", the pr-oIosue, and bccaUIC Am. ia now re-enlerina the poem aftu heine oK-ttqe for mo.l of VII . (ct. 103ft.) ••
"
.,...... The. metaphof 0( heine" ,Ion. · sea ' 0( U'OIIblc, fint found in Aesd>yh.... P"._ :199. W.. by V,'. time • poetical commonplace : d. CalullUl 64-62 ~ _ _ j.'-l 1IItiIIU, Mt. 4.~1-t
82
(Dido)
I ""'' =','
fWU
J-t-l ...s...
110-' "" •• t8
1-- ill•
COMMENTARY , 21-30
.
s10 ; cr.
-JIISfI'"
also
.at6p1U' ...u _
10. 680
neC' ',... i r _
. lIMe _n,.... _ _ .0\00: _
1
...., The: r.~, ~mmt of confuted thousbta th..ouch Aen '•• troubled mind compared 10 ftickmng .unJight or moonli!ht •..:kcled off water in .. bronze v d on 10 • hi,h silded mline. The limile ill ba,..t ApoIloniUl 3.1!16f1"., WMu it depicts Medn'. rmJeotnell in I~ (cr. rin.) ; there the water is frethly poun:d , hence V:. " ... 'IPn (On ApoiloniUl' lpecia. feeling for c:ffecb of light ICC T . B. L. Wc:bJ.J, H,n".iltk ole.. w." ('964) ']0-1 , 7'-~.) V:'.
ton
rnmtion or.,.,...JI;Cht (not in Apolloniua) enables the limilc: 10 act as .. 'bridac' 10 ttJ nipt-pie« which follows (cr. I'6IehI 1-t6-7). Thew lines ..;, , notable for their ...., 0( ,epcated metrical palkTnl (App. B) inch...., na: & ran: one which OCCU~ . , m3 . §~ and ..6, th ... further linki"l the aimil,. with what foilOWI •
• 5 h ,ap ... gikkd panelled o;eiIm,' ; aIoo .. t 1.7t'6. .. __ enu formulaic openi", of .. descriptive tel-piea: on me ' MfOJ' 01 nit;h V. here combine. c:lmlma from the tradition.al theme 0( the coattail betW!:Cn deepinr nature and wakeful hero (hia finett treatrnent1o( which it f.52llfl'. , ~ Dido'. wakd\ll~ it modelled on M-dea'. in ApoIlonilll '-7+p.) with the noclumal vilitation or d~viIion in which the bao. thou,h unquiet, s1ttp1 lishtly (d . '1.:t68II"., 5·141ff., 4o~,w.) .
a'
.,.
·"1 Li P .
J. ..,.
...., ..- ..f..
lUI
I...ucrctian phruc .
V . it I"ond of ' enclo:.inc wonI_der' :
lee
T . E. V. Peucet C.Q . ,..... 16 (1g66) 140-71, '1~'1o. Other ax . in thio book an .., 8'r-3, 370. 40.5-6, ,5'16, 678, 104. The device it common
. c"" In
_1
poetry •
.. For thio f..-m of Iymmctry ri. 'In. /WIE .., t . ,.: Rlped ' after .. !p..maple or equivt.lenl adj .: ri. 457n.
,. .... " l .
,aln
l.ucfttiUl tee dl a.iley, ' Parallda and
.CC\D. 'of
ct.
LucretiUl 40907 . On V. t.nd P.C.A . .& (195' ) '11-390 t.nd W. A. MerriU, in Virwil and LueletiUl ' , U....
clinciden«t
!
"c.lif"'"
•
COMMENTAR Y : 30-38
u. a.u. nilM. ( Iglg); bul V: ICkbl to m. cnat jHeJw
p"jI. not
confined to men: verbal raninilcen«:
He
till
"it
Inuod. :5 (jv) ; 31t«.
~.
'1~4
For th.o river-god d . Homn'. Sea.mander, II. ai, Spmln', Tha.mco and Medway in F.Q.' 4. 11 , Milton', Camw in L"cY" 103~. v .'. dcocriptinn oflhc pd" cmersence from bia ~ walen is balan:ed by the description ofhit diIappearaoce
.,66.
,.
,
' p ' ' ':{. a]6n.
•
a
La, Tibo,rin .... likc Evandn, whom Acn. will next mconnlu, it oklo Boch pcnoairy upecu of a lone UId wncrable tnditioft of td~on and civilisation in th.o rqion. "
.'
a
"
-.: . .al.
77, the pmnoun .. is. rare in Latin vcne. It OCCUR in the nomi.
native ''''dve limes in the A-uJ (I« 321);'- oec:un silt rims (apia at .s?fi}. " (ncut. pl. ) r...... times (tee 377). See A..ria on ....79 wbo,n: both ... and • occur. On the UIC of the adjectival .. tee 86n • ..._ ••. _ _ _ 1 d . 66ft. and 9.1IO.s, when th.o river Minci.. ;. li.milariy penonified ....1."'1 MAl f ,~ ,I.wa.
»
Thillinc abo OCCUn at 2.77.5. 3. 1,53, where it it :.pin Sr,. iated with. prophetic vision.t. time when Am. is. ItOubkd. The infiIlitivet .re Mione; ..t-~ must be undcntood with .q.n.
"Is
For TIberin ....• propneq I« Appendix A.
Am. io the: .....·.wailed, j ..t .. A...... tus in 6,79' is. the ' J>L'ORUscd oft' (Dryden). Aeneas' .....i.. is abo. •...s... • or atum. hence 'uuchit·: He Ia'rod. , (ii) and 1:uK., 13600. Tiberin ....· wr:rnb echo Ath_', to Odr- on his mum to Ithaca, OJ. 13.339 :
".
,.
'I. . . .
caiTap
..: 7 " 1
trW "fb", 06 'lfOT'~, cW.' IvIIII'I'9
' I ne¥n doubted, 1 c.Iways knew in my bean that you woukI mum.' ce. also the wordo of AnchiKI to Am . in the Elyaian heIdt,6.687 : tandem, tuaque c.upoctata parenti ita' dUNDI pidas ?
l ..... it1.i
uiQI
"
..
COMMENTARY , 38-+1
»1 ' "1 the prt:diuuve puticiple if
aun~cled
into the ¥OCa_ I rncuical COQvmimce... in I.t83. on which Autun
live, ~bly r. baa a loud note. art '" I 'S.~'7 =7 .U . ' ' you who keep Troy we !'or eva' (i.e. .. 'newT ,',Rome). For _ _ 18gn. ct, Aeneu' prYytl' to Apollo, , ,85ft',. to.. Tn 'abidi", aly' ('R.~ _ _): _ ·It.,. TtoiH Pw,.-. also 1-f98-9 ...1lI...... _ I fWI " , R.o, ... P.t.n. _ . IF ~ the t-,., (oee Do 11-12, 3gru'1,) wbichaymbolite the continwty city.
c-,.
ct.
oi!the
1-."' h acmplifieo the eommoa ' epaqctic' .- ~ the copulative (d OC' ...,), in wbich I '''''ld pbraae parallels, b plaina OC' panpbrua the fint (HoImann S_t)'l' ,82- ,). ct. the UK of d .. a ~i ....te bu ......" twO panolId
'"
«I.
. . . . I.S7
h; "
the
(In • (ill). ,~. ,.6m.), The pI!7 eM \IU&'C (?DOCber ..... ·mple of wbi~ if a, '7.-5) if to be dillinIuifhed (.om bmdiad,.. of thef.... d .... ,."".. type (utin .) in which the twordatedapoc> NON could be no'Ivkn:d by ali",k eompound Cormula.
KIIU!n<>eI
l
,. We dW L77 d . . (IC, IlII ). perbaJII reallin( 6.6", wt ae Ac:n. if !old that ~ef.uu. I.e;• . , in ElyliUlJ! have _6"cd '+>11+' (...ui , _ &: .) undJ their reinc'rnation .. llorens. A-n",z' own 'wanderinr twO worlds' if FlOW 6 n iehM. end Tiberiz>..• WOldt m .., .trike him, end the. ~Ci', with..... n few .... : the .P'" eompleted, the J.hU .... t rulfillcd,. the promizcd 1TDd .mined. Tbe pbl'UC:iI .... hotd ~nat65(n.) andalsomcel .. 7.7 .. _ ' .. " ;'IN ut, end tlIie omem oC.ettJunmt which thn 101....... FOI' the im~ or mil: .. : ","' d . 77 - lt, III!. 619J!Ul., B,;hy 31. 01 "" oecun in V. only heR end a, 10.11. ?DOCber perentt ;. (_ _ rp,,): Soubiren .'1, end d. also ~ 1l1l 557 •
bc::'1tttl
(_ •• zI".).ld.ion
I
...-' 'All the r th end -ret 01 the p:Io baT died a_y.' Tbe .......... 01 WlU', wtiich Aco. iI,oid not to £ear, • the rs.dt 01 JUlIO', &"ft' 7.t86~: thiI -ret, wbich dominalel the eotit<: ,rOC'" (_ 1. 1i ....,.tm& Mi.u ~ ir_J). doa ROt ..:tuTUy JIll 'lie until book XII. TiberinUiIotf on to telI~. (60-I) to OO(:FCOiheJUIIO', ancer and WeJ:. with pnyczt, n .....111000", bit sta.. """", heR • not Iitenlly ,...:, .. ServiUl poirIted out, ;1 may be reprded ' .. 7
7,
I,
,
•
COMMENTARY, 41-43
"
.. _.-' ..... .. , aauuation . .. . pr..... _ .."'~,..c noUH:T ......... _ ._,.., 'A ......... j .., . r""""' ....... _.".... ... _ _ ._ (Williama). '" ]2 oc:c:un only hen: in V.; the verb (, .. ".014=) . ilKlfrare, oc:c:un.r 86: for tbU ecbooee Putnam 112. In any eue. _ cannot apcct to i each. wholly ..ti.rac1Oly interpretation of this p=r'se because of the J'o' eJ mce in it of one of the fifty-nine incomplete linct (on which oee InU'Od•• (iii». While ell thctc hcmilticm. u~ 3.340. make complete ~ leu.e u they they fonn tbt: dearest ~bIc evidence of the poem', unreviJcd .taIC. AttcmptJ to complete tbt: bcmiItic:hI weR made by ancient edi,on with little me<: (DoPat ..... Viu: 4' )' Suvius record. mch an attempt for the present line. ~ _ .. Ii ... T-'r. Sec next n.
.-...>'.
.land.
in. Tbae lina wert: condemned u apuriOUl by Ribbcck. MOlt cdd. bBcket,.s. 43-6 are Icpeilted from 3.390-3, tbt: propbecyofHdcnUl. of which Tiberin .... now announe,," the fulfilment. It Ie ... probable that V. had not decided bow much 'cpetition he wanted ~. and ...cd ti6iri1tu (temporary propo) : tee further 'ntrod. 4 (iii).
a ; The portent is dClCribcd in two IWropiiatcly portenlOUl tiM:l : notice the .. r ..ted i and II l(lnNi., the aaonance ;...=1.: . 5..... and thc IDOOOIYllebic endi"" livin, • maned conftkt of metrif;al ictus with word Ioeccnt in the luttwo feet. V. \IIeI this ,peri' l cffed only 39 tims: cf. 679'1 ' This particular rhyme --..dine (...., ... -IW)_ IOmCthin, of 10 clicM: d. HeUqou&I'C'b Ii+. Hofmann-Saaatyr 707 •
found bcf~ V. 1st II one of V.', favourite wordl, oc:c:urrina ,68 timel in the Am. and '4 timet in this book. It .... uaI1y COOIVCYS oot merely,"*ta&e (10 we fed the WOld to be poopu 10 a heroic poeuo) but ..... por1entownat, 'lI'1n8m-, .. in +H. wha'c it ior appIicd 10 Am.'2 Ihidd.. Hen, it carrict • funbcr .,., e of 'pcecuanl' (d."", _ ".....). 11 itlllCd of Am. himKIhl]67 (n.) toempft"'u ru. HercuJeaa .t1l1u", iJI COOItrall wilh hit environment. \IIhm .pplied 10 • pia«. e.t. Cacuo' cave (141. 11,58) or a sacred trove (:w-, .597) it Dot only carriCil the _ t i o n of but impliCil at.o • quality proper to ..... tlocality (cf. h~) 00 WI we feel 'tbU ior what j, hal alwa)'l been liltc, and Gti£ht to be liltc'. It it tbU contralt bel. !In cwo _ .. fiddo. '.1r'1UIf'I:' 1M' • unborn " and • inhcrenl' 1M' • inborn'. whido m,t"
.,
Ute. I '] is
D(II
lb.."
a_.
,,,tic
.
COMMENTARY, 4~
the wOld 10 c:ffik:tive (u Cao_y pointed out ill hia 1'1 . ora 1, 114). Henry ..., .... ~ famouo (and c:haraeterinic) note <)II. the word (at $-118): be QJ.It iI 'ow autbol". m'w o€alI_k, cool, .tUI UMI butlu • a, _ ', but thit £ancifuI. ,cm"nt too coAly dc-'w 'Ou. the won! _ .trip' it ambi(uouI powa.
ant.
it!: .oJ
u..
h r with,.. +' (dative ol..tnntas't):· you Ihall lee lyiftr Ib e a h"~ ... which hu,;..t Jivm birth to • litter ohhlrty N\etI'. ;'I'" g'Uoo:d lOt • animalo' by • common ~ (rynecdor:he). but • furtbc:r J..d. play lD&y be involved Iince the thirty pickb prot,.bty bad. • ~tic::aI .ipific:anoI:: (lOr the aumber..-ymbol- __ App. A) ; . ~ WOld-pial' may be "' ..... , in the !,lie 0( ',IuI, with uUU . U...., in (n. ) . f4
., dE" A ., a. .......i... L, 0( the .be-wolf', pualldo ~ the rwo IlftimU _ &.-sa.
v;.) 'r..-
_ . . . (19; '"
f7
•,.nd that •.• t , a . Vano'• .., 'C
i«
• d.
~-
wbic;b (poftml)
"""!%i- ciledin
". tbefonnulaoccun
a' 6s1 : few
you are
to " ..... er•
in App. A. Luueti..
,.,11 .
ca,..... l i _):
' d . - . with .......r. (",,.n.' " tbe fisure ~ 570. h . _ 'I roretdl', . r.o"'..... mnni ..... : d.
,!I'" ,.....:. ' ItJiilbtiwwani '''";1'' ... 11" m...i ; ,... .... tbrowint: J..
»+
r i d 7 (ph".) lslI' , i &110 .t~ 1I5-'t.i; vviulao an: are 6.759. 11.5',5. wbae the .,.
,
formWa ia • jH .: ml
'a . I. the the caM and
<:pellet ! the dlCel a(
~7
, " bunSen 01 CulfiIIPor the: pioj1b:CJ 011. to A= rEf zi t: ;. pn"dicatjYe aDd emph'tic., ~ ..., ill 6" !lOS. 561 : il. a kq·_d ia boW: VlII.
It_.
h
F.. 1be Kttkn 011 the tile 01 aDd theU kiDf EnMa-, _11I1iod. S (ii). The motber-ci.ty oIPa"alll",m ia Arcadi' _ lI,cd aft& 01 L _ EnMc,', ......v.Iber. II ' ,-, En M ':!', _ ill aIIII ,."lIed PaJJ,a". aDd 1be __ ICf" =1 _ tbe PalaIiDe _ 11\1. ; 0( ; ~!y lI'med after bUa (d. Livy 1.5). The 'el, __ "'-r' ia¥Ol_ a l~ waod·"", wbidl d .Set quaatity, oi...... tbe lint tyUa~~ oI Palatium ;. ,h ;-1. FOI" other eu"'P.1II 0I_dplay _IN-, do +JIll.
5-1-'
"
Pa"" _
t:
j ol ~ ,~ w- ia ~ VIII wbida mel willi a qwdr_)Ilabi.c , -d" i I ' , • • puz dEE III doe 6fth SlooI; : 1be.t •
,.
~ ill ._
I
•
"
COMMENT .... RY:~1
an ,67.341, 345. Two other DrlCS in thiI booII (+"'. 679) have .. ipDiodee in the fifth foot lhoucb not .. quadn.yllabie endinS. Hn'· metc:n 01 thiI type, while not uncoaunon in H _ , became .. mannen.m 01 the Aleundrianl and .. balI·mark 01 the Roman 'neotcrio;' .tyle : there an: 30 eqmplcs ita Catull ... 6.t. .. POUII 01 fOIl Iino. In c:ootralt Varpl IlleS the pallun ,parinsly : ita over u,ooo benmeten he bas only 33 ·OllC.St.6:J
55 TbiI ",atemult appean to conIIict with otbcn ita the poc:lll (e.S. 7-+6) wbim imply lhal the LatiN baye boca ion& a, pellet: (Campi 134- 5). Such formal inconsiItencil:l in VII and VIII perhap' rdiU;1 the .uotion belwced the • hard' and primitive' native' ItaJians and the civilioul and peaa:-Iovi"l Trojan inunirrantr.. In terma of the poem'. narntiye thiI luotion iI I'Cll'llved in XII in the treaty betwem TrojaN and Latini; in another JeRI!, however, it it fteVU entirely raoI.vui and .-enW... an ambiyalent cluncnt ira thc Roman daaTKtet 10 which V. in particular WAI profoundly .cn&itiye. TIte dual element in the Roman &na:stry Uo a a:n ..... thane of the
A-w. See lUMber 'I.sn.
~
It;. Aenea.' wbolly Roman Wk 10 find alii", and make u .... tiea. 7'26.f, wbere i-wi and S«i.s occur in relation 10 LatinUl, and tee abo ,16-17, 5+0"".
ce.
57 'I ebaIllcad you lIm,ht Uptlre&m between my banb.' Iu Pace remincb III, the . pcaku b.u net yet introduced himKlf AI Tiberia... The propbu:y in thiI and tbc foIlowins yene iI fulfilled al 868"..... mill' be .aken bodo with ~ and •• Li,. (thechrb IICIl'O\iconalr\loCtion).
$I 4 i IUC Uo echoed, net only ira the fulfilment 01 the propbcey (95) but immediately below (61 ). To become 'uic:tot' AenI!M mUit OVC'"",,-ne both &II adyene ali"i"UIt and an ad_ d(ityi Tiberin .... propbcIicI that be will do both. J .... t AI the river', currenl Uo ,tayed al86-g,.." ultimalely,
ilJuno'. wrath : d .
~'n.
..... Aen,,' popitialory .acrificc 10 Juno iI carried aut al 8.t-.s and ful6Ia the commancD bodo 01 TIberinlil and of Helenlll a'
'ijI"'" it
•
'"
,.
I lIB
COMMENTARY , 61-65
..... I I-.i
-.u. At
J.., .... lw-s ...........
".flrJoM
I lIIHIitiftJ
~.
3- ~~17 Aenea. duly hoootm Juno ill Calabria. C£ alto
Ht. l18. when: t the momall bdon final victory Aen . u1Ia in IOkmn witn-. fint Terra, then Sol, then Jupiter, then JUDO: ... _w.-. ........ tr-. Mil prayer it uuwCR'd : JUDO ultimately 1- ~_eII CIO'e of ih" ' Ca.piwUne' tri.d • of deitie. who pmle(:IM Rome : tee
I
731n.
'- 'Ii
,h
.~
thiI placiftJ of. major .enae-break a, the 2nd.rOCK
aoelur& QDrdtill.J cs .. favourite Virsi1ian "ltruetun:, tee Introd . ... (iii). The . - of th~ fulun: leDIC and the emphatic ..w conlrlllt the immediate boooun 10 be paid by Aen. to Juno with thole: be .. 10 pay Tiberinl.lt II en viclOl'ioul (_ _ is pralicative AI in ,0).
t, The chi'''k symmetry 01 thU line iI dosely paralldod by "a, which deaeribel.~ the Nile, anti. type of the Tiber. Both lines are, .. it happe.u, €oI~ by .. £arm of tbc _ _"d (u- ;' .., c= Ii ' ). _ ' . t.- 'grazing', i.e. 'crodina: ' (.. in ,5. 163). ~'" giyo:l ~ other n. ~ a of the Tiixo": Rumon (pui n;.. .... ,.u..u d '"7 ' Ll. cf. 90". I Sern, Tcrenturn : all are cz.ampla ol'thc.same kind of ' ct)'mOloci • word-play. ... m ' ! , t , . . E7. . . , d . the Ennian formula ~..J; «
ctJI
Lai
ia ..y misbty '-n. the wdl .. priDJ (walu-4Upply) (or lofty cilia I'ortb.' TIle 'laten!,nl (two parallel IeAta\eeI in uyndeton, the, 'orod amplifrint; the fint) .... x !I IW tiM _ d" ' at 39 (_ n.: ~ PalatiM MS K,d,""" (00" betel. There may be • ref"aaoo..e the n ... · 7 ..n.. ·' be final bend. 11 ,b-e it tum. the _ I>CU" o.tia, the lite of Aea.'. fint camp :
1$ 'Hen:
bete:so= \0
_twarcllto
,,
"'Il"".
ri...,..·.
•
..
COMMENTAR V : 0-10
Ovid, Fasti +3V9-!O
#_'_"""', .J ...... }
1£1 ., " ,
Tctri... ".-- I ....
. . . n. ·... ~. 'zl . woWd thera mer, noc to 1M 1OI.IJU.00the river, but to the "nd.... zo:.and Iystcm 01 • : : .un IUppc : . .! to be the aod'l home, the '-" 0166. +!6oft'. : .• ~ 1~...... lMtu rlr., ... I d tyw ... flItIu trim - . m_);1 Eri:onu (Fowler 31;.a doom=- the II z : F·... in an interfttinc n .). LtKreliuo ,5.270 JIG: ::ks. wt e the cWo corrtsjlO\'idl 10 . .Nh:s heu, whim mlllf. be ........ fL-rzl, with UftII, not with uW. Tiberiouo IUpPia the milhry elM 01 Euuria, but 'h'P io alao the prophetic hint that be will one day oupply . mlchlier city, Rome .....cc earl alao mean 'capital' (d. +tn.) : b- ia \1M: in uu. - Fe with • daL Uvy 8 ....5. U;W occ;un in • _pborical .,p- to e1e 'ibe Rome in Ed. F." ;; 7b :t,
cr. c-,.
'7,
cr.
"'*
-=
.u.s
... .,... Vilti, tries. "'IfII may aDo refer 10 the .......... j6cd river-pl hi' Ir. a . 0: ' 9!3-4 (011 the ri\lCl'-• ..-M Sabrina) M.y 19 I.ttJ
'IW'"
.hULL
_~.
wa-, .....
__ -~ . . . -.llL. I
" •• lz. clityUabic: by aynizeaio. the non:D&l pu_dy. V . "u:·Uy pdol QOC to place th.i:: ~ at the b .inoi... oC._ICLY;I' : 48FD. - • 7.. '1"?lk u d . HF.886(oIJuturna) .ft · . . . Eft• . . Hen: it musC be alPP'l d that the river-pl dived ",, __ uh lbe _f = ~ bia watcn: inlO'" "'.=111100 • .oar (c£ 31-406,51Ul.).
-=
57 FOI' the
IO:F'
.1
bo: ' Fk.t the
IE
.nod..foot
M
:ua c£ 611ft.
P ,. Mer bia If'OtIblui N::ft. ia now calm aOO """Nt Enl: • ~ of hopdul apectation, wbic:h from _ on "'-in.1a book VIII (d. Hrinle 4,511), it ClubldMd in thee £ormaI, l!!!OOIhly·8owina li'e. each of whid. c:oneo.- to the lraditioaal .,.mmetrical type ~.t 'lin., in wbid. the adj . at the tbird-Soot c:. EIUla acrEEI with the nouA .1 the mel 01 the line. The linea &Ie further Iinlted by the K~ eaud ... lI'I0I1 obviouI in the ._anu / ·M . • .J' . U (the river ilL • .....;.ud with lilbl aOO hope), by lack 01 eliaion ucl • markcI Wi lupt>.-wmc:e belWteD ictuI and accenl, a,ri' i in 70 even to the I'owth Coot where V. normally baa oonftict (Allen 338). The effect .. 10 Wilvey • P:W- of • heel aOO Wlimpedeel aetion. There . . . Itrona """trail with the oimile al U ---,5. before the river-aod'•• ppen. ance: thera, Au.. _ at tbe milt, oflhe '_VCl' oluur.iety, c:on!UKd
."'
OJ
COMMENTARY : 10-11
and un«rwo ; now, in the dawn, he hcMdI the walen in his hand, the ri~r (nalute) mb , "ubmi"o me hero ((iviliRtion) .
Iln.I~U",
The of thQ righi-line prayer is fonna! : a two-line ~Iio U foU~ by. one-line rtqU(:I' with double vub {am,i"' ... )i then mmb a four-line so:cond i_io and pledge, followed by • oecond and alt.c.tuding one-line reqU(:II , &gun with double yerb (am . . ./inNs) . The Homeric el iI OJ, 13-3¢-60. when: Odyucw prays to the nympht 0Cl tu. retum to Ithaca: C.... another eo:::bo of this pen' le s« 37-&. ,1--1
I
7' ·s« ' _ , '{i.gil h.u .bout +0 lines ending in nl pn:ceded by an elided. word; wbrrc: the Jailer is • dilyUabie. as here or at 9'~47 ( T ..ie .., ). the . ""'. is equiv-.ien •• 0 ,h •• p roduced by lwo monoIyllabka (d'. ~ ) : . uch mdingt are mclrically normal, the lwe monoIyllablet formin what is vinually • spooda.ic disyllable.
". cr. Ennius,
..... St V' UfW ptlkt TiHrizw '''''
J-i~
....",t..
'13 ,lrkM. Ii ;trinJu. Norden, in his n. on 6.83. pain'" 001 thai this form, commOnl y called "yncope, ia more properly 10 be "'larded. as the ralontion~ofthe original ~ogy for metrical convenience.
6~-6
7"- 5 TheM: lin1 m .... t be rde. .ed back to (n .) but they abo '(present a (orm ... la whereby, in addrca.in( a deity, the Creeks and R I covered all poaible cooti",en<:io:s by 00", as aU-cmbracing as pcaible as to name, location, etc.
conJnon
,. W ,Ir . . . • the anaphora crnph" i.... the JO!emnil y o( the prayer. For dtber cxx. of thiJ IigIIfC, see 91-11, 161 , 6,59, figg, 1 18. For the vow of ~ ... al servicc cr. Ed. ~.78 ur¢ _ ..... ," 1 ,.,.. ' - tutu,... - dUell, a pen'IC repeated by Am. to Dido, 1.607ff'. ,., A lrandly Jrutruc:ted (ormalline, wt-e .ynunetry doeI not !'CIt only on tbe c:o:m.b corn:spoodcnce H1.J16+ - . ..• ,, ''- (diK'=!~ at "0.) but on the fact that every word in it to either a I>OWl or .... adjective in the ~m.in.ativt: or ,enitive. """," .. 6w' iI in uyndcton,linc:c 7 ' 1, though a noun, runctioN YubalJy .. u-egb it Wfl'C a partici~e : ' horned riYCl' thai nzlal over the _len ••• ' . A.yncklon _ &mmon in archaie Latin and V. ICeIN hen: to be
l!-v
'J. ,.,...1«
I
•
"
COMMENTARY' 17-33
echoi", or imitali", an archak IOnnwa. The line balano:a the eqUAlly formal lit. 2 Ipr. ri~ ~e depicted u bomed: 727. ,7HI
c-,...
er.
tf ".,un.a OW&tl
' IQ/IhI
j EnJ.Nu,
,. .fd•• _ , . " . lhe intajeetion, plaecd vud, beichtcN the emotional effect (d . 4.~78 .JJU .~,. i _ ) and aha IUYeL Iv 'only' (d. 4.6~7. 6.,., link the verb clolely with the advetb 9·43°)· 'E
""'.21,
.. ,. :;1 _ _ •• ph... 58 5e~ elu and amplifia the idea al,eady.taled in the fi~5 balf of the line: ' theme and variallOft'. ".,... oocun in the Jame~, and the .....e poIiliOft in the line,
8'
1.)~6.
IrFl a complex and important word (Iikef.... ICC 731n.) d~=!d by Bailey 6o-g. V . UItI i, aboul 6v tima (in this book aha al .86, :J82. ~t2 , ~7.). IF isKWndirnes belllraNlated .. ' avdhnd' (often in the _ of divine ptaence). sometimea i5 means rather the manifesuniOft of avdhc:ad in the foon 0( divine power 0' aulhority. IF probably derives rrom -_, _ . the nod with whid> Jupiter expr. 'd his wiU (d . 10.1.) _ _, tf " " - ...... ot jl ). •• .8 'COIIfirm'. 'prove'. u al .2. 588 iii d :i,.,fo '.695 ... 21
Inatf"" ,Tj.
The appearance or the omen 0( the lOW provides an immediate aNWCI' to Aen.'. prayer.
7t __t tnnsitive.
',pca.b': intramitive,
d.
~3'.
In 339 it is
...u..
This line clcKly resembles 2.680 ( v . sd'-- Jict u"",.6iU - . . _ The -,rr- (portent) on th.at occaMon w .. the Iif'c round Iwus' head a, the fall or Troy. The portmt or the lOW ;. abo 'rOOated with Iwus (Aleanilll), symbolilinl his future roundation 0( Alba Lonp (App. A) to whiclt Rome', ·Troj.... ·families.incllOdinJthe fIN /td... ttaccd their orilin. II
""3
= 5 "« 5 ... . . . , ro.- the mdOlin. word.order ICC 1I8-'9i1. The
lOW with her younl if'-) in the ,5td! .. ootb by the oea-cbon:;' in analOl)' with the "he-wolf shown on Aen. '" "hield. who h.. alIo jlll1 Ii""" hinh if-) and tiel with Romuhu and Rernlll in a"tao cave
,.
COMMENTARY , 85-89
"
(wi 'Ii ... "", ....) bdde the nber: __ 4), repr , ' mt roUndltic-mytbl.
F«'"
"'rdifiout -5
:4 '1
63onn.
Both Ini-'k
dF«t of a, lee 4S- 4'l.
out the AcI'i&c (I« 6o-.ft.). V. empb"- !I the im~ 01 thiI poopitiatory aacri6c:e toJuno, \IIlCkn.aken immedi·tely ~e , the journey to the ate of the fu.tIu'e Rome The UK of the vocative • in apolllopbe ' it ben: a eon""' ......, metric:aI derioe but i::.:!l'I ..... ny caniel .,tronc' 0 . . . . . .1efFect : d. 5.8.to c .•• " ' '-'_'.'' _J12 Stn:dM:lllllJll, .1 j • _ _ ' .... , . .,.;~ ! Acn.
.._/:
.1L"· ··
,...,.., tat,
P'
'"
Ih
2
....,. 'AI",
" .
" the Ii:pealed ~ iI chanoc:terit.tic: of the dill ' H, ...... INIJI.IIIIe 01 pn.~ (d.. ass SO,Sn., and 9-4"4 ...... /:II "' __ 7.<) ; b the • 7FFE.uati.,· UK d .... ('"' Gil: 60'1 ) avnWWII! in P\av.i" a. 10.8,,,,, ",:4 " ,:f 2,J"'ptjnonll.loo_ ..., ·pwi' ..... Non;lmOll 6.118 . 11 , . • • 00nIitt "'ii
7,
I'? - ..:.rau_-.
ClDI>atn>etian 01 the type o::omaxWy, bul mic!mdi"'Cir, d~bed .. \ '1M "'£hiM (the can lar""c the bu..,). Sueb (O ~eeh""'iuo· fRquaItly d<-.. ,ibc t ......-..I t .......... . .,M . . 110 !hal i't do.. DOt ....lter which _y I'OUl'MI the pbrues are put (_ ,...oo.).kbut C¥C:a if doe action. are nat limull........... they 1DUl1.un be ..... tatcther to form _linele idea, the more important d '!ftt brine riP Ltd fin. with an expl......1Ory da\IK t.ppa.ded by puatuit intteali of IUbordiftation : lee Auttin'. note 01) t.m
.,
• I!
t ••••
d
It ...
. ".-f," __ "
I cil\lala at altan (aDd lempks) play • "-pcuout pw1 i.n book VIII . NoC~~ Acn. (here and with EV"nder ., 51- 3) WI Evander (., the ~ Maxima), Romwllt, Manti", aM AUCUK'" are ebown i.n ,"Wi' . ' ~ poIl\lI"ef .ymholioint Illi........ prayers lOr _ _ _ or _ cif ther" 'Ii..u.,. •
+
(Iu~. ~
77 If a . , .• (iv». . ' If I TheTibd,afterbeinJ:lulpaleaUrupl,p·t ~e.aDdboeo:clITe. IUlrion·ry (1Or,(f ? IS c:f. ,....., atO) i.n Koordance with TiberiD",' ;womiIe (1D-', 57)· The HDllklie modd it oc. .5-01, wbue the river it limilarly '-rid' (or Od}'llelll wbar. he I ...... 011 the eout d the 1'k'C.ej..... but the idea of the rivel' yi ,'ti.... to !be hero 011 • civil;';ur •. iI. vert Rom·u one: c:f. ,wn. '!'heft may be lUI
COMMENTAR y,~,
anaIotY
"
with the we condu« 01 Romulu. and Remus (eo ... pon. d......., between V. and Livy 1....-6 are polnled out by Bj-da 35). Cam~ 139 lugesled thaI V. mipl be alludUlr 10 an aclual Boortina of the Tiber which occurred on the rushl of 16-17 JIIft. 2,'.C., jutt alta- OctaYian had received the tille of A .....I... and the ....... ka ..... and weld (d . 188-gn.). ThiI phenomenon _ tepnkd ... l)'ttIboI~ ;una: the IpreM of Roman power far beyond jl:t prm- confinao (j:/ i z mz, jM?) : Dio .52.20, Niabet and HubbNd 19-21 (on Honee, C. 1.2. z3f1'".). The ca.lmins of the riva' afla iu opale CCHh" lponds 10 the calminr of Aen.'1 mind after a troubkd niPl (1g-2I,
-=
22-.5, 68-}OEln.).
_, forms of the adj. if an rare in V., II an: the pnxwxninal r.... _ (3Yl.). The rem. sins. ab!. oc:eun "ain m the .~ -'y at
"
12.4fl). .. oc:c:u.n at 105.
4
ml : S 'malliuknctb' , d"I93_I:iI':
.,." ... laa.
1"::: 1.Mp."~,,,,~. •
I d . ofO-zn. (. : Fl.
t
'in the manntt of', 'like'; thia quasi· prepoeili........ .....,. will> a cenili .. e (d. ___ , IO.6o.t) ia 10 be dDtirl(Uiabed from the ad .. erbial uaaces at 186, 282. ... : is dltjunctive: (_ •• ):' 01", not 'and '. a . C)a" Allttin on • .3'. and, (or a (u11 ditc:uaion of the Ull(e, Fonlyce on Calullllt 45.6Jt For r ,: and />IIfu d . the description of the Styx, 6.32,. •
II ,
. . 71 IS
There ia. marked aIlile:Rlive panem : . ... . ... 11 ...; ...
; • •• 11 ••• , ••• , •
. . .. : :lh:"'4 n e , " , ' (in such.way ... IO)lpI"!dout. smooth Nrface for (01' 00) hit walen '. ~/oi: ', . • I afIIU occun at .5- 821 . , II p ' n:sill.nce'. ThiI wOLd hu not been found 10 OZXUf dzrwhere in c;I.-ica.l Latin. V. abo bas lih i I (OIQCe) , ,....·IiL1 (twiee) and'" " (thru tj-el); &pin, no earliet' rIO iI attelled r..... lhm won:t., lhou,h they occur ocqri-.xWly in
,.... V.
\!lei
£ormuIaie phrao;inc to ';izlLlibe the ...rt 01 tbiI
"""",,,¥nlOUljowney. • ,. . . P 11--" ,
..
I COMMENTAR Y : 91~
dm ribel tbe,iou!ney ol Am. and the Sibyl to the riven ofUlI: under-Id. 1M uri' 1, ' (lOr ocber paralida bc""«,,, the two voy~
-H 'O?-I~~ 1I~14ftD:i. 'Kill7I r,"~:t ,it ~ and, ~ ~ ... ;. once, ~ . 1.10.9: II means WlUI .voun....e nOlK. I.C. WI apptortnr cria'!Cfrom the crew); fLE" ,., ,I. Jr, c!. 10. t66 ,,. dO mrd, ;,' ~ in the ....... (whue;. 0CI:\ln in aU 001, ax lima) it bean ils _ ,.:... , tenI! of'/_',
........ 21 1...••'
21
cC. EnniUl, .......
s86 yo 'd;:& _-u.. .
' the very (a l _va marvd. and the woock too, nol Iki"" uocd to •• , ' I ...." · h. pndicative). The ana· pbota (repetitiall.. of lM initial word. of. phrue) .....a both fOC' emphW and nectivt: device (d. .6.). V. emph'" II the m'-idlouIrJ ill thU voyace. which • E2 hibkt thai to the under_ world. or the vo, , . of J - : d. ApoIIooi .... 1 •.s+f--5' and CatullUi !it-1-15. when! tbe __ lIymphl-..:ler at the ArplaUQ (5 • i,y''' ). The pi rnt F l!. .se, wilh briliiaGl . - of the ' pt.tbetie fallaey' (d. 11]6 1°) ~ lQIDetrunr to the Alexandrian deKripUV1' .Iyle (tee " Wllliaml, TOm:l65f-S) but the atmolphel'e ofputonJ tranquillity i& pcc:uliarly VIrJi'ipq: d. 7" 5-36. • ,.....
.... 2 •• . _ ' . _
!
J ........
im
L ...d _~
2'
" What the wonder an 'lhe ,leamina: lhidd. of !he bu~ :1 .Jt their painted llhip owimmi... on !be water', Foe' chit vividly visJ.:J deteription d . Ht-ytn. The line it alto • cood ".mple of V.'.~exploitaUo... of the ambivakn, poMibilitia of Latin wonI-onitt : J "it 10 be takm both with.faJJ , ... ,..,. (the .hid~ ' bum on the _ b ', AI in the f."'OUI dcacriptioo. ofC2eopt.In'. ~ in Sh'ky' 7 4ACt J Mil a 11.2.792) aDd with "-C (which a balance be7.emjio', and "eM' ..' idS). , -. more Y uka an aCCUl ... al 657; il oc:cun ..ain with abI . a5 6g7.
re,!.
"veE
r '7Y'ni
.J.._
1_"'_ ,Ii. _
",aiD v. on tradition·l fonDll and pbrata. .ai iI the ok! form cI iIli (da~ q . 01', . . bCR aDd a, .59f, OOPI. pl.); 10 MUs fOl' "". at 59; III ..., I. I . .......Ie ..... "'m, eope- ,a y UI . .""" Jlma" ..... M
.
. "
....-
rormula Mli "1f +\ 7:1I.F8-
f
,.
'"
".. .
, 0'
the double 'fW it • ' IIWUIeI'ian of biab epic ztyle' (AuJln on ..s,) lint fOlind in EmU.... who _ imitatinr HOEnu'. UTe of double TE. It it panirularly IIM:d to link pain of •. ':, ,
,
7
r I
•
I
•
"
COMMENTARY: 9+-100
related wonk : d . 11. '92 i, ~ ct.;IOIfrfW .i'Ll' ' t.;·.... fW tv. . . . . ; Hofmann-8Afllyr .. 76. For the nilhl journey d . Am.'1 vOYacc (rom Cumae 10 the Tiber 51 the bqinnin, 0( book VU . The Homeric modd is Tclcmac.bUl' voy. to Pyle., OJ. ~ ,"34 (Introd. ~ (ill. For the pi senljourney V. KCmI to bave allowed aboo, 30 hooQ (d. App. A). "
2
j Ii
n" ICC .san.
s"
'They make way on the smooth l una« bc:twem "een Ifect.' For ",,", Henry compafQ _.,..". 5163. ,1.,1,3 8 1 ...... c1won IKfore the 6fth foot it rare : d . " .420, 6.62~, Soubiran .536-7.
.,.
A variant of C-I. ..-t® _MH, uM
n
3,6. HI ipIf'J ....... J
......... ,. The markin, 0( time it a «KIUI>OrI device for breakl", up 10"" iCquenCClof cpie narntivc from Homer on, bul it lpecially importalll in this book of tbe Atntii and on tbia particular day, other poinll 0( which 5re IIlUkni at 280, 369- The Troj.... arrive at Rome a' hish noon when the IWl it a' ill :&enith. (On the ,ymbolic value of Viqil '. timc-formu1as, fin' noted by Scrvi..., ICC ~ 139ft'.) . . "ualt the Imod ryUatMe is long, a1thoocb a vowcI follOWll . In _ eelCI where thit 1icaK:c OCCUQ, V . it in ("::1 retlOrinl the .yllable 10 ill original lengtb (ICC ,tiYl.); meny nlOI'e, indudins the Pfesmt instance, and c.,.., in 10.9901, csnnot IK 10 explained but ate pubapl an imitation of a poclic .." ... found in Homer and the Alcundriant •
..... __ • e . .. _ . for the coolnn beI_m pPlllimplicilY and presmt (Augustan ) Iplendour do 347-8, 900-1 . The formula abo OCCWI in me ..,tioIQlical elqics 0( PlOPCltiUS, I. Ift'. , ...... ' I ft. but v .'. atlitooe it _ smbivelmt: d . Introd. , (ii, iii). The dull bc:twCCfl 'epic time. ' and ' real time' it .trikinc: the pocIl~' ,b u.
c.,....
;. It " tfT-·
'II '7d• • li lonIt. d . ...89 Mf'PZ"I_ - d.... u., on Csrthacc. sali,type ofRomc (d. 'O9'l.), and 6.]81-l1. wbeti Aftcbitcs propbcaies Rome', future pcacne.: ;u. ;n ....• ~ ... auLlIlII u"di, Ot".,.. Such hypuboles PI"C chsracteriatic 0( duuipr liON in Pf'Ute 0( cities and buildinp. a uandani topic 0( cpidcic:uc: literature: d . E. FfSCllkel, H __ (1 9~7) u~ n., (on C. :1-29-10). Itl
'77,11
,.
.
COMM~NTARY;
1(1).-110
... FOI" Evandcr'. povmy lee alto 10,5, 3fi.t.-!h Inuod. , (i i).
I.' A
roundiJ..«r line (lhe figvn: known as epiphonema): d. 6,5.
I
12,S, 30.5. sfig.
---·It
I
The arriv..t at t allantC'Um, where the annual rilea in honour of HereulCi an: beiqc ulcbraled by kina E .. ander •• the An Maxima. TIle opcni", liMlI, of thit p".'p have thar Homeri<: (:OWIlcrpv1 in TdemachUl' arrival PyloI, OJ, ~",ff.• when: be finds Nestor .acrilicina and is ~PUled by his.on Prisistnll." .. Am. is I"wled by • E ...ander',101'1 Pallas. The .1I"';on to, and transformation of, Homeric motivel (the q.J." the _IoN) is charac:teritticaUy VirJi.lian {Itt Introil. 2 (il).
a'
l
._ r _ . . .Il10. it is cmtn.l 10 the typo&ocicaJ IlruCIW'e of VIII thai Am . •'0',1d 'happa!' 10 uri..., &, the ... tea olRome on ... " ................. ---,_ .• _- da"y. ......
.,,-12 ....... _1 :
I nuuu. _.. .
\I
('. "'J • II, In
.... =., adj. "rArc.dian' (oc. Evandcr) •
•., • r,t11o)Z" ., dat . lin,. _ Hcrcula, the putative 101'1 of Amphluyoa (his rootber was Amphir.ryon'. wife Akmena, his r.th.,.. Zeus). Foe' this ~ of .. ,rand pattonymi<: cr.• Bn. : but V. _ meuically OO!i~" to UK _ kind of pc:ripbraAia. ... P
he!
E~e:r'''011 (,S+II.); his dealh a,lhe hand o£TImIUI
( 10•• .57-509) is
.~
by Am. a' the end oC the poe....
• eI "," ' I ct 196, '",h,: the verbal echo hel.. to COIItrut ~ - (sacrifice) with eaa.' 'bad' b!oodlh~ Evandu'. ' aood' .bed (-I.UChler ofltal"f' ...imah) •
-
•.,....•• d,". l, they
taW' ) taka
fint •
then IWO parallel cI'I.er ( _ , and infinitive: OOIlItnlCtion) wbich '''f0.1 and .mplify the main " 'Idea : ' theme and tWO vari.tioN· (Henry). a . Ibe arrival al the SJ.. in 6.,a~. (/W """'- .. , . ..... .. ,) ; fOC' other ~ !klw.m the two q».ooSI« 90-', •• II-.tnn. The pc •• enl p ...... only illfM ' ely dranu.uc - the puvadinc Almee and ... .dow. oI l ' 2 '" c'di, ,.,..,., (no wo;>c-
ilF
N
i
•
"
COMMENTARY, )10-125
A. G. Mack·y, 'VirJi1iaro Iandv'p" inlO U1', in Jrft'P, ~. D. R . Dudley (1969) ISI-1I (with 'Cjliod\ICtkw:.) where il it _ugatcd thai Claude empb . ed the alll.iu,1O VI .
'I 'in a body', 'u one man'. This _ fear it contnated with the eaurqt: of Pall.. i:n ruahi:nc foI'ward 01'1 hit own, ready 10 fipt the unknowra intruden ( J t .. . . ,"1;1' ;"'J. There D a traci" inlay here, .. at 'I,.tr. (lei: n.), fOl' Pallu iI in fKt takinc the fint.tep IOWarda hia own death (d. u.o s78. s89-g1 ). He.bowl a similuCDloII'IICUIIO.y:iIK" when he dlidel the ArcadiaN £or Iheir rear, ........
""'4
Pal...• lrectina to Aero.
l......l1b1et
Charon', ., 6.,88,
f '1, " U._bupi_a.J! . • ."tf,. I /_.~III ·" ... The panlld iI £wtber emphllbed by the raa thai Charon IJOC' on to ..y thai the arrival oflivina he,OQ allbe Styli hu ne¥Ci' plel!d bim, ' not nom Hercules ' (___ AkiJu .. . J. Am. it _ f080wir0c in
another,journey, ;",,'1' 1<1 '1'''' .us. It iI inde .. Hercules' heroilm on the very _pot wbet-e Aero. now peparel to diwmbark, which EYandn iI cdebntifll. for the paralld betwcen tbia cp ' de and VI lei: also 18-101, gG-lDn.
HereuIeI' fOOblcp
"5 ,
00\
2' '. .. &It ...... prefi(wationo( A,....I .. aIActium,680-I .
..t Am. hokb OUI (Jr_H, d 128) an olive-branch, Iymbol 0( peace and ... : 1 . J to Pal'" Albene. a . 7. 15+0 where Am . Knda mY'O)'f 10 Latinlll'.... '¢I t PM"6i, . . ~, ,..'; ....... • ,. "i 1281 tbia compound adjecti~ iI not found bc£Oi:e Virsil. 117 T. ' 3
"I formally ma'c hed by c.... ' "'_011 1"7•
men
• I •• to the TrojaN, ilIi 10 the Lati.. : 'ailes, whom they have pL.IfStIeI! with an-opnl boItilily ', • mermce to the ..,.., now bc;nll prepai"ed ( lei: 1- 17). ~ rccalIJ the poen,', opcninll lina in •• 3
which Am. it deocribed al I ", ICe n .
II, ' • .,
' I
II I ..
ufa"~,
in the £ormu'" .... &iI,
»" it a p
. dicati~
_
.,
.,.,. occ.... &pin with/alii
.....
not
&Y,
etC.
a vocative.
'''5 The TrojaN approad> the ... ~ 1I10 .... leviac the rivawJUdl hu don»"alod the finl pan orbool:: VIII. fOl' the I>¥'i'.pby tee Introd. , (iii) . The formal line it au epipbonema. d . lOin.
"
COMMENTARY: 126-132
1--,. In his CormaI disembarkatioa lpeech Am. diplomatically traces ... common dr:rcent for the Arcadians and TrojanI before Ittkinl alliance! See Introd. I (ii). In II. ~o.:IOOR'. Homer', Am. proclaillll his li+ace to Achilles, pointinr out thill Dardanua' r.ther _ Zeuo hirnaeU', ... point mad., lO LalinUi by lIioneus a' A",. 7.~lgff. Foe ollter ec~ olilioneua' lpe'rh tee '31-,. '4,-,500.
,*"""
I
• ., e n , r: 1 formally ba1ancinl old form of the J~l(kdmtioo (m. pl. (= from Enni...
I
...
,",lea ED
• I_I Ihe olive. branch
T~"",., in 117. nu. it an
C,aitotoiW.=) revived by V. wall
decked with wool •
W"['"
• is , . 'I afraid even lhooih you Were ... Gud, leader, An Arcadian, kin ~birth 10 the twin IOnt of AlfWt.' fflrtS = um: the form doea not o&ur dsewme in VE, thoua:hf....~j andf_1 are found occ"ionally. ~ hen: h .. the force of 1'''-,'1''. '.It~h (it wu • fact that)': cr. ~ 77-80. _ ... uli. . D .... ,.- it poaibly ... COlllra· dietary echo n- 0..-"'. The time to fear the G..eeb haa ended with Troy; the Roman revival oflhe ~ Iq<:nd emph";'-d its Greek element (now aatiJl'actorily lubordinated 10 Trojan-Roman lupaiority): ~ Galintky .61 . alia (from atiNum ): nowbere ... inV. :I IIU'I the (like ru.see~3) had a lpecial Auguatan see Syme ~9Iff.1I iI £onnaJJy applied to Am. by Evandu at 410. 4!J6.,I,.
ofr-49
I +'d
rin"
I,l-S .... is Jrnphatic and mUlt be takm with uIIMI •• : on the eontTary, ... y. Am .• 10 far from heinl af~. it _ in willinl o!xdiena: to m* destiny that I came here, although KVffal other facton actually ~rove me (.,....). lIioneus lay. lOmethinl limila. to Latinlll at 7.~39--40: uI MS wsttas '11";'or. ,,"as I ;"Imiis
·fIr' 00.
I
f". "-
.,1 ='2 _ ........ t d. Am.'1 .df.proclaiminl words at I.378-g. cited at lin. tJ _1fimrJ occun in Lucreti .... 1.40' V.'. adaptation of the pbrue pr gHlllia hero wholly endosed in hi! own ";m..., in the a'ylc of hi! H.;.J!,ri<= oounterparts. e.g. Odyueua in 0.. 9-19' • : 1£ an L I,. . . . . . . . , £0<' the eliaion of I at thi> place in the hczameter C£ ~" Ii6+. Soubiran !i88, .,.
Uh . . . .
t.,u.~..pondoi. won! (onru...... (~.. (~ "
•
COMM£NTARY : "2- 137
"
lIOmlaUy avoided by V. and when it occun oltcn h.. a ooIenl11. emphatic effect: d . 3&: and the very grand line u9~ _ uMu SW/W' __ It _ _ !<WtIIJ -W. In the present line the wocd-ordc:r ;, conu'olled by the correspoodena _ • ... J"" which operates .. a kind 0( connective: anapbora : d. 90'-1 n . . . . . , an archaism often found in Lucreti .... used aa:ain by V . ooly at 7" +4 4i.ntw •.• _ • •, . . TIle relauomhip here set I"orth bel ....« .. Evander and Oardan .... ancestor or the Trojan royal bouse. may be .hown by the foil""";", cable: Atlas ,
I
Maia Canncntis
_
i
I Mercury
Jupiter
-I
Dudoom
Evandu v . U$eI the tradition which places Dardanus' birthplace in Italy, at Coryth..., eponymowl y named fO<" the Italian ki", Coryth", who was EJe.:;u.'. b ...b.and when lobe boa Dardan ... 10 JupitC1" (Servi ... WI 7.207). cr. the ex<;hang<: bel_en lIioneuo and Latin\&l in the paralld embaay al 7. 1 9~ff., where Latin ... &&)"1 lhal Dardan........ 4iI: ..ttu ••• . . , and ~ TprfwM d utIo ,n/w-. a pbrue ""hoed t bonly afttt in relation 10 Aen ., IatM iU_/.tu...""... ... ",., t-/Id-. TIl... Aen. ;, o.ntan... come home aa:ain : rOl" the aiA;nificance ol the dynutie ugummt tee funbcr Inlrod. ~ (ii), and ~ 11 - 13n. (Evandu cakes up Am.'. arwument.) For another uadition, Ibat Dardan... wu an ~ian , cr. •6~n.
'SS .. GraI perIonoe.u formul .. ol thi. type illuatrate not JO much the poet'. own ' diffidentia' as hiI awaren.,. that he it rdyinC on a literary uadition : tee funber Norden Ofl 6.14.
I,,"""",
cr.
the last line of VIII, where Aen. takes Ofl hiI thoulden the round ohield : for ..'is ., 'ohidd' tee abo +47-9 ; he..., it m,..,.. 'univene': ICe Inlroci. ~ (iii ) for the U>aIocY betwu:a Am., Hercules and AUCUII\&I .. ' ohouldeun of worid_burderu'. Atlu here carries an entire a:eneek>cieal and typoIocical tradition : .... imponance it
"
I COMMENTARY , ln- 1S3
'00
moph,.is-d by ~ ICpetitiont elhit lIamt a, 140, 1+" He rymbolilet endurano:e, OK: ne<:l:IIitiei 0( destiny: tee P6vb' 145 (on . . +24MI, the famGUI dacription oJ Ad.. ;n the pc- ",). h~trod. • (iii). 1
hk.h mJ.t
_""'$
A CODtrUI ;" clearly mtendcd here with !he embaay of llioncut to Latinl. in boo!! VII . Rdyina 00 the b'occ'.rdatioNhip lxtween Areadi~ and Trojan.. Aeaeaa bas come ia pel'" to Bvandcr, he hu tnot.enl an envoy : _. _ p ... catrica • Ittooc emotive appeal. lor Aenut bat come u ~h. juse .. be "me .. b 10 the S;~ (6.1 IS) andpt at the Sibyl propbco;ied he would om: day come ..t'I~·P' in luly to alief yet \Iflbown (1S.ge ): ... 1lI
I.'
'fI/1I1Iu .. ,...,
.-u 1,..., ,57 'is I . . . _
fMU _ . .
.iI ....'
V. UKJ IttNkr ra«ly in the ....ii. 11 does notoccur a, all in boo!. VII,
kfI!
when: Aeneu Ihinp to hit JqtfClCllta tivC, never douhtina: thaI all woWd be well . riow he ia iN uRI tptti.s (cr. :¥is). The Olbu luppliaDt
....... VIII ~v:~ wh~ "" .... old r~ ...~ r~ v",= (tee 382) ira wha is deady in ~ respecb. ~Id qri~c.
7...
IfiS • Aeaeu aw d • nexl liDeo.
b
, the
Rutuli, Daum. beina: Turn.. Catha. aid againtl • commoo roe, .. explained in the
IfH ' They ieve thai, if they defeat ua. nolbin, can nap them from completelyl (,.....u.u : d . &I. 1.66) lubjup.Uns the whok ol Italy. and obtain!nI control 01 both the Adriatic and the Tyrrhenian
_ .'
I
•
.,..... His luppJication over, Ameaa alb for belp and pkdgeI hU Trojans to Evancier. The (annal cooclUlion, with ill. echo 0( Enniw:, consiall. of two Ii~ of the ~ metrical pattern (set: App. Bl. a c 'a. i. au 1 EnniUl, A.... 32 V' _ip. J.""JJ-I....tpM
1m _11iZ
ste,.,.
'W•
..l • ' lQkd by evenu'; d . G_ t . •. 191 .151M "'h... Thoucb ~r11 in yean, the Trojans an toua'hcned by experience. cr. 1,lgB ....... au'. it-ri " . ......,(,......
t. ,J
ISS .... tbe tenK U im.-unl. EYaJXler had been _tcbiolJ Ae:rI_ all the Li~ be _ . p u kinlJ. hutr." oricinaUy had. reJirM~, 10 purify, 10 to.......,d, an &l'Q on fooc. There iI. road DOte • on the word by Fowler. n. 1itMM.r T _ g6-8 . .. ,I" ..
t'arde
•
•
COMMENTARY: 153-lsg
I z_: the
logether abo al 4<163-4 where Dido limilarly waleba Ac:neu whilt: he iI lpeakin,. Henry in hiI nOie on lhal pa"re dillin,w.hea enIlou _ Ihe eye-ball, the OflIan i_If, (rom , _ :. the _ 0( lichl, vision. fWO
word.
101
0C(:1.!r
,,,..- Evandcr bqins hiI reply, in which he proznU.ea aid, with a heroic reminiscence in the Homeric Slyle. Ct. the ..onk 0( AntenCN" to Hden, n. 3.204ff.: ' For once ,oolike: Odyatlil came here with Menelaus dear 10 Ares. on a miaion mnccminl you. I enlertained than and tfe&led than as guau ... When they _no with Ihe Trojans in ' • . zubly, olandillf' Menela.. lO'Wezed above wilh hiI broad sboulden, 001 silti"" OdYUC" was the more majeotie 1i1Uft'.' (ct. also ApoUoni.. 2.773ff.) 155
eoN \
I,,..., .
hz at
,,::; .:
formulaic phruc,..oed qun at Z2.260.
For I remember when Priam loOn of Laomedoa, lOin, 10 Salamis on a vUll to the kingdom olltit Iilue. ",,"ione, came ,trailhl on 10 viJil the cool confinea of Arcadia.' FO<" the CO&"IIlruction afl:er au ".i, d. the mniniscencea in Dido', opeech to Aen., : ,6 z9"-20 (the whole 1~II(h offen otrueturlll parallels with the pzesmt pa'ale): .,.. .. "{. T,wfI'S£ au :i"; Sw... -a~ I foMou ~ p.lriiJ, _ ''1M ".",... I '1hll beeaUK Arcadia is mounwnotll (d. 34ln.) • ' ... ~I lhe parallel panicipial ela_ an: •h It.franpd chiaslicaJly in asyndeton. Evand ..... ', reminiscence I·keo us back to the time before the Trojan war. The Gn:ek lqezxb about Hcoione would have been famililt.f in V: 'li&ne, .. they .tiIl were in Scrvi..' CpU _iM IfIWJ he asb in Itit note on lhiI p' . '...) . Durin, Laomedon', r<:'sn the Troj ..... were lrOlIbled by a K&.monstcr, ICUt, ;1 was wd, by Apollo and PtMidon bec.aUK L.aomedon had refuted to pay them £Or buildin, the wallo of Troy. An oracle, CO&"IIulted on Laomedon', bd\al(by PIzou-d·....., lAid that the kinl &nUll J&Cri6cc hio dalllhzcr Hcoione. She was rescued, bowevOQttc. (_ ocboI. on II. 20. '45), and, when Laomedon (who , oil to have ro.de a habit oCnoz payi", billa) refuted hiI p~ reward, oacked Troy C d: 191) and killed the killf. {There io tome evidl'nee (e.l . Hor. C. 3.,.211f. ) thaz Troy wu felt by the Jlomano to have deserved ill deuructiou not
un
I HercuJl
COMMENTARY ,
1~169
on this occ"ion but aIIo by the Greek., with • Neptune'. help (oee ....., 2.610). t.boue:h perhapl OIIly because its destruction _ the nEE" ..." p'u:oodition or Rome'. ariIina,) Thllt • V , brines HercuJ.es. by CO'Ia1. alluoion, into the mytholosr or VIII whicll he is y to dominate. The miraculoutly-rescum Hesione .ubeequendy mJried Tclamoo. kina: or Salamis, to whom Ihe bon: Ajax and Teuce (the laller is the T _ mentioned by Dido in her reminiM:mces. cited above). Before hia death, ~oo hacllaken ruullfe upon rioa-tamu by ecIlilll hia dauchten into slavery; they IUniVed, ~,and landed well' in Sicily. then to become pari of the ~a lesmd. 0( the Trojan diup!."ln- See further Pern:t 1167-8.5.
only by
moril
I
lie
·1
meta. So
·;'h::r.436.
form or wsIWNt, whkh will not scan ill a
.
,
• ,.
77! . . . . .. .
r&t
•
pl
'h . .. . . .
haa-
tpr lfortheanapborad.gl-2n. mltbewonlilpickedup ...ainall6g: oeen.
'15"
dl Phencw _ a town in An;adia, the !lirthpl ...... acconIina to oJ, tradition, of Oardanllt (oee Scrvillt on ,. 167). V. allucla to"Jiou. Iinb bc:tween Greda and Trojans. Thiltown _ C&mOtIf aloo:Cor iu undercround dtanndl, ItIppcte ~ to be the wort. or Hen:ule.. who it thllt ... ain silently alluded 10: d. Fordyce on CaluUlIt 68.108.
,
If? -1711
I
I
1 Cor the melre
lee
S4J1.
•••• be. i.. with ft- oubide the relative clause bul baa been tUm ~ it : an un..uaIly bold m.I&DU 01 the fiJwe caIkd. hyperbaton, w$ the A1aw>clriatw induJaed ill freely but ofwbich V. it opariDc: tlec Fordyce on Cauillllt 66. 18, Willi.n, on ........ '.!04-5; W'r.I~ CU 21,.14> Hof"nwuI-8U1lI)T 68!r94. 71 I . . . . ...:., V. ernph,,' 1EI E.... Nt,'. ~ lOr, and pride in, hilMIiII; the PIF7Ij~ in'lOlva two or the closett bondt known to the R.omant. lho,e l;i;lweu, Cather and ..... and between hon and ruest. Sec Fowla 8g-g (c:ornmmq on .520-1, lee n.) .
"
• ~ • And .a (becaUle or my former friudohip with )'OW Calha) the ri&hE hafId which you seek it already !liven.' liM mutE
otr end.h.ip
I
•
'"
COMMENTARY' 169-177
be undenlood with i ...."'; ..ill; is d.l. of -ami. The. 4m. III!d the. ~, Ihe friendship .00 hoipitalily now offered by Evllllder, III'e reo:aIled poipu>dy when Pzll.. it killed , 'O.S'S- I, paw, f'w-f-, i" ifIU ' IlL... ....., fOIiJ, _~ fW-S .d'l = "i=1 Hiil, 4m~, •
.
I
1_
~.
,,, E.rIier bul ineffeclive offen 01 help wen rude 10 Am. by udma, 7.76111'., .00 Dido, LS7' , who IlKS wonb .1lI"I0I1 idmtical with lbo.e in the pi:1 eftt line,..nI" - . m·,ra .i&... p ' iwwN. For Evander u Ul Ulri·lype of Dido lee Inlrod. 3 (ii) • • ,. 1
•• , '.in<:e ' ... __ d ' .. friend,' (predicative).
I,.. __
It
e.
d... repeci,ion, employed by V . very rudy, eutl ill
empb.... _ the. whole .terIlence (' mue younelva.l home IIrziShl ._y ') and zho 011 the .djzcenl woni ....n..- (b.I'ncin, ....... 1 172): the Arcadizno .re allies 'u 01 now '. '75 . . . . . 1 meal offered to a Joel in primitive It.alizn rdicion; al. later I..,e, im-aeo of the JOdI wen: placed al the feM' End the wonbippen atc mc.e parts of the meat not HHrved for the ,00(Bailey :\1-3). See abo 273-9. _w... hI ' I IE h, EvEnder ordcn the dloh5, which had been cleared .w.y, to be ~I back to the table. The. ritual fdl into two pans : • midday feul, j1,ll1 bci", concluded when the Trojzno arrived, followed by En afternoon rell (hen: partly filled, presumably, by Evander'. nrit.al .,( the ltocy 01 Hercules End Cacua) III!d • renew" of the rite.1 eveN",. Fowler 6:\-6 potnto 10 5 limil... divUlon in the rile oIthe Atval brethren, iUNpnited by ""«utI.., which ended with the aintin& of the MY" hymn, j"'t .. tbe presml rite endt with the .insi"l of the hymn to Hercul .... I , I ' The fint ofEvzndeT', two IKDpitabie invitatiON to Aen., the KCCMid heine 51 36'; 8 (wbere 1«,,61 echoeo ,.., here): ICI( funher Inlrod. 3 (il). The pFltorzilzncuqe al.o reczllo the dacripti ... of the inhabitanll of the EJysiz.n field. 51 6.637-78 (especizlly 6t2, 613- .5) .
'71 Mill, ,P5b , .'•• b ·d... lypifyiDf the limple f...m.binp 0( • putorzl kinc:, the Wn 0(5 wild animal (at!68 5 bear'lwn) OttLIn in book VII u pE" of th~ rituzl of L"""'~,, (Introd . • (iv)). In zdclitton, the li....·1 wn io • Iymbol 0( Hercules; it iI fint· lYi.ted
..
,
COMMENTARY: 177-188
with ~. a' ' .71t2, when be pull il on before k.ving Troy. and ·....;.tcd with him again at 8 ..5.5' below. There may abo be an antitype here: the I~·. akin _ worn by Hen;ules' oon Aveltinus, one of tht: enemy chidt.im catalo,ued at the md of VII (6,5Yf.) : that p""gc alludes JJ the arrival of HCTcUla in Latium, now 10 be rtt'OUlllro by EVander. Avmtinut at.ncb in the ..ame anti-typical rclationthip to hJ r.ther Hercules u c.C\It does to his r.the, Vulcan.
...... For the tonymy (Ceres .. bread, Bacchus:: wine) d. +9.5n. The fiSUIT it conventional (I« Bailey l 08-g. ISO-I, and Williamt 00 .5 . 77~) but is particularly declive hn'e,lince .. rdici_ ';"'emon), is OOne: described. Henry, in his nole on '74- ,5, (ommen" on the parallel t.etwcen the Hercules rile and CbrUtiaro communion. pelebL", d. . 7<11-<2 Chi. ",... c.....1riJ 1~ • •. , ,hFatai Homu', lil'l_~, •.. nh ....en'. i.e. cui rrom the " thine. un.: the u,. were the illDQ orJaIlS (hewl, whole length 01 the Ii""" Cle.) (:I.leD,1ao;:ord.i", to Livy, 1.7. by the prien. of the Hercules
cuJt:
lee
~7~J
Ilf A fonnulai., line based on Homer'uNT&phnl w60lOOlocaU&'l'~ I~ lpew mo : ' wtlb they had put from them the dcsil"C' for drink &IKl
f(lO(l'. Varianu ~re al 1.216
If
rill., and
• r
22
'
pas,,.m
1.72',..,,.....,.;' .•
u'WI'" f-'
piu ~u " ~OC:<:\In in Luer. ,..86g.
~u __....
.m................
'Is.... _ ... 1. , aaaltl Evander', Jon, narrati... o(the 'aria",;a' Hucules ..,aintl Cac:UI bqilll wilh an elaboralely conam.et«l Rntence, in wbifh the nqative is ICpuat«l from iu verb by a lricoIoo (d. 11, nn.) ofthrtt paralld noun-C1aUHS in appoaition. each bqinnina fi th a differmt form 0( the demonltrative (..... Ius. ' -)' the ~ Q\led poIyptoton. 'These pbruet form the p.mmatieal objecu the verb ~. but an abo the very objec:u which would at one<: Iltrike Aen. with <:\Inc.ity (the ritual. the feNl, the Allar). TIw:y nrilt- accounl for nor IttIIl 10 need the nq:ative with which Evander ~ns. This is eo:pWnni only by the fourth and final noun-ciaUIC, w1lkh io in the nominative. and forml the IIIbjec1 of the verb - a IUjij«1 which r"lui,.,. emphatic neption.• All this'. aAyI Evander. ·!.toea ..., mean thai we .... e the vkti..... of ~ply lIIp"ntition.'
0(
ott'
'*'
•
'"
COMMENTARY , 18.5-181
... ••••n. . ' _0"7 I • ritual act performed al the appointed time and p,"" .
•• .. "'" •• like the commoner .. _ . (I« M4) and ... -'''. ('l8~) , thia it properly an adverbial ph,~, ' in the cutlOmafy manner': ef. aI.o 5.~ .... 6.39. Here, bowcvt:r, il haa the force of an ad,i«tive, 'traditional'. Sec abo 88n• • ., For the Jlrucltltc of thia line, which corui.lI of a noun in the nominative with two ad,i«tives linked by the copul.tive, the oo::cond h.ving participial fora: and govcmi", a oo::cond noun, ef. 508 and a.1i+8 _u. N WlI "":•• IlfW is/illl irU<w~. This 11K of the double adj . ..... imitated by Milton; I« CnntdM\, 'Paradise l.oIl and the Aeneid", £Iu.1';" CriIVis. 78 (lg07) 1790-1. 2 ,had"'l the punuit ofll..."e gods, • rite ouwde the proper Roman riltlal. The word is c:onlrancd with rJ~ in 439. Dryden renden both warda as 'mpenlition', thlll lpoilinc, noI unchanc:. teristically, Virsil'l importanl d istinction. The .. ord IIXtIn in the "-ii only at 12.811, where Jtlno, echoing HOPIer', Hen in If. 15.,6-8, _e.n by the: Slyx, _ ."""llino ~I pM rdJi,. jiltil.
_.Ii_
fowleT, 7lI dHJA f/ T _ '41- 40 compares PalinUltll' reference 10 the SlY'" ,16.324, Ji .......... "f.JUr." .-'1. The .qicc, oflhe Styx lies outside the Olympian ..,Iirion. Hcreu.les on the other hand;' a deified hero whOK rile bdonp 10 the official ..,]irion of Augustan Rome. It ..... indeed the only foreign rile adopted by Romtlltll, accordi", 70 Livy, 1.7, who ..Y' thai Romultll ..w in ;1 • ptc. figuration of his own dcifiCition ror vinou:. AI a lime when AtIItII1tII w.. undertaking his programme oCrdiPotu refOnn il would have been important for V. 10 emphaWr: thl'Otllh Evonder lhat the Hcreu.les rite w.. noI an uotic imponcd _lly like lhe wonhip of lo;,: d. 6ggff. and FowleT 57-8, quoting Stlelonitll, .4..,. 93 : 'pcPCgdn&nJm Clerimoni.rum liCtit ac: praecept.as n:\IercnFilsime o;:oIuil, ila eeler» tonFemplui habuit: So _ _ here is emph.tie, balancing IIOL ••• ' in IBg (tee n .). In defending Ihe wonhip of .. viour·gods who wen: on<:e men (n07 only Hcreu.let, 00, abo BacchUl, Cas,.,.. .nd Pollux, A<:neal himself), Virsil- Evande. may be coverFly defending the bonoun r«endy heaped on AtI&tIIltIt: cf. Horace, C. 3., .gIr., Inlrod. 2 (iii). It ;, abo pouible lhal V. is offering a rerutation 01 Luaditll'
_IS
,.
,..
CO MMENTARY , 187-189
.,tack. on rcli&ipn in leneral and Hcrculeo in particular (D.R,P. ~.I-~). LucutiL. nowhere uteS the word SllfH'JttM (rOl" him all rdicion WiIJ JU~titjon) but at 1.1>2-5 he depicts human life as rHr.... .,......." ,.1;,-, I fMM fytd • <MIi r.,;.~j"" t!"""+! I J.nViJj I Uper 1IS~1II _t.li.... iNWII. Servitlt men to lhU: p"n,,,," in his note on ~.,..,..: 'occuodum L...en:,iurn , up" ..tltio <:II luper_ , lJanlium rcrum, id ell caeleotium 101 diuinarum, quae IUper nQl l lanl, inanu (I . , , - . : . . . timor,' Sec E. J. Keoney in ClJMlil.1pJ ~ .... ~" " LMiIIpr 7 • cd• • WoocIm&n and D. West { 19741,~ . 1
•n.
a12 nd is cauaal: ' it is becaUJe I « have: 1xcn saved ... !hal ... 'r CampggluUCSIl that the phrue "m ;, ;.i&lil UI .,; would have CO"We-,~ 1~irwil" readen an anakorY between Hereulco, who had ... WJd the ~I .all..... on the ';I( ofR.omefrom moouI peril, and A...,...tUl, the ..., •... ..wi (Prop• • •6.37). whohad ...,ed the republic atActi\llll (for hisJ '=oa1etlCCu- w, in ag arc. secTam andCh.arlesworth 151 ) and ' on l,lan. 27 • .c. had received the bonoun ofth," oak-lava over" cIoIw and the coklm ",icld"riMu ur 5z"',seeR.G. " Sf and d Ovid, TrisIi. , . ' .48, de.cribin( Augun",' 00-:. Sec further Introd. 3 (iii) ; ~ 7ff.; and 37. ~, 28,5. !OHI, 61Gnn.
t....
PI
eitkr rovemi....
b
, ....
01'
atw>l uldy, with
HmI
"ndentood, AI ~ &l. ' .77. s ' - P ' it;' dar from 115 U>d 18.5 WI this iI ......nual ritual wrnmc 1llOi atine "Hc:«;ula' victory over eacu. an unspecified Dumber oCyears "10; il .I~ bei", performed foe- the fint time. Tho.. Serv:i... iI ricbt ilI ...)'ina: '''101 'debuit dicen:' bul WlOOC ill quotina: AI. parallel 4-1160 "", ·,jio· t lltl • «US II ICU &J rUM. mo 1"1 ' bere ";'l any (see aDo n. on 187) UllmbiJUity wbich iI centnl to book II and indeed 10 the wbok ", ,01. "Wbeoever Villil illuod_ ~ il illo link pt .. Inl and ",1, 10 CClnvey both the uliquily oCr... tnldition (10 WI the 'novelty' of its .uppmd jnuoduclion will .trike the AUCWWl I E1:'ocr with ptc' "ely Ibc oppoWle fof-a) aid ill continuity. See ..... n. on"""",, ,...-,.
1,1 , . ,
,,
I
•
COMMENTARY : ]89-306
107
lbe Ara Maxima in the Forum Boarium. Th" p"'''' .. the poem', lonpt aetioIogical eephtuil (Bailey ~~-<J), explaini", the nriJin 0( the ruined ave on the Aventine; it .. althe oame time an extended •a.riItO.' in the poet', grandeJl epie Ityle (IDtrod. 4 (iv)). No other aceounl ollhe I"'8Ciod receives .uch fuU...cale trea.lmenl. In thaI of Livy (1.7). wrillenj ... t before Virgil'" th(R ;'lillie cku.il ordta..ma; Cacuo there .. a bullyi", .hepberd (partly no doubt tbtout:h .... imi. l.tion with the Homeric: .tory of Odyw;ua and the Cyclop); in Oiony1iu. (1.39-42) hc ... robba·baron. Ovid, F..ti I .~,fr. and Properti... 4.9 He purely aetiologieal. Virgil nnpOa'i'a typnIosiet.1 paral]eb betwCCi. Cae..., TumUJ and Ant ... y, u enemia of civilisa. tion, and bet_a-. Hereula, Aenca.s and AllfUItUi u defenden of il. 10 thai the exptnil bec:oma a model of the 'heroic: enc:ounltt' with evil ; he alto makes CaCUla fire.bnathi", ehthonic demon, " - ' of Vulcan. Similar victories over mannen were attributed to othtt heroes, notably Theseus who .lew the Minotaur and the bull 0( M ...... thon: !he lattttexplnit _ thembjeel ofCallimachu.' narrative poa.. H~, an which Vir&il may have drawn : lee Introd. , (ii). The then ofa sod" allle il an ancient Indo-Europc:an myth, which occun also in the liMy of the Ollen of the ,un (O/PI#"! XII). Hercules himself had jUJI killed the mOf\lter Ckryon in Spain and _ earryinl offhis canle (1I01ft'. n. ) when CaCUJ robbed him; the ,tory can in part be seen .... an Ulimilation of one of Hercules' traditional I.boun 10 u to link the hero to Rome when hi' cult _ recGl1Itructed then on Greek lines (Grant ~-7). But Ca.cut himself is a c:onfUled and.:oa. flDilll figure : in lOme Etnucan venioN 0( the myth he .. thc hero. either an Orpheus.fi",re (lbe role here tranlfeued to Hercula, notably in 243-6) or an Evander.figure, a kind of ' leruUl loci '. His t......fornuotion into a vill.in wu doubtleso helped by wonl.ptay : obkoJ in Greek = 'bad man' in implied .:oat....t to the eltabliobed Joc:a.I fipn: of Evander = Gr«k 'Iood man' : I « Grant ~G-2. Ogilvie ~~-7. This AUC1W1tion ofrola wu funhtt complicated by lite ract lb.1 Ca.cw and Cac:a were primitive I ta.lian fire-deities orie:ina.lly .-ocialed with lhe Palatine: Vi";l alludes to thit tradition when he makes Vulan Ca.cuI' fa!her, for Ihe fi...,..od it himself an ambie;uow figure: I « Introd. 3 (iv). To comple'" his Ira.no!onna.lion of Ca.cuI into. monster, which 1xr:a.me lhe official and definitive vemon of the mylb, Virgil tr......ferred his home from. lhe Palatine, where it
•
'" tradition·lly _ ,
COMMENTARY : 11&-192
.. witm. the .ri1Lourvivm, Sea"e Cad· (_ Intn:Jd. 3 (iii)) ~ the Avt:Dur.e (a,. ) whieb lay oullide the 'e !(Id
~"'~' 5"~-:I:' theby "'""'...~Rem ll ~."'I~.:-) P) uAdL~~ T ....--.::r ~ _~
.
OrftwUl
Duuu. II
W
.
identliieatiOn hiiI been '" iated bttweeil c - and Caeculua, ~ lerendarYfoundiTofPraenette of V\lkaD , be 'w'n ill the • Ca~· of ILliian cbic:& allk:d with Tum.... acailWt Aeneu in boo!. VII, d 6-,&-8. , Fowler, Virtil" ,"'i, ;", " ,.. . - , 56-9. For an crt.:.JIcd ~ 0( thil cp .s.: ~ G. K. Gal....,., 77w H•• rllI", 54 ( 19711) 1!t9-~ •
"
and....,. -'
"
• 1 • • A pad pie of how V . buikb. _....". by the \lie of • theme and vari~tion '. Evand~ bqiDlI hit narrative by poinnn, out the rock.fa« wiia the ,oaf.... and __ !cd ....... ';... olCao;uo' eave : " n.oiJw 0( u.rli~ K1t1......e" ... .... ri"'i' W 'd; - " , aD anti-type o(!be which he poinll ~t 10 Am. in the city ilKlf The destruction 0( the c:ave abo off~ . po""erfl1l anaklsY with that of Troy : tee further 1~7~. WbeII '1a1U1 appeared to Au.. in the rallinc dty Ihe pointed to the ruin bein": wroucbt by the pda, _ . Wi ~J..u, 2 suU ~ 608). See aIIo 241-211. below. The eave alto~ .. that 8' t .. ke Avefnua, the entrance to the "Nk,WC)lid (a.,-&.). Both mil! delolt,e ~ uneuy rr.........·iel are part of Aero.'. own expeneoec
em).
"e,.
1-" ..
abepza now~ For the DOmtl'. of til d . 6.855 ,., ...., til •• • M,,'r"zr .. . I ..." #Iw, "0.779 ___, L_ • ." II .. I ! _ .. ....._ . _,_,,__ . In Rnali1h, e .•. ShbttF ' 5ft:, AI.Lb", .t V.... ,.5 .)8, 'I ....... bow the Roor ofbeavm I ~ thick inlaid with patinel oltJriaht pId'. ., in ru::h c:onmuctioftI ... felt mod_lIy. not )«ally (FOid)'et: on Catulh,ll II .S. Hol~ ....tyr 630-1) but III etreet ;. IUnilar to that 01 the eonttr. ·th Wi eumplified in t .608 quoted immediately
.s. """"'""....,"" . _.. .,. . - '.....
........
,,9--tK..
Spr-'5 !r'. ~ 0Cft' MaJencia. F.Q.. 'which.-ned in • rod< not rJ __y, 1llIal robbed all the _'ntry tbereabov.l', . I II ,, _ _ . _ R._:_ ..... . .L,iF • • -IL' _ COIItami o · < '. ........., _ ...._,y 1ft U K " hpbiM5 uo .... cave : And et;!: the rod< in wbich he wontl to dwell b WCIIlo4row"~ and bewen I&r hW.5j5ound I' . ~-. A dnaiINI depth, bow d I Ip no man can Fell, But .... do il ..,eth down to beD.
le .y I
I
•
..
,
COMMENTAR ,/ , 194-199
'-1'1,.,
11... '." 0.0 d . Lucnti .... '·702 .....f"~ t . , 'IOu• ... -jL Ii"... incanned .. a qu.cirityUaWc.lik" .II . •, i ill , •. 3j6 (lynilClis. d . 292n.). IN
I
Its
I
'~n'
'm,a"""WGr'd,nolfoundbd"",V.; italtooceun
at 7. 11 •
... , n.c.c
lin.,. ha"" an elabonte alliterativ" pattern of inll,..laced ... 11, ,. aod ft. Car:us' hidcowr ItopbiCi at'C anti.types of Latin ....' al 7.18,ff. aod Au'utl .... ' in lhc t"mple of Apollo : "'" 7", ecl\oin, .,.,m here, 'triumphant'; the ..me cpilhcl is appropriately Jivctl 10 HereulCi to sf". oe.c 20 I "3n.
"
Ii' . .
•, . A ,..........,.tical pau.c at the end of the f .... rth fOOl is known, fmm its freqUCJII ~ in Gn:ck pastoral bcumrt"n. .. the • 'bucolie diaeruU'. Thc~ IlTC 6. ruch 'ina in Ihe MNiJ (in th" &1.,..1 the incidmcc it cruter) : other ea. in VIII IlTC " :'-5'. S88, 666. Althoo.aJb modern puneluatiOll may wdl aaclleute the pallfC whi(h -.kI ha"" been fell in line! of thit tfPC. the bucolie diaerM it ekarly a COIlICiout prc.odie re" .."" in V. aod his '"cC' "ft. F..... nh. foot diacn:ai. with.....1 a rrammatical pause is common in VirFl aod Ovid, bul in th.,.., C:"- the £ounh fOOl is mon o/\en a lporrrdec than a dactyl, I';W;Q in the & . s (Allen S,6-7); when:u when V . ....,. the b"colic Ilia... i·, the r..... nb root is ....uaIly. u;n 11wxrit.... a da<:ty'; in addition, SOUbi..... hu noted a tendency, from VirFl OIIwani, lOr the ~ which cnda: the fourth foot to be (u hen: aod a' ,88) a P1uhie (Allen 116 n.s l .
I,..
m'
Ib
1£ •••
It
I., ;, is tbe smoky fjreofhilr ratbct Vulc:an,
deM....,tive fire {oe.c InlrOd. 3 (lv». thai Cact..
I~
forth; it rc:c:un
I' 1,511-,5.
'.,'...lu, d·6gs_..u; 3·6.5 6 ...,. ... .." "'A. Ablative ofmanncr, with quui-advcrbiaJ fon:e : ICe Palmer, LL 302"3, Vi";I', ....,. of lhc ablati"" an: more fluid and wickrancinc than IhoK ofhUr p«d« XI, II Machil polntl ou' (5 13ff.): 'il mUll be hom" in mind that the ablative C&IK iIr an invctlUon of
••
" , ..
=
,.-ammariant, and tha, Vircil, like all other authon, did not think or write in ",rma of "e&Z'E" bu,' in IIle,! of inflcclcd fonN of wordo.
,.
110
COMMENTAil Y: 199-200
rorm.
Each of lhese but this one etpecwly, mi8bt COJl"ey different meaninp ~ to ill place and r~ in the pbruc; the phtue, .wi the iIolated word , bein, the real unit of
_ .' I
_ . ..tt-Jk . ,. ..... = a ehatacteriltically Virgilian Imlirnenl. For the idea thai divine aid will COrm' 10 thOM: who pray for iI , cr. 3.39.5 . - ; , ••• _ahII ...",e.. For the deified hero I « InU'Od . ~ (iii) and 187. 183-g, 301 . 36f-~n. V. emphuj.er bere the parallel between Hereuls and the laltef', ' arrival and aid' bcinc DO ..... timely tban the rOiiiOtt'~ , at E"andc' explaint latcr {+70ff.}. Both be""," AN: prefigurationa 011 AU«UIIut, who appean as • ...viouT' c., . a'
"
At.;
C-,.
I .~•
.. " 00' , '-.hoi ; 10 be taken with nHU. FOI" the empb",p d . I,:103
fw_ II Iw« fI_ ""IIIUUH iIoMftf.
;;:: ~!.~r~~~~·ite-:'~ ::~IY
effective.
• • • H eraaJ having tJ.ain the tbree-1xxtied monster Geryon. carried off' bit d, ule and arrived a' E"andeT" valley, the lile of the Roman Forum Boarium (cattk-narkct). Cacut ..ole four bulb and (our heifeR, d~na them badtw..ro. by their tailt 10 hit eave, 10 that DO (OOI.pri~ thouId betray their bidina-pb ce • Hucuks, havinJ pIIIlurcd lhe hei'd, W&I pcq>ari .... 10 move on ; but thc lowing of the ha1:I .. it 10 depart o;aIled fOM I.n anlwer from the coaculed animala. So 100 Livy, D .H . omitf me piCluraq...e. foIldoriItic: detail ohbe lewing , aid ..)'1 that Huculca noti«d. his _ by counting' the
"n!. _"-3
I
'For, michticat ol.vCllle.... triumphwlt with !be triple death 0( Gcryon uMI ;~ U'Opbica (i.e. the cattle1HercuJca appcand, and led the great bulb tlitbcr victoriouo.' Evandcr'.llUIfUACe if .ppropriately triumphant. ~ 'triple death' 0( Guyon emp.... h. the panlIel bch,eUi H~ IIi th.., and .\upot.... friI&i i..-tw ... tri ~h, (7If):lr. alto 301--2n. ~ caplu", ofCerbcnat if anotbcr exploit ol H . m\.olvm, a thl'ft.hcadcd mon.ter. AM is emphatic: 'to this very va.lleyi". ,,"'r: d. ~, 61, sfi2n. ~ryon _ 9.M ol the _ t e n who.c forms .ppeared to Acn. at bell.mouth, 6.2!1g: fee alto 300II.
COMMBNTARY , 20S-21'
111
" . ' t ... t a' ' "U rhymi.... or _.rbymins lina, etpeci·Uy with ~ impafecl iDdiCllli~, ""'!'lOt infrequently ""mined by V. 115- 140 181-1. ~ 6+6-8. 656-,. For • rbyme in· volYina ~ pr ' enl partidple.ee 620-1 , and !'or • 'konine' rbyme, 6fSJ. Fwtber informacion it in A",Un'. n. lID f..5.5; .ee Uno S. E. WUlbolt, lMito im _ _,. (1903) 161. " $ t
ce.
... r i P ... ' • PI (01' the double ... d . !MII. Hen: the efft:e' in thaI 0'" bn.diady.: 'the rivt;l'·va1Iey' •
.., f ......d" I «_I (01' the periphnail d . I!WI. """1 monlollbe MSS reatJfwiU (cf. illg).}'w in POt IlQ q>ic "Old and doeI DOC «au" ela-...beft mthe ....... bul iI wed by Plopeni.. iD bin actioIotieaI poem on Hcn:uIcn and Cacw, +g. I" I.: d . tlln. lID
,_.
I., au wed inlu.d 01_, to r'IIClI, u SicIcwicl: DOted, 'the complctioo 01 bit pIU1MIK'. No one would be able 10 My he had Id'I
.. r
any <;rime
UDallCrDptod.
_ -. » :: '
I. : a »1£. ',,.odid.bod.ied', For the abI. ... ".r~in. -.. .. cion.ee Mad.a .514- 1.5 : he poln" 0111 thai V. u.ed ilofta>. mpiece 01 the compound epitbca, ofthc kind in wbid> Home.ic epic .boImcb: d . Pal",", loa-S. So 100 mthe ncxllinc,f__ ItfiiIt_, ' olrod'lla';", beauty" . ThCIc two Iincs ebcly 1:1 "·We c-,. +.5.50"'1 . . . 'To pie.enl any prin" (rom I"«t pointi", foc-watd: S:...iUl"~ lhal: rtv,.tU .. dati.~ !"or ptivc, bul it could Uno be aWati~ (oCoricin 01' wlNmCntal). Pcrha~ d . 11 ..513 WfW}.' It ' " ;.,[.u -;,0. Ike.. I ;.,m. itt. The pkturCIque detail. dt'Cly copied by !'Jell £: tiw, +SJ. I I- la, .. &om !he H_- :ie H,7'fIIO" H. pi 76-8. • 11
•
: I:
I'lioputiw +9.9 (_ alao 11050 1I09ftD.) ; tbe MSS fad NjfN: the puticiple ·doubli ... ·lJ.ms .. _ up.V.,..u;an, bul in thin inn ........ a I I . rather.. k COIrIp&rCI
••,.... Theme and variation: H. _ on the poinl 01 reui", tbc catdc movinc. aDd prcparin: 10 depart. •• S
4I '
·'1
&om thcU pull.n
eu in 11(1).
•
COMMENTARY: 21+-223
112 n ...
,,,' ,. h.l .. o;I.l~.
Jtk
7'S-1' 'The low with their cries 1kI the phr.e Servi.. tactK: OOIlItnI<:tiJ. ofcbc
.. they mow: oR" and the woods are filled
hUb an: .t..ndoned noiaily.' For the last 1.,519 "'\tJn d :a' ;IIII 'h ..,. The paratri(oIon it typical OCV. (Introd. 4 (iii) and CC. 74.). each coatiIctina; of .. noun-subject, • yub in the: biaforic: infinitive ~ a.e=..t qua1ilyiAc noun in the abl.ativt: : thane and two variatiQIM... Henry points oot in ... e:o:.oellenl note on the Iinet. wbK:h h. , 0..' -iomd neecne. difficulty. Tbc articulation of the couplet p linlicd by enjambmml, by .. word.order which offen intric:ale ~ (c.,_ ,.I'mjut bal·....... not only iVWri bul alia p r "8) UMI by do interlaced allilcntiv.: paltem of ,. (, ' and I .
Jmpues Aemen,
••1 Ell ", al, .....'cb impNoned' (pred.icstive). Until Ihe moment when '!i:",ealed animal lowed. eaa., watcbina HttcuJcl mow ofF, mutt ......... ' be _ Ak.
-f~:
• At this, . Jbbck-plkd (IoU')' oCM. really blued up.' abl. 1IKd in ",bni~tion for .. mmpound epithel (ao.,.. .). for HttCUlet I."
I_dW, d . 11990.
I . !.
• 0,-1 H. IIIlAk'*' up No
. .
r· ___.. club and ItartllO c1U11b
the: hill.
L HI the MSS, and I:rIWI edd., includina Mynon. _ "_p i (0 ibm (OC" the finE time OW" eye. ..w c:..;u. frightened
_.."
7 7 2 let • •
read and COCIt'IIKCi') adopkd by Henry (tboucb flOC aU bit IlfI\UIlUIIa an: ....... pc.bkj ~ Hrinv C.,...;O(tOli and M...-bil IUd on the .......nd tlijol , E... ncIcr mo.' be IUIUmed not to M..e been pi ' ht. But the wbok point of the narrati~ iI that Evanoicr tell1 the not .. al!..,llnd but .. _nctbin, that actually happmed in hi. own time (Fow~ .59) . Would Eyanoin" have miud ., notabk _ _ ,tic? d i woWd, _ d fOC' the I10rf al lint-hand, .. ndtowritia, the dnmacic: and wind dctaiII which follow • ...wi .. . fnIli Po';_ an eKceti"" ·endo.i~ wOld.out.... • (~S goo .. ). The: main objcx:lIon 10 '" 'i o iI that it it "." ,k, if DOt ambil\JOUl. It t(J!.1cI be ~ th pb•••cf"lIin1 10 the Arcadi· ... OC' with ." , .....1:: (ratbu thanjult with ... 11, , " molt coaunen· taton, iDdudinc: ~, .........). ler;;"inllO eaa.; it .! .. M un· likely that V., ~ of hia narrati~, woukI leave the
.J.
-t8sn.
nu
.tory.
t·w
.4
-the I
I
•
COMMENTARY : 222- 2'29
\IS
.. d=- in tbit kind or doubt. EYeD if it it ~ that HI 'U iI too fat '_yf.OiU rid .. 10 ref=- toanr-c ~ pieeiM: location of c.cu.' fCM (Md surely the -tc:hin( Arcadia .. wCle noI dill! ....... 'cb 10_ the expi inn in hia eyes) KeUIl much weaker tb.n the a'*"l .. te panie c:oaveyoed by the ,......, rim-· _NI L Fo." """"" UKd a!w.l.. ~ly d ~ .6J. (or Iii LI I cr. 1~.87!i'
c.a..1.he m
_ The dow the lIunuive.
~vy
tpOOdc EI
,iii.
.Ii'r+'';'- the terW(ID at tbit point in
Fa 2. the cptc byperbole iI &W'opria~ 10 the btiBhttntd manntt" in whidI the .tory it told. n.c pbtMc rtaln (witbwl it_) .t 1t.7". The rhythm btst. with ilS marked co. ireid nc::e of ~tlK lam and ....nI zeccat, couveyl a tell! atr..!c!m 'fl " '! (d. 239). The metrical pattern or u3 iI repeated in 1124 (App. B). in,..bieh the alliterative oequcnceof" I LLUd .. and tbteff'«:t at J«U. , ehu Kem aIIo intended to convey the ,peed ofc.cu.' as f s54
1M
II I d
~,
....
... Ie li2 .. . . . _ I bendi-d)'l (,an.). FOf Vw.,o', an cr. 377, f 7 c.cu. barricades himself inside hil cave. bIockina the entrance with • b"l'l' rod.. fol~. •...pponed· . . . ( _ H I·c.) alto oc:cun, u the obn.de (&pin. none) ,..hic:h ruanb 1"nMe\li' cave, C-, . ......11 . . . ,..tis: ..... at 11 .890. The -..bole pIuut.fu'... ,.. ... is a pod iNt ........ of the _y V. bo·ildo .. p .ttntcn:ce with ooon\t ..t.-n meanirtp IUppotl and reinforce cach other•
,..,i5
... Tb, "P. PI Herculco_oaidlOb.vebttubroua:hl .. pinthe cily of TiryRl : d. 1.~. I ; J c.,;_ ustiItt,. Tk;a:diu'
·w.""
~-.
7 . la .. the final *yllable iI bypennctric:, lvi°l elided btfort the foIlowilliline •• lietrN;e V. pUuUlS himtClf ill times, other Utili poetl at moot on« or 1"';« : SOUbi...... +1>1.
In <731 i7 meant'lOCI ,..,.,nc!' (tee I~) . I!bCI the -=ak ( . " ..... in both founb and fifth feet Jho.ldet the dt«t ora '(abe melina ' at!"",.". Linet of thQ type an: unrommon in V. : tee A... tin on ...~. For. ' £aIa,c endi",' .. t the foo.arth fOOl tee "~!I..,n.
-.c_,.... ·...
...
h
I,
I ·lCZJIni ... ••
I H.
,
COMMENTARY: nG--2S9
i ""
• 11"d . , rrlnding hia teeth·; the pluue is abo uoed in the ...... ~ Qf Polyphemus, 3.66t, and (in 7 timiJe describint: MezentiUl) of~ wild boar, 10.7 18•
.,.
L
." A. de' a7'_1 VirgillocalQ CEtUS' cave on the Avc:ntint (tee Comm. I~S) rather than the Palatine; 10 too Ovid, FlUtO "SSI and D.H. 1.39. A tnKIitiocllCc"" to have placed il near the Pona Tn,em;. ,,,,~ Hercula w .. laid to bEve: dedicated • temple 10 Jupiti!:r Invenl.. in honour of hit victory (D.H. 1.39):
cr. :t6!r72n., ~1i 3 13. Fowler 61 - 2.
."
•.....1
I' • • - st· 'aheeT on all lid,," • the noneo round it havm, h«Il an 7way, the 1ArJ<: none berc described (Wu) .Iood out pupa <'"\U&I . ro -- -
-~
.,;..""--,,-
~IC''P'1iaphY
For of these Iinesll!le Fowler &HI. The ItonC wu OIl top of, ~ fonmd the roof of, the cave, and Ieant OVtt towudl the river. 'Len' it relalive not to A~. and Evanclu (who mutt haw: beuI i'oo!.;n, downstream to the Aventine from the Forum &anum) but Hm:ulel, woo would bEve bttn facing uplltum with the riveT lUI len. Cominl. then, from the .ilbl, he put his weicht ap.in.t '1One, pt.Phed it away from him tow..... the rivu, " .... outed it and ~W"led it OV<:f the precipice: d. Millon'. Hercules who • Lio:bao from ~ top of Oeta thWN I Into th'Euboic Sea' (P.L. 2.~5-6) , a "mi~ depietin, the (allen an,els ....ho • with vall Typboean • roeb and hilla·• ... 1Rmd up both •
.....
!d Ja tik
~C!~ ~ j;:\~! ;:~i~~:e::::,~~;:-.::: g.12t.~
-:r 1_
«.
,"d .. ,.. J Tihri.., . . .,., jrhc ~ may be daai6cd u hyperbole Of' • patheti.;:
I'Gemb&t$
cr''''
It
Jail .....
fallacy' (er, Wtlliamt on ,.67l1f1",), on .. all 'adynalon' (~or the natwal oroJ of thinp). TMre is no warranl in the Latin foo- the aaumptioa, maik by IOffiC critics, thai the diIJodpI rock feU inlG the nva- and ~ il up : sec further the n. by Henry, adduan, Ovid.,F.m 1 ,~6j..... here il is.pccifica1ly .uted. thai the rock fcillO the
"......
,
. , . . HcrcuJ• • tr'cnJth is effectively c:onveyed. by the UK of enjambmenl (rJ the _ _ brca.k al i-ttJil cf. .-6<1.). the c:onfIicc bel"UJO icc.. accenl ia . ..._ ,.;""', . . * , _ MllMi' followed
af ,
COMMENTARV , 2.D-2i9
liS
i-,
bytheco"ap'oll.dmcdnthe~y"or~""',,~f:JwI ' ; 'i' ...
• lido ,/ ,H'tn, and the 'f,un etylDoloP:a' (iSljt: '£I;
'£ '
""~
... '
'nr).
Tbi:t pF FFFI'" ia aoalyted in the Introd. 4 (iv) .
AI rnarb a
new .~
in me nanatiw: , d . 310ft., Inuod. 4 (iii) .
a.c: ... 1 . . . . ' hendi.dys. be e; 4,n. For tItia dere";ptioo of the breakine: open aCe,n.' cave d . EmU"', ....... f,. +ill V' _ _ ... n ".. t.I. .,... . . . Putnam )+-6, "3-4 fincb tome verbal """ ,up<>ndeuca belW«lJ, the: po 'lent Iinet and tbe deoeriptiont in book II ( '9-W, +83-4) of the: .\Mhn hone and tbe G"",b breakina: into Priam', pella:. ..........
SpFL
rip""
n.
...,..... Thia mapificenl .. mile, modelled an 1II0.6Iff., ia partie eularly appropriate both because may have been iden'ifiE~ wim a ehmanic daly (""" 19o-,O~ .) and beuuse ~ hi....,lr ducmded inlo 1M: underworld (FCC ~7). Fowler &-4 DOIet a probable aJluaion here to me primitive Roman rile of open..i"" on m"", days of the year, the Amt , or enlrancc to the underworld, .delled to by V.ITO .".. MacrobiUl, &./. 1. 16. 18 nn+:'", t-Id t:: ,. trilti_ ft iJif- .,...... ~~. The • .t ••u located. an the Palaline, in the arca known u lhe Ccrmalw, al me hearl of the Rom .. lcan city : Ph,u.areh, Yil. R... 11 .111, Lug); ,61 - 111.
c.a.
55
au I' Fm I I d . p.JlmUM at 709D., desc:ribina: Cleopatra beiOre her death. S I' £j ~,d:. ""49. , at. = (Gk ,""i"lSp:N) ' at.y. ', aCtea wed of the 1.lndc.wodd (d:. Lucr. ] .g66).
sti Ira ltv', «.,11 '; for the uyndeton d . , .199 d,,..,.,, .IIi'fMt. ... b IS:. 1 1 _ 'bellowina: u adverbial ace. d . iJif.... /.pILM, +B9-
never befuK'. For the
.... : - I an echo of Am. a' Troy (d . """ I=tI , ~I\.II.) , 1II-t67~ _14" _ teY · 11tlo __ Wmt. " ,"',-s. He,Ot" here medial ... beMCC", kn. the defeated Trojan and Am. the_
. . . . . . . .. . :
•
II.
C OMM£NTAkY, 24S-267
For the el~O("fW at the end 01. dactylic word in the &nh foot, d . 7.¥I, 9..579. Ie-,. , .0f84 j Soubitan ¥i~ Eeti- it be "k", both wilh,...u and will> .......... : me fiJUU known as ,hO ","':nU : HoCmann-Suntyr 8)1.-,5. E.J. Kenney, "
.,.
C.Q. r<.a. 8
( 19~ ~ .
.............. 'Juu ... ,OCIQ ', ~re uted (particulu ro.-~) d
.!
lure nooes, I.ikc!J ~r" 1',..)/- ..0" 115.
!
'h
n. It.161 .
.... y
cor the form ('" ~) ...e 73". ; the: sm. it DOtm.&I
"
. , ' , Caewo.,.,1lI out .. anoIi:e I : reen , d. 193 gn . ct. Alkc1o'. viaitalion upon of IOrcbo ... 1. I, i llfi I,. 'i'. 7"~.
lv.mw
7 7 · e ! men: , may be • WOld-pUr ben: on the "' ..... c..;w (d. .... 011 ~ under 'gu 30.5). 11M , 'E K ' M l.-her COQIp9"M adj. __ fOUPd before Virgil.
_ "
~
r
~(M:. haec)
' did DOC put up with thiI ': the object ia suppijcd.t 111.401 9-61112, 10 •.578, 12.37' • _
Nt
.,,....e . -... atn 'when: tbe omot;c ron. ill_V(: .bid"t and the huce <:a"'lla'~ whh bI.ck doud. ': theme and variatioft. be 71 .. in !R41 .
'He....
him, daoplnc him into. knot, and Jrippinc: him eloK .qU ECIC7 eya liU they.tart from bit b ' i and bit throat till it it dnined dry"ol blood: #li.s#s and an: prediative. For H.'. treatment of C · og cr. bit .uanallilc 01 the two mek". lise 9d
p I
t1
nu-
L. of homoeotdev.toa (.,iu .up-ilion of similu <...c· mdinp) combi~ with. rare form (a pair oladjecti___ unilll). ~ C-,. '-470 N"'77,,"", _ '-ilL fLu?,. -'-ru, ....... 11 .87'0 an" , aus . ..',6,=.. ;t'i.
"" A
. Irikina:
ollymmetry
QCNQ
7 .~=
-'5 The """ ~ .tjNb~';rw is pankuW-ly cffecti~ : lee &all. Ills 1 The cloIillllilla of the narntive are marked by an. a«ckne
tion oltempo, ~I.oced by ~"j -ued metrical pAttern (oee App. B), the...., 01 aljun1lm=t, and. mukcd coi...;.t..ncc ofi.c:lUI and..:c At
"
117
COMMr;NTARY, %67- 2n
in 267, where the e1jsjom bcJooe and after . . . have the e8"ec1 cl 'lIO'ETtEni", the lhinf-fOOt eemLra, the only .... in the line_ Fo.- lbe 1m" ",('fit with which the AreadiADI cued 011 the desd _teI'd: Spc:raer, F.Q,. 1.12.g-12:
But wben they ame, where that cleM! Drapo lay, Stmdit on the around in monatroul ~ extent •. . Aftother .ut, that in hiI eyeI dKI rat Yet~fi .... , and t.d thwect~ heed: Aoother Wi, he ... w him move hit eyeI i-dml. . •• • Whllet _ ~ bold, to _un: him ni&h ".nd, T o prow .. bow many ~ he did Ipt' d olLud. . . E.1JIe (1C. " Iv .): ......kinc the end olthe . . . .. 711. ' 11& "
11K. "".
h d. d'. 1179, SII . The dominanl mood. of the day iI on .. ol bappin_ and tbanbcivinc. , I I . . I E ... nder _ ol CO\ll'IC a eontemporary olHen:vklj bul be ilnowveryold (d'. SO?) and may b...... WC I: i tobaw: bema)'Olllll man at the time ol the eveDl be bat jun de.cribed. abo ' Iii in 1173•
a.
.tt.1
., •• i .... tbeybaw:·kept'thilday : d:the ...tioIotYol
lbe &u.s TrttiM (anotbeI- ancient rite""";ved by All(lllhII) dnlibed in ,S.~7ft~ ...,.m..Uf" '. ..... m 1bc: wood • • Je ...... bad: 10 uti 71i, IIIg (a.oocl imtan .... ol' nn, comporitioa'). 1bc: A,......Ij·N ' ..ve ' tbiI day £or HerculeI becauee 011 i' .... biFF df ..ved lhem FOI' Am. u lbe p7:m oct olTroy see 51. v .'. tt-,. 7'"': tluoucboul VIII if eontiauity. ... ,a The An. M ..i ma wu uaditioDally otabliahed by chc Potitii and Pinarii ; Ih.r E cwo "milio I'""'ined in c:harF of the rite \Ultil SlIIa.Co when it _ talr:en OWei' by tbe ltate (Li...,. 7.7, Qp/¥:ie 60-7). The Potitil p1a~ the mlin part, tbe Pinarii, b«'"n, it . . . Wi, they arrived late fo.- the finl aacri6ce, beinJ rekpud 10 a ....bor-dina... .-ok, ber-e coac:aIed under the vquely t.c.o--ifie tide o l _,. A _bet olthe Potitii, Vakri .... Potitul, ... in lbe )lUI' of A~' triple triumph (Dio ,SUI, Ehn:abcrJ -J-, Futi £or "9 •. e.). aEbind the empb.lotic ,";4.wce to the An' U,.'ma ber-e a puallel may abo be intended with ......ber altar dedicated by
'4.'" ,
•
".
COMMENTARY : 272- 214
taria oa 28 AUCUS1 119"C. (Ebrmbcrt: IUld JOlla. C·Jend u 51 ): D. 1.. Drew arJUed ( 11~ 19) thai Yo'. -.im in book VIU _ 10 allude "~ typo'1Iocical an&larY 10 vahoua ritu&b and cere· monies which eoot place in AtJ«IIIl 29 • •c" W JtIUIllh of Aup:n ,.·
AU(\Dtlll 10
tri~~~_." ,'",UI atop .....e. _".at 170. bu """"" euotonI . ~nt.
t ""'.' uuo" UMecc.·
oary WIle. the .... bject of J-.u ia Hueulel bim.clf. 'This tradition did . : tee Li vy:II 1., . 11 , >JY>U "'-~~ . . ... p oput... . .-9- • 1-'70. (2111 .....,.• I.' " 7• • Scrvi.. leU. III ~t the Patili; and PiAarii pi. their orisinaJ i.-true-
hom dira:t r.... Hercults <........... r-Iu. • ul; ""'"', ...,ulil). V. lII.Iy baVl: l anJed 10 hed,e bc~, havinl itxlWltiOlli (with the parallel betweea Herrol.,. and AUCuttUl in mind) .bout allan brina: .el£~icated ~ livinc hew? AcconIinr to D.H. 1 .~fO. Hen:ulea dedicated an 0<> this occ··i .... noc 10 bimoe" bu. 10 JupilU InVftl*. near I~ Porta TrigemiQ&, dOle to the Avmtiae (Fowler 61), the An Maxima beina ... bKquently ' improviled' by E~, ansi«- 10 be fint man to aacrifice 10 Hen:u.los, b whom ;mmor. wiry ~ l"ue bad bem prophaied by hlI (Evander'.) mother•
itar
+
.,1-.
' \If
• " "., n.e II) 5
(4.9.6,-8) imitau. thiI repetition • pktion of the rito: a. the An. Muim'
'Come~lhm' ~ on with the feutinc.' Evander mdI hit
Ion, IWTIIUvt: 011 • note of chttrful_ and rejoici.nc. which illftI.I c:on~ in !hike lina, with their preponderance of dactyla, tivinc marked Uhlu~ wfm"e btt .. ecn ietw and teemt. and tbeirdabon.te
alliterative ~I~ (" " ti. ' . M. ti• • ). 'The 1mtri<:al I~tnICt\Ue 01_75 ia unlllUal : there are weak _ .... in the .. .o"J third r«1 while in the fourth 1be diQoQ in __ '" . . eanWs the line IIuoucb vinually without rUJ'IMr ~\I':. Hauy oomd'p"tI _ the parallel between thiJ ritual and the Cbrilti... oom" r 'Pjon (lee alto -78-9).
a¥
an . , •
.
,
..
I
=
II..
~~'. .,. • c' (- ~). a CatuUuo ....:I ~ did _ Enni.. did.
. . . ..
L _ _ ._
- " _._L
1ft ................. _
I'
It
' low ' l'orm taken iato epic: by ViqiJ. admit the I'orm, but Seni.. u.y. !bat
•
COMN&NTAay: 77S-m
'"
M'07I1Up 1aFfber'· .,. Tbe while "...,... (I' ' 'er!ree' the ...... £ iJIde of!. kava_ wbhe ud tile "JV" iitUl) 1>0 t ' foe the TIbs (ae 'I) ud_ ' I ifJ 10 H .. ,1M (d. Ed. 1.6., Honoe. C. 1.1.1,). SElvi • ..ya1le
."
p
• doe
'"
,od -
n
t ·EnVahatolp.,larleava...., cn bedll I Iod illto mew J:r· _kl. die cwo ........In aymbol'ei liP' and Nab . , lhit .,...W· _ blFar I ill the I'lai='I'ICL: ill Aki·t!·z bd: ol emtl I (le..• ... ·M ,i-VI la R.. Fl"- han. &f6" Ib .... (F9f8) pi. 5). la h ' "AkaI timm tbe pr" Ito oltbe An. M·xjma ... lRe UOH" ollawd, the _ • lad to ApoDn . =p~.I;
fl.codo the.1nIdi... thai HercuIm .......' lato Italy a = F '_Ion ClIp which _ . 'nated to .. riO it 6' dc Clir. 'nIen: iz .. '"'Inrr ben: with l7"',rcoal..u.tI' ~ .,.
"
.. '
." ..
F II:
.. I"
rod. . d . t6a, aad few the. riNal ol Ifbario.t at the 'ifn d . 1.136-7 ill "iI ',' LILl ,I .... ::,.,_. ,.t ' p: H" ,
.
n
$I
n n
' " ' " -
... V · ,77 QI, 2 II the r ...... etial phrue iz .epp.:" 6_ Ed.
..,.
6.SS. ..... '.37" Apin V. In.nube II .nl oltiFne_ tbiz import1II!Il ..
"
_ _ _ I tee
,86n.
cbanodei.,....
.... Tbe '- .... uIa. ,ly arnel:d lID bID a trioo . . . , • IE 1 ' 1 tw' : " ""y la a riNal coo!eXt, d. 7. 1t&. h
Ie , .. .·p·,aIzo.t ".aF$-
•• ,I"._,..,,'w_ .... _... ... .. h' 1Yic:aitim"tJorywaeII
•
,I..·
'.-I ana". •
"LEd, .-!......... .,......,.. at •_ •
In
d;'ic-.'IySl, f fbyN_ooadTqJhoo ~ '!\ftc:: yearly. ill ca",--,;, .... ;:;h I EL"P' .,-bcl' .! II ' oc: aad _ . they eEnied is:: P"'< ' )P me-nlioz (lOr Ih ' " it.! p I'm MOe 66t) and lUll a b""" olp' ' , . 10 the ''PCmllllQ ue de_ Q,Drin.. (idMuifl c.! with me defied RoceulUl) ad Man: me JQ 'r'; •• See D.H. • . ,.,. 1):,-' i' .'H. 591. TbeS&lii lOueMid toM"' .T at TIbw (d. ,d',y 51) "t;:h city the eult of H ::o1:p _ b::e ,ht 10 a.A ' V.', ........ opri·- ol the _ _ re'irM IOHereuis aad Ev..,.... er • • eI\a.nderittic: .n.mr •• •· aad an alh.brt lOA",,*,", wk: nsm: _ie eltd is::to the z: (which I '
n
,
.'"
m-
t
•
I
120
COMMENTARY: 2M-m
included other b citica beme. Man and ~riDUI, e.g. Cc:ro and Janus) by ~ d ..... ee in honour of ru. victory a' Aclium : R.C. 10. 1, I)jo ~ 1 .20, Binckt' 192- " Stt also 301~D • • , . la.d7.~ . .• &_ lei I 'leU of the gloriOUt deeds of Hercules' : hendiad)'l. cr. lo.tih~ _ • .,... 1/"'''' /" f" , For the IJ pondina: emphalia OIl the heroicdeecb of Am. I t t
Jd,,,.,
'U-
's'4ff. n . ... .c. here lind at
'290. 'Z9' = ' how',
. ' J ~ is called Hen:u.b' lltpmother because: . he was the wife oCm. rather. J upiter. Ovid....,. the word frequently in Md. IX, a
211'7
where m : =l tbe mythology about H . is coIle<:led. For Vil'Jil her ha.tililY HueuJet . tands in typoIocicaJ analogy with her boItil;ly towar& Aeneas (_ also lIgIID.). At H.'I bitth .be tent two Inuts to kill hiIn in hi. cradle, but he l irangled them • ... eH .. rk , k , Ili.su.t a6, . _ .tn . . hendiadys. Two makes abo OCCUT in a.oci •• tioo with C1~tr •• 6970., and with the Fury AIleeln, 7..Uo.
-rn, '.,
.,.
T i 2'
",.,w
i,' . 0 -' ' u..
=i
:I
ell pi. ."runs
and
'f<)'\.III ' the
I~
"~tathe previOUI line. For the c;rcumotancca in which
Hercula.. Troy, tee '.s~. The okI~talOn thought the «Seren<:c tac , • bul the final dellUuclion of Troy w.. the Ott "r pcdude 10 the founding 0( Rome, d . 2.32!i foioW" T __ ,foil ni_. Hen:ula, dali ~)cr of Troy, ia now celebralCd .. the pmervu of Rome. a cily in Euboea, wu abo dellr'oyed by Herculel when its kin, Jru.ed him the promised hand of his daughltt, and is th .... a rein.f~ parallel to Troy. The ItOl'y 0( O<xhalia wu the 'U~I oh Jo.t epic, u.ed by SopboeIa in his T,.w";,, , 'n. is poeti<:ally of any n\1I!lber : ben:, lwelve ; al !i.60g,
Oedlalil
004
K _.
.,. E.2J'" II' ICaIlned .. a trilyUabie by Iyni __ . , IiU . _ .t
31i1· ~ '")"'L __'" II '.,.:.;••,,~.:~ ~ wi.1I
0( J... UAO ' (oce",n. on(~~Il.~~ 13' ;
.1in:...~"Ul con~ent#_~ ,?le.byollto ~ _II·
IJL~'_L_"''I'beIe. I y .....c
ata ........,..
uoa: an ...voc.tioD """klW
\n·II ... 10
I , I
•
121
COMMENTAR Y: 293-298
ind1..!dine brief.~ (the 'pan cpica'l, and concludipg with. p.-.yer, n..: lepea.ted pi'OIIOUII iii ... IIi ... ..... . I. b charKteriltic: d'. CaUimubu., H~ 1.6-1. Luactillt 1.1ft'. Por Ihc mixture ofdircct and indi.t«t Ip:: ~b d'. u.o the bymn 10 Apollo in ApoIloni.. ~.1OO-1g. Sec.too Nitbct and Hubbard 12M1 .
the pd'. birth and
d "
i.,
"IS S ..... '",H,' I I • ftoh= azll een ...un, ehil· dl'Cll of Woo and of. doud. fuhioftcd by JUpOter in the form of Juno. Two of the t..tin leaden <>pPJlsd to A.eti. in the C.wOSUC in book VII an:: comparl'd to em...... (1.6,.). c ... ,. ,F ''a'" the wild bull clCrtte; poetic plural, protMbly fOC' metrical coovcnicPc:c (d'. 675) • ... hEir 2 Ord. Orcua _ &II underworld deity (G. '()pir"!) : see BIli~ ~SI-!11 . lfia j.ulitor __ tbe tluee-hcaded doc Cerben.ia, wbow HcreuIca bmi",c t.c:k from the underwaid.
.., 1lUa description O(Cn-bcrus 'croucbinc in hiI bloody QVlC over balf~ bolo -, ~b the Q¥e ofc.a.,
"95-'.
... Typbocut (ioOtIIdim .. eallcd Typhon) __ • si,nl who rrbell I I'pinaIJupiter and _ puniIbed by heine bwXd Io,:ub Mt E ..... wOOe bOo periodic .uempa to ET r ,P' were .. C:oL1!IicUly I Q!t"i'lcd with crnbq.. ,kta and enopticlLla (Ovid, Md. 5-S.Ift'.). He is • puaIlcl ficurc with c..an_ (both ~ ......... Ien who bekb fonb fi.tc from QWS II viu"'" with the undcrwwld) and iI bcr-c used by V. u • type oftbe variout ...... c. and ft'• • •\en fOucht by ooOta and godt : see funbcr G . S. Kirk, M,7IJc (1910) 18,. atKi cf. Hora«, C. S-4.sYf. _ pij 1)P"1I1 d .Uh MiIIIu. l_ f'IiJ .... ri '-'tL.J'i:e: Mbi, I f"iiII Rb '';IIW /:I ••:ill &r,l.k" iSH hi- m+·I_' ",",m. -P/tI I ,.'.... " '",I,,? 1lUa part orV:. bymn ia imitated by Milton , OM Oft lA# MWtlu., '" Cltrisl" N&Mi~ 2'%4-8 (HueWa often figures in the rcnaiaaant;e u • 'ype cl a.n.t): r
t
'.
_"M
Not all the gods braidc Longer dan:: .bide, NOI Typhaa hUCC CDdin, in anaky twine; Our Babe to shew hit Godhead true Can in hia .wadlin, bands cootroul the d.mned cnw.
,-,
,.
I I
,
I
uue
:>A!JaA1!1T" >M!Y'"'J:f' .... ""~ '''~ ~ ;nil. :xP }O p.oo.oI lug 'IP I i , lla.wUj
...
-.tn_A'
p." , " 1"'9 ""Il ~ . . ·.el 2 ,27 ~
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COMMENTAR V : 31»-310
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,., The __ STOVe and hillt which ooce retOU.nded to the criet or Herrulos' ealtIe ('1,5-16) now fCIOI.Ind to the bynm or triumph: ano~ example or muntin&: symmetry or ' rina
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The c:debratiom eonduded, the two beN !I waJk (rom the An. Maxima to Evander's boule 00 :.he Palatine. This ramoua P'.ace (alb into tWO ne.sly equal pans. In 30&-36, as thqo walk from the altar to the Pona C.nnerllalia, Evander deocribes the M'ttkmerlr. in Latium from eulien times down to his own arrival. III 337-69. be painll out noJehie landlDllb imide the city, which by • deliberate use or enechtoniam, intended to emph,.;... :.he antiquity end eon· tinuity of the ate of Rome, becomos tbe Romu.lean end pwt·RomuJean city orV.'1 own time.
, f 7 The mullin( or place ia as important in book VIII as the martin, oltime. TbiI is the third line in,.mos (the otbcn weR tOl, 12,5) which Wei UI towerdo the beart 0( the city. The Ar, Maxima was ouuide the welb of the ci ty, which the heroes do not enter until 331; hence" ...... illtrictly e«untc. The lIOIemn effect of this spoCldeie line is not unlike that 01 the man: famous 6.,68, the lJert or the dc::sconl into the underwork!, i'-t Huwi ..u, .... _II,., -«_. Ed " .. uiItM. I ., I.t I ••. padectU I Nonien in his note 00 6.1>31 (Itr. 1- lIZ ..... _ _ ) points 01.11 thai ,.,jiutf ;. , teduUeaI term ,..... the J>I1IPCI' completion of, rdiJious ceremony. 'I
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............. literally, •... e•• 'o .. " with ace'.
,., Evander 'Ii,btened the way with wide-rancilll c:onvenation'. ex wbe..., Dido, eI'Ier conductin, Aen . fOI.IIld Iw city, 'pt'Qloosed the evenilll with wide.tanJiI1, converu.tion' (-w _ _ HI :/ill It.w.t ). cr. eIto 3'off. with 1.• 18ft'.: Aen. wondered ,t ~ as now be wooden" PallanlC1Jm. Dido;' an anti-type or Evander, as CartbaJe is ofRomc (gg-IOO, 1711111.).
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' .....11 The mood of joyf'..un-, dominant ever since 71,..,5 (SCi: 11.) ia cot\veyed by two linet with. comnMXI metrieal pattern, by the
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" ., u· _ I. t ..' devtbatV. ;,,' I •fi• "' I . '" I • ..u • ,m.. SaNrn .. a political pandipI, the 6nt in a tt,daaja'_ie•. , ...... , ' i" • . ,, - ' ; .". : : ;.thedoublemeaninp 0( Ibm- W"ocla are ocnu.l to V." ~I ill mil fI"':, 'llIcy bdu'" to the _lei. 0( acricultw'e ('yoke" ' _ ' , 'nrim'l and aIoo to that 0( politicc : Saturn _ both a primitiw: It·lia" acriculn;nl deity (he" app I , .. in 7.180) &lid a "waiver, .. that V. iI d " 'ribicc twoparallel ......... CJ / I" hOCC\&Slilliopolitical, p;,.. ........;.tdy below in the d'luiptiexl O(Satum', reipI uu); b L, • d . ~ aDd Lucn:tiUl ~.1"19, op the b ,inQinp o(dvililarim,"" 'it '''' -p I t ' , P; " ' ; b' jll • • (_ 'JjHU'e', 'buvc F op' tho: dd'cltedl lee 6.8"ola . ; EI'ieN. ' I
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pi 7 The aoI4m race did not have pkl. 01" ind-a any of the metaliurcical Wei wed by Vulcan. It __ c.be IIKC en of c.be m., I'lIa: who ~ tokI. and. in ... doi"l. at their oripnal I....ue (f ",',. IIIW = ~W'nished rue') and dqencrated into lUll for '" joo (~ +'+,.....). 11K; dedinc in ~ ItaDdanb __ • RO""o literary ~place (r<:quently imitatnl m me ~ e.J. SpmKI', 2.7. 16. The prt:Knl p ••• ,~ should be 'a..,." 'cydicaUy' to f'iifa to • series of dqrocrations. The link betwee" .'; 1 and vioIeb, ilIwtnted arlier in lbe AGWi4 in the IIOf)' of PoIydorut b.,~, csp. 56--7 pij_ ~ps:lwfI • • I"';"" I_!) iI perm~! .lIy characlerinic of W&f and dJ"'C' ;IUy of c:iviJ war. Binder 1~-5 Iugelli thaI V. btte allude lpeci6eaUy to Antony. The liM recall a famous p'.lre in Lucretit.ll; lid,..
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Like .78-g, 600 (tee nn.) these Ii ..... allude to the g;mpla and c:oifi.oIed traditioN of Trojan and Greek mipti_ to Sicily and Ita.l~ pi 'rvcd in Virwil', anliq\W"i&D 1OUIl:a. The tnKiitiOrl thai o&yaeus came 10 lal y and (!M'nded the Latin race it okkr than lhe ~ of Aeneu. JUit u Latin,. it -U1I\et aid to haw hem Od~' IlOl1 by Circe ('"' the nymph ManCIl) 10 A _ wu aaid (ICC sJvilll OIl these linet) to have hem Od)"le\lt' IlOl1 by Calypo. See f... ~et lntrod. ~ (iv). The Sic·ni an Iberian tribe wbo 1Ctt&ed in N.W. Sicily (D.H .•. n). ~MY' (6.,.S) lhal afier the r.u of Troy _ Trojans 1Ctt&ed *ben: aJoopide the Sicani, the lWO pou.~ b! ~_j", bown (,oU«ti~y .. £Iymi.... : cr. &.0 • .s-'93 T-n .,u,4w Si__ . Oa 7.79.5 and , " " ' 7, when: the Siean; ate alIO mcationed .. NI WeI Latin tribe, MY' that they wen: .... t.eq ... eatly driven 0\11 of Latium, fint bj the 1..i.funI. then by lhe 'aboriJinco'. 'They In ......... the peopIet of I..tium aovcmcd by Alba I_p Ii.ta! by PliElY. N.H. !-68-70. tboucb A1D1&di lhinb ('S) the umc it .there They may, "" """y _ . be the "me .. the Sikcb introduced in
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SieuJi, .aicI by D.H. to ha~ to Sicily bo.be the TrojaD war. 'I'M wOOle InIditioa ofebe early .ad< i1wnu in Sicily and Italy renWnI obeeure, and V:. ehid purJl(IIoe in ~ ppg'P ;. to emplmin the lone MtoI'y of inv;p ... , and wtt1emeat in Latium heron the !'tImi .... 0( ACTIeN. 01'
,.. 77:,' S... lIusk ' _ than ODOI: c:har,.ed itt name". Saturn c ...... (,'111""3) to call the _ u y La:ium ; and uu. name m....1 be ratond .. pan of ~' 'Satumian' ftKulcmml, to take iu J*c:e aIona: wieb!be nama ofltaly and Rome : ooJupilct".: :1111., iii Ut;_, IW AI.... ", " ...... RPJ, I Ii' Ra ••• ,." u 11161. :i: I ..
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...27 (ae. " ..... ) . . .: , • •• • MI "fW ;. e~, Thybril beinc induded amonc tbe kinp, who pt, on like YlIfIIt" prdicutatioot at the mud: lalU Alban ki . . , (Ke ~_ n. and App. A) inVUlted to liU the pp betwee.. "' .... ni .... and Ilomulw. A_,Chm _hI tnoditioN (e.c. Uvy 1.,.8) pI..,....s the e...... J"'O'. Thybrit. inlention;. to eonvey the ' ~TI'Ojan' Ultiquity of
V:.
by Icttiac E ... ndn 11":· .. thouch he were Iivinc al a much later time r"." IMJi •• •4i I. I). See Illtrod. , (ii) for !be view that he .. a ~_ of the poet. The imponanl polal io Ih-.I !be ....... '1 of Italy', ~I ends wieb a IClaUKe to the ri¥u Inallio. ' d i mm ' :'j,tc!:y Iw rn.e the IiDeI in wbicb Evandn bow he him d l _ led by ckstiny to the site 01 Rome : a deltiny which puaUdI and ~ that 01 Am. birr 1 Sec ...., """'t II.
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~~"~::~:;i1:~~~ wyacs of"-'Jel aM Ody.ew IN . b." ' ut, allrikincly JMlwaful Vitti';'n coirutce. which he u:.~ ~':;';:l~ iL
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JI" Ce 2 m:i; Catalmca _ an encimt Rlmler deity who pve ber ".-v. 10 fmoval caUed Cummtalia (10 which there_y be • h:,,"U_ 1It ~~-6, Ioee D.). SIM: _ conN~ted by VIUTO with ebiklblrth. When Evander _ ~poo a,ed in the ' :, ' 00. ol Rome, ........._ ¥J : j!.i6ed with bill mother. the nymph Th c 00. « Nico:-tralc (_ PI~, Vii. R... '1 ). She iUh.. natwaUyendh . ~ with P¥'" tic pJ}"UI (ha- n'me -.ld have bcal ........... ted with ra .. , by the kind ol_d-play of'¥tbicb tbc II_·M were fond) UId cal,", _10,. like ~ Sibyl (the word 0CC\In 16 UTIii in bed VI). The ocher 0!'QI,i • .!.ce cI the WOld ill VIII .. 687. ,CC....... to the prop-h",c"er 011 Vu'-n" obW,IcI.11ut Virail and Honce of'tm wed _ 10 deaCiihe the ~ (V. _ it olbj=p plf at '"'' aM d. tbr; iJuUWX 10 bit JlC" ell at 9 ,\ 6.",w _ .• ;-', FlI ). In Canaeatia, 'who inc lUll the f'u~ .. 7'r 01 the __ of An M' aDd "Obk Panen_', V . • ea UM. Fu .... ofbit_ •....tic· inopiration: tee fw1ber J. K. NEw" 'a, ................. _JI1'; (196,) logIf• • "edl 011. ~pr-wt epitbea.ae ..ED.
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ll_. P'
7
Ie _ _ _ , tbiloonncetiFlc ronnule iI DOC f'ovnd bcfc,e V., who bel it I~ t b y ( ...." . , fIi, ). ____ (d c-" .... ',) ocam in Veno, Il.R. 1. 1.6 etc •• fO that V. me, be" pi,,"li(t,i. t( un,' periphreMI to the dcnled Kyle. Par I\JrtheI- rc6. 10" A'n on D
,,'fO.
e "ecaJned'.iD'.~7~_f_.
L," d, lOr tbe aw;be _ ,S4P. POf the ~ _ IDtrod. , (iii). FOf AuculIeD " 2+n the pI_ wvuld had , 22 ~i.'" withJen..' 'empl-..
_we
"'" 'Bean wi_ to the el)"*"!ke, oCthe piece'; Of 'can. the pI'« to wi_ biI milO.... ,.,... o(tbe death which 0CCUtTed there·; Of bath .. multaT ___ -Iy. ~ _ • ~ 0( Ennd" who. , .. wpi.riDc 'c"nat hie bolt, _ killed on tbillpOt (for tbc el,,,",,," cr. OC' relber wwd-pIey, "'+' I • c£. ,....,). Ar£III "'cf·d the ' . J 1-...1 of _, '" end ilL th.. en enli-type 0( HeaL ida end Aa. '5
,.
13'
COMMENTARY: S+6-m
not 'OUt authof', \D, .. I hysteron pnKeron' (Henry) but iJ rather our author', even more uaual 'Ihc:mc and vari.tion'. , II is .. couel.live 1M" co-ordinace formula ; If ohouId be tnNlited 'as' (d'. 50!!). Two actiON which oc:cw simul. taneouoly o;anntit be limultaneoutly verbaliled; hence it does not •
$
,
. . . .
• 1It
&I •
''Ial is
)tw ..
mailer lynlaCticill y (thout;h it may metrically) which w.y roundauch fonnul.Uon. " I ~'I' 'the audience l'USbed and .ppbuded' 01' ,"51 ~1f'W fi 11£ 'VW If 1•• 8, tee Mlchil'. note) are ape' , ' ed. The .,'... is an atenaion the 'epaqeti<;' ....., of" dj.,.,.. I.t"an . See abo 8,5. ,52Oif.• oo.- 5!'n. and nn. OD double "iW.t 9+. Il
if
M,....a
Thae
io
Ii,..,. on the Capitoline hiD (for iu lOpi:>tuphy tee
Introd. 3 (iii» fotm the ~cenlreoflhc p"·'CC (337-38) deocribi..... the hel'O<'S' W1Ilk!from the city pte to Ev&nder', howe: d . 6511~n. (01" the OOI"ra~nc P'· 'CC depictinS the Capitol on Am:.lhield. Tbe T.rpeian (the hill', IQUtbem peak) _ the pl ..... where u.hon wete ~ to their death, and "'AI IUppcwd to hav<: got its name from T .. ~ •• who betrayed the .It to lhe Sabim: king TitUI TaoUl in Ramuli..· time: for t.hia aetioIogical myth 10:(: Grant Ilg-tI!I. Tbe contrul tbelWttJI lhe Capitol'. primitive wild_ and its A\l(Ultan Iple~. enthrined in "',. _ . fl.. 1iJwstrijju .. w, iI CCltraI the .tr\lCt\ln of ~ VIII: d . 99-100. :J6o-!nn. FOI" t " d . $Hl6!i7. ~ !ebenu here is to !he famoul JOkI-rooCed republican tem* toJupiter Capitolin...., uaditioaally builton thuite afTarpcia.'. tomb by TarquinilD (Plutarch, yit. RIM. IS) and raton:d by AuclDtlD, wtio abo built IWO olber temples !hue, one 01 which may be alluded hto at S!iS (n.): see R.C. 19 ao, and d. Ovid, F.m I .S!i-6 1 J)IIIr ~ .... _ ... ¥-,., ... ""1 __ Rod 17M "'ot ~ point ollhe pi ..... t linea is that lhe sod.nimis~ly ~t in this ''Lied place Jon, be"" any cemple _ built to hi.n:i!
rfck
Aooc,'"
r
E'
.,.-
=
t
»I-S V.
revel to the languaJt ofpMtoral in this deK:ripUOQ of
the Areadi_'
~ of Jupiter.
cr.
3'+ (..... IW ' Wi,., ...... , r. ""h_), 60 ~ .. 4&&'" siI~. 3!ia is con.tnlcled like • line €i'Oft1i the &u.,.PP', with lia;hl dactyli and lhe 'hu<:oIic diuTMjt' (1g8n. .
f,l. •.
.....
US f : " pz'oh.akinJ, .. ishio_tom'.FOI"tbecompo d. 1.!t11 M --'1~ JMJw- uti""'·
I
iwa
•
COM MENTA It. y , U4--S62
'"
aF.' , iI the.meld Ot aeait of Homer'. ZeuI : d . II. • . F66 ~ ••. 175NOd1)OW IP""'I'I" ,dyl&o:, 'ZeUI ... •b.ti", hiI drod aqil'. ZeUI lenl the aq;, to Athena, lei: .3Y>. dua', anocber lIiadie eeho, 'Zeul who ,athen the cloudI', Homer', ... ,F).E\)"Pho lNos. P. Grima!, R.E.A. )0 ( '!WI) ,..a-.,F , oeeo hen: an a1lw.ion to the Fo:mple ofJupilet TonanI built by Aupst .... in n a.e. neat to thai of Jupi5et CapitolinUi.
,,_L U;
ss'
c
CC, ], aD.
557 JUlI .. Saturn pn:ccded. Jupiler .. ruler of Olympw, 10 he pret;edcd him 00 the c.pitoi. Then: _ a tnd.i~ thai bdi;we Saturn', arrival in t...ti ...... Jan .... had already Cltabliohed a town on. thcJaniCllium. Salurn and JanUi "«" " tGfCther an-., the 0'1;.,..·1 anc:atDl"4eitico wtw.e Ital...,. ,taod io t...tinUl' temple, 7. ISo. 1Lccordi.na: to D.H . F.73.3, the Janieulum previowIy bon: the name
-...
",. t. The: WpOjJFapby,
hu~ !I
lee
rueh Evaoder'. boute on the Palatine {1M the lottod. 3 (iii».
sst a aNt all d. sWiil, 363. Tbc: repetition Iinb Am.'. vUil with thaI 0( hiI prcdef
Col'
HercWet.
,...a Apin V. conuuti Rome'. pastoral be(ioninp with her Au(utlAD ,.-andeur: d. 99"loon.
,.a'
Evandu·'I!w.-wi (and more celebraled) boI.pitabie izlvitatioo to Am. (the lint havinc oecutftCl al bio arrival al P.UppFeUm, l,&-8n.). Am.'. lin, day a, Evaockt'llCltkmml eodt at it 1xpn: the ,In,N;ture of the: wbole P' 55csc iI • ..... ber ...."'pie of ' ....... e
,.. 21' F21 probably n:ferrioC to the whoI.. oetd .....tllt 011 the Palatine, tllvilF ltd by V. at a coUeetioD. of protO-biotoric:al cabiol (Iolroll. 3 (iii) and d. -t-63Jf. n.).
'a ,""F on '1--+1.i<; WOIdo in the b.Irtb foot he" pndiative (SO, 67 , SOI--YIn.).
ICe
'320.
I
I!Z
COMMENTAR"{ : S6!-S66
~.w. ~-S 'Have J., cow., my sue-I,
' " : blk, cf. The oriJinaiIona: vowel a(the finallyllable_ retained oc reviWd by Vircil and Ovid. Cuntl'llli g8n.
r
to daplle wealth and m.ke
roundf worthy a god. Come in, do not died'in po_aly.' On thUi cdt:braled IUlI'mml Dryden obtc:rvt:d 'I am loot in the admiration a( il.. I contem:t the world when I think of ;1, and m)'Klf when " venion iI: I translaEt: il.' liD
D
to be poor, acoept 00. bomt:Iy food.
which fealed him. and emuj.Et: a god.
~ ~rbial :
The P£'2'1f'e il is twice quoled by Smeca (EI. M • . :8. 1'lI, !I . ~I ) and alluded 10 by J uvena! . 11.60--3. wben: the poet Balten his I\>t:II by comparing hirnat:If to Evander and the peal L .• - and "",,,, H "'~~ • - _. w ti t i 'ISIII, 10 ........ e .. : _ ~ SU" . ..:N ........ IlfwmhplL, -us T...,pA .... ·..u .,:"." ilJ.1-',." "i;u I, ...
~~
*_,
H n.. ..u..... For ""h.''"'' ~~ cf. Cicero, T .D. 5.'0. AnU .Iyp<'S repQUltinr luxury and wealih induded Dido, Antony and Clo:opo.tra (68,Vl.) and Sardanapal ... : " Cicero. T .D . 5.10: andJuvo::nallo.s6!~, where be is conu-utai wiih Hereu.leo, the ' p ' of the praml P" ..-e (IU: nal n.): d~1 HlUtilis ....2PL u Q' U '.O'r'fW t.Hfu I" i .". ~. ~"""Ui, Set: further Introd. , (ii). Evander'. t:"'iIonatioa it add. ,II by Virgil to hU Aucu-tan conlemporarieo. ~ aimilaT device is utt:d ,,6.95. when the Sibyloay. III III uti. PMlis, sJ ,MIN 'drilOr u. and al 6.806, when Ancbita MY. d IINill i f , .. Up. :oiI" Ihl! P'",,"o.ftaU! In all thn:t: UWl! the " the AUfl\IIEan =#I,rofthe poem and the Ip".ker. add: et:, Am., it mouthpit:Ct: 0( dl.: poe! (cf. 33O'1n.). 1 __
...as,.J•
.If : ppj,
1
"caU"
' " . . .,
~ (el- 'lIOO-:,
3O ,nn.), whooe willingn to be £yaOOer'. pell " oft'er.t:d III a model of the Wheel behaviour 0( tbc: saviour.hero. ...t ...,.Iul the phnat: hal an appcopriatt:ly archaie nn,: let: Norden on 6,91, when: the Sibyl ..y. 10 Am. a. ... UN
i
e
'II b
,.,'11'' '
•••
I fW.I ,"'lip"'_,,'" r- _ .-u lIT,", Ha propheey now
t
coma true : Intrixl.. 'lI (u). 143--5'>. '"
SEC Ed,
I
a poet olV.'. extnordinuy rcnaitivily to "'OI'do
•
'"
COMMENTARY, S66-310
have failed !O intend a word-play tin A..,..ai (especially in view of the topography 0( this p"u'gf:, ~ Introd. , (iii» ? "'). The leaves and the animal Uin AU; notjtlll a pallor&! touch (c:f. I 77n.) : the former rttaIls the Sibyl', Pf'Opbetie leaves (6.'4), the laner is ''fOCiaied with the ritu.aJ of i.....HlN performed by Latin.. in book VII (,.ui!ou itttvMtiI millis ... t./tJIi4 Inp sINliJfw ~ I wlUriblU, 881f.).
I,. _ , .n n. A ,imilar wage is at 6.4'" when Am. lIepa into Charon'. boat , buill only rOf weightleu .hades. h _,.Itt echoing I«tll at ,,.6. ,all. JI,:,.de __ • abo occun a' .5.37 (the only n:w..fed oa::urrenca of the adj . U/>.1JIU ('" Lit,u); be"" it WClesponcb to wilUti;.lu'-W at '77. ' " A ' time-markin,' line (d. 280) rounds off the q>isode and provides a link with the nocturnal interlude which foUows; ...... ntil abo occun 6•.539_ The penonilication 0( Ni,ht is a literary wnc;cit (d_ 1-07-8n.) . More Itriking are 6-866 ""... etre eye trUli ,it,a: ,'II ~" when: Night', winp out the Ihadow of death 0Vff Matedl.. ; and '2.84.5, where the winged Furies (Di_) AU; laid to be the daUflhten or Xu illU¥lq (d. Milton', 'eldest Nishi', P.L. 2.~) .
" . US
This divine interlude in the human lIory or book VIII wnaisu 0( two oteGes. set an Olympua: and in the Cyclopes' cave, linked by • 'bridse-p'."~' depicti", Vulcan', descent from Olympua: to the cave. In the lint Ken(, '70-406, Ven.. be" anna (rom he.- h ....band Vulcan fO<' her JOn Aen. Her role as . ./JIu provides •• tnK:tura! parall~1 with the ICeftC be,wcen Aen . and Evander, but the tone is quite differenl, 'ornate, ai_I buoque' (WiIIi ......)_ The modd is IliU ,8, in which Thetlo bess """" (rom HephatslUl (0<' her ..... Achilla (~ ,s,). but alne<: Ven.. is VuJcan'. wire V. hal abo made I!OC of a quite different Homeric epUode, the bqum"l of ZetII by Hua in 110./ '4. There AU; abo eehoea of Lucreti",' dew:riptian 0( Ven ... O1OtrCCMnl"l Man ("" - 40) . See funher Introd. , (iv). ,.,. Au tIICd !O denote " dramatic change in mood or rubjec:t: ct. 24', 608, ,' ... 4-', g•••
,.
COMMENTARY : S7O-S7t
'" tODd ".P', occun Cd ,. 4o,s. d~ and d. C-,. ,,'5' .' -.. _fialr.'......! ... ,
, roo .,.. , '"". ' DOt vainly' : i.e. doe bad (or feu. ct. lUI. l1li - . ~ aM 6117 __ ••• ' " if
iF·'
0'
? , '"
..... VenUi her IUppligtion ann- and mdI it ... i 77red, lib ~. in the JHcnou. e, ' :.cIe. V 7 ••• word_Jer;d..8S...
n, .r..........
"..
$
17
,.,.
l I rea. p'.; d . III.
, ''''4=1.111 the.... h·........ W
her built it. flephaeat\lllikeof i<: pdo, 1.6-J£ II; 10 Uo MihOll'. "lam" '•• , P.L 1.75. : · .... hand _ knowlllln HeaYD by
wiK built the
-= n.
msav' Tow ..d ,:1tNCtUre hiah', " zhm Greek .CAd notlOuad befvce VUJiI.
3'.
•
II ,
difyufc
by om"
.5
m
It. t ' ''tiNIly _a'oplleie Iiae, CDalhjni,. - 'r_, alliteration ....:I. d'rim~ stial': the wrlt om," spin, dIo pm rid by ..idYl, in theJ eiptiorl o(VenUi at • •fi94.. the iAHi ,_hi; -,liM dcpW;'i I Vu ..... • .. kwe, S94-
'i
a.
r'- 7: ;~' ~+>ed'; 1W;' epexqetie. • pod
eE.
01 the ficwe
V_ ~ tbatIOIOIIIUT",,_A' -d (beI'1int i' ntic,ud iI_aulEhrida_ia,a.) lbedid DOt
SIC' _d.... ;.
. . Vi'leln for ~ 1'be ItnICt\II'e iI b' ft' and rbucwical, .with
hi FEted we or~ plirE , - - . . ••• _ . " ' " lfp>c , •. .. _ .... 's', w. ~ I 110 be _ palik".. (" ;fi_ana: in the oimj"urob. do MIl Willi, 'A 011. 5-'"
ilI,,..,so: ",5-.,,-
" . 'z
I, to
ilmOii) ; for_ .I~
-"
be ..hER both with ,. ........ Ie" u (ftQ 70- 1 'i , .... jl ,',f F? 7
,.or_d. ...
,
" . Pi' " ' , F7'h,SE 'oi_.,.. ... iI:_alhnioallOtbejw!c ' t of,.... who bM • .....dod v_ tbe pn.e _ bEE'rty (.auded to u ",,). It d.'!It '~ 110 " ',m', _ mnc:liod,•• 'E 71 • of Troy: tbe K* k: • • ia n, I,.", " " ' . " , w' ... haUd, tbe « n",* l>'d-'Priam,,. '.,', _ _ tbeTl:qje.'. ""'" _ , be wed hglEl, _ ' nee' CII' '1""''1''=', thoo a" dI . e eta._
,,,,:iUW :
,.
COMMENTARY: ,79-38+
'"
I: " to be: uy pualid iro the ...... (iro 5.6+.5 the rdumoc is ~Iy to the _ orPriam iro the Ii~ O(!f e). ,.. Trojan
: ill unpbauc: jlllt .. the fall oCTroy _ (ated, to 100 is the .mval in Italy: for the arpmml d . 1.238-9 wbett Vmlll COI"l1E1 .. tW'n to Jupiler, who tdk her or the dertUw:d Trojan victory ill Lati....". and the foundilll of Rome:. She thlll fedo j,.tiMd in M ki " , lOr bdp now• • ''r , it .. the RutWi, led by Turnlll (d'. In .) wOO have: 0W'f ' 'AD:..
E
I"",
cr.
Ion.
,.. ..... and to'; cf. +9477 7 LI - _. , the uawually banh rhythm combined with the two dm -.0 .. earIift' ill the line produca a • broken ' cfl'n:t or mppiiNItian. ) ' _ endi.. in two disyUalMer (or. disyll.ble followed by two .... -lOifUaIMs, which C("III!S meuica1Iy to Ihe _ !hi",) Ftc JUklally p"""c'=d by a mooooyllabk, .. at 400, ' " tai - . . sI : ill aucb Ii-El, which occur OII.~ in Ihe ~ onoe nay 100 IiMS, ictUI and VCUlt coinOclc ., the besinninc of Ihe fifth foot ill pc: eotdaDce with ..... mal Latin bel<arn<:tu ~ : .eo: AIIm 1 65~, +.5..,... 'Tbc po . :U type d linc=enciilll, p ocquencc or three eli· ry'labIEl, "vine a maBed elub O(iCtllf and arom! ill the fifth foot, occun oaly twdvoe timEi in the RiM d,h:,: OOCUITUICEI bri.... ill the QkbicaUy 'advanced ' boa«I X and XI (hurod . .. (i». 11Ft "CIllo in lUI n. 011 '0.+40, repeated by WiIIi'_, that no auch Iiaa occur in thefint bal(ofthe poem, ill ;I"K:OiICCI (.eo: , .695, .5.7, 1).
A,,"'.
p.',
_.
,., 21" .,. 7'$1 the dl'o:etoltbelc: rymrnctrically bel·qood Jooc. ill pcrhap to ir.... c 'C' the • Fttfi.aIne. • .,.. Vm,.' rbetorical bIandith·
. . . N""A, 'Tbctia. A sood inItanoI: of tIM: td(.eoh+(:;Oh''l of .econdary epic. lD. m,lrj0l Vmllll'emiDd V .... C7JI e( . r a _ Ql'1ier ore' ,'00 _ which be: _ oimilarly pkad"ll with, V. pI_ hie own epi ~ ale ,, ' de it. HorrIeric model. ,.. i , ' . ... . ' I Awor.. wM': JOn Mem.non. _ killed by AdIilIer ., Troy, .. told in the lou qlic ..... In another bt wool, ArcllylUi' "~ " 'sV, 'Thdit Fad Aurora prayed Iide by lidc for their 001II, V, alludc:o apia to Memnon', ...... p. 1.+89, 7.51 .
·.,iI.
•
I COMMENTAIlY : 3M-~
136
lis ,
The pie. oflhe cilia ofL..tiurn are doled in pupaotion for W1U'. cr. 12 • where thole wbo advocate .urrendet "".... ... mIT." n.Mv If i-rtdm 1-141. This pt'actical miliwy precaution Dtlllt be dittincuished' rrom the ritual of ~ilItI the .a,.,. ollhe temple of Janua 2' the ~nrun, oI'_r, described a, , .60Ift". 57
, ,' "
.5e4.
i
. . ._
_
..
herne ... vl.Oauon.,am, . . . _ _.1 ' _ JII.~_ ... u>L.'
•• ')' 2L21 .... : '
boojn.repeated and amplified in "'hU tM.. elc. The metaphoc oflove'.
fire, while ~ .' appropriate to Vulcan, _ • commonplace : d. Lucn:tiUl +,08 mn..,.; .. ./»Iu ....fo" '''', ADI. ""3 qll l_ 1IfIfri.s {' weakened 1 is also • LuCKtian word, e.,. +1114~. . ...m e- otil&kf.t.lifWw-I. Forw./u,.,.. tJS4 AltWriI cf. ~ 12.66 t4Jifkl4 pn .. tlltJl;il : this type olformuIa, with iu wW fourth·foot caau.... may ao back 10 Eoruua : see Nonien on
...,.,.., I'''. ,.../_ 6.,w.
f;QIL
The aimiJe (d. H"""'t, II. 16.:ag7-,oo) anticipa'''" the omen 2' $2+""9 (~ n. ) and ia in marked contrast to the domestic one 2' f07ff. below. ).I1 the wordI in the aimik IUppon and reinforce each other (d. ~_~n.): , _ 'vibrant' can be taken equally with
"I-iI
/-wand j
" , 1lle .yntaeticaJ ambivalence of this line iI characteristic 0( V. " rdt (henelf) happy 2' (the suo- of) her o;ajolery'. SfftIiI J.n.l.lis · .be lUi ! " ~ 'a~ ol (the eR'e<:t ol) het beauty ' . But "'"' andj.. " oould aIIo be pai'alld dativa with UttUCt. (wbich would tben JOclatdy with .-.iI): ·.i.e _ ailllultaneously and happily aware ol ber ujokry and he II beauty'. 4(is is proba1)ly l\I&lftted by Homer', dmription ol Hera in the bquili", ol as 60~ ,Igucn (II. 14.3251). cr. aIIo 4. 128 41is .. .......,_
nnI-v-'.
zJ. I .
'rftV...·
JH , . - , a ltenn applied reneraIly to any deity, tboua:h mo.t commonly, when it oocurt alone, to Jupiter; Viqril may bere be eclKJin& Homeri• ~ ol1'(OI r'Jp for Zeuain a airnilareoalUl, lI. '4.'S'. For the ~ ol thia line d . 211. e? La ... • ' b ' • 2=P ............. LucretilD I.:u #/d#r'II# .....fIIs ,,'om 1 MU (the Venus-Man epilOde H:(el'l'td to in 370-
......J.
I
, 1
"
CONMENTlt.RY : S9' 108
",
115' 2 Vukan·,ft:ply .. kesupVmut·poinllZinorder, .u.,.. ..• _ (397. 400) forma1ly her . .... _ (3740 ,sl). 1lK: toQc of the lineI (a mixlure oCboutful_ and mod;-n:proach) i, u rhetorical u their ltnKture :' What bat bappmed 10 yowc.ith in me (i.e. in my an) ~ It you had ohown u much &IUliety ibm at you.show now, I would h.aVl' mWe anna ibm, and T roy would have .tood
"'.nciA(
IIDOIhc:r leD yean.' The mcIi .... l+ -V UlsU •. ..... ./wWIC offer c:onupondmee by ··00·...... and alliteration; !be mOildfoi.tsd bat been beId to Jive further poinl to Vulean', rhetoric ; the repetitioa may be a deliberate b"ucina: of !he reF : 2kd 1.1, u . .. 1.... # ('76 8r)a.) of Venus. • biL' goina: 10 far at to imply WI, at the time, such a poat. ponema>l wu feAlibie. For the (OnItnlo;Uon d . 2.)4-6 II lifo"""-, li ___ ~ foUUI, r ;, i Lu, f .... A~iuJ f"'" hw,.J, r
'I
TN;,, _ _ _
.p," ,irw." au _OJ u .
... For abe rhythm of !be line-eno:Iin« ICe ,&:n.
" '- 4 ' Now whatever help m y .&ill ean prornix, whalever can be made wilb metal. whalever fire and my merJies cap aChwllpliah (oc:. will be done), Meanwhile put an end to !be doubts aboul your po~ O\I'er me wbich your prayer. imply, ' Notice the lhrice-ft:pealed under_ !Uins (lor the uoeoftrieolon d, +f'~' +fYI',) and !he hi,h1y effective anacoluthon after wi", : Vulcan', immediale dcaift: iI 10 make: love; bil impatience it further indicated by the breakina-off of hiI . ptteb in mid-line (for other ax. ofthialCe +f3, 583).
... Therepeated" have alOlcmneffecl, u bcfiu: a plcdlC, bul theft: may a1Jobe a Icari"" playfulecbooftbe"ofVenut' IUpplication, ,9830 . • 1' • c.forthe'jlO'e4-iecndinclCe)fO, fe5-4
,'m rl '
. , , 22,22
121., It. traoaitional or ' brid,e ' P" ' IC : while it;' nil! night, Vulcap rita Cnwn Venw:' bed and (1"=0"'" 10 zhe Cyclopea' ClIve 10 ICe to zhe Corsini of the arma, Unlike Homer'. H~tut, Vulcan;' no ,wutirIJI. lOcialIy interior artiI.an, but an anill who empioya a1ave-Jabour to euwlC hiI work. •• , . An intricate aamplc of mc:1oei", word-onler ; _ tiJ tHt,,", iI contained inlide e-, n,,,,,;.-:&, and the whole phraoc: inside the main 1eIl1mc:c:.
CO MME N TARY , ~"
138 __ I
tht;
nir.llt is alrudy half over.
7· 'dri-b': the
participle. pueive w .. oriainal1y a ~poraIlt:k>Uw:e (Palme.- 327). The per.mifi.. verba.I _j. eatiorl of Nitb' drivinc ber cbariot . . . . literary oomnMWIpb~ : d. sfiga. and ~ «I '.31i1. p'
widalno
jkJkct
I • IS A1t...... "" thiI simile pel bad; to Homer (n. u .433- .5. and cf. aI.o Apollol'liu. 3-'9,8"., 4. I062fF.) nothin« oouId be more Roman than Vircil'. ptfcure of the ch.atte Roman matroll or widow, an IF ; ;'. and the anti-type 0( Dido and Ckopatra in her dC¥Otion to home and I&mil~. The p"age eo", .. a. the ' atilt cmtn ' of the molt AUfUlt&n book Or thc: A... ,.., (d plJochl 170) and pethapl ico1ec.. the imponanc:c al'..:hed by " .....IUlIO hia iiMhW and .... uimonw Jqis. Iabor. : .eo: ~ I!A.... S4. R.C. 6. 1. 8.,. and d . G. Willi",N in ] .R.$.
.a ( .g~) . &--.g.~ ;; ( lg6lI) ..a--t6.
Bodl Vukt" ~ the .;.. won after OIIly • rew houn' 1Ikep• •pwred on by Ck n c. " d the ....... inr .......IioI> : the woman'. cbildrm aymbol~ : the PPm?n' wbote hillOI'y will be abowft Oft me ,biekl : d . the ~ of Romulut, Rem.. and the Ibe-woIf, &,0-4FOI' the rdincUeij beartIa·fin in 4 10 d: SoP aad _ rurtbc:r R. W. " .... ., .... (1!M6) IOI-ll. Tbe picNR ol . pool" en.ttwdi, Virfif,1 but i ajle("bLo cL .....ticity offen &II Inllnty with EvUlder', bo!"e. Fortbe rtruetun:oltbio f 7 "re_furthet-Intnoc!. , (iyl •
·JI:,oricaI
........
tn'
....
,~
,+'e ..... _idiom. ·to ...
... •
••
• I
,
'
(
IC.
.L _ _ eat ) •••_.......:
~.L It· II"'•
P-,AI'Il · •
. . .... 7 · b)'b«humbkopindlt:· (h , otIi .... JI): d. 7.80s ..... ' ...+;" Min 7' , FOI' the _ymy d. 180-lft. Mi- 'n, tIw: . J.1ian .. -... d _ aad endta, ,".rr 7n, ill Ie. d.., : tic pile. ~ Am," ",Hd (6tgn.), U one 01 tIw: 'CapiFOli-e triMI·, idmriS: ~ tIw: )t'.7 . f t ' with PaUu Athene.
....., a . tIw: pic:tun. ollhe r-', wife in 0-,. II .S.3",. • . _ "~':_:,~;:. ., .. ' :l ,it. 'l ., .' -,I"'" ,..... ut': p' L '. See . . , 6,a In
Mo·,....
it _ bcliAe Vircil. He \Del it apin at +'3. 6e8. 71n, 10.114 III.go. 0. ouch CO'DpD'md epithet. _ . . , uS 7 _ • • ., 7 I lr'UIIiu.. II 1Onnw. 10 take .. t..d: 10 tIw: main ... bj:el alter !be - mi .... a. ,,'f9-$O It..t 5, ' rr ~ I Amn.
01.01
r
,.
COMMENTARY, +1S-+2S ..., For an alIqoric:a1 interpretation cl VlI\een', actina InlrOd. , (iv).
'"
1ft
openm,
'n t h .. lpc.r. (Of'IrIuI. cl an ~ ol the kind ~Ied '1/ 'tlUY or ~ l«i. ~ S9711. The i.!.nd ;. the IDO"'" ib Volcano, one of the Lipari ill.oo. oft' the N,E, <;out ol Sk:iIy. Aeol.. kept the winda impriloned I1ltft ( I.WI'.). c..l!im.eblll (>'6 ' ,,f6ff.) pl...... the fotte on the main ialand, Lipari ilXlf. Servi.. _yo
f"
lbt the mrtboJo&icallq,~y aymboliJa fin UId wind p. . . _JUris, thereby il&rtillr an a1k,ooial tndition : _ Jntnd. , (iv), E. p~, iA j r 4'.". (1959> repro IgM) 4)' AE " . , u the ...Iy "". in VIII 01. line endin, ill • poly",liable with. Il0l11''' (cbc:lylic) fifth (oot. For the ir... id< ...... oC auch endiap in the~, sec Norden 4sa and w,Uj._ on 5.SOO. In Il>0l1 ( I ' ' ' the polJIYU.bleI are wordI of Greek oriJin.
s...,
f''''''t
2,
I:
E ••• ft . • •• .,
d . 241-1. The: CydoJe.' cave .. an
anti.lype of c.c..'. o,da. " , I tbe Cydopel were • raa: of one-c,ed Sicili'n Jiants. 'Ilw:ir roIe .. ..ruw it pool-Homeric: £<11' nii. ...., 42+- 53, .""",.
• '..... The prO' eI 01 meWhu,y (an an f<M' wbkb Etrwia _ (.mouo) are " "';', and Lucret1U1 6.lofB-g FIt mFr' "/m& , ~ fl_ r 1iI>Vil, ....... , 'i' ,. ) • I -..., i- ..... The evliul deocriplion. oIthla pr«!.'. is ill Hwwor, 0tI. 9.'91-3' 'a. wbcft • ..ruth plun;es an lUte or ada.e mlO cold _lei' and it bi.ea loudly (....,.~ ldrx.......) a. he tempcn it, and its wen;th. ilL WI oflled'. The Cbalybei: _~ nOled mel&l·workcn: cf. C-" 1.58, ApoIhl. 2.,,+-6. .000Iff• •ma- are the mtz.eI of metal obtained from tht: omeltint:·(uma«, known ill Enp.h a. 'pip ', lee Fowler 79- 111, w~, bow~r, ,differml and, I think, te. .. ,j......1OIy ""planation it riven f<M' AI . I iI.
'3"
.., Moe it the old rOf'lrl oUw ' ID thiz island ' i il mub the end of the I~ .. phical
ecphrllio , cf. 606.
COMMENTARY : 42+-428
'10
......." The f~ . • There p noc perbap in the wbWe Acr.cW • II"OOt'c grand and laboured than the daeriptioo 0{ Vulan', cavern in Etna, the wcwu that are then: carried IXI,' So Burke, A pIri~PJl\U.J ~ ~ II¥IWiPe ~_ ~ fl. ntM_ . . k 1ll1ifiIl. ed. J. T . Boultoni ( I958) '70-1 , Burke funtm- commentl on .pHil thai '00 real ~re it formed ; nor it the df«t oItbe dcocription at
pa.''''
alilell', The p'.'~
H.JIM , .0f.6-69. F.Q... 2.,.s6:
I
~I bbo •••,dd on IiI its turn
I
Hoontt, ll. •a.s69-477 and CaJlimachUl, il im •..iml Spa_r'o c.. . e 01 Mammon,
"'if!!
One great bellows g.there:!. fillin, ain:. And wiih (ont wind the Cewell did inflame; Anotbc!t did the dying brono;b repake With ~ 1OUnfI:I. and .prine...... ott the aame With I~uid wavos, fieri Vulan. rage to tame, Who .J.i.lring mem, renewd hi& Wi ltd heal; Some -cumd tbe d...., !.hat from the metall came: Some dud the molten own: with IadIa JreIII , And e d>d IwiDCke, and everyone did 1IWOl.
"
But the eflugy ~ cluhinr _ _ itiet of V .'I lines are unrivalled. ~
The p ...... begil1l 8l'andly with • maaive lpaowhic tine.
~
., . 241.'1 2,11" b led
the fint ... iJ
=, r.... the double"fW1lee Mh. Her.:
as metrically 'long" an imitation of Greek
. " epic uoa&e. Of lbe .6 imtanca in V. aU but
two
(,.g',
1111.363) are
foll"",'a! by • 4 b1e consonant. The names olibe thne CyclopeI are'Thu~r·. ' I..it:htnm,' and ' F"c..anvil', finl two an: (rom He.iod, 140 (and d . CalIi....d ...... H~ ,.68). Py .............. is noc found Ixm V. i:. aboukl probably be '·km cmo al'",w with .., three Cyclopeo : .a.5OD•
N
__,.... =
• f.
'T1w,.
r
' In thci~ hands wu an unfiniahed th .......erbGh. pan alrndy .moothed off, JlII!1 l till inc:omp/e\e - tm.e boba IG aIkn hurled down from heaven by .:JUPIe>".' An imilaUon of ApoIloniu. ' .130-4 (where the teene is one cl thGle depieled onJ_'. doak), itKiCa variation of the halC.finishe.!J automatie tripod. in the ...... ,upoodinJ pe"I" in Homer, II. 18.372-9.
I
I
•
COMMBNTARY : ..
5-4"
'41
11Ie tb,mcL ,bull_ traditionally ckpkwl. havan, ""dYe . r-.)'* (,.& _ Creek IF .M" d. ApoIloni ... ,.. di.), heftc diw~ , betN · ." the fOUl' 'iz:lfm:lic:ntl' 01 niD, eIoud. fire IIDd .iad. onaJ.o fuom the buit 011 \' c.ed...• .........'nl 01 the format*! 01 tb.mcI-T. bulb by the action of wiDd. .... the " k at beat iT,; rle _ _ clao.wk (6.1I1!'r....). L&.creti... actually dm 'ibe. the tbW'd . boIti U bci", fOi' , iT a furnace (6 .• 7"".). ' , ' "'Ia.d · ftWIJ..down rain'. For tbiI ........ _ me&ftinc of .... '.. d. ot6o and. 9-669-71 . Some_taton, rou-u,. Se',..;.... tTanIIate the pbrue 'bail ' but are ,,"able I(l adduce any pu.ud (ia 9-669-71 the cli.tiactioo. bel·. ,. " 'IT and ,.. * is dearly -, .... ). Con.i~ feebly aqua chat 'hail ' m\llt be lratended Mace it ., difticult to diltinpiah rain £I ....... ram< ......... a clillieWty not feh by
I'. S
Luo:ret.i....
6.~
_ . , ... - . f
_
. , ... i«I# tI, , 'N
' , ..,.,
, ,
P' "
oirrr
.tlU I
,taw
;111""' 1 ' " rI,'4 f' ..
WI tbiI is the UM'"t ortbocraPby (d. C"" , , ...54). 1be opeIli", NlIIli, Jiven here by Pd., P and rand printed by M)'Fl~" not,' 'Nt e atteated and is prrobe.bly a COI>fo,ri'" with Rutl&li.
.,. •
w,
Tbc: noioe and r
41.1 7 ... . . . 1 Fear aM Strite are penoNfied on the ..ea:U of Zeu:: Ira Homer. 5."9 . ... to .hich V. men ....in a' .. ~. E
n.
OS Hoo,K, ',Ara_depicted upinc intoba?tle ia a hog_ drawn chariot (1ike a K","":ric hero): tee n. 15. ' 'g-so. 'v 12""alWil\.wbeelcdcbariot' (d . ,a.
:, '''''*:"
I,
e.,.
glnP.) •
the txM'IItr• • • ace. after thiI voerb iI rare, and. iI .probably to be eap'ined here by _yin; chat itt meania; bu been eat-ni," by uakv with · ·,-:tll', I'm i. ell;. , ' were WJaldy t in -.hi",'. n.e verb, wbicb IMHmally tam a it a favowite oIV.', s (' Ars I'OIIItt 01 bOItt'l. efC.. ..,.
,:
-
I
.:
p.,."
w ..
n. ".:we.
•
·.,
I
COMMENTARY " ' " . "
OS • ,,': • the aqis of Zeua with !he picture of Ihe Garcon IS bud, wom by PalW when sbcentcTl:d the Trojan war on the Guek .;de Hen', iJu,.tioa (II. ,5.138ff.), IUld d . ....... 2.6,,5 where Jbe praidQ over tbe l~tructioa of'Troy. See abo n. on Mi","",_.' 699· The p'.'~ it .. sood aample ol bow the writer oll!C"'od'''Y epic both depencb Oftj and Ir&nWMI, hlI Homeric IDOdd. The Homme 'machinftY' .tiU~teI V ~ 'let bu aIoo, 00 to"y, 'bad ill day': d.:t8~ Then: io .. ty~ parallel beeween !be GooSou', head and the anaky-bairal fwy AlIecto, C.,'OInl iJif«" 5I1IOI's, in 7·3+'fI'·
"ibm.
I..
r '.
""
•• 7
~
S~
=
I. .
roIkd
.aw L«
rr
71
hendiad)'l.
eyes in bet lIC'\'acd herd
at Theme and variatloo.
,.1., .. .. ' g 51 pn'hapI an echo of the po<m', open;", wwds. ~.t..ndoocd oommj=; OM" wen: fOl' pda, the new and Uf)enl "'?1 ~ foc .. hcn>. The alliteration and a.onance in
ft'
...
7 ..
,,;,. , .. oui.... iniolY< .. WOld-play of the kind. Latin writen wen:
lpecially addictc:ld to, whidl d\en..,u q\l&lltiay.' ddi&ncc: d . il.49+ Jl oN Mi; .... iJJ. ;.tril ~ I ''''--W; HofmADn5za.Dty1" '1O!J. F~ other exlL in VIII (including 'etymolosical' word· play of the J'a"FUINm- PaI.tium type) tee , .........
2)8J
7,.. ,.,..
J.
cr ... . ' CI for Ibe rhetorical Itn>cture (lOr colon with _pfoora) d. 1.1.5H1 • ...,']6-7. ~IM • .s86-7. in No dcaire to hul'TY on !he work, Vukatl 'lOpI,pnki... ;i mid,.bcz'metcr : d. +"4. H"-1
.., _.h J...._. _j. 7
, ..
!III.,.....
IlZdd ( , for thuc:nle.bl'Ek c:f. 62 (n.), 449, 4.5' ••.53. ........ m ' D I cf. 11. 162 MN .. . m:1r" ('definina' or 'appll'itiooal' ~tiff) .
+0
ttl
C-,.
t tbeaclj'''notaUelledt.dOnoV, (eI, • ./ " ..... '.) and OCCWI ooI)'l ben: in his work, bul il it probable thaI (like otbet com.-mcb) be it (rom eadier writen, u he did fMiNru in S4O> and other .jau aucb u Iwni./i- and laIiJau. See P,I_ '011-3 and Nori:Ien OIl 6,196. -if., not auated bcJuo; V. INI panUdlO • ~ of adjt. in :/. UMd by EnniUl and LlKntiUl. • bron K, &old , 'U'OII • , I" . Api n a In' ad',e COIIIInKtlon "e
rr.mpoundl
....,... 0 '
•
.,
COMMENT ... RY:+H....U3 +t7""9, +49-51 arc both uicola, d. 40'''''' +t'DD .
• 11 t 'Tht; lhidd CCCMj'ted of teIIeD circular plaiel wdded 0Dt.: upon the other: ;1 is aU epic objekb, from Aj.P' (1IlMc of teIICD hldea, lit 1400w:w, 7.220) 10 TW'n .... ' (4" I"iN .6iJ, n .9lI)); one is thUi warned apiml buildi", over-daborale tymboljs_ upon convmriQn,I &:On'apoo..t"""" The Dumber ICIICD bad , Iperi,1 Iipificancc: in Pytharwc.an numcr<>lorY, ct. C. Buller, 1f_1"!.I "JiM (1970) 7-8; iI oceun frequenLly in den;",,' IiteralU«. Other <:zx. in V. an lhe K~CD.colIed snili, 5.8~ Eryx' bolIi", ,IO¥aI m.dc of xvm hid" 5-fOf....5, and !he chtoncIIofy of Am. 'I wanderinp, 1.755, 5.626, on which ICC: Willi''''''' inttGd. 10 book V, XXYiiiff. 'sa • ' . 4Y.. - • •. : ' , . tela I •• ' :: =.anticip.tiftc ,0.887 wbenthe enemy'. 'pe&n rNa 2XI the .meld ; in the emphatic .._ arc requited to bcv a rd'c:rcncc to :be hero .. well .. 10 the .bieJd, and rIOt merdy to Am. bul abo 10 ... uguo:.... .1 Actium, wbere the oriental rocb II1'r..N 'p lu , It V.Sf401£ CMlr-.pl Mio_ '-1 W. 1«'''lt (699-700)· t occ:un "ain, in. differenl and cootellt (:he hu1&I T..w) a' 5-~""5. V. may have !&ken !he pbrue from one of hit ~. can mean *"Y kind of circle (e.,. 613) but bert: then: is • play 2XI rwo .pecific: meani ...., the cin:u1&r pia..,. 0{ the ohidd and the eirdi.., bC'llvml (d . '!6-7). The .biek:l itodf is DOl further d =' 'ibed bert:: on the ~tpooement
n.
-=
w'" : lE'" I.,....
'"*'
..u
ICC:
M6-7itBft.
•• 53
a . 4:~1,
where the oame
JNOt.
" an described . The
C-,.
IN:: !nt Jiae arc: npeated, with mU:aOO' v.n.nta, rrom +1 7: ....5, where they form , limile compariDc the Iaboun of beeI with lbe I e of
... Cydop
-=
•
..
I,
, t
'
, ;
1ft.. ."
COMMSNTARY: . " 160
I ). Here then ia(Olrespoodmct between ictuI and
. "1
OII.ly iJ .. lut two fed, which iI ~ but in the tbiI'd aad rourth feet, ~ Y,'. _". pattan ill ~ d c:onftict. FOI" the: 'feb EMi... • d&ct to OCC\U'. the: tbitd and rowth feet m... t be 'Ujutivdy. ~I and .........'ce. and the wl)I'd before the fourth. loot di- .Ii ;- muJ ..tWy (M dam '.zri I:r.ere) the ftOI'maI. rules which IOwa .. tbe PI~ dliat-eov!i..... in AUflllWI he:xameten : that ii, it _ ban: two 01" ibreeryUabkLButlinaoaltIM: type's '-'-1 fotV. __ do _ ~.ri"'y, Iince then: iacadtict, not 00i1 F<)..1 ' w:e in the thin:! f«It. and tbe 1'hyduD.!hut yiekkd hi 'bote the di ... ' " ill very ratdy admiucd ,.\ the end of .... Aupttan bewDetcr (tee Sean.). Tbere it ~lt:II: of a ' raJ.c mdi~' a' 549:, api .., a _peri" I')f)f. . . . 1Op" dUel .. ereakd. 12.fOf'" reworllinf of the PO ' tnt liDe.. n-.: are tbb Oftly cD. ill the ..... d line! izI whicb the wwd the diM. h , it • tuocbiut (v - -) : aU the eJ<J<. Jiven by H .. den (4,,) type ..;,.. &SI" -'ill_ .... ' r, in wh>cb tbe ...... d boobe ~ dj'E' • ia. dityIlabk and the ·r·b...,. ....i .... • df'ect kHiOCWbat" jH ....... ·nord . n.c.e two IUM:.~ . ",pert, eo.el";w to the mted...ck in the cave. We an: Id\ With the .teady beal oltbe b·m'N •• ('in n wnenam 'J IOIIIIdine: in OW' at the ......... chuIpI. accent
not
e
be.,
are:f.l the
t
.i_
I
a. 3',
ne IOlJowinc ~. AeD. aec:eptI the IeacSenbip in the .truale
W>zrnu": aad TurnllJ. A.m.', DeW armour 'PSI ' ,. in the My. A.eD. ,eke ~ DYe dEyander.
ew. rr-
Milum', iaLic..;..J. P.L. 1."9
~&I.'
,
, ..
Vi
US I 'The IlUl -,.'wn aDd the awn cbona are IIlriki.....y -$ ti'l'eal\a'lhel tp !kKtivilyuadluridcW., oIthel*cv'.aUl Il I
11'.-
au
II Tbio d . Ip ipti.... 01 tbe buo pC';,. up uad puninc GIl ru. ....... t 77, ph( Pi ...d .=oonl, in • H ... '" iIi..I. : d. TEl h ,ebUi ia 01. • •lft. MerV'r _ ia 01. ...,.,elf. IQ bin b.i Iiiic llill:>pticily E"" .... er
COMMENT .... RY' 457+16'
...
i. pcrha.. an anti-lypC of Am. iD hiI finery al Dido'. coun (tee '71, Y'9"n., and d. 1-126, ...... cited in Inltod. 3 (ii)), L IJrU ... ' ', .. providcs • verbal edto 0( +2fi3. "" h ' I .... (here UIed in a _ •• limilar to that of i- t ; , ,) aboWd be rqankd. .. 'middle', bOt ..-ive with an &CC. of,csptclu in '9 (D.), ~nr thai E.... D1"cr do ed hi'! ·elf. Both OClIIWtructi_ an: of G~k oricin: f « E. A. Haba iD T .A.P.A. 91 (1g68) "I-3Il
J;#. TruE I, the oricin of the n· ..... of thia type or sandal. whic:h had a _'E" 10k and lildcd.-p (......... I.) iI ot.eun:. 'The aclj. ra:un at 5126 (we n.): Etnuia it aboul to dominate the ttlt of ...... VIII (and i .....! Ed the mit 01 the poem) .. itdooninakd the early ultWy of R_ TI, I I Arcadian.
a'.
IfI/MI •
•
bane down'. AI 'fliDsinr t.d.'. cf. n. OIl _Ii, 429-30 • I ......... iootive. ' 110" to
.... _ _ .e'!45n • F11« 71 with _ in the next lint, 'pard.-ciop'. Two
'.11.
,.l1li
th .. n
I alia at 1.
At
Wantinl a privatt eon_tiM, Evandtr lOtI 10 find Atn., wbo iI at.o already up and -boI.ot (46.5), Pawlc:l' 17--8 foTI\ICS that Acn. "'....1 be luppo:sd to have: Ixa> Iodg«I not ;0 Evandtr', own bowe but iD another like: il not far a_y, a IE : the dwellinp bcinc ......,........bly of the proto-hittorical 'c:apanna' type (d. ,&t, 6.5
....,...1000.
...
......... IInlta, hendiad,..
•
I
1066 ...
COMMENTARY: 461 171
This men. to the prom*, rnad~ by Evandu at I '}O-, •
predicative. and should be taken with the transitional r~. _1IIWu : ' was up and .bout no 1_ ea.rly ',
.,
" " •• 2 ;.
..., FOI' the mj.-plele line (an obviout Ilop-gap)
If!(!
4'n.
...,...,.. Evander dacribes fCca!! evenll in Elturi. which require Am.. .. leader J.d will enaure Mm allies.
~u
. ' s . Tht: of Grttk tradition was as corupicuous roc miliw-y p.ow II as (or 1;::'4' , and it it this qu.1ity which Evander IIstW'&lly lt~ heH:. Both upeets ofhil chancier occur I~thn e', c .• .• 1.:145 _ JItM,..fW _ Hu. _ior It ........ 6.405 r ....... lid'" w;,..u II~. See Galind'y 11 - " .
A_,
,
..,. , tt IS I cf. I ~9, 496. :II:J• • :;"" an ~aic word taken over by V. (rom EnniU$ ; abos'
11 .$6. 4,,1 ode' ·it beta.ken~_"""withru . .. •• u,...,thewhole (onni.., .. kind Ofhmdiadys: ' while you ~ safe 1.b.aIi never .mil that the ltate ualm oCTroy is defeated',
+):
..,. pro. 7 b, ...,. «fen to Atn., .. at 'ilI , and ;. contruled with .... u (tc. ' o\u" military ra
I 473 TTL I . . ,_m_h the Tiber, as a' 10. 199.
0" R...... the oo.tile tribe led by Tumlll ( In.). 1l\e a ngular here it UIed collectively ; cf. 10.232/..... RIIJtJlU.J._".. /.......,. " V. anticipates f-ome" .trunle with the Rut!ili 1.1 the lime of the Tarquinii: d . ~g-31. 6+6-.51. Livy 1..56. 13- .57. 1.
lac.
.,,..- 'I am y to ally you with miJhty peoplca and fortified duca ri<:h in ~ Corcca.· Characteristically Vircilian pbraaillJ! ; a reference to th~ city.. tatca of early Latium. ct. 4.1229-30 ,.. ..1 If! i"lsriif 6&"' ~ 4fI"""Ai I lui;.",. For II h IMI with .. bI. d . 1..... 7 -..J,;, r.... · : irs only other ocaarrence in V .
...,...,. ..
= .~ . hP
HperaJly ' ...... vapion wruch chance offen \l.M>lpectedly'. ial_ is in appoooibon to Ihe pnvi
I, I
I
. .t,
COMMENTARY, 417-485
14'
.. 263- 4 dU.u ...... enll Di4 1/_. Evandcr is naturally thinkinc ol lUI own wely .. mueh .. of .-\en.'" but d . the: Sibyl'. propbeey cited at Introd. 2 (ii). f.el" I iJ Jln'di<:ative,fitrJ OCCUR only' in the nom. and abl., and nowhere elM: in V. with an aclj., except","",. 1.3,, : but d . Catull ..
6+,'6!r70 _Jou. 4" d.
he,,'.. L"
Io!a-l the c:onnn:tive formula recuQ at
603
(and
63~).
~I
adj . Crom AgyUa, the Creek name (ew the: EtndC'n city calk:d by the R.omant Cae.." the modem Cerveteri, abott, thiny milo north of Rome up the coast. ~ Introd. 3 (iii). "The tradition that the EtnIICanI were of Lydian oritin is m:orOed in Huodottu 1.90. it iJ rejected by D.H. 1.28-30, who acoeplS the tradition ola Creek (PeJatcian) mi&ration 10 central Italy and a Greek leltkment al Caere. The city played an importanl rok ill the hiItory olEln ..... n. dominaled Latium ill the .alb cenlury • .c. See AUNdi 2Ogft'. According 10 Lycophron 12,B1f. Aen, arne to Etnlria by land and thence to Latiwn via Caer'e, In oendi", him there 10...a alUa (and to receive the Ihicld) V. puhap refen to this tradition. 47'
41- .dE tPl Cew the pCIIlponemmt, whieh .... a dramati<; Or climactic: effect, d . 4.!P1 _ fII&I '" ,iT ""'" oIir':/ri: II ~. It is lUI..uaI (or V. to place the word at the bqilllli"" 0( a Imlmce (_ 66n.); normally he PUg il in z aud or third place. His Cavourite metrical pooition (01' the .. md. however, is in the 6fth foot , .. hen: : d, ),2g6, 303, 321 , 323; in all thcoe lina il OCCUR in the: Iif'th r- but in only 0IIe ol them, 303. iJ this meltical placin, COPlbined with a Jf&ftU1l&tical paotponemCllt beyDlld the third pi,," in the IUItma.
4101
.,'7
deal K:e 1n •
.., • W , alto al 6.60:, and d . Enni.., .4.... 34: yo pM Ip ' - ,.,UII• . it the rhelorical filure known .. paraJip;... in whieb the . puzklT emp~l"b:. tomethin, by affectina to pal it Over withOUI notice .
nu.
.as •
Ie....
,a (;OIlII!';(:tive formula of varylllJ intensive force : alwar- at the beJinning of a Imtenoc in V. eu<:pl hert: and a,
2·768·
•
,..
COMMENTARY , 487- SOS
..., In ' dl,L"'bywayoflOfture 'janeUipc.icalphrue,the accuu.tive being in appoaition to the p-eviow: toentence, on which it
I
commenla.
: ::with,:,_ ~, .:: fO:~;::: C;:':::poond ~ me main <:acaun d . 9'''',6.
fonned
verb
..
117:1 Then: II • hiltoncal parallel be~. The culcd M.:xnbUi II aided by Twnlll 1. the niled Tuquinilll io later aided by Ponen.na: sec &f.6-.5 1 n.
I
,
The infinitivea are 'hiltoric'. t/ifm4W = Conn revived by Ibc A.."...WI poets. tIS
.
tIff-:
the ardiaie
es ; .. ' 9' Marte. fOT the metonymy sec ,8" ofD9Dn. Man in V. commonly "," no amply 'w... • (d. ~I. 557. 6')'6); then: .. virtually roo of Homer', anthropomorphic Area. 433 and 700 COIlItilute ~ C"7~1: in both, V. iI.pecifica1ly reCerrina; to the:
trui
Homeric:
war-S04.
,
. , The Et""'!n thida wi with ADo. from C· 'e to the mouth of " the Tiber I' 10.165-
II' ,..
...
AD "?'borate alliterative pallem: ..,., fl.,f, or, eo,
I",n.
.,f,.,
tit &ta,_ M. , I . , Maeonia wu par1 ofLyclia: ;1 ia here UlCdro.- Etruri... aince the Etro ......Un were auppoecd to have: ~ ... e",! (rom Lydia (479'i.) • 7
5M
•_ ~~ "'U'I
ex.... 'ion wbi
...
TE'
SuviUl
.,..
Q)"
'
.._".,.-'
' 7 1 ' ........... )1
alliInaUYe .
iI from EnDi...
,., . " 21" II a; I I " ' HII ICC 13.pr.
The lewend thai !.he Avioo.u"(l} oll~t mUll ~ from ~ ,the lea ia cital by LatinUII, ,.t7OR'. It JXOVidFI V. wnb .. typologicallmk ~h.'cen Hercuk:t. Am. aDd AugIl'IUI: Ibe Iasl..,.-......! 'rdumed' to Rome in triumph in " lpending!be IWO yean linoe A.:tium in !be Eaal. Augual tg aAer FOf''' Of' ". '~I> II a title ol AugualUl lee Itgn.., and d. ~, C. 1.02.,502, ~UI ~ . 16.1g-20. Syme ~glfl'. Evaackr .... the titleof Am. ;I ~ A.
'.e.
II 4"'"
I ,•
I
,.
COMMENTARY: Ie
.49
~ -.51S
ildid"' is! ~ ........ ooIy heft and.t 7.616; tba'e. boweva, it iI
'
40.5-. 8. , . ,___
..... ... T •• '.
I
(Of
tbe .....loP.. WOId,oilliulltC all gr,
,., w •••• z'·mb·".·..... ·, ....t7.1 .5~ '
d.Enni,.,..t-..a'7V"
,",,, : n- Ii'""" ..... tffort,... thia Em.ean kine, the mythieal b.nder of V.'. binhpb~. Mantl.l&, ..!CU to an alliaDOl: with AaI.•t lo.lt&-.54: (Of V, he iI evida!.t1y the (riendly eounterput of the 'bad Etnwan'
,.. T- "
1
Meu:ntiut (G alinUy If!I, GlWlt 74). V. folkl'i4. tnditioD. tNaCl.ed in Lycophron. "s6ff., wheft AcI, b-cO'1lCl the ally of TardlOo and TynetIOI { .. Tyrrhenut, 'Etnucan', ION of the Mysian hero Tdepbua ("in :elf, ai.... i6eantly, a lOG of HereuIu). and benct part of the Iqwd that the Etrwcano ca ..... from ...... Minor. in (11M: venion of tbia lermd Am. married a d· ... bta' of Tdcpbllt; in another, a dauahta' of Tyrrhenua. The latta' D'me, form .. I.ically linked with Tucbon in Lycop/lton, iI ekarly an eponym fOf the Etnwa ... natina. and iI MI treated by V. at 60s (oa: n.), Tucbon (TGJPX#~ Tatehun) " the EtruKan name Latini.ut .. Tarquinilll. ,.,
2 U E2'
!, ..
lIZ»"
:
:
.:saItine .....
to take
<)¥a" .
The
.... bj\UKtive. are oblique j"';'ws. , ' , , A biahly effective rhythmical npc:tition, Bod! Iinu hl:ve the ....... metrical and c.ezW'ai pattem (App. Bl, bod! have an e'icW "fW .t the ",me pi.,.. in the 1iDe. FOf the _tirnent d . .5.",5-'6.J ' w.c~, _ '75 ... "'i . _. , _ , , :". ' :' f iMlil ll' _,. I : , . 'rI''''
."
...
trw
.
.i 'I ~ DOW ba .... been I!2hortinc ""y - . _ YOU. "'Ot It not t ., . • bU.. Evuoder'. ~ to. S·bi.... ~ !be Romultsn dynaati(: coup Lou",,, .. the 'rape d the S.bine "'01'04" : oa: 34- 3, , 7
.
.,....
,II-I, 'But yoo.o, on wb&..., and dm .hI rate _il U ". ' 11M: dynaati&;: aqurnmta pul for.ard by Ennder are at! vkMowa..\; '[I of Aen.'. ,&Cee!opeal
I
I
,>0
I
COMMENTARY, 511- 520
....uta Am. by biI_ title, itleH. lepetitioa and amplific::atioa of the . ' ; , To • withwhieb .... pt rhb 'can: lUI.ex.ol ' rinc· Q'!'Dpnritioa',.un. .. tbe bier of bcMh T-qj... and h,li ... ; the
I ' ...
Jbicb
Pl""".
aDd billthf. move, ia ben: .dWll' '-ted. The ~ of r-. !mm.'lOIIt aDd indilfflOUl, which wiD prod_theMe ! '''(alradyC- pliFt~inEnNt' ",_marriap and sbortIy 10 Ik If'F : ' 'ed in Aa!,'. ) .. fOielOld in Jupilel'" final Ip ttch, 12.8soW~ in wbich be ..y. dult the n . . . . . . afT..". and TrqjaD will diaoH FEr aao;e 1M Tro;.. a1Odr; .. m j'ed with WI of Italy :
UIlity towudt
"
£ 2' LofJ
1$3/. • ,'
.,- :'"u,s ~
•
II ;
the
. 1_1WtNT...,..· • •"
,-s, A.. J£ hI· ... - ·•·•
4"
,'c. 01. , ..,,w..
EyeMEr cn_.. hit .... Pallaa to Aen.. The rrlr'r ..... NCII&Or aotJwCt hill _ Po ' 67tnatu- to K(O'hpany " T::! ' e '±.. to Spana. aDd ApoIIoftiUl • •8011, wben: l.yruI ... ncb ... _ OMcyl.. to ~JlUIY J -. But V. tnrP(Pm&. tndiDonal ptNre ofbuoic ~ into.." apo ' xe of the okI Rameo eel"• ...tionaI r ' 7 h II , . . ..,un) .. well AI'" a.;t ruu d~ iroay, ...... ;1 will mel I 'mPaIlu' death. Tbe emph ' . pWD to eben.mple of Aao.'. dl. ... (_ .. "'foM) pb-u him. ill ty~i.eal with Hen:Wet (i8~ . Q'. ....,yr. .... I-M. ai ; " Ill ... I d ! fW 'dE 2 i • • • slk alto G·lb+,. 'S1.
(,w
PrR"""
I. ' ..7 .Iall,_ .• ...... 3"'.
s-.
SilL".,
pi F
7.J..... 2,! 'I•
.~~
tno...!etioa 01 H<*'
FT',
~
Ipyo ..
pl-I, • L's'" • the arrh·;.:....mdi .... pbrue it echo d c.tuI~ 6t.4. dIlL! ibiar the A.ftoa.autl: '" ,.,; ; Ai, ' , fI'E . , . .". ,.
d,
_ ~ ._hitOW!l_:nt'.
SIt 5
aD
..
r
1be.ia j >·o(the~.
~
VIII .. . . • • • , ... "E (01' the perata.ctic -aI' "" d . 3.8-10 and Wi'i.ne', DOCe. The . -d.'l'l it tbe equ;.,' : Pt d aD it,"ured, r eJl , r : ~.,..., .;...ItY Albordinateil;..(eet(Oi .... do&! clim.. of ~ _ ' M of ""'ul ta ",,01.11 even ... 'No _ = bad be
5
, ,
,.
'51
COWWENTARY: 520-.526
.........*" 'F ukm, - AcD. and Aduotel .1OOd Almt - boood;.., IaCIly (and wwkI Mve ...... on bi(j(lo!linc), bad not Ven,UI ••• ' See Do &~, S+6M., HoCmuut-Santyr .,al. FOI'" the an;:haic bmal. _ . fobu .. d. I.~, 6.190; .u three P' la dZICllbe the ' ...·6:R .~ ol PI
._ . h', . M._....
_
.
had DOl .. . '
I '11 ...........ic formula, &100 al 6.18S; d . t8t V'. } ""," ·turned _ in their mUodt', .... old • IEle I" " by V. h(NI, Plau.t\II and Ten:rw;e; we ~ S7. Nood • _ 6'SSI.
, . takd EmU. . AM.
PS C, : 1 • Ven,WI (rl'OUl the H_it: ....... for ApIuodite, after the idand olCytbera where the _ -.lUppat). MillOn .&'L.I to ...... :a. II 'Cytberea" KWl' : P.L 9-19EE l'z .. ,. , " "1 d.)st8 c.Ji .... .,i,LV _".; _ Do foIlowint: n.
PI. nl'...d~r • • dear ally _
........ _ raNn: ol rdutial _ _ : d . 1.'41R'., g.630R'., EnOli. . A... Stl V',.. fI L', h ' - I fUJI . . ." :• • Tbc .ep,1ed dao;ty.. in. thio FIllIiC' uve • otroncIy OrA'AAtopC : .. effect, u"ecitUy in SIS, wben: _md and - . E n.h (Ill, the only • relt ' caew.ra """C in the IE ... wJ foot, and in S", with itt eruhins" .eptotilion ol il
....
" I
, .............., ... (11:. " ") 1 d . ! .go""JUJ' I: a
·r
.....
"11 1"'.
pi Tyn' 7 ... • ZI221 tIM: «vh;", wo::d=ocok.. (.& ~ ••) is IIl>ClJftd by writifta: Tfi>'& ' lOr Tfi' 1,,, : 1M r.,..... called v .. n...,. I·k", _ into La?in epic by £nni.. and Luen:ti\l.l : tOe N.... d En on 6.t . ~ c ...
•
'"
COMMENT .... RY: :»6-.534
T,iI ' " I H. 458-g. The ....·trlImpel (d. tn.) w."uJIPClled to have Ixen in_iM by the Etr.,..n., bu. the d the wont bert; is monlhan. wa\ entional epitbet; EIJ'\lria I'I(\IW dominates the pc><m, it. !here thai mutt now pumac hit datiny. F. • ... ' .... aI2.3'3.
'*'
Aba.
. ::T " ....
, ' . There' • AnIle cloud in an otherwiae cIoudl_ ally (d. 7,142-5) on~... on. CUlbion, the armt appear. 9' " mult ~ taken. 6:Ir6.onooU ~tb both rwIiUn and ,.,..... ,;f • _ the po~ wood (01' the appnhension olprodiaiel, wbether viaualor.Iln.I :~' 4tgn-I" YiI! . . j ,1,'hs'... teN' pb, .... p " . ' '':'':.~·r· or"_ " if _ . IqJUlnlll2.1 -49-..... ..,. ...... "., .. ,,,._. ?
.u ....
, Albe promitc .;. 'Pin alluded to a'
SSI,
~y Ixen Ii.enUoned.
5lf, but b.I not
F'EI an IIdverb fqJE1tinc andihU.lhminc thelmle 0( _. v . • ... the word, 00';1 ocx:un.,~ua1 times a' the ead of,line in 1.ucrdius, eo,. I .•• " , . 1013• There aft maroy eD. in the A1 'id ollinel mdinc wilb actvm.. CUljundi_. prepwitiont; thEIP ~_ or 'indifFerent' wouk -um.:. CVfY an uallfWllllll'lOWll:f .r ' ''"''MionaJ m>ph"i' (d. 17 ...... sA 9) . oometimel virtually none. Tbillieence bee ...., ell more (requell in later boob of the.t.wii (e." ~1.816 ...... 111.:3.5.5 dfW) ill which V.'. vuaificatiorr. btCOII PI lIl&tItedIy freer and mote experimental : lee Inrrod ... (il, When the 1M. ~ clalinc ia an 'indilrermt' .!Md, the meaninc it .".ny auried over to the nelll line: oee AUlcm _ •. 18 and C. B. Townend, · ~tioa in the Lacm!w:xameter·,C.Q.. tc.$. 19 (I~) 1)0 .. W~ tend to blct that latin poetry _ c:ompr " i (or the ear SP
•
r
.5..-,.
and noc the ~I sa . . . ,IILE ! 01, E I 'It it E who am calkd ~ heaven.' For I d . 411. 614- In __ kIIa the fiall ..top II pie hi bdOoc, iNtaodoC.ttu.Pb I : but otJ /lianocneeiziwitbthe(olIowiar line. dearly intJ!,kt! to.t&nd by iIXU'. wIWe ".,. 2 ia abnJpt boch in 2 II H UId rhythm.
,.r: .
5".,
...-uy
5M 1bepbd.,.L OCtheheavyvgJow..... 1I .ttutbedUrd·rU : I Ira ai- tbMIline a.ell 22ft '"' 'a'd _ -p'~ . . II ' h· ... ~q:~ jed': d . .... MO • 'z IIOC. . :
•
I
,.
'"
COMMENTARY,5S&-.S44
" ' ......... , d . 41~ . The dialogue belWCCft the rwo henx. tOil et full circle in the now-familiu 'rilll_pmitiOO' en- ",Iumin, Iymmetry. The divine....u... panJ1c:b and ~ Evandtt'.. On the inaxnp!eleline.,.,.
53'
4,...
.0
cr. Latinwo' foubodinp al 7.,594- 7. which include a JIf"OPhetie apostrophe clolely patalld 10 WI in the pi rnl P"".: tf, T_, ""fIll." Iril" _till ~,"-,
",.,
Ie' .11 cf. 434'1.
SJI ......
'F • ...•• b , ., a11nQ11
idcntieal with 1.100-1 w~ the worda QC:C\Ir in ~,'. finl lpeech in rdermce 10 the Homeric Simoia. AI 6.83ft'. (IntrDd. 2 (un the Sibyl propbetied WI the Trojan wu would be fOUSbl spin b ' 'ide the TibeT.
"... , .. -·.t.. .•
of eni~ here : 'm let them [i.e. the UUI'CIll4 undtt Tum",] bave their war; I am rudy for ;1 and I !.ball win it'. For ,.~ zw d . 53S, 6 z4The bou.li", of. uea'Y _ a P"'" crime in Roman era: .,.,. alto 639-4Y'. Latinwo oft'rn:d ~ . • truly .1 , .263ft This it I7Ilemnitcd a, ".zgoff. ( Italy', fint ' RQmSII' treaty) bul then broken ..ain (12.3 z3ft'.,~, 6,2ft'.).
541
5,5.11 there is " kind
"z 46ln. POI" the leI 0( taerifiot a/\tt a wpemalW'lll znanifettation
,.....5
d . 68--8s, and !I.'43ft'. ' - ' ;zz "PI •. , n..-c- d up·, JIIIriI&I ;,..u 1 1'.,J 55U filii t-.. POI" the oisnific:ance or the pi' -nt p.MaS" d. to8--F3n. and Inb"od. 3 (iv), h is ~ that the ' Hen;ulean firc::t5 on tbe "vmberi", a1tan' is7lQl primarily .. reference 10 the Ara Muima ~ OQtne oryCiterday'. oac:ri6a:, oinee thai _ by the riYeO'. It is equaUy clear WI V. will .... peel dze reader 10 rcTDelllbtT that taeri6ce, and that Am. rememben it too, U he pedonns hiI ritual thank-offcring on behalfo( the continuily 0( eiYiliution on Evandtt', "''''. itself ' Herculean' linee the visit rduted to at 364- 5. Ac:cordinC to D .H. F-43. HeE'Cl.llCl _ ~ to bave been Pallas' father by a dauchter of Evander , ....,. Fowlc:r 93-5-
_/aNI
5H
Ia. lec'·· doa m I I I bY 5 I " . , d . Latin"'" ...:rifice, 1.93 .w n.I.mlil. For M __ ....., z86n. The ph..... mUlt here be
S.
••
,.
I
".
COMMENT .... RY :
~S60
>
taken obrO KO!YCU with both ....f/M and '-141, sinee both thudeetion and the aao;rifi of the animab _re ptopedy carrial. 01,11.
$41 ct. 6.1199 au '"- uul MI "..u S«MsfW utti.sit.
s.-,.-
Two liLes of unusual metrical pattern. ,W9 h.u .. IlTOn( CUI ..... in the foot ... weak 00" in the third, and • '(abe ending' a, the cdy like 4~3. on which lee n . .sso has no caesura until th , founh foot.
J.cond
eeLrth, .,....
set
I
:h,w.lt onomsti>pOO<:. u:
.m_' ilechoed from C_,.. 3.+47 : lite eR"e<:I"
5SII .... 111 ' F? ~{IC. OWI-) I • l pec:ially selected animal. cr. ,,276ft". where Latin... jiirovidcs honel Cor the Trojans and • lpecial con· vtyanee for A_
w-s
The lionj"akin
WAI
'nocis,ed with Hercules, tee
Inn.
5S4 Fe ' 77 'RIUJ'KIU" (not 'Ceme' AI a, 131). The ace.. and inf. CONtt. dc:acribel~ whet Rumour says: d, 600, 3.121-5. ",'gl~"
11·'+2-3·
I
,L
'0 · ".,mCr,,""''' no:: d anger (~) .... ~ Srow. neArer', M..riJ .. ow.,. 'the ajl«lre oC wsr IoomIlarga': for p l l I' ' 'f! .. II n ,. l !
. .It _ ~
the CONI • • d. 18,)00 t o ii ' 'P ~ 4trtrMl ~ i..,.. ..... c1iaion oC thio II'I(IOfto.)'Uable occun 24 timo in V.: Norden .'5ft'" Soobiran , 0.5-18. -, i .... I ' •• , V. may MV" remember«i the cadence from Lucn-tilll • . 156' 1
"'
2
-d., OC:1PalJu.
I
55t !. ' " " . I&=! ' • S' . inc antiy ...... ep;nr '. For lhe double adj, d . 299".
,5youth« :
The &led hero eJtpresaes reminisoenllonginp fIK ru. vaniahed d . the .. Jim of I!.nteU ... at 5::39+- 400. The Homeric model ;" NeslIK, 7. IS~, II .fj?Off. Bul EYandu', desire 10 be)'OWl( actin Iprinp wholly fr&n paternal kM:, the Ill'OClIell sinlle emotion in the A ... Mt, 110 thai p''',e hu an inlensity ... hich it characlerilUcally Virciliu. and wToY differenl in tone from the Homeric hero', simple pa···.1 ,,,,"1 lotI pg .. en.
n.
ttJ
f'f I
,
,>
COMMENTAR.Y : 56()....B
IS'
,.. .. with the ph ' "Dt .ubj. ape ' 1:1 a wiah that ~ •.......kI happen now. Ci. 6.187-8 Ii _ u ItHU iJU . _ .1 : ...... 1 ,11.1': 111 .. ''4 Ue".,.1 In .... ch OOI'IItruetiona an ellipte it involved : lee nD . on ~ I , ,568-7e .
"I •
eH." - 'the man I w ... •.... ill Horac:e. C. 4. e.3 _ _ fIOIIIiJ tuM . " .. 1 .... '.".. CiJw;r.,. Hen: '"' mUlt WICIenund ' 10 that I mi,ht be'. the modem Pall:ltrin., • city of impo
III••
~
The ritual dl:llruction by fire of lhiekb captured from the enemy _ IUppald to have been inttoduced by TarquiniYl I'riIcuf .ner a vielOr)' over the Sabil1Cl : Livy e.,7 .
kin,.
,Is £
. , " • lim mythiaeJ not ebewhere atll:lled (Jiven by Lewis and Short under the spellina Henl",,) and ~ with three livet, recalls the triple-bodied Ge: ain by Hercules (Ke _ ) . So Nl:llor reealled 11 .671} his alloying of hymoaeua. wbo is nol mentioned eJ.ewhere.
tn.
,Vi...
,... ••• h . a Sabine deilY mentioned ..ain 1.1 7.800 and in Livy 1.30,,5. These loc;a.I names &ive an anac:broniltic yet wbolly relevanl '.uthene>ary' 10 Evancicra remin~ : a,oud Clpinc of the cmlune.' .... Crultwell eaIlc:d il.
SF 71 These Iinl:l mUll be CONtrued ... the delayed .pod<Mn to the ellipte in ~. 'If only Jupiter woukl &ive me bad: my loot youth (oo lhal I rnit;hl be the man I wu ...ben I killed Erul..) I.t-ald not now be tom from your embraec. nor would MumtiYl have brouchl 10 many to death ... ' tliwlj,,~ thut follow. IiOIMthinc like Ii IMm i.,. w: ef. 10,6.,- 1+'; MiIIi, ..... ILl d .. ,IwNl ft· 2.,.. UN 1 ,h"1 ..u Iio. 2",f_. _It«.wu", po "'Pm ... For the imperf. subj. followed by the plupen. .ubj. in aped"';' d . 4o,.ofF. _ If f.u .... , + . , , -•' 2 I .""'"'". .or ' ' I'ti..i ,,"ewUM . . . ._Ti"2LLM , •• I 204'., ut...u. I ft rm... _ ,.m2!12 P".-.vtU, '1lee imperf. deoo;ribeo what would be differml QO'W if !be c:ondition wno: realiled. th~ pluperi'. whal would have been dift'ermt in the put.
""._nII,
•
I
'"
COMMENT .... RY ,
~S84
,.. " . '" 1_
-y ·CCO'Int':d. ",RW..,.and n. The WOld iI emotively reinfoiced by I -" 2.1 the end oCtbe next liRe : E"ander', lpeech mova itt pe.oratiool.
tcLaro.
.ooL·,
5,. Is E.. pnyer forml • movina canclUlion 10 bia (_ell " 70 and to 1m _ . V. bdchtml the emotional inlenaity or thi:t p"·. .e by the of repu,~ metrical P"I~ (App. B) aDd a
"'en.
F
continUOUl
and,..
pallem of. The lnlCic intuition 0( iI recalled in Evanckr'1 pa.1 speech over bia
all;terati~
PalIN' ..... inl death "bod y, II . 152,.. "6 .oil.
I,tb ,.,is.
1m_ . ";', _.
,." A..-7"'!
Su--7 The.rnaia which it ev'.d!:fll (rom Mynon'. ~tioa but ot.cwed in Coni...-'• .ad Hirud' •.
574 .. ,[);do). ,
~.
I
• ff:e
r-
"'·, ' I " ' t a. 4-6Ud..n...t
r .. , , ·
:: ~',:r~~' rl7~"" '" Id.~UlI·'4Jf_ 577 .
I.IE
2
' V. bu
J"r"" "...
at
l' .. .' =
,.... ' m •• intensely (dl eli! ",
I
;'d#rn
, .6'7. 769.
tricolon with anaphora,
riYiac
UI
~r~7 ~-::1-,;.;.:::!e!.'~~ =~:::::::7,:,.,660,
,. ,
~r "
!he iIl-tidi"" half·riM EED heft: rueb £vaadu 7' I ',r:!9ft The tw ' zkinc-oKolthe.~ Etch after the lim fool of tho: bc:zameler it biJhly eft"«ti~. Other 'penb" which end in
k
h
' •• 11
!-
mid. line an: a' 4" (nn). ~. abo An~b·H.I· ~dt on the doomed Marcdlp . 6.866, Latlnlll befOft rdinquialUnc: bit b r¥ "-lilY. 7..599. and Camilla', dyinc word., 11.h,.
I
,.. Ca--H I hi i .. . 1. i ' 7'1 d . +-!91-2, when: Dido mlI'fPM ....:I .. i... i 'i indaon by fi k
I
1
!
,.
'"
COMMENTAR Y: 58S-591
JI5
'75
AeneN ridez wt to c.cre. wluft he reo;:ei.,et the new let of am.1i'om VmUl.
sis'
There it I.,millr det',iption (allo immediltely rallowtd by lli.mik:) ofth., enemy Co....... ridinr forth It 9.t.5-8 i ,.". I I;' ~ iHI ': tir I .... d4 • a.u ~"i I&UtU " ~; I M"' 1u1 ,. ' uMiu• .NsfJ'_~ 1Tjir'ifzr irrz _ , -,fj._ .. ' y T __.
.wi, ·
"., I have printed l_after,.Z:_. Mynon'.aemi-c:oloa I! Z'I J.d cue of modem OYe!"-pww:tuatiOll. Ippuently ind"Med to prepare the _y rot &II? urmec::eIIoUy UZkMetiOft in the ftUll liM, bul what rrounda (:&II theft be rot ....ppoIinc thaI I major paUle ~ have bem fell herd
sII ..
the MSS. MY''''''' readI it, foUowina MatklaIOd, wbo eilet Stati"., Silt.. S. z....$. whe.e, t.o-VCI , • verb ia n ted Hen: the 7mZ! of#Jtilra may be eazridl thn:oufh to~, ",-·j.lly with liahl puno;tuatian in .587. Nor .. the pi ence 0( ioo Iwice in the I&mC line I maltft (ot 1UIpicion : d . zo.~, . 22 • • • Z 10
.... ,I Thi&r bea",tif..u oimi.Ie pi... ib pcripaAt effect (rom the fael thaI, ......... p.u.. ftOW ridet fortb in the mon>iDc, in bUr )"O\Itbf\Il opIenclour, he io ne..uthd «k>omocd. Mil_ ....ptIr the .unik in L".+· (168-71) into. triumphanl im,I"' ofChrittian~ ; 'So arb the day ....... in the ....... " bed, I ADd yet . _ ~ IWr droopinc held, I And tricb bUr beamI, aIOd with _~ Oft I Flamesin th.,fot' I·~d of the momi.naalz:y.' I znfO''' the: pl'Td Vea ... wh.ic:b aw n both .1 evalinc aIOd '1 da_ : ........ zp Vi.tsil" eomparilon .. with P....., Vea. _'chet 0Ye!" the convoy beca\lle iF «?ntaUu her own Nbc• . I _ Acneu, to wbooa abe Ippea.n 11608- z.5. Ac:cordiftc to Vano, q.nl ed by Sa". on •.lIoz, the a1IT of Vea... WII vilible to Am. from the time he left. Troy \&nEil he 'EZ:Leed Latium. See alto 680-zn. 1Ad Cor. di..... . _i o(the momi.na a1IT II I Iymbol of VOl.' prCMeetiaG. Wlozol 80-1.
•
I
'"9'
COMMENTARY : )92-600
,r
A vivid Picture _ the bonemm ridina: out, the aiknl womm walchi", (rom die citadel, the cloud 01 dutt (d . g.:!!!). the ,I... mi... bronze (_ (~n.) . the Ien'ain. ,.,
~ • c:....
f
...,."b
"
do 92...,. The vio ..... detail linD the
with their azrlval, another lood ;.......... 01' riDe·
Trojanl'
:p:7~orr ·ymmchY'
d . ,,7-"8, 657Jlft. iii-ie Plqain at ' .7' .... 10mer tojou.mey'. end, a metapbo.(rom the t v : colJ.ne. They take the obortat roote to their delrin·ti .... ,
evm
,,711
,ha",p thJ ••k a
them over
n.lI.ICh ..... md.
"" A ( - . . exampk of _ropoei· (the .effect becinl al it d .> in m ). uocd by • n.m 0( dadylo, inlerlac:cd allitct'aboa (f , / , ' . ,) aDd ......ted _til (_. II). 1'hc line Ran, wi'" lbe eb'..,e of __ (or n: .~ 1.1 11 ,875. VUJil baa dc:yd,'Ptd· at! Enni." pma.e,
-"':r'"
k . " (....... ...... t77. 439 VOl· ,., _ .. . h 7' openina 1Ormw. for IIA ecpbruit 01' Iet. piece of the kind kno~. 11",,;,. d M dptioo of pi..... The ' at ' oprninr (_ • there g') iI aonnaI. EaniUl, A-. RS V' uI '-u &'Jl r • ',In t ~ ;6rt..., : for .. varialioll_ above, fl6n. Tbia ficwe it fint £ound in IHom.:r (e., . the pnkftt of AIci"'NI in CU. 7.llsft, tbe IIIlirtMbi ~ialaOO ",hicb Iia -.en:. tbc: bay (rom tbr; Cyc"'p II in Oi. 9 . ' 16ft'. ), opta' eD. in the ...... an a' 1. 1,59ft'., t 48oft'·, , ..s6!K.. I , .~,ft See ' fill;,... TOM 6378'. The ficvre dto Ort..n in En,lioh, e. • . H-" ..., . ,67 ' l'berc io .. wiUow 110 •• brook. I That oM_ bia ' - kava in me ....y .tream j I 'Then: with fantutic pri.uIdI did ~ (O)iht ••• • J
'"
e.,.
F
T
. . . .
"'"1.
he 51 d . 0'£2 ' hi
~t and
431'1. 479ft. and Illtrod. , (iii),
.. II'.' ' ~~' ';'~••.'riiPP~-.+.'.' o€I..IinIll' c:itadd "I,. nt.I .lI ..a . 1 I '''''' t ,,' n"
t
: '
,,'
. . M -., Sllvanlll _ an Ulcient , ••Ii'll deity '"Mined wilh me woodo ou~ lei", iiknCl (8'i1ey ".3), He c&oo:. POI occur" wtw:u in ,the but if cLrpkt , .!, in. toIIVUlrion'''y 'Arradi,n ' IeItlIIS, Ed. 10.84- 5. and d , 0-, . • t9t
+. With , ' , , , ,•
I
,.
'"
COMMENTARY : 600-611
Pp'p
,II' o.ec 479n.: the cady Greek
Klmn in EInlria. JIIII .. Am, b.d 10 Kd; hit aalvation from a Greek ciey (PAIlanlelUn, teo:: ~.), 10 now il iI in another ciey 01 Greek ariP> thaI he .. 10 KOOve evidenee 01 Rome'. hisIOric dellmy, ..... i ' .. ,u . r.... the fonnuta d , !W>. An analOC)' may be inlmded wilh Ihe 'srove and day' laCl'ed 10 HeTCUles at Rome, d . 26g, 271 . Both cilies have an ancient tradition 01 rdi&io\II <». Kf'Y&tltt : .... _ nlip ... (d. 349D.).
S.,
5 A eh&rao;tWli<: ' theme and two varialioN' lactically.
arr&nJed pan-
.., ..... ,.. I ' • hhC'1 leputed from 4'8. 'The verbal cdIo empb";,,es that this .. the very place ofwhith Evandet .poke. T...m. .. T,.t' I ' Tarthon and hi; Etrutc:anlI' : Ice ~. EII!when V. alwaY' I&IeI the Creek iOmI of the nlme,. but here Tardio it suaranteed by the metre.
s.s • ,,' I' 'were mcamped ': abo at 11.29; a military 'cdIninl term,like tq;.. V. wriles ahoul Italy'. 0( Roman .....e. cr. lin. ""
IcsendarY heroic pall in lenni
I!.oc . the formal r.ignaI thaI the ecphruil it finilbed, d. 423.
SI' t
Vm ... presmll the armI 10 Am. ce. the ....... QLpondi"l pre_ ICntation 10 AchiIICi by TIaetis in Homer,II.• 8.6.6-11, 19-'.
s.,
h .n. ... ' &tIi.theu.mepbTuedeserihostheElyaianfieldt, 6.703. On the ....... espoOOence.ee further Inttod. \I (iii). S.e .. • ... hm ·. '.,I00I1 .. ' : ., at " hul here paotponed (d , 11I.86g _ JtronIlIII). a min« IIff«:tation. mote t;OmmOD with _. - . cte., intl'OdlOCCd into Latin poetry by the _cria in imitation 01 Akx_
.............
, 2 : .11 wilh tUU, .. a. 98 9> 'in the dUtanc:c '. IOU, 'by himxlr', i.e. apat1 from the others; cf. 670 . • " b 71 Joc:al abl,. reputinl the IiC'd of .. ..u. ,.......
SII
,:a ..... cf.
of VenUl, II,S&; go, e ·actually'. V. emphM;'- thaI thM.it an epiphuy. like the ramoul ODe at 1I.s8gfl'.
. . ••.
.-1 _
as. s..6. SIIODD•
",O . . . . n
'"
COMMENTARY: 613-625
,.,- 140 Ven"" Ci:boeI, and confirms, Acn.', words cl con6dence at " were prompted by !he yiajon of tbe arms, hen 5:51- 40; hill wo~ point triumphandy to the reality. til,
mo. ' .. be
'if
IUU! . ,
liM time comes' , ~.
1.1 This splmdidly l ymmetrica1linc: invall the _ppc&rano;c ollhc atmI with an .~pn...le ,randc:w. ,5 .,...: tbe lilCrary MtU«:e ol"thit deuil it ApoUoniJ ". I'aSfl"., .. hue the JO'dcn Aea;c is found on .noak : cf. 61,. 6n-snn~ but Cam~ ( .~-3) iI , welr rith' in KCina: an allution to lbc clu.wrcath awarded to Au....., .... "OPI ¥tilh the soIden shield .. " _W (188 9i1.).
n.u
,., Ie , " d . ~oM.t 731,
.,aw 6'9.
730. AcaiD the dominant
lhemeofjoy wondu : cf. 3IO-IIn. TheexjH' ion is "'srd on Homer, II. 19.18 ; be (Achilles) rejoic;ed to bold in his hand the rod'. lloriouI sift · {(r. 729-3ln.); Juoo. limilarly deli,htl in the a
fluet (lee
'I' ."
~
i
n.).
'UI.7 ,_" d . 265. S" . S cr. II. 1~60g-13, (Res.] SiNU -.! Hww:w IU-,B, which provided V. willi &ftOther link between Am. and Hcrwlca. The repeated KCUU~ in 620 II, iocludina the mymina: oequcncc • :1 • of betoi and .".-"0, ~'"' • _ v < ....u
= :...
",,1 " ...
'-
•
n
.
oft
,
t ! tee
680-u" The detail help'
to link
Aeu. with AU(\IatUl. ...
"1"h
DOt
round
~e Virsil.
'77, The oimili ia modelled on Apolloni.. "'7t~, d" 7ibins bow Juoo found 11M: ~cn Ikeee: d. 676, 677nn. Few anoma- llimile, . dcpicti", the cft"e& orli.chl, modeDed by V . Oft Apol!oniua, lee u-~ . ..,
i
.In. ,..+i",.. in 676.
"'$I ( ..
... "'Eb.· '-$
,
!
l '7d.S6. I{.,.lflI·
WIe a ItrWna1y cft"eetivc Virpian ~. IF io the 'jQ(!e7CFibablc "&-bnen,b;p 01 the ot.ie!d' which wiD £arm the oubjea or the .-(1 ccphraAia. i
,.
COMMENTAk Y: 626-128
'"
':f,:. The deocription of lhe IhieJd. TM modd iI Homer'. Shield of Achilles, II. :8.¥l3-&8. Thil form of ecphraai$, in which the poet lunu "ide from hiI narrative: 10 dacribe al lencth _ work of vilual art, _ iotroduced inlo Latin poelry by lbc neoteriCl, in immediate imitation of Hdleniatic poetry: tee fordyce on Catull..., C. &.,. Other deocriptiono ofwwb ofart ill the ~ are the lCaJeI! of the Trojan war ~ ill Juno'. temple at Cartha&e, : .f.¢-93, and the nary 0( the Minotaur enpved by Oaed'l... on the doon 0( Apollo'. lemple al Cumae, 6. ~ : both 0( these we x.e, .. _ tee thelhieJd, throuch the <':yel! 0( Ameu hi!lDdf. It iI for thiI" : ton that V. has puotponed lhe dClCriptioo 0( the weld, which ill Homer iI Jivc:n when the ahield iI ACtually fuhioned by HepbaeJl.... until the ....,....,1110( iu pt(SClllation 10 lhe hero. The JCelleI! obown 011 AchiUeI!' ahidd have: no .pecial 00IlI1tC1ion with him. They oonllilute a poinl ofn:ot in the narntivc:. a<:\ec::.oc"ative and mainly peaceful conu..t W ... e the 6na1 conAict, functioninr in a maDner ualOfrOUl 10 that 0( the 11001.'. pastoral amila. But lhe ICeDeI! 011 Aeneu' lhield are in 110 JeIIIe dig:. iw: from the poem'. theme, lhe origino 01 Rome and Au .... t ... ; incl. I, nowhere eJ.e in the poea. iI tbil theme more dearly 'lated.. TIN: KCiICi from the ''''tun' offer ttpoloci ..... analocia, albeil impaf(ctly \lfldentood by Ame.. himIdf, with his own Itrugles and alIO with the .1IIIy 0( Hen:uIo and Cacua. the earliest eumple of Rome'. delivery from poeriJ by the heroic pro.. 01 one maIIo. The ..meld thUl providel! a ~-up both of hooIr. VIII and 0( the whole p<- h i. T h e _ depicted on;1 are (I) tales and klenda of early Rome, from Romulw 10 the republk~ (2) the baltlc 01' Actium ; (,l lhe triple triumph of A .....tuI. f".. the IriMlic .ttuctun: d. Intrad. 2 (i). An clabonlC chiulic ~I is elicited by WIoIoMo 12B--s8. The ecpbruiI it cJo.ely linked with the propbetic f{,J' I d ... a, Ihe end of book VI, in which Aeneu lea a viIioft 0( his de .....i...tI; boll: pee_pi bqin with a four_line introduction IUmrnarioi", what _ and Ameu are about 10 tee (6.1.$6-9 _ 8.6D6-g: tee fu.rtber Introd. t (iii)) . Tbere art alto important COilespondencef bet,,! !n lbe IoeationJ of eYeDtI <Xl the Ihiekl. and the aiel! i ... peaed on the walk round the ate 0( Rome earlier in hooIr. VHI (IntTod. , (iii) . Aeneu has thUl already
COMMENTARY: 626-na
'62 IttIl
the plaeel in which the great momenu o(Roman history will
~
jncludi~ Acuum which he vwted in book III . Vulean the dib ", anificer with vatic inai,hl .~ as .. filP"'" of
enacted,
the poet himtelf. V. bad alrndy uted .. won of visuI art as .. meta· phor for poetry ' the ~ 10 C-Iiu III wheR .. projected national epic {~lly not me Ae ....,j is deocribed. . . . temple on whole doors battles and tri ......pha will be earved in gokI and ivory, with Auguotut the centR (ilt '2 h...w orit) as he is ...... in the e<:ntn of ltu;j ebield: 678-8" dcpictin, AUfI\UtUi at Actium, abo form. the nwnc:~ca1 centre of the «phi"" (tBlineI+4+47). In the prokJguc 10 "C-tiu III \/. UJeI words rueh .. I ...... •'''''., to indicate the role iofthe ~I" artifi«r : .imila. wonk occur thlVUlh. OI,It the dC3Cri p 0( the shield. II ..v,bl be f-iblC 10 reconaln.w:t ... &(:1...... .hidd from V.
c-_
iJ
tibn
0,
d~ption
(Fluman'. rcconslr\lcUon ofHomer'.ahidd is reproduced in Myn:a, H-iJ .N/ ftU triJiu, pl. d) j b.lI Aeneu' Imeld, wilike Ac:hillel', .. "'Co try and prac:tic;al wnpon but .. symbolic: objcel. ThU oy.. boIiom it fully fell in the Iaol line of VIII, ~ Aeneaa PUQ on ~..meld and the poet ..Y' that 'he lifted OIl to ru. ahoulden lite r~e and fortune of lUI detemdan",' , The eephruil it arranted as .. chronological tequenc:.!:: ouch .. 'linear' arT&I\A'" ellt c:ouId not be riuntained on • weld, for the vi~r·. ey<: would naturally unci 'fint to the cenln:. Only on • frieze, like the Bayeua I'pmry, can tile vi_u'. ezpni~ be controlkd ... the poet " •. The meaning eI;" ,..J;", al 6119 is ambilJUOUl: controlo the .-der' " put tbe history ol the ROO)Jn ~ on to the Vulcan prawnably L'_U · ... --1.....: •• 1 ---'~ . ... AUCU'It.a.n lwau to ~u .... ~_ " " " " . c:arvms _ I 1a::t11t, .CCnCl lut, Z'ftI:~ them for the c:enln: ol the weld .. V. rneovcd them for the r~oric:al climax of a literary .,..,..tiV(!. But ;" . . . . m .., abo oer eI the: unfoIdiroJ ol hiatory, like the: c:vc:ntl of the Trojan wa'tdc:pieted iDJuno'. temple: whid> the poet dcmibea, and Au e n «< . . . . (I.~), 0<' the prophecy ofRoo:ne'. futun: putnell whkh ' upiter tP""" to Ven.. at 1.261""96. when he: unrolh the: book elf. V:I lechniq is much mon: IOphiItieated than that ofCatun.. iD hit docriplion the hc:dapee d 0( PdeuI and Theta which depicted the lIory eI Ariadne (6t.~1). Catull.. m.k coo no pre'_ of
not!_
c:onveJ . teet!
n
c!
d!IC1ibi.as a
i
arteflld but
wri~ ~iocdlitetwy....,.ti...,.
COMMENTAR.Y,626-630
'"
V., by exploitinc the visual as well ill the exemplary ~bililiai or his eho&en lCeIles, by the UJC of locative plu'ues (1InI JnnJ !tiM. ill ....n.) and verbl like ·"'Mm', cs;tmu, maintains the illuaion of. visual anefac. while al the u.mc time undcrcultinc the iIItWon. by drawins ward. the events Ihemselves (. device exploiled by Keats in Ihe 0 ...... G,..... U"')' Forfurther refcrenc:a and di ......ion ICe Ow. ,9<1., 1.. P. WilkiJ>M)Q, TIw C-t"s ~ VirtU ( 1969) 16'- 72, Heinu ,g8-.,ol, Norden, VL<" fOS- 7, C. Bcd.er, 'Ocr SdUki des Aeneas', Wu- S~ 77 (1914) lII-lII7·
.., ........ , disjunctive, u al88: 'not ilflOn.lll ofthc prophets or UlUoware 0{ Ihe future'. For "-" cr. ~, 37". For _ ' - ICe 3iO". : Vulcan u artificet' here confirmt the future by Jiving il tanJible and permanenl form. 'Vatic' iqbl is not a cif! nonnaIly bestowed on mortal. : ef. 730 and ' 0.50 ' tvuil liD ':"1_111; -rufW.foIw_.
*'"
hit
.tbplao abo A. -.-'0, V. uses two diR'ercn. geneakJcieal tradi. Ii ..... about the origin 0{ the Romans: a purely Trojan one, hen: and in Jupttu'. propbtty. 1.,67ft, in which R.omuJut wl.l dacendcd on his mother'• ..;de from Aoc.a.niut lhrouab the Alb.n kinp (ICe abo App. A); and a milted I.uo.Trojan one, in ""cbi'!:" prophecy. 6.']60R'., in which RomuJut WI.I descended from Silvius, IOn of Aen. and Lavinia. See rutthu Nonlcn, VL<" 389-96 . 'in sequence'. like u; .diM, •.• siI, which intrOduces • • imilar dcseription; see general note above. ...
f.:te
..
II
•
41 The wes and legends of early Rome begin with Ihrec seen.,. depicting RomuIUl, the city'. foundel' and fint kin,. St_ , (ii30-.) ahowI RomuJut and Remut with the wolf: d. Livy 1+ The twins were.aid 10 have been the dUldren, by the p:l. M.rI, 0{ Ilia, Or Rhea Silvia, dauSblu 0{ the WI Alban king NumilOl' (App. A). In this fint _ V. th .... linb the cq:>hnIis 0{ the .rudd with JUptltt'l propbecy and the Elysian HAle ltUft. in both 0{ which Romulo... figuR. (1, '73'-7, 6·777-80)· Roman history bqi.... like Roman toposraphy, in pallon! limplicity: the eave it idcntilied both by V. and by D.H. ' .79 (Livy doCI not mention il) with the Lupuca.l, the finllandmark 'miele the
COMMENTARY,63()....MS '" old city. poinled!otIl Aeu. Evancicr,
by 3+~-3: thlt ia the fin! of .. of cona~ between the walk round the t.ite of Rome , and the .rucld. There it. further parallel bcf'wcen the wolf which hat j\,llt whelped and the portent ollhe lOW (d. 631 • • rirrr., and 4.5 ri-. both anim.1s figun in lOundatioo·mythl. There ue "OGle verbal patalJelo bet ...«n V:. deteription and Livy'. (<>silvie ~): then: may be .. common -..rt:e, d. SeMI», . _ """" I/O( t.Ri &.11' .... ' nt, • comment which ml.lll be borne in mind when the pbraae _ i ',--;N ~ (S,3I1') ' The lIory of:fruJdrm UF"JI1 ed and .uekled by an animal it • popular and mytb, the tlory or Nele\lf and Peli.. , treated in two play. of SopbocIa (Grant lOS). Royal babiel abandoned in. jutoral..,tting heame a.1OCk (e.n....: olrenaial.an« dyn ..tic roman~. c .• ' ShkMpeare'. Q; • .tiN. The lut.equenl kill.i.., of ODe biOtbtt by uother hat affiniti.,. with another Greek myth, that ofEI~a and Polynicea. to
..,ri.,.
Cfi4.)
..w..):
cooJ:ierlna wHbpread bt
c.,.
f,. I. C12 " led from 628, linkinr the ,enenj introduction with the &(:1 ...... i~"-ntatiOOl. " IIdds rhetorical empb"i., as.t 161: , 'yes, and he porlTayed ... " ct, abo 91-2n. ",..... 11 d . 8S. where the lOW appears ttiriii iII/iwu.
lsi
pc 'L
'
Uba vina ...
', !
I 7711
ace. and info aIleri-": ' he bad ponrayed her
Iss
I • "dal' l AI befits the founden ohbe ROOl'n nation. Mud I,"W" , . I d . Ciuro, c.n.. Ar. ~ lmti """" ''.flu-. itself pJ.bably a reminiacmu of Lucutius 1.3.5 ,.,di _I ;r, '41lsl •. The Iatult pe'lle depiCb Venus with Man (InlrOd. , (iv» and thanl with ltbe prmnt lines .. further verbal correspondence, Jmimil - JImII4 Could V. perhap- have choucht of the wolf'. fc.lering ... ~ to Venus' ~ flM' h« Il001 The detail, and the description of ~ children playin« .. bout the woI{'. teats, are not in Livy, and tec:al1 ~e lines from 0-6. II quoted at 412- I,n., them· lelva modelled ~ another ramo... p ..·.re o(i..uo:fttius, , .1194--9 (sa: Kenncy" n.). 'I'1!k diett of the Ianluage here iI to convey .. IeRIe of maternal devoWlin wrudt IOeI beyond the limple requirements 0( a pieturCMjue I~ and _ up a COila-pondeD« with the pcwttait of lhe R ...'n mat .. t 412- 13. It iI pmaible that V. wanted to CO'lntel
,•
,.
I"
COMMENTARY, 635-636
(by a cbuUleNtiC piece ellilerary idealisation ) a diac:reditable and
late pic« 01 elym%sia.i ... tionaliution whieh lurned the,..". inlo a temple pnlltilule : d . Phlluch. ViI. R.. .....,. H . D. Jocelyn, ' V,hI A~rio A..,talo Condit-. ·. PCPS 197 (1971 ) 44- 74-
,.g.
The Rape 01 the Sabine Women. cr. Livy D.H. 2.30. 11W Romulean dyrwtie eoup wu traditionally an xiated with the asylum . whidt. with the Luper'Cal. ma:rked the bqinninl of the walk ( Itt 341-+".). S« abo SIOII., when: a pan.lkl is nokd with Evander·. marri. 10 a Sabine: woman, and d . Ihe ·political· alliance 01 Aen . him.dr with Lavinia. The uory may have been infl~ed by Paris' 'rape' 0( Helen : many ' Roman mylha.how naca 01 ...imilation 10 G.«k models. The pulpoK of all these 'marri ..a' is 10 round a dyrwly (only Evander rails lince his IOn U killed); Aen . and the ruder may reeall Crnua·. words al ~ . 783 (ill" HI is tehor:d at 626): iU" ffJ {'If.. "1" . .""" _i..... I,.,.. Ii'i. The 'rape ' traditionall y oxcurn:d durinl the «Idltalion 0( the Consualia.gama instituted by Romu.lta and 1w:1d in A",. and Dec. in honour ofNeplunus Equate" Ke Warde Fowler, TM ~futiwu 100-g, and Ogilvie 66-7 : • the conne:tioo between the Consualia and the Rape has no! rei been ..tisrao;:torily explained ·'- V. 1w:re Ittml 10 be confusin, the Consualia with the lw/.i _pi, traditionally i ....titutr:d in the reign of MCUS, when the CiI'Cl.ll MuimUl _ IUpp:wcd 10 have been laid out: ICC Livy 1.35. where il is noted that these lame! abo incllKkd bon.::.raca (Neptunc was god. 0( bona). Both ,.....,. Wf:fc probably or ElnlSCan origin : Ott Ogilvic '+9. 327.
. "....
$("" /I.
u,;,
f)s _ ( leal hbcl a variant
thc connective formula IwIMl ,,«III!tiN: used at 478. in refereDc:c to Cure (whcn: Aen. now is) : cr. 1i4~ , and ICC also 637, 639M. • , - I the name 0( the city OCCUn seven tima in the fC'U'" a.. = :.. ' in an uneivilixd. manner' (i.e. without any properly established prc:cr:d.cnl) : cf. ,1M. In fael, D.H. JOCI out elltis _y to uplain the ' r.pe · as an old Gn:ck custom (1600;) . a kind o( ........ i.'c. contract ritual . (Ihc inll.ilution of the asylum was iuclr of Greek origin : ICC 341- +". )
60,.
Is'
0(
CI PI ••• w. I 7. 'when everyone \
I,
I
166
COMMENTARY:637-639
. " . Down to the fourth·foot (&CIIUa, there iI an o:uct ctH.e.pondmce in ~ metrical dilpoeition of ver~ in theK twO lines (.Ui'lmr, .., It; I lUlU, sWitl ,.. .., T"""• ..., .., -1.
...rutl
'" . tt',
I another reminder tha. _ an:- lupplllEd to be looki", at .. wotk of art : 10, too. the fonnulu noted ., 635. and ct. " (628, 630), u;tum (6~). u' ',.., (66,5) • .Mil (666), ""... .._ (6761.foIurt (7ft). 8ft abo Ii3gn. The verb here ..ke. both the '1&
t-
dirttt r.cc:uutivcl. which precede it (Rc 2 _ , 05..'--') and thr infinitive IXINtructioo whl:ch follows (d". 6,0-.):' he had aJ.o put in ROO1e, me rape of the S.t:inea and the Wat which .uddady Ran:d up AI .. ...,...11 ••• '.
I
' " The rap" 0( , the Sabine women led 10 ww between the 'sons of Rom",! ... ' and the Sabina under their kina Til'" Tali ... : .... n. the situation. io ~Iel with thai between Am. and Latinut. /IJt.u thc war (we nez' _, 1 the IWO e1ementl uni.ed and thc Romant lOOk the name Quiri"tes, IUppCl!~ty .ncr Cura. Ti.ut' birthplaet: (Livy 1.13, o,ilvie 71),jUl' AI in ...... 1'.1.8'.14-8 the Trojans take the name: of the LatiN. pe joint ruk of Romuh. and Til"" like thai of Ameu and Lal;inu., WAI invented to provM:Ie .. Iqmdary pamdiam rot" the Roman l eonoePI of nde by duumviral<:, oC whi<;h an even remoter mythi<:il model w .. the ode of Sa •.un andJ ..... (3.55-7). It -Hti.p }a-l by ~ti"" ...683. V. ddiberately ....... both lhiItitk and A.,.b· (148) 10 emph"illC the natioa'i dl&al ancestry. Ii : al6!a" liKy are caUed...,.,. ~ with Eva.nder, V. wanq 10 emph ..illC harsh 'implicity ~ R,om,,', c:&r:Iy 'fathen'. TIw: Sabinet wele J>d ((AIO .... Sen;"") 10 haY1: du.. • ·oded from a
.1."
Je
S......' 4" s.-_ . Treaty between the Rom'IlI aDd Sablnea. The aacri60e ofa ~ at the ooIcmniIalioa ofln""ci .. io mcRti<w..d by Livy : .lt4.8, in OOft'1FUon with a later treaty bt:t .. em TuIlUl and. the Albano: 'oc<; ulIilll uel\lfticw foed: io memoria est',,,)'1 Li.,." .....;.... thal alilreatica kdcmniled in the tame way. The R.-: ,n rite Am. DOW _ will ~ ---':_-ticaUy .... "'ObEd bt:t ..cm. hirFElf and. " -~Latin ... at Ilt.149K. and. will incl\Mk: the ACri60e of a JIi«. Aa:.. and the ",,'der will ~ here recall the lOW I'PCCIltiy Aeri6eed to J-. 8.8fK., which in itaelf a ptwe ofJ""M""
S.
I
•
COMMENTARY : 639 642
167
TIle makin, ofueatiea, like the dcdaratioa ofwaf. _ c:anied 0111 by priau eall«lf~iMtJ : in this nspect. both AmeN and R .... ul ... are types of Aurustul, to whom this ias wu ukrlded (EbrmbefJ and Jones 36t. Binder 17,5). CharaelerittieaUy. the R ........ £ormalioed the makina of peace and war u relj~ «n:mani.,.: ror the ritual opc:nin, oflhe '.'a of the lemple ofJ .... usM:C 7.61 0ff. (Introd . .. (iv» . ' " In eh.anainr (rom .,.,. HlifWl to ",.,. ,..,., VifJil drop the illusion of dCKribin, an arlef.« and modul.1<:I into hiltorical narrative. the kmponl connective ~j replacin, .patial connecuvet IUch . . ,.... ;-wI1tiM.
.... .......... TIl Servi... men this to the temple of Jupi'er Stator dedicated by Romulus Ifu:r the S.bine war (Livy I. ,g, D.H . 2 .~). Then: are analO(ia wilh Hen;uJco .£ler hiI victory over ~ (26g-72n.) and with August .... after hi. victory .1 Actium (7 ' gn .). Servi... abo dilo>ssa the dym%ry off..... : Ihe UlCri6c:ial animal ...... truck 1Jirin1 wilh. '-crn!otone (Livy 1.'4). hence the c:u.l1 of Jupiter Fcn:tri ..... woo..: temple on Ihe Capitoline ..... Romulut' 6 ..1 rdifiout round.tion , dn!icated .1 his triumpb, the 6 ..1 in the anna.lt of Rome (Livy 1.24, D.H. 2.34), and restorn! by AU(1Mtut (R.C. 19) •
. .5 Sc_ f. TIle Execution of Meltu!. Of. Livy 1.23-9. Fureti... Mdtut or Mdtiut, dictator of Alba Lonp, broke bis treaty with Rome, which led to the datructioa of Alba. The seem: is Ih ... thematicaUy linkn! wilh lhef ,.,J,u c( the prev>ou. ocme and with the treaty-breakinc in .4.... XII (~ ~.). Me"...• punishmenl _ to Qve hi. body dtaaed uunder by tw<) c:harioa (.ymbolisinr bis duplicity) : Livy eocnmenll on a barbariam unique in the annal. .... 1lorM (in wbich. perhape. V . ..w Hector avmcnl, d . &un.). Yel in. teNt hi. fate ltanob for the fate of all Rome'1 enemies (d . the lina on Catilinc in Tanantl, 66'a 9). Livy ( t .23. 1)
i.-........
•
..
I,
,
I COMMENTARY: 642-618
The fall of Al6. _ cbronided by Enniua: Ilia acr;OUnl may haOlt: been a modd C a.j Livy'. vivid picture in I.'lg and also (01' V:. (all of Troy (tee AUitili on. 2.+II6K.). A (rasment 01 Enni",' account 01 Melllll' pun~nl survive., ....... fr. 137-8 \1':
I
uacta, .... per aequon campi .•. uulluru. in.pinis mUerum mandcbat tton->cm. hell q~ uudcli condcb.t membra sepulcro.
'0 . But
lyou
then should have "PI your word, man of Alba.' Q>.intilian com.".,ntl (9.3.26) Oft this COUIbinalion olparmthm. and apollropbc. For ltbe subjunctive (a 'patl jUllivc:') d. ".162, whue Evande!-••pnkio,..ncr Palw' dealh, uyo T _ -"' ....... - 1 [te. _) IB -l; kliI! Few the UK of apollropm cr. ~]8-.fO.
'""_'on:'
6ft .......toM !also
\lied by V. to dacribo:: AehiLles' tn,"nmt of Hector', body. 1.f83. 2.1172.
'I' ,.
&_,.~. bes.iqrs RotIII:. cr. Livy 2.g-13_ TarquiniUl
Superbwo, IaIt
\ina: of Rome, wu driven into exile with his
toni
.thwtly after the l~pjl crde of the rape of Lucretia. They look rd~ in Cae'''' the very ~ace where Acn. now ,.,us on their nary, and whid> i:I tbIM ,..oeiatea with the beginninp of Roman likrw, .. theme cootinued in th (oUowilll scm.,. Tarquiniw was taken in by Lan Ponenn.a, kin, the Etruscan city of Qua.ium : there is .. parallel hen: with the tiIe]p given by TumUl tn the exiled Meuntiua: ~
r:
...
It'.
For the hymed line.mdmgs d . 203-4Jl'
, I
, I
"
COMMENTARY : 619 652
'69
' . , . 'You couJd have teeD in him [I'ontnn.] the ¥a')' imqe 0{ • man dilohinful and menaan,: 6+9 ia a etrikin"y dramatie: liM, combining c:hi..tie: rymmc:try with a 'leonine:' thyme, in wbic:b the: two .yUableo at the third-fool eacsurs rhyme with Ihooe at the end or the line_ Leonine hexameten beeame popul... in medieval Latin ¥ene. but are uocd. .pari"8ly by daaic:a.l ...... ts.. Other aJI_ in Vitcil ...., &I &I. 8.80, Am. 3.~• • .260 (elition at ClesUrs). 6.3~, .0.1s6. TIle effect of the pretentline io onomatopoeie, eoaveyina how euctly Vulcan's im&le bN mkc:ted naJily. '-dls .. " e.,'·. the normal arnnge:ttlent in lines 0{ thio Iymmetric:a.llype io that ora (n. ) in which the noun io placed a t the end and the adjective at the caesura. Virgil may have revened the pattern hae(or ernphu (il is the breaki"l or the chains, not the chains themselves, which io commemo<"&led), and also (/)I' eutM-ty. 10 avoid a banh and awkwanl ju:capolilion of d- in a./Ui llilwlu. Euphony may abo ClIpiain the nrueture of 612.
'sl
'S- Sa
&- 6. The C auls occ:upy Rome, '.390 a.c. Cf. Li vy
5.46-,. The lIoty ofhow the.aued (lene I've .....-ninl to the Roman Ie:neral ManI;UI that the: Gauls were tryinc to n orm the: Capitol io oddly describn:! by Ogilvie (734) as ' the: aumentic: Ituff of history ': the: role: of the (lule ICeffiI as traditional and pictW'etque here .. that of the woI( in the itoc-y of RomulUl ; their keen ileNe was proverbial (d. Ovid, Md. 11 ,599 UJOihs . .. ...,.n.. _ ). These pani<:ular ,eese may have ....n kepi On the Capilol for pu~ ofdivination (Livy AY' they _re: ..cred 10 Juno): acconl.in, to Plutarch they were 'on the Itrenclh' (rather like the ravens o(the Tower oI'London and the a""" at Gibrahar). The l um ...1 intacl or lhe Capi tol wu ror the Romans symbolic: 01' lhe IU"";val 0{ the city illlClf ( A.... 9.+t6ff.• Horace, C. 3.5. ta , 3.30.1""9), hut in facl il may weU have rallen a' thio time: u alternative tradi lion that il did 10 penioted and seems to have been known 10 V.: lICe 651n., and c:f. the siona of Tarpo:ia, 341n., and Ponenna, ~51n . These 'official mylhs', which patriotically (and dramatic:a.lly ) lumm del'eacs into eleventhhour victories, are a recurrent (ealun: ofRomu history and may have been partly fOllered by family pride : IhUilhe pnsent Ilory lIe ..... ed to explain why one b.-anch oflhe Manli; bon the ,umam~ CapitolinUJ. See rurther GrUI .g8-2.6.
•
p,
COMMENTARY: 652-M4
.,
Thia is the , dabontc: and most (uUy realised 0( the teenea ol early ROQIC. II co..,d the chronological and .truelural emIR ollhe lint part of lhc ~rU.. midway betw=. RomuiUl and Augustus, tbut c:on"Clpondi:' 10 the dacription of the Capitoline in Aen.". walk with Evander (:W'1-~). ifXlfthc Iongm.ccount 0( .. ainglc toe.tion and I~ mid-poillt between the walk', Roml.llean bqinni", and ill
""""'WI
end.
I
1$11 ... 770/ 0n topoftbe ahield', but there is .. double meaning implied, aincc ~"nli\U is ,Iso depicted as ~g on lop of the Capitol.
'sf A
Iplend" line, wbolly Virgilian both in its poIitioo (compkUnc .. uicolOn 10 balance 6+9-.51 ) and ill COIVtNcUon (tbe alliteration the "ff...,. of briotlin, rou&hn-, and lhe ..... ol
of,.It"""
=~.:c
:::h ~r,~:':":-:=:~ex.:=~;:=~~
(d: n. on ' rr, 6.57) : the Capitol Manliut dd"endcd _ ,bout mid. way in time ~ the oimplio;ity of the Romulean hill and the (I'UKIew of ~A..UCUJWI. the empbuil bert, as at :uS. bcinJ 011 tbe (ormer. There is alto .. moulpeci6c ",r~ to the _ R& pI;, .. thatched hut of the ttl. 114 rype (cf.lntrod. 3 (iii)), 0( which lben: KUi. to hai" been two, one on the Palatine which DiGnysiUl ")'I (1.79) ~ to hit own time, and one on the Capitoline (altated. in Vi~vi ..... II . , .~ and (or rupportlna rda. ICC Camp' 011 PI ...p ... ti .... 4-1 .6)~ relict _"' periodically reslOr'cd, and m .. , .... y rda- 10 web .. 'QlOfation as wdl as (by .. c:haneteriatic ambi. ,wty) to 'the £r and sharpn_ olVulaon', _k' (Cooiqton). Such inlerp!aY'lll meenine betweerl actual objecu and even.. and lbrir .... j>JJClI ' .! I ~ u!ntatioa oct:ut tbrout:bout the ecpbruiI. TIlt: aiotcnC'e ill two h .... b.u c:onfuoed oome eritiao and led to ..... nce ery 'II of the liM : IU Binder .. Y' (16,5n.h) tbcdouNi n, ;. of no 1«*' im~ 10 Vitail. what mattcn brine the .ymbolic:: value of tlun ~tive dwdlinp .. typa of pn.tiDe RO'I"n am. pUciry. 100: :~. &e duailOpOl"pbicel traditioa belli' the 'Ymboli • for aI~ we ~ ~ hen: with the Capital. the typOIosicaJ ,...-.lid bet.4' Romul...• bouie and Evandcr'. is cmtral to ....... VIII and is ~ by thc .epetition of "Po (I'(MD :J63. cr.....
the
,,""+ toricaI n-
"-new.
aurpici ¥
,.
COMMENTARY, 654 f£O
111
.,'-.s, .,
I'lopcui .... a.,6.lg-mo .ttw .n- R - _ 0UIIt sII •• zi _ /JOUff ........,... ..... See furUw- Introd. , (ii) .
Iss ••
F '.7111
«
i;u !
-Sain, the adj. wgall that Vulcan chote
iiivel' as the bell medium for Fcpp El entil1l the bini (tbouch d . n. on ~,.., 660) , bul to complicate mallen further, SefviUl ")'I that • lilver modd of a JOOK "'u placed on the Capitol in eommemoration 0{ the actual bircb. ' " ... ·bel ',ave ",amin,' , the ,eeoc acted as a (UIIhu, d . a).
'" ,
Is,
For the nnr.rbymin,line.endings d.
,.s,
wat'.. ill"al
6t6-8n.
~
Alain there it • tOpoJ1'aphicaJ link between the ~entl on the Ibidd Md Aen.'. own experience. I ,t F.' 'hf:1d toul"K for', 'were on the point ol boldin, ': the fiJu"' called _ iN_i, .-d ofan imperf«tive action, $iDee the point olthe 11(N'y it that the GaoAo did not take the Capitol. But the IIIoaJe it I~. c:ami"l u il does only four linQ afto:T in ill normal ImJe of ' hcld ' , and il kUtuliktly tha.t this it a coven .t~nce 10 the allenative venion olthe ltory, accordi"110 which the Cauls did take the Capitol : d. 6!ja-&!n., O. Skutseh, ' The faU of the Capilol', ] .R.s. • 3 (.g,,) nff. (- StwIM Eo ._ ( .g68) 138-40). EnniUl ..c' "W to b.ve known \hit Iradition : d . A.... fr. FIi+ V' """ G.Ui/""" d
77711 d .
"'.'otI
_lor "."
at
..ru .de.'i I N"", --""
IliPsfllll '40'114
<>Wi,,,,,,,
(....boed by V. in 6,&).
' " .. it eptlI~tic : 38n. • . 1 .. we ohould say, the unellpcc1ed adva'"-se of a ctoudy ni,ht. 'ze, cf. FO. F6I=11 . Livy has _u sNlllllri (d . II",.
.lCd. I, '
9·373)· ' " oIH" ok! form of illiJ, used by V. only hen and al 6.730' For Illi d . 94> ~ . " ... ft' iU . _, for the emphatic npetition. which does not upc.de "';Ih the connective, d . 6gg.
Me _ , bere a co-ordinali"l connective ...;th intensive but no temporal for«.
•
COMMENTARY , 66O-6Ii6
172
' - - I thefay wntora northern pc:opIe. rrlarilll alto to Vu.lcan'. mil in depictin, the contrail between the white: no:cka and the &Old ncd.laca of the ext line.
ill .... Is' i [ ' hU': .. u:fuena: to the Gallic: necklace ( ......,) which lave Maillius' SOlI hit ~ Torqual.. (d. 6.82$).
,
":s~
&mr 7. r.0man rcligiOUJ ruilds. Both the Sam (285n.) and the Luperci ~I the fint pari of book VIII. The li«nificancc of me " Lupercalia, hc,,\annually on '5 February, .-.:maina obIeuR (Ogilvie
SI) : ;IS cddx'd ts ran nak""- (from the Lupcrcal ?) alonl the Vi.
Sacra in wh;u ni:. y originally have bttn .. purification (H' fertility rite. For V. the inlcrJJn 01 the ce«:mony wu lymboUc : in it 'the Arm.VIc, and ups of the eli!y lave way to the li/wllr. and the .,.0$/#' (Ihom.!ait 347); it repr~led Rome'. putof'ai, • Atcadian' beginninp (- ' 341n. and d. Uvy 1.$. D.H. 1.32.79). The IDOl! fllmOUl hUtoric:al or;caJion of the lLupercalia was thai on which Antony offered the crown 10 Juli'i Ce .. u. The rite _ rcvi~ by AU(UII .. : see Suclonil.ll, A",. .'11;1 J.iU. '!!II ""'''' cr~. ,un-iil I'«""'j", doli,. . . III .• • ~ " t,lfJWW, IV v·uk• " " ..pI-
,, ~, tho:oe anci.... t cull..ymbola bc~ to tbe
Salii not me Luperei : linee A..... iliookina &t & pair ofwx"dI limul_ laneously, !he oi'-der oIlhe v"';"... "Iements iI not ..... Ulttltial ; -tw, ""tw, d r.re co-oildinatel, m" word-order being diclato:d by metrial IXInvenimce. .;ius weTe wooden heim"ts wilb bits of wool allached 10 tbeJ.; Servius says mil explaint the "trmolocY elj.-j_ • (prieltsj, 'f"~",j.... " yel another ex.ample elF",,'n fontlnea fOC" aetiolorieal -play. The .,.mi., home in proceaton by me Salii, • were lllUelda in the ahapc of IiIl".eI of eiSh! {fOt" the 'elymolosr' Jt:<: V&fTO, L.L. 7.4:i}. The qnal (deven coptel were made) w.. laid to have fallen from the"y in the reiln olNuma, who ordered it to be • lJUanled .. a witman of Roman imlu if $ (cr. Hone<:, C. 3.5.lo-l~). Th ... me irnace ~oI a nacic weld appean on Aencu' weld, which h.. itself d~ from heaven .
nk
...
break
' be had worked in relid'; Jt:<:
cr. 639'"
For the .eNe·
6n.
655-'
The riglil of Roman matroN to ride in upbolatcred caniases when takina l in religious cercmooiel w.. olloret lIandina and is
I I
,.
COMMENTARY : 1i6t 670
173
uplained by Livy, !!.2!!, IU a reward for ~lriotilm. Camilli... bad vowed to build a temple to Apollo ..ncr the (all Of Veii, ,g6 a.c., bul could nol collecl ellOUlh money until the matrons eonuibutcd their jewellery. V. docs notspccify what fativalthc InAtronI an: auUldinl : poerhapo the Carmenl.a\ia (Btnder !IO.-a) or the Ma,ronalia. The __• bad bttn w..en 10 Caen: for aafe.keepinr durina the Gallic invuion, and these lina may allude In meir uiumphal n:tum ..ner Ihe Gauls withdrew : Ke P. T . Eden, R.M . 116 (1973) B'I' V.'I pulJKl'C in includint; the ocene ben: ii, acain, primarily symbnl.ic: ...-,., n:calk the ...;.;,. of 408-1' (Ke n .) and AqUilla' morallegialatioa, while the appear again in the uiumpb_eI (,18), in which AUI ...t ..., like Cunill.... vowed a temple to Apollo, in lhankocivinK for anomer Roman ddiverance.
,8-8,.
_u
,e
fff &_ 8. Catiline in Tananu; Calo in Elysiwn. L. Sctci ... Catilin., the notorioua conapirator, WlUl./Taigned by Cicero in 6, • .c. (the year Allgllltlll _ bom) and PIIt todeath, dapiteJuliUl C'aer', pica ror dcmcney. M&mIt Porti .... Cal<) ' Uticensia ' (CaIO the YOWIIer) commilled IwOOe rather man (all into the h.andt of Cael., (bom these sema thlll imply eriticialllo 0( him, and perla.. a warn;", 10 AuguJl"'): a ,.H;h II'- on bc:h.a.lf 0( liberty (Ke alto f4B) which bee-me provubiaJ (d. Horace, C. , . 12.,!!, 2.1.2'- 4). v . mUl ends the fint par1 of hia «ph ....... with two u. }'t from recent hiltory, the one .. type o(aU Rome'l enemia,like Tarqwniul (~g-.,.,), the other .. ~ifica tiOQ of me Klca.b o(jUlt and virtUOUl republican lI.tam.... hip 10 which AuguJtllt (with C'aar', rate in mind) proclaimed allqiance : tee R.G. 1. 1,3+1. Their function on the Ihield is to imtruct Mn. and the AUfUlian n::ader, jlltt AI Milton', Adam and No readen an:. imlructcd by Raphael in P.L . AI 10 'what reward I Awaill the lood, the rett what punishment'. The eontruti.. ratQ rymbnl.ilC the cverlutint WOC'kinp o(divinc j ..tice, and link the shidd with the description of the damned. a.nd bI 'i in book VI. Catiline'. rate alto neal .. me proIOKUc 10 C-tUJ III (626--"ln.) in which V. "')'1 he will depict on the doon of.n alIeiorical temple (i.e. deuibe in • patriotic: epic) Rome'. heroie _Inn tcJðu with mytholosical fiawes o( the damned. In depicti", Catilinc:'. torment V. probably had in mind the puniahment olPrometheus, the mytbolosical type of the revolutionary.
•
COMMENTAIl Y: 669671
' " For lbc clj"tic .ymmctry of uu. line d . 63, 711.
f7e
.pan': c:f, 610. d •• " 77 hen. '"holding sw.y ~r'. The phrue doa not mean th.1 Cato lal in E1y,i\llll enacJinc lqiaI.tion (ace Nettleship's n. UK! .U£I?
' 'let
Co.lw.y on 1..5c&, where the phrase i. tiled of Dido) or that m. {unetion wu 10 ~ judllement on the dead {or .CII commined when alive. The mocIl,l i. Homer'. Minos _~ *-'" (Oi. II .m), which that be aeltlcd dispules, carryina: QUI the duties of. ruler, wielding .uthority like the ~ who, in the " poem'. fins calms thef-., of the mob : ;u. up &Iis .... ' 101 ( l, 1+'l-53) , v . UICI the phrue of ...uguotus in G.',. ..,S6CJ !I Ce'_ ... fin ,.u'-. U, "'fII'.qoaal OI;!'Yo, and 0( the deified Romulus " JUpller's prophecy, 1 . 29I~ . and his brother in Is;" on Ihe ,udwrity oftbio line o(Virsil thai Dante: pi ...... CaIO.t thc entr
+.....
oimt'
w,u_
i..J .....
~Ide
of Actium (1 Sepl. "a.c.); the f\igbs of C1eopal,.. For the lilerary IlUtment ace Williams, TOY .51 - 7. For the historical behind the officiaJ mysh (she best ancient KCOUaI ;" in Pl"tarch, ,4..,. 61--8), ace Tam and Cbarlc:owonh ",ft'., J. M. Caner, Ntlk V kli_ (1 970) !IOO-7. Antony', Iket or around lISO thi~ wu anchored in the GuJI of Ambncia (67.sn. ); be had no wU.b to I~ve Iheltet and eng. the superior navy 0( ... upslUS (around too shi l-) , but faced with the alternative 0( abandoni", b,;. C'II1il'e fleet and '1lIIlcmptinl • "'treat by 1utd be d«idcd to fichl b,;. way 0tI1 of the J4Jr (6gI ) and make a nm for iI, in the hope o{laviq Cleopatra'. ship' which had oajJ. .. well u OlIn (7OB) aod carried valuabl lfeNure (68.5).
"',,,.,,1, The
c..lb til, n.
u..}
"1- 4 C/', HOIIler, II. 18.607--8, wbere, however, the river ofOoean ruN round the 'm of the shield and compktes Heph.eslus' work. Hue we may vitqe a circular bend (sea, With dolphins) mid_y between the c:in:umferau:e 0( the .hield and ill cmtn:: the 1lCeDe? jus? described lie ~I""een thU band aod the rim, thole about to be described lie iniMk the band (ill 1110#0, 67.5). The dolphin. are r~ the SA;.!,. '" H~1oJ !109ft'. V . compares the mock.battlc 01 the Wou T";", .5..593- to the play 0( dolphins. Like the other (IUtun:l in book Vnl (th~ toW, the wolf. the . _) the doIphina au a friendly and r,vOI,U'.ble purlC'llI,
,.
'" _¥inc"
CO .... ZNTAIlY , 611-478
oe,. . ,lIrion ol an iDanimate obj ;1 coatUl,.·nee, count or olmrill" : d. the Eatliab we 01' run' (OED u . 30) to d'l libe. e.c., a rrieae. Tbe \lie O{., a,,_ iI canpuabie, bul. tomrl!::ll Itt oImttn i . . . iI then: U1Y01vcd.
.,.
- . 1 0{ the
_e
.,..
. . . ; nctk;elts thai V ..lean
_
able to"" ier the white top 0{
tbe wava (d . 66on.). P 2& hi neut. pi. ..... m (_ -u), d . , .... (_ 4-58,). FO£" me wonI:oO£"da';II '... ... rJiwd. _ d. 6,121.
In "a
I & . . . . ' . .caminc
in til,,"'. :17 " ... 22\ I JlftIW&I&bly the dolphin. wac IobcJwn pmbolljnc in cin:Ia (tee 6,,""4'1.) and weft abo tobown ., i2lluvalo UI the c:imalar b I -.0:1 0{ the oc : ' n
... "_'.'.'_.7....
1 '
'doobe
&
.1·need. 6+9'-son.
." .. :: \ !b. £or the 'poetic plUf'lII' tee 119f- 521. Actium iI a Jl'""'"i"""tory in the Ambraci." Gwr in AcamaaUa, Go . N, r.moo. rO£" ill tunpIe 01 Apollo. Aeneu bimIeIr vmitec! il and , '!btaced I'm n tbere at ""4--80, and abo dedicated. ebidd 10 Apo"o. V"qil C02Itin_ w. typoIG;ical par.IleI ~h'U21 AuI. and Aupotuo .16", 679, 7Il0-l:. FO£"anotber prdiCUn.tioa O{VIIi in III,
-......
viA"bIe'; Llpin at 6.sg6 (the GI: id..... ,.. " ). V . daaraeceriltktUy Lei l ib and YVia the £ormula ill the fQlkwiAc da_ ( rt' u ).
.,.
• __ 'then: _
E:
' " ': ' c ... . ':"elV. ben:_the.rchie~tioa r _ o{... I ~=t.. ForI- h d . 9.&", c-,. ...56, T'M Ctilll ... ' fa h _ Ii' • +, 2... For I lJh d.}i:l,h, 6'w. I P 7 • Leuc:ate io the n,.c .'1Ory 01 the iaIand 0{ LNac, to -ilEI _dI. 01 Acti-., BoctI ben: and at (tee Willj.n" note &tid a.67Si1 • • 00 ;e) V. IE • 90 bave C02Iftated il by pocti.: lice ...w wid!. ActP'm loeb piN br.4 _pia: IOApnlIo (_ well _ artic:r I ('es: 7D ApIu-odite II di'l4· fo v.-',.;d by AuI. him.
_,h.
d, _ • ,1 I.
,
D.JI. I.SO,
"I"biI: d
ItNcI\lnI
n
CU::tft
C.!jNI:~
6$).
,.-.7fI".
'''y
lipOOn 01 AIipmII at Actiwr:. ...... tiNt.cs: the 01 the eephnIiL The hiabIY dramatic: tyftW! io 0 ••
•
'76
CO .... IlNTARY, 671-6e1
-=
,ted in the dlree "'bwiftc U- 011 Apiw-' may ..ppI)' • ..L II ., •. . .L. . .... _ -.. w:tb ......... '11 :oIorr.l& WI ....,jNZ1~nl~ ........
it; '
.,.
It. IIplti!ldid
la.. rn&j:IQc !iQe : the we 01 me.", ..""d~
(t~.) if ~y dFective, The
1f-#0IIly ~W at 6.7911) _
I
' .e.
n ......
ill fact
AUfUlh,II (wed in the
DOt
_,ken b)' Oeta.n.a.
uatil 17 'n' " d . 511.1,. 7'5' A...- ap'p ' 7n u hde and proceetor 0( tbe whok ICC rw1ber IDtroci. • (ii).
naJa:
r.'!"'"
Another line, ttboi.. Am.'. WOld. to Dido at , . I I- It (for ocher ecM el 0( III in VIII link;". AtlVN with AU(IIIIIIt ICC
'"
67,.,.o-' ):f_
••/r:
I_-a.ns'.,.; ·,•
.,-',22_IU.
But wbereu Am. carried the: JOdI £rom cIo:fcued Troy. Aupltlll c:arria 'hem to 'Ibc un,. ,·1 ~ aU\Knm: oIthi1 line ia. o:kJ.c: remin!K~ ,_ 0( Ennilll, AM. rr, ~ I yo .... .-w.• • ,. tobuli.., _ " ' j i, • . I C Fl ttJ pmatawatMnallfipreljli . '[I.:Jintbetemple oIV_' I " ' . ' $ 2rhu :; • v~· II " II&W_·U"·-'-P 4 ' (V ano, LL '-+4), Sec: Ujip lin. " " " . . , ~ phrue may .dier JfUMlIy but ,mc:.alIy 10 the 'peat pd.' 01 tlte {'At : ;(l..R",un pantheon who are ......... ibed u litbtinr for AucJ.t\II ., 6ggft: and. wbo are to be: ,he..ch' 01 III .,.bo& pi E '1('::' in the . .ttJe. A moot ."...;& refeftI\CJC _y alto be ialended 10 oJ DiaKuri 01' .-ydo\oo tIOI ('1"*' pdo '). two)· ie _tIteI 01 you. . \nth III P" diopl.ye:l in the _pie ohbe Pmaus P'\ablici OQ tbe ~dia (raWl EJ by Aupm., R.G. 19) undn tbe il:llcriF"ioo> diiI'. n-e de:itiel ........ liD a ....... via t..YitUu.m like tbe euJt at tN I Ikt: lee adley 91 -11, F_1et 111-IR. Gelid; 16t~ s. W";PI !J, •• 1.R.S. ,a
....tlOiy_
.. · '
'm',.
·ee.
wJ.
III. n._tiauc dtc t}'p;tk,' --I liaII bet. : 'AUC\IMIII aad Aero. The ~. bd_ _ d · . ibed at ho .. .! , ; d. Io..!/... where ..... arri_ by _ frl, . ... p ' ix. IiO 1' •• •
I
T~ ~ I · · •,
"1''''_'7 ' .."": ... .,.. ";14'.."........,,_. ''T. .. .
l ,., "-
21
PI. I.
tbe
"PE ;
f
I
V, Io.nl,
.... ).... dL1~~";Il~ ~_ ... AI:......'P': bere.,liD- a.car"'(""H' Hi .Cd. ~, 1154. _ .... - M • ' - iC _«4: I
.. n;-
h" ~ B. 5:4"")'
,
,.
on
COMMENTAR '/: 681-M4
Here, the doubk Rune it sme·dated with 1M 'Juli... ltar', a COIDd which 1i ..1 appeared when AUJUIlus W» ee1ebntins funeral pmes in memory of hit adoptive fa!her Julius C.n • • • The: ltar w&l taken 10 IJ)'DlboI.i.e c ecur"divinity and IiJured .. a beraldic device on IUotues (Sueloniua, 1111. 88) : Servoua ..yaWl AU&UIt ... if'riXNpo.'ated the ltar on hit own Mlmet. Henry, however. in a brilliant note on tho. p'm'I'C, deniel thai AU&UItUi it wunllla helmet at aU : 'the C'"" mUSI be ditlin«uithed . from evu)ooe elM:; everyone'l helmet .rune., evetyone.'l helmet b.u a erell, but the C ..."r must WM! himldf, the p-aee of God mUll .trum vilibly from him, the divine fa"""r radiate on hit vert"" in the form of altar, .. it had radiated on lulus at the fall of Troy (tee 6g ...."]OO). on Servi.... (Ie<: ' .39) and on the """'ter C· "u .. .'. V. alto had a Homeric model for the hero unA .. ned hul with fire round hit head u a li", of divine protection : AchilltI .. appcan in n. t8.Uf. The: fiery ltar linb AUCW'tllt not only with the Trojan ttN l.Jw (the planet VmUlW» idmti6ed III Am.'. ' guiding 1Iar', K<: .s89-gln.) bul aIKt with Romulus as he appean in the H.u..uu., 6.779-80""',
•.68.--.,
Ill,.
U.. ,
iu'st.N.-tiRtrislM l n~" SW J.i'"
;..np.IAo •.., ?,
which yiekb a parallel between RomulUl' 'rathu ' Man and AUCWIUl' adoptive father Can,,: Binder .~6 SO, R . W. CnluweU, Vit-p'1 UtI ., .n (1946) 5u - ....
A. at nltmi 'app"an ' (= u .,.,u); aIKt al
~j.2 7~.
" . • The: £OW UnCI on Auplut an: followed by three linn with the u.n:M: ,yntaetica1ltruclutf! on M . VipMDi", Acrippa, who W» in effective eommand al Actium and wtw:.c o.pIoiq -at... .., ~ are a11"d-d 10 by Horac:c, C. , .6. , - .5, ..,
.,.
...
678. 1-. uu. ill
,.,i
...
I I toe
299". The ph.-- balanca
q#IlS
at
al 680.
tit
' Hit templtl,leam beaked with the naval Q o wn.' The unique honour of a _ _ ... _ iJ or _ ... (a IJOklen aown adorned with hpj -"UotioN of beaked dUll') wu awankd to Acrippa after bit defeal or Pompey at Nauloc:h", near Myl...",ti • .c. A,pin, there ito a verbal """Clpondmce with the d" 'iption of A"II""" (10 )I'J and al 680).
hue
,.,
•
COMMENTARY : 68.5-693
'"
TIw: r. AU&WIWI (bgth
tis.
lines on Antony and Cleopatra balanct: the fOW' on ualraina bqin with AiM •• •).
Us .... ~ ' with the
rich.,. of lhe orient' (0« n. on 6,1 -
'IS)' For the ~j. t;(. 2.504 HrHri.., ~ AnI lJ;oliu.- JI4h~; Enniua, .4.... ~, .. 8g IIiIi 'I" U W....". ftc H,tmuo, Ri<:h.,. .TC .""'Cia,ed wilh Rome'. enemies a, 6.59. and with Am. hi.....,lfwhcn a' Dido', coun rt"VertIlemporuily to his Trojan or Asiatie origilU ("2~iI-+. riled fu Inlrod. S (ii )). &e at.o 314-,5",
tie
... .. Chd I J. tonY·1 Panhian campaign w.. a' bHt .. doubtful victory : Symc~, (!vICT, IWIk!/..tm- I~ I . ~rviUl"Y' the word is used III ~"'""IIU i..bJlnr. s.;.tt.su pd.' "", noMo. not the Red Sea but the Indian Ocean : cr. Horace, C.
I
· ·3~·,2.
_
(. r ..)= for tbe e.;cJ.arnatory p.arenthe$is cr. ' .73. The bitter batred fclt by lIib Romam (01" Cleopatra is obown in Honce, C.
I.".
I'
51, ) ~ Netnenl of the Ileetl. This is in the pndes' epic: style, bo:gi.nni~iWi th an echo of Enniua, AIM. 384 yo u/#¥l'
."IN
JIhri. _":
11121
/I~
jI._ ) t~ SI.'" s.k
"'fI",.
'01#
;tJsv..
See Binder 23 i" •
At ... ' : 71. ~ they pull bad: their can, rowilll u
cr. ,5.•• , .dJtc,i. st--lfiN _ e,. "" !P4,·
I
... '-mil.
IIoch Qui.uilian, 8.6.8, and 8m
hant AI pou.iblc: :
JODIOfl.
Di.. 2IJ,;1I 220, comment on V.~ UK ofhypetbole bere.JOf\IOIl saY' 'he doth noaay it Waf 10 WI to be 010'. The comparilOn abo occun in Dio ~.33. (()t1,,J,' j' partic:ular ror seneral', they were actual iaJand. north or Crele. mentioned at ""7. but no specific rd"ereno;:c is intended here. Itl-ll
.ebm«l
I
stl
aha, .t
I. Anlony'. and Cleopaua', ship lea"e the ,belter or the ruIr and in.ah a duh ror the open tea . i
with~,
.., ..... ..J..I ad"."bial ( 299".), not, U Machi1 argued, wilh,.,il.;,., JaN;.... , the wbole line explains and jUltifies the • bypttbok it rollows.
whict•
'rsta-I, .. ~ .
COMMENTARY , 69!! 699
Its _
'70
.. .Nt: '·,17'
the phrate, like CWJ5I; U uliJ ( ,0.2 •• ), hal an archaic:: ril'll and may be F...rmian. II is elpecially luitable ben:aincc: V . is aboot to emph-.i ... the role of the codt ill the b.ttk : .ee 6gg. nth FL nil a clidl~ 01' epie ...... fightl: d . 6.8, TI;',ia! _ '" J,z=tr_ ~.Juvenal lo. 18~-6 c..u.uiJ I }Iw./;Mu.
It"
a.uo, lhe m/1'w$ ..... a kind 0( 'allle used in lhe wonhip 01'
w. : .eeJuvenal
I,.g,. C1ropalf'&" he..., oaid to have UMd il" a
b.ltl~
(10 too Properti .. 3.11 .•3) : a
propapnciitt
N\Cef •
cood
oample 0( the
. " • . ,,'eu ... ••• '" (or the twin OPlk" .. i ... uumenu. of death .ee alto "ag. on Hercula; a aood example 0( the of parallcliam to point .... ti·typea : d. nD. on ,11 - '3 (Nile and Tiber). The &nue ..... the royal symbol olEfypt and ..... -oeoei·ted with the IlIn·lod (Tam and Ch... leaWOl'th '39, Nisbet and Hubbard .'9), Cleopatra traditionall y died by adminilteri", a 1Oi",1e up (Plutareh, Vii. AIlI. 8~-6) . n , .... , Vulcan h .. &n'&llied the Kmel 10 that the anak" arc behind Cleopatra. ... ho is lIill 1IJl&wan: of her approachinl death: lee abo 709.
'*
,,' ,2' The n>Oiidll'OUl and ba,t.uOUl dcitia 0( Jf.cypt an: hen: arrayed apinal the IfCAt Graeco-Roman codt. V. hal adapted. the Homeric theomachy, II. ~ ..St-7S. The..., is a rcKI\IIIII.inc catalorue 0( Roman dcitiea in &lni .... .t.... (,. ~ V' Jw. V... ,. Mi..,.e..... DoV_ M.,I M.,.w Iwil Xtlt '" V.,<·.. ' A;tot,.. (It is perbap worth noti.... thaI the nominative (orm 0( Apollo .. metrially o::onfincd to the end of .. heqmcter.) . . . AnubU ..... depicted with .. dOC'1 head : d . Prope, ti ... !.I .• I.
' " . ba ... E . i 'I lOr the repetition. d. 6~. Tbe Gn:ck piepwition. av,g is aimilarly lepeated ill the Ifomc:m: theornaehy, II. 2O.6,1t ",,,I , hen: preamt not oo1y u aod ollhe _ (d. 6gS) but .... tutelary deity of Troy who helped Apollo 10 build iu. walb and "ter to dellroy them (1E .609fI'.). The sOOt, too, move with the ti....,.. Troy, .... NW, bdonp to the put; Actium ' ....... Eaenll the triumph of the wat and of a new order. Neptune appcs.n aa a coin.tn.>ck t1 thiI time : C.tH (ut ed.) PYw iv ( 193+ repro 1960), 19B, Ehrmbera and
I 1110
•
COMMENTARY: 699-701
!
JOMI m, .57, 00. I (fragmentarydedicatoc'y inscription a/\er Actium). See .tto SuclOniUl, A",. ,8 fnfIII;.u .un AjWli.w U ltiJlo 1.011 211 _1,.,_ piblllfwrit 1ISIIf. :~ IVwlibIu ,,*ii.t, Nq ...... M MMti _WTaU. V I for her tutelary role ~ Introd. S(;y). Mb 22 7 I hen lite old luJian godd_ of am and crafts, U ., ~ (n.), bu:t~ Athena, the militant deity ref",ed to ., 43.5. woo pI.yed ,I . pan in the destruction of Troy but who lumc:d .,ainn the becaute of the desecration of her temple, first by the theft of th: lI'a11adium (il. I63ft'., 9. 1~1 ). l ublequmtly by the kidnapping of ndra by l\ju IOn ofOiteua ( '04', 2.103). Her role: .. Odyaeua' I\¥.de and protector 00 his _ alto placet her u. analogy with V~UI. She wu ultimately tranafonned, as was Juno. into one of the r CapitoJine triad ' of deities who protected Rome: Bailey ',511- 7. I
i"
= Aot
G+
..
c,••
7M tela, Ite * 7--.gn, . . . ,. acdt ... M'f LL .. d. 0-,. 1.,511 _ I 11M M.,II..,.....,N. Man is not indtoded &!>O"I W deities just catalogued but rqa ., the heart " he aymbolixs, like Homer'. Ares in II. ,5.70 1-2. of the cooflici which ct. -.SHI! whtte AI'eI is accompanied by Tellor, Fear and Strife, ' whOle ruh wearies not, ailter and friend of murderotll Ares'. These two ()()-~7 ': utive .pondak lin..,. eonvey I. _Ie of menace and of the epie grande\lr of thi. 'Homerie' eonftiet.
n. •
I
,.. esd .... it the Greek 'm'Opf\I\.Ilvos (d . 1.140. 7.']92). r.M.W j"... · cul in i...,J:, : u,i. metal .uiu the &rim w ....-aod bet«:r tbt.n the sold and IIoilver b;therto employed by VuIea.n. s.;ley, .80, ,.k..,./"... ... an iDitrumeni:..! lobi., 'ruhioned with the chi..... , wbich IlCeRU very
reeble.
, I
Dbu, the 'dread , godd<':lS<':l' or 'Furi..,.· (the name: oc:eun in the 1Ioingult..r lot III.~) , the tbne dauablCn of NOll Intempot&, 'Old Nia:hl'. They ~ winged aeatw<':l of ill omen, ~ of death, identified with;c Greek Eurnenic:!..,.. They t.ppear undtt their Greek name and acc:ocnpanied, .. bere, by DiIeordia, 1.1 hell. moutb. 6.1180 fo""~"" F -,: j t ". " 'h' Ii #I DiIunIM i :mI. The Fwy Allecto i. emt by Juno 'dinrJn lob lede dearwn ' to dri"., Amata and Turn.. into the madne. ofJ ..." 7.31!+ff. ; an \UlIIamed Furyt.ppean toTurn.. and JUlumt. in theiJ.....1 ........, 11I.84.5A'. (lICe Fowler, n....a. VT_ 149A'· , Baiky .is-al).
,
•
COMMENTARY: 702-709
'"
7" Diu IS !In I the penonification of civil w.... Cf. EnNUI, A..... fro 266 V' /»11...... DUatrfIY - . I HIli f'""w toJlu ~ ,...fr.til, D;,-., 8:J ""'" irU.,.w ,.; HR",r __flY nw, Ed. q H I 1M fW ~ _flY n.u I twH-iJ ........,. The distinction belWttfl. civil war and lqilimale, Me uy w... -rainsl an ""'kmal foe it clearly made by Jupikr in hil .~ al 10.6-1,5, when he ub 'fWI ,,..,,. lII,i' I'll "in.... !' and says that Rome'. time for ajun war will_ with the rile ofCarth-re. .,., Bd' I figureo in the traditional Roman "Cd ,,;, l'eCOrded by Livy 8.9.6/_, 1££/lIIi1#r, jMkr, Qisirilv, BJI".., Uaus, ... d>j iniit'w . .. She may tometimeo have ~ identi6ed with Ilia or Rhome: sec Galinsky 188 n.IU. The bkIody IoCOUf'Ie with which lbe is hue equipped is from /+eocbyh..., Az-. 6+2, where il i& siven 10 Arf:I.
M.,
-""s,
",."21
,... Acd • ... for the ""Of'd-oroer sec 2~. ApolIo_ the ruidinK deity of the Tmj.... (cr. 3:J:J-On., 3.39S .lmlfLMl __ Au Ap .lIo) and of Augustus (cr. 7_., Horace, C. H ..6o-+, PloputiUl 4.6). Hia l pecial ""'~y abo wlIupoolCb to H04KIl<: piecedent : """ Ii. 1,5.noff., 16.7"0. I+.inont hlo H~ric epi.the.. are 'lilvel'bowed ' (~) and 'Ihooting from afar' (...... ,'~); ApoIlonius calls him "he"..s (,., kfiw) at 2.404 and ....,,,,,uOos ('wp.aviour') at 2.927.
,IS'
I
I'· ... · ...... '"
I, tricolors with lIIlapbora. The
effect it h1&h1y dramltic.
7"5 _, ICC'! 86n. The alliteration of. it I rlvourite beighteninc devioe o( V.'.: cf. ,5']6, 4-4,59-61, 12.B24- S. )I"
,.., .'1P'
,,,r'couIdbcsecn'.Cf.6~6']6.
,.. Traditionally d'=i6ed .. an eumple of 9JI4rM ; .. k.M: but the two acti ..... ohould be reprded .. !Uina place ai_I Amul. WleowJy. For the co-ordinate II cr. 8,5, !<j.6nn. . . . . Ie 1 , I I otpt "I the urweney ofdtspair, I I ' " II ".7S4,
....
,.. Thio line it recalled by Ovid, Md. 1',74 '1" __ ,., ..". " ~ -./rd-. For ,.,""'-, the ooI01.U' of death, cf./tIJliM at
.,
I
COMMENT .... RY: 7(9.-71.5
and Cor whole phrue d . Dido at +fi.t+ ".aiM _ /... n. The Aquotan myth Ui po pttuated by Dante, who pI_ Dido and a . .... tra ~ m the circle of the lw.tlut.1tV_ ,.6.""'3 £,. . . 1 uJft ... s·...ru, Jl :_. I , n(IIs f - .J _ ji Sidw, I "..' OJ""'" ~ ...~
I
11Il~
'I.H~=!"'":"
t,N.W. ~'. (.vou~~
to .................. n., an 10 """" f.clOr in ADton~1 meapt.
~
lOOn . .""
Cor tbe... fti,ht from ::::um noon _ a w:
CI~lra.
1"- " The ofFen rd"ur: to She eommilled wickie in A1e:undria i~ Augufl of the £oIlowinc ~. 30 ' .Co, .. rew weeki after the Nicide:oe Antoay. AUfUltuI then tool over the province of Etfpt. The
~
Itructure 0( 71t
'lIt .i
la.
Nile it ben an uti.type of the TIber: (or the
6,.
The triumph of AII(IlItua. See Williams, TORP S3,w.
~
, ....., V. three I.pplopri&tely macnificmt linet 10 the openina of Aupotul' triple triumph. cdebnted _ '4 aDd IS A..... t ~ • •e. in ....... ofvil;torieom IIlyrirum, a' Aetium and iIl~ FI)'pt. The PC-Ill', lint mention of AuplNI, in Jupiter'. pr~y, 1.~86-8, cor : ita cia ljonjl.rly ,.-and three-Iine
ltateu.A.,
I,.
""",,_.tian
I
ltatemml.
,It At. of an rnJlh-tk manse of mood and wbject. d. '70. 608. ,
7 £ I '0 Avcwtul rode >neo Rome (in .. ear drawn by lOur white
Aonel),forthl.".. .. curule triumph. Livy. ~fl.7, _ the"rne wonl to dtlCribc the triumph oCCamiIiUl in S9i ..c. OJilvie 678 110 I>OteI paraIkIo becw!~ the thfl:e"i "tp"'" Romuluo, CamiIiUl (a' E ··oJ Romul ....... ~ to Livy 5#7) and AlllUltui (d. D.H.•.,.). Au:ord.i", to Dio (61 .• 1.9) A ......tIII departed rrom tradition In OM 1upu:1: he ~ at the head 0( the p"'i(i"'on, rouo ... ' i by the city macilu-a\el.. ~'" #t .. , o;anied a braneh 0(1aureI mel w.. e. !.vreI th. He the earthly penonification 0( Jupiw c.pi-
w, ...
100in\ll,
,I, •• • 17
v"
,"
I
w.
do 6,8, g
at t' be ooIemu"" ... immortal ¥ow to the..,. 0(
i ".
Italy' (u • '{nhpvinc Cor .victwy) , The ....ture ~.,~..0 ~I"~~ _ I ...,e,
I
0(
the _
"
II
'" rettorin,
COMMENT .... RY: 716-722
,,, ....uI'Dt\lt bepp hit prorralIUIX 0{ bWklinr ud R.ome', tnnpla in 28 • .c. He hi.meIr,..aY' (R.G. 20) that he 82 tcmpko : fOr the: number 300 'I« ....pp...... ,I'
2 Fl.
, ••
7 ... 7 m ... t..!
pi'
I
Rd"~
I'ftt~
(or the anaphon. d . 705-&.
cr. 666n. to the
1WfPl• •';."" public th&nbcivin, : cr. Uvy !I.n.
_ ...... , cr. (40.
,.. V. it tclacopinr evenll : the fAmOUl marblc tt;mple 0{ Apollo on the Palatine _ dediated by .... UptUi on 9 October 28 • .c ., Mvina; been vowed in 36 •.c. Am., pzin, in wonder at theM: ,plendoun, would recall E ... ndcr'. simple odtlemenl, • contrut continually n;pIoiled throurbou.l book VIII. C/. P'op... ti .... +' .3- 4 " ' " .......i .,.,., ~ p~ PJw..., I F..... ; ~ ;r.d-hoou. Am. prefirul'ft AUl\DIUI al 6.69'-70 when he "Y' al eum... sMiJ.. 111& ,,.,, 1nftIIl-1 iNtitwlll: Serviut noted Ihat A\lllDt .... til .... (ulfib hio ancator'. vow : 'I« abo 721-2.
'- P.,. . . ...
. -.. ... ,.' . .,..-11 71'1
hLiS
IF£ C l'eVlewt ,•
Another lypoIociea.I link wilb book III (d. 671, 679). AI , .28, Am. dediales a Jhidd at Actium by 6xl", itlo the entrance of
Apollo'. temple: itstifts .owN N-. Aen. then celebrates prnoes, a prototype of the I'Ut ' Actiaro Samet' instituted by Auptut al Nicopolil, lhe sitt; of hio camp, in COffimemot'atiOll of ru. victooy. Spoik were commonly to aflU:ed AI votive offerinp: d . 7. 183ff. where in Latinut' temple
_ ,I
,yt- /pVnI _
n""'Z'rv
J«WU
I n ,",1M
~...
n iff-
tllTWR ~ .hrutral ~ di/lftfW ...1;1',.,. 1OS' " _iit. The naval .poibo in thaI p' .a, e are deliberately anachroniltie and pre_ ficurt: thooe of Actium, Auguolut bei", lh.. linked wilh hio indi",nouAI well AI hit immigranl ancator. i
;) Tbe n;otie names of ~1POtc peoples conquued by Rome
uu,bl lhe i....ginalion of ~ pocll: cr. Honce'. R.oman Odes. For ,ept _"" ..lions of Iud! propl .. in triumphal p ....: ion. I<:C the teulP1U1'ft on Tn.jan 'l column. Scrvilll 1&)'1 thaI A.....tut built a portico ' ad nationcs' adorned with .milar i~ In Ibe doziDJ linc::l of hit puol «ph,...., Virp conlrives 10 make III ..ec Umul_
,..
COMMENTARY: 722- 729 tatiom of the triumph and the triumph itlelr:
tancoutly
I
626-7S ID •
Re
HE ' ,·' m, , Africana, aUied 10 ArIton)': the wanderinc triba abo called Numiilw. (...4'. 31tO, m ). ct •• '.rith Iootc, Rowin, robel' (like thc.e of BedouinI). Lewis and Short ~ye 'effeminate', but V . ;" not heine (:QntcmPIUOUI : be iI emphui,ini the variety of the triumphal procc:.ion, and abo Vulcan', akill in ;fepictin, movin' .... fIowina: objecb. H.s'dh .. Vulcan, only ben in V. cr. Millon, P.L. l.7+O-
7l'4 "
!
~
Thiltype J- hexameter {UronJ'''flIK1.-£oot (MSura, weak third. root) iI very COUlbMWl in Homer and the Alexandrians but campara_
Utin.
679 it • line 0( the lame type, apart (rom, it. inctul... endU>r~ 4.5" .s+9 are airnil .... but ha.-e abo. ·ralse endin,' .t the founh root (tee nil.). Gp' 7.1 ~ d. Honce, C. ' .9.1I3, 3+3.5. tM:ly rare in
I.....,
-,I to cr. 7..11., 671ftD. All tM.e thinp Vulean bad " KUlpced : and Ih<:re __ the rive.- Euphrt.te., o:aIm now by 1lUb, mi-ion (Servi....). We m.... t bcte viI .....i.e oimulWleOully Vulcan'. r
7-' •
... mact, ;
"" d. HtIf'aC1e, C. I.g."
M:'
,... ;"
,...,a.u ___ ~ .-w ....... '::. u,l ''''. There ill abo.
rq
paralld with the Tiber ~er io book VIII (8,-9), where it ftoy.' !t1 senti)' lOr , Am. (d. abo 9· 17)·
,.,. Mp'''. GalIo-BeJcie tribe IiYinf neat the Channd cout.
le i ro.iJw iconocraphy d. 7?D. 'The Rhine ill 'two-bomcd' beca_ ol itl division into twO _tbI. the RhiM and the Waal. C. eann. bad btly quelled .. reYOil 01 the Morifti and drivm the Suebi b.ck acrell. the Rhine (Dio 5',.'), H
72
,.. '., " ".Iii balanced by h':;"'''' ; 7he peopk will POI ixvolI: the)'Ob:. «be ri Cmu(r.).
c:hafm apicwt the~, yet both have yield I 10
COMMENTARY: 729-7'1
'"
dill"ercnct: betw«n V. and Homer. Whaeu Achilles (II. 190IB) ddi&hts in the divine &if! as a beautiful piece of equipment, for Ar::u. the shield is not only an obj«t of wonder and ddi&hl but aIIo an 'Atlantcan' burden (Inttol!' 2 (iii)) symbolising the futun: of !he Roman nation. ,., Talla, the formal "pallhal the ecpbruis is finw....!. " . _ _ _ (tc. Aeneas). picked up from 619; the narntive is ..... umed •
.......... iltuen at.oluu:ly (as at In.B~) !hen' all unawares Aen. lakes pleuure in the pictura oflhinp to COOl(: ' ; if taken with •. . (d. &17. 666) then 'lhou,h ignorant oflhc evenll Am. takes plcasure in their repitKnt.l.lion '. The ambi.,.uty (which would have dit· appeared bad V. written~~nu;..pw ,,.--) t,nderiines the fact that for Aen . historical events ate rnen:ly pietura .hile for the reader !he pictUI'Cl are descriptions ofhistorical evencs. • '--enl £or the Iymbol.iam lee aIIo 136-7". fam,,- " I .. lara, il I ' ' the fame (R'pu.tation) and fortune (destiny) 0( his delcendaDtI '. For the combination off_ andf... d . 7.79 (on Lavinia) pi ".f- inbuIu.f_f~ ...... tz..,. For f - in tbiI..,pe d . abo 1,2, and 1.28, UuPtef'. lpeeeb) irat I' i 0 ..... fi I pi ImniRIl .mis. When pa_lfied as Rumour it iii CUltomarily pinted with a capital (as at ~~). In 1 ,~'2 it meant n'
M"
--.
"n' -', . ,
'childrerl'. children ': for the Romans' dual descent from Trojan and I talian stock ICe 62gn. and cf. 6. 7~&-8 n.J.nU. /W. fnIt •• • 11414 • pnu "'''4S. The tradition !hat Am.'. descendanu ..... Id IUrvi"., bad to Homer, II. 20.308 (Am. 3.gB). Camps (104) pcNntl out thai .'1) .... heR' R'fen not only to the RomaN in general but specifically also 10 !he Ju.lian family, l upP'*'d 10 be descended from Am. via Alcaniltl-Iu.lus and !he Alban kinp. The u.me ambi,wtr is presenl in lbe propheo;y of the p-"" al 3. 1~ : s :/ww 1IJIk-s in 1tIfjl.,u I i~ ....i JUi-s. Ar::u. is ihut heR', as !hrou&hout book VIII, the type and IN'di8uration of Augwlus : I « alto Sy...., "~9ff., Binder 27011". face 'destiny'. This word, which occun adlne 120 times in !he ~, may be Jaid to rep..,..,...t its dominanl theme. It ,,!hus appro • , I II, "
,Del
lIS".
•
'96
COMMENTARY , " I
prilll'" to discua it a' the end of me Commentary, although il h.u a1n:ady Qc(\I ' nine limco in tlWI boo., at 12, 133. 292,334. 3gB. 477 , 499.5 1'1, .51.5 : cr. Fowler 121-7. and, (M". fuji diKuaioo, Bailey '204- 40. F, _ (~lingulu and plural forms II« uted indl.ffcrmdy) include. the Homeric I.IOlpo, the kl! or portion of an individual, bul usually with rcrJ cnce to IU. pl-.ce in the l.ar~r ochcme g( thinp. u Aen.'1 individU.II~deatinY is now id<:nI;6ed with Iha' ofhis dcacendanu and the Ruma ... people. Fale is by ddiniLion ino::o<:a~bk (d. 334iMI.wiU): • m.., may be. ignorant ofwha' il will be (so Evander at ,57,5). or it ma~ be revcalnl by lpoken proph«ia, the original meaning of the ~ (fromi"")' nil! IOffielimes felt, as a' 1'499: and d.Jupiter'a p~ 1.262ff. jd .... "';111 ... ~j . .hrrsJ_ _ ...
•,,,.,,60:1. F~
a'
I
an alto mean the ' will' of the,oo. or of an individ"al deity (f~u l-os al 9"n., j _ _ _ a' 7.~). The maln theoIosical qualion in the ;(-wI (which already exis.. in me lliM and which Virgil Iranamitl~ to Milton) is whether. pndetennined .nd di.. ind y gWded ..,;vetX conflicts with the eurdle of free-will. It is deat from 1.2&!fr. (and cr. 3.31~-6 li&1.14 "'- ..~ l-ritw !/iul, is _li""~) thai Jupiter both fCNcaeet and walChet oyer the coune of histOl'Y~ A particular event may OC(:ur whid! he: doa not 'will ' (jull ill Mi ton's God cannot be aaid to 'will ' the FaU), but such evenq c:annot aJlft!he coune olbislory. This is dear from the council of the gods in ,b.6ff., where Jupiter IilYS u".,_ Hn. J/Cw. t/U. ntnm T~.I ~ UftJ,. . .in- .n-.n..? Venus ub how Jupiter can have al1ow6cl Wat to break out, sin« the Trojan entry inlO Latium ...ilI in r d with JUpiln-'S own repealedly revealed will :
wI..u""
'" _
.... f6'F
2
l-un .......
~I IAII ' " _
(-*"1'" is h.ir.. used by analogy with
«IfIII#r.I_' 340-ln.).
_"-.
&c1aration
u..-w:.f.
'n.ou.1i
mt' =rill :
, ,
•
COMMENTARY: 131
18'
"'fl!.
In XII (_rIP" .. ntp':i! n ut)Juno ilal Iut m:oncikd 10 lhe c:oune oChittory : Jupiter -STeel 10 her final anti-Trojan requal, thai wbm peac<: is made between Troj ..... and Latim the new nation shall take its n&me and language rrom the indigenous peopI~, and even the name oCTroy be e>
•
APPENDIX A OPHECY OF TIBERINUS
(36-6~)
This proph«y Wfilled at 8.fr.) iCpo:aU that of Helen ... to Aen. at 3.3¥. Like ~j'ntin, oflhe tabl.,.' in book VII it ia .. foundation. myth. n.e white lOW (female wikl bou) with her thirty piJlda _ a"OOlted with lboth Rome', anc!lllM"-cities, Lavinium and Alba Loo, •. LaviniWll in the.,... '77 __ ' (Comm. I) _ tr&d.ition&lly!he 6m Trojan city " Lalium,xc Lycopbroo (proIMbly b .cd on the I'ourth-cmNN Gred, biflOrian Tim,'t'III) and D.H. I ."; in the: Iallu the lOW it! ptepanl whm lint eigbled by the Trojans, thm escar b and _ fullo .. td (10' "4 otad ... I<> brioll forth ita fOtU\a "" the lite of the rUIUl~ city. Vi"'_ pl...... ~.·. Iandfa.ll in Latium at the mouth ofthc nbC>', and il .. hen:. Jk.r the aite of the (uture R.Gme noI d the ("tun: Lavinium, m.1 tie Iocato the prodi..,.. trand'aTin, i. from one sacn:d river, the Numit., 10 another, _ sacred nin, the Tiber. A r "Wa, I~~~Y ~ by dtownintJ in the Numil;uo, and the cult of A<:n. AI I~ (cf. 11.7M- oS and Goldmann, C-Q.. ,6 ( 1941) 43-'sS) lie.' up a, Lavinium Cal did lhe cull of me t on the modd 01 the (aTlier cull of "nut uJupiter Latiaris oritinally 'oeoci',ed with the Alban Mount. 80th the Tiber and the Nl.UDicus an: mentioned together a' , .• YJ-I, !l4'" their ~ric 'types' beint the Simoia and
r
.,"ft
r
u
, . .)
f
the XanthUl. But the early, Roman historians, beginning with Fabius Pictor. 'W'Ci.ted the " I of the lOW actioIosie&I1y with Alba Longa (the modem Cutel Gandolfo) as the immediate ancettor-cily of ROCM. Virgil abo a11d1os 10 thit l.milian, ~by the tb.irty ",gfeu ,ymboliM: the r~ of Alba Lonp by Axanilll alter thirty yean:
d . Varro,L.L. ~ I44_~IXXX"UJ 11 ·.-<17£': zAIH;UiulW IIlH ",uiMhm;~. __ . t - ..... foIi4u1lA.. j • XXXJ-iI ,..._; a ~ (d. Cornm. 47)~' c...w--Ji,.. --:, XXX
'*
luw,ds/.a.;. i)cruJM , .. s.u., 1«; _ _ AI" ' " .u.
Once the £all ci£Troy had been daled (by Eratolthenea) al II&, I.e. and the fow>di~ of Rome to the ninth or eia:hth z:rnlury (Tiznaeua 814> Fabi .. PictOr 747. Cato 7.53) it ....... me £1o"C " ary to bridce the
I
,
I .eal
THE PROPHECY OF TIBERINUS
( ~)
189
,ap betweer. the time of Aen. and Ihat of Romulus (who Ii",,",," U Aen.'. ,randson in Ihe A_Is of Ennilll) by inventin, the line of Alban kings who .ucceeded AKanius (lee 8.629). In l .lI67ft'. Jupiter Idb Venlll thai Aen. will reign ror three yurs al Lavinium (havin, married ulinw' daughter Lavinia who Biv", her name 10 Ihe city by analogy with the Gn:.:k legend of the Trojan woman Rhome giving her name to Rnmc:) . Ascaniw will then reign for thirty yean, iraNferrinl his seat (il is not: clear whether al the end of, or durin" his ni,n) 10 Alba Lon,a; there the Trojans will rule for three. hundred yean (Ihe period oflhe AlIwI kin ... ) and Rome thenarter sUw fov : yieldi", a pt"OIreu.ion 3- 30-300-", Historically, lhere lee .... to have been an lron' Ace """Iement at Alba Lon,a around 1100 • .Co ; but u with Lavinium iu imporlance {or the Romani of Vi.BiI'. day, and hence for us, wu mylhical rather than factual; Virgil ftcfen 10 Rome', Allwlaneeslry at the ...,ry beginnin, oflhe poem (1.7); PropertiUl d AJk. (+.6,37) haib "'U(IIItus u lMtta.-l; _ Numerological ponenu are u old u Homer, u witnea the lIIake which eau nine 'parrows in I l . lI.3~9, and the numbers in Ti. hen ..... ' propbccy are of puuly numerological li....ificance. The numben lhr«: and thirty have alwa.,.. had 'maric' prope.ti ... : d , H.IIIht, '0 tteble wot:, fall len t;mes treble on lhat cuned head!' The triad dominates the .tructure of the A• . and often its Iyntax (InU'Od.. ,,(il, + (iii)). The lJ'adition of Aen:. lhree.-year rei", at Lavinium is attested in imcripliOOJ (Binder 162 n. 63). The Iq:en
•
,..
APPENDIX A
Ihrtt hundred templeilAid by V. 10 have been d edicaud by AliiIUI'UI ~ Aeti ....... numbet which we bow 10 be w•.,.., (R.C. 110) : cf. alto Auttin', ooce on 4-510, where SOU oc:cun in • pwdy c:oftlellt, in '''''''';'tion with repealed triadJ. ~ f\ll'thet yranl ,:-7; Weinat«k, ].U. .5D ( I ' t) II~-I~; Gafuu.ky '4'ft'.; A.IIOIdi .8-.9. 1I!6ft ; R. E. A. P. mer, A~ ,i/y.rllw " (1910) .5~5 . (Amm 716, oa the
ril4
. .:
7
•
I
I
APPENDIX B VIRGIL'S HEXAMETERS C. E.lNckwonh, f"p MIll d.usiul ,w nil" lILly ( 1g6g), baa daaified the a...leea p!*ibk typeI 01 ~ hex,meter (i.e. *== in
which alber. dactyl or. fJ"""ke iI adm;lted in each 01 the finl four feet but ill which the fiI\h foot • • dactyl) and baa eatabliahed their mauve frequeneie. in the WOi b of the lAtin hoameter poetl. (Thia cta.ification ... partially attempkd u lone aao U 1903 by S. E . Wmbolt. 'Mi,tmad? _ . 11,- 14)' I live bdow the iacidencoc
1_ ..... ... , .... ,.... T",.
01 r""'" .........,
,•
go fig
,.......
•, •• , ••• .,." .,.,
".." ,.
S
..... .. ..... .... ...... "•• ...... ,.. '. •• •• ,"",
10
deW
12
dedd
15 ddcM 161ddd
=~
••
'"
With !ith.ft lporn«
••
(The three b hio.tic:ba, .',
469.
I
(line 34:1)
• 5"- and the IpUriou.
.tted.)
• AJoo W """'''''''''1111
Iypc ill T "e retilll ( ItI
J
Mel
c.n.u.. 6+-
+6 a«
'92
APPENDIX B
It mUll be a' 0PCe that thete It.atUlia an ollimited value, &inet they take ~ aCCOWl! of ellaioN, the COfTeipondenoe or confIiet betWttll icltD and accent 01' caesura! variants. Admittedly, Duckworth doet nOfe variety in ~peated paltCrN, but his b " iC cl ....fi.
c::aawa.!"
cation m... m that lines an:..,wped tofdher which, though metrically idmtical, mly in~otber resp«U be quite different. A hexameter ill InC)I'e than an ~enl of daclyla and . pondo:t:l; il is an~, menl of worn.. Nevertheka, lbeK" claaificatiom yield (lilt inai, bl • which .... been Iilde auended too : namely, the we of 'rq>C',tcd patterN', the ~ metrical pauem in two or rnofC' COIl$«\Itive linea. Simple repetiuor1 of pain 0( occur with '~aa<' frequency in ~ VIII. ~Iy dier Kem to have bem clearly designed to produce • p&?;cular effect, e.,. ~7'-'l, the linet deocribin, the Ara M ..i m . , whlth also haw: the _ c;Ulural pattern ; 10 too have 69t~, ~ 701 ~ . ~ ohho::x pain ollinl'Jl [Qrrn.' ~lf-coata.iDed unit ofmeaniq:. intc:rettina; than thex, bo:caute mort' ~ivdy indicative ofVirsil,'.COIlIcious atUttry, it the uteofmetrical 'clwlen', pallema of two & mot'e metrical types ~ over pa"15 of ocvcn.I linQ. following aft: the molt remarkable c1utlen in book VIII : ~ Ie", lit tome of the molt carefully WI'OUIf;ht p r aca in the bQiok and, in. poetry com,,,, cd for recitation, mud • COflItilulc. q,,;&.ol e1emenl in !he .au.ra.ctioo which woWd haw been rell by the ' tuned and cWtivated ear. (The fi«ures denote !he metriI;al type..)
'mel
¥on:
:n1
Simile olu,bt (l~ 22-6): 10, 12, 10, 12, It ; aniv" al Pall. nleum (II. g1-102): g, 1, t, 1, I, I ; Salum', rciga (U. 31~I ): 2, 2, 2; stan ol the walk into the ~ ty (II. 331 -7): 8, 90 s.~: 2, 2, 2 ; the Cyclopes' rOl'le (II. 4IH3): 10, 10. 4> 8. 8, II. II, ,; VIIIon of the arms (U. ~.3-g): 14, '3, I~, 1I, I~ 8 (coocen....uonoluncoonmoa typeI); Evaooer'. £arewell (U. ~-6l ~14-33): 1.1.1 ; 3, 3. 4, ' (each pair wi!h ideutiul
h,
caerural
pal~~.I;.;..!:: 8, 8. Finally, cluaterl are rrequent throut:b.
OUI ~ Hc:reu I' pa",e (on wbich tee alia Introd.. • (iv» : part,,;u1arly remaib.bIe are II . u2-32 (~, 16. 16,~. 13. I" 6, I" I, " '), Il.f~ (g, of, ~ 4). 1l.f9-~7 (g. 9. ,6, 1, 3, 16, I. 3. I) and the concluaioa, ".5-7' (111, 111, II).
i
,.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Thill ti.t n- 7ra chitfty ol_b cited in die lDbodlaCboa aM Co
ft"
doe ,._ 01 author Of edi_ t . J• • rcow • • to avoid .... bir.>ity. """ eM,,,,i.' : ~ tilk baa bem wed : Ib Ell are here iJI bracketa. Jt t: E! :e,1o 'WiQip I . ' ~tobil_pktecditioa oltlM: A. ,61 e::tCCqIt Cor 7. . h III ....t. V, e the "lczU>QL io to hill _tMy by
KpWate
,,¥eft
w.
edio- mlbcn booh
I • • "ITI O "" CO • • aMT • • , . . AltO TaAJI't.ATIOIU
AwWl. It.. G . .....: will. 1971.
,bil U.
7M
A..,,'llY. 19S,S.
o.;o,-.J. and NenlaIhip, H. WIriI "
'"$-
Virp . , .....
18~,.
0._1, It.. S. Aad:l' I. Dr,-d " J. (tranIl.). WorlI '" .......p . Jlcprintcd in Wodd', 0 ' =0 ... · m ed. J. Kindey. Iglil. Fowlet. W. W•. tiU '91,. 01 . ....0 - 01'1 .to! uiJ VIII. ('-'cr.) ...-W,;rJl j.Va.daI, lgI6. ct ; •• tio.Io!OQA-#VIJ. TM . . ",T_. lgl9-0h '.ao-(III,1.riIXII. Glli" ' in, A. 8nfh, Linc VIII. 19!50 Hmry. J. APlIn' . 4 vol.. ,813-91, Mvhi',J. W. 1M As 19!O- TeCl with brief«.....nentuy and kq: iDtrod"wO"· Nordm. E. A-u s.d VI. yd. eel. rfp6. Pare. T. B. 1M II m,il • vola. '8!M-lgoG. S:zl'i... Co 2h >. eel. C . Tbilo aad H. H',eft. , 'I'0Il. Ie,....
,6g,.
"=7" ., ,., "b..
I I
"'fI"iqil.
'
....
t
Tilly, 8. 7ir *"7 "p.u.,. , gG l. Stle,ted 11 'Sti en- boob VIII- XII, with tnne'·Iion, brid" _ t u y and b kS'WM 777
QQ'"
Willi t
-.
R. D. 7iI A,
A-if 111. Ip. A.Ii~ Y. 1960-
u."
"'q il. • _
. '913,
( '"J
•
I
'94
BIBLIOGRAPHY 2 . OTKKa WO ....
•
AUaldi, A. Lrl.1 ~ - ' 1M ulilu. 1{163.
Allen, W. S. ~ flAIl rA)to\IoI: ;,..dr/,.:;-;· ..t " Bailey, C. lUI;';'" u. y;,til. 1935. Binder,
" * .GmIc. '973.
o . ......" IINI A..,..,hIJ: i,""/W___ (_ B. BwII_ A-u.
'97 1.
I .......... C. M . P?", Vitp'" MihM. 194~ Cam~ W. A. ... WI ' t ...... lit Y;,li/'s ~ ,g6g. ?o P /lQu,~ : I (l gIIl ). II ( .gII,). III ( .g66). IV (1g6~). Conlier, A. &.. " _ _UvJ.i,. ~fW dMs f'tr.Jidt ', 1939. Dilke, C. A. W. t Do linNotab in the A.viJ abo. • preoccupation with agni~1 number~' "'oS. '7 (1967) !U-7. ~w. O . L. 71W .lulO? .frlo. A-oJ. 1!p7. Ownhil, o. A,boo,- JW..IIIt ,tl;,;... '91'. T,. by P. Krapp front.t. &lip,. '~iM .uMlflll. I g66. Ebrmberr. V. _ Jones, A. H. M . .o...u: 211111 ilIlIJINlin,t tAl mtrtJ ~ ..J ra"ia!. 2nd ed. 195~ IDeluda the hs WI" of
u
c.a,.
...,.,tIII
Au«UI1UI.
I
FonIycc, C. J . C,h'u",: I#Jtl"'" 20 LT' 7. 1961. Galinsky, G. K...t-, Sicily_ lWw. 1969. Granoden, K . . ' Typolory, Iymbolitm and allqor,' in the A..ul', P.V.s.• , (1973-+) '4--t7. Graftl, M. RILl'" " q;"" 1971. Grima!, P. ' PTomen.ad" d'tvandre ec d 'tn.!.: 10 I. I...... ik<: del fouilla ~,c:s R.E.A. ~ (1948) 3+8-,51. Heiue, R. Virtffs 41d, T ..H+. 4th ed. '9.57. Hellqouart;'b, J. M_glId. dtMs fl.". odin IMP.: UHi .. _~fj,..,
..
",.t,t..
196t.
u
Kiebel, G. 1M :~ P. Vlrtu"~. '97~. HoCanann, J. B. ~ SUlltY', A. I dd. 5dw S)IiWu'" $ljJi/nk. '96.5' Rolli., A. S. Mdlflllj/mu VIII. edited with inlroduclion and cocnmentary. '970. Kna~. G. H_. I96+. (KNouer.) 'VirJiI', Aa-!H and Hoo>(r'. C.R.B.s• .5 (1 96+) 6.t-~ l.u«Ii. G. IfilL, .}. iii R.-..-..w.. '970. • Meni.lI. W. A. Paralldt and coincidcocn in VirJiI and Lucnti.. •• U.... ,,~ h,,,"...,.., .:.. a.JiuI c . 1919.
OT"
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•
BIBLIOGRAPHY
'"
Myen, F. W. H. 'Virsil', in &u]1 d4uiuJ {1883} 106-']6. Niabet, R . G. M. and Hubbard, M. A lI:n :n' ; 1M Ihr_, 0., Bd L 1970. Nonien, E. ' Vergill AeneiJ im LichJe 'ihrer Zeil '. 19o: . Repr. in KIMISWifI- (:9606) 3.¢-+lII. ( YL.{.) 0ailYit:, R. M. A 12 :!J!&m' y.,. L#y &Ms I - i . 196~. Om, B. Jfirtil: A J~;" ciWiud j ' :7' I96+. Palmer, L. R. 1M r .'i.~. 19~ Pearce, T . E. V. 'EndW.inl wonl-order in the Latin b ....·meter·, C. Q.. r<.S. Hi (:g66) 140"-1:, 2g&-..,'lO. Perret, J. Lu Ori,ws" hi U"..., IW.. :942. P6vh1, V. 1M M
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1 Copyrighted material
Copyrighted material
Book VIII il Olle of the most auncth·e :andlmporunl books orVirgil'.Atn"a II includes the .. islt of "enullO the lite of the future Rom e, the slory of Hercules :and C:acus, the ep1sode bet .... een Venus ilOd Vulun :and the dcscnption of th e gr"aI .ymbolic shidd of Aenus. Mr Gnnsd..,n'l mtro duclion rdatCl this book to the Afn~la as a .. hoi.., and consid ers the tex t in Hrioul upeCU: the topography, Virgi l's senle of hillory, his typology and Iynlbolism, hi s literary style and his influence on s ubsequent ~ernaeular pMtty. Th e comme ntary discusses poinu of . peelal in te res t and diffieuhy in inte rpretatiOn , style and prosody and gi ~es detailed explanation of the many allusions on Book VIII to customl, legends, tr..ditions and historic..1eventl. Thll i. primarily a textbook for univerSIty st ud ents and lilith _forme .. , but II also eonums material whIch may be of intereSllo noo..,nlSofEnglish and compual,,·e hlernur..,.
The tam" jJ E"or Jeus "'t"at, In Ena/ rsh "nJ C"mp""" i ~~ LII.",,! 5, uJiu. UniY"'"J' of "'<"""fC~
ISS'" 0 -521-290'1-'
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERS ITY PRESS
9
