Vita Viri Clarissimi Et Famosissimi Kyriaci Anconitani (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society)

Vita Viri Clarissimi et Famosissimi Kyriaci Anconitani Author(s): Francesco Scalamonti, Charles Mitchell, Edward W. Bodnar Source: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, Vol. 86, No. 4 (1996), pp. i-246 Published by: American Philosophical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1006614 Accessed: 08/02/2010 08:22 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=amps. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

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Transactions of the American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphia For Promoting Useful Knowledge Volume 86, Pt. 4

VITA VIRI CLARISSIMIET FAMOSISSIMI KYRIACIANCONITANI by FRANCESCOSCALAMONTI

Editedand translatedby CHARLESMITCHELL

and EDWARDW. BODNAR,S.J.

Copyright ? 1996 by the AmericanPhilosphicalSociety, Fol. lOv (title Philadelphia,PA. All rightsreserved.Coverillustration: MS Biblioteca page). Treviso, Capitolare, 2, A/1 (olim I.138)

Libraryof CongressCatalogCardNo.: 94-78512 ISBN: 0-87169-864-1 US ISSN: 0065-9746

CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSv SIGLAOF MANUSCRIPTS CITEDIN THISWORK vii INTRODUCTION 1 LATINTEXT 26 TRANSLATION 101 NOTESTO THETRANSLATION 145 APPENDICES 166 BIBLIOGRAPHY 213 INDEXES 231

PC. A-::::S

O0 N T

I 4

V O t

7:.

usI

Fol. 1Ir. Authorsfirstnameandtitle. Treviso,BibliotecaCapitolare,MS 2, A/1 (olim 1.138). iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We owe a particulardebtof gratitudeto the late AugustoCampana, who manyyearsago contemplatedan editionof Scalamonti'sVitaKyriaci. Whenhe learnedof ourinterestin thelife, he graciouslyagreedthatwe should take over the project.In addition,we are most gratefulto Cecil Graysonfor editing the Italianpoems that occur in the Vita, and to Nelia Saxby, for translatingthem. Our work on Ciriaco over the years has been supportedby the following grants:C.M. received an AmericanCouncil of Leared Studies Fellowshipin 1965-1966; a JohnSimon GuggenheimMemorialFellowship in 1970-1971; and a Ford Foundationsummerresearchgrantfrom Bryn MawrCollegein 1972.He is especiallygratefulto the WarburgInstituteof the University of Londonfor its supportover manyyears,andto the American Academy in Rome. E.B. received a grant from the Penrose Fund of the AmericanPhilosophicalSociety, 1960 (cf. the Society's YearBook for 1962, Fellowshipat theAmericanSchool of Classical pp. 485-486); theGennadeion Studiesin Athens,1963-1964;a SeniorVisitingFellowshipat the Dumbarton OaksCenterforByzantineStudies,1974-1975; a grantfromthe Translations Programof the NationalEndowmentfor the Humanities,1979-1980; and travel grantsfrom the AmericanCouncilof LearnedSocieties in 1971 and 1983. In addition,he is grateful for the hospitalityof the Institutefor AdvancedStudyin Princetonduringthirteensummersspent therebetween 1958 and 1976 under the auspices of Antony E. Raubitschek,the late BenjaminDeanMeritt,andHomerThompson;andto the MarylandProvince of theSocietyof JesusandtheJesuitcommunitiesat the Novitiateof St. Isaac Joguesandat GeorgetownUniversityfor theircontinuedfinancialandmoral support. We wish to express our gratitudeto the librariansand keepersof manuscriptspast and presentof the Biblioteca Capitolarein Treviso, the GennadeionLibraryat the AmericanSchool of Classical Studies, and the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, as well as the other libraries whose manuscriptsarecited in this work(see list of sigla, below). Ourwarmthanksfor specialhelp andinformationgo to a numberof colleagueswho have been most generousin sharingtheirtime andexpertise, especiallyBernardAshmole,MarshallClagett,PaulOskarKristeller,Phyllis W. Lehmann,the late Robertvan Nice, Nicolas Oikonomides,the late Erwin Panofsky, David Pingree,the late C.H. Roberts,the late KennethSetton, FrancisWalton,andotherfriendsand colleagues,too numerousto mention, whose help andadvicehave contributedto this work.

v

Charles Mitchell, good friend and indispensablecollaboratorfor thirty-fiveyears, did not live to see this volume in print. He died on 23 October 1995, when it was still in page-proofs.The projectto edit the Vita Kyriaci was his from the beginning and could not have been completed without his encyclopedicknowledgeof the Quattrocentroin generalandof Felice Feliciano in particular.He is the primaryauthorof the translation, wherehis 'fist,' as he wouldput it, is everywhereto be seen;the introduction is mostlyhis;andhe was activelyinvolvedin ourjoint productionof the Latin text and the notes. He is greatlymissed, not only by his family, but by his manyprofessionalassociatesandformerstudents.-E.B.

vi

SIGLAOF MANUSCRIPTSClI'ED IN THIS WORK1 Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Hamilton 254 Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berol. gr. qu. 89 Berlin, Staatsbibliothek,PreussischerKulturbesitz, Berol. lat. qu. 432 (formerly Bibl. Manzoni, 92) Bu Budapest, University Library, MS 35 FL8 Florence, Biblioteca Laurenziana, Laur. Gaddian. lat. 90 sup. 55 FL11 Florence, Biblioteca Laurenziana, MS Ashb. 133 Fn8 Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale, Targioni 49 Fr4 Florence, Biblioteca Riccardiana, 2732 Lc Lucca, Biblioteca Capitolare, MS 555 Ma3 Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, R21 sup. Maom Milan, Archivio dell'Ospedale Maggiore, MS Miscell. n. 44 Me Modena, Biblioteca Estense lat. 992 (a.L.5.15) M1 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, CLM 716 N5 Naples, Bibliotheca Nazionale 'Vittorio Emanuele III' V.E.64 02 Oxford, Bodleian Library, Canon. Misc. 280 (Bodl. west 19756) P Parma, Biblioteca Palatina, Parm. 1191 Rc Rome, Biblioteca Casanatense, 3636 T Treviso, Biblioteca Capitolare, 2, A/1 (formerly 1.138) To Turin, Biblioteca Nazionale J III 13 Biblioteca Vaticana, Vat. Barb. lat. 4424 Vb2 Biblioteca Vaticana, Vat. lat. 8750 VL9 VL10 Biblioteca Vaticana, Vat. lat. 10518 VL11 Biblioteca Vaticana, Vat. lat. 10672 VL12 Biblioteca Vaticana, Vat. lat. 13497 Vol Biblioteca Vaticana, Vat. Ottob. lat. 1353. Biblioteca Vaticana, Vat. Ottob. Lat. 2967 Vo4 Vu2 Biblioteca Vaticana, Vat. Urb. lat. 1435 V11 Venice, Biblioteca Marciana, lat. 14.221 (4632) V12 Venice, Biblioteca Marciana, lat. 12 (4002)

B1 B4 B5

lThe designationsfor the MSS cited in this book aredrawnfroma masterlist of sigla assignedby MitchellandBodnarto all MSS knownto containCiriacanmaterial,not merely thosethatpertainto this particularstudy.Note thatthe secondletterof a two-lettersiglumis printedin lowercase except when it is an 'L' (whichcould be confusedwith the number ' 1'). Thus 'FL' is used for 'Florence,BibliotecaLaurenziana,'whereas'Fn' means 'Florence,BibliotecaNazionale'and 'VL' means'VaticanCity, BibliotecaApostolica Vaticana,Codex VaticanusLatinus.'Totalconsistency,however,was considered impossiblewithoutthe multiplicationof symbols. The completelist will be published elsewhere.

vii

IN'IRODUCTION* Ciriacodi Filippode' Pizzicolliwas bor ca. 1391 in Ancona'anddied someyearsbefore 1457, perhapsin Cremona.2He was the mostenterprising and prolificrecorderof Greekand Romanantiquities,particularlyinscriptions,3in thefifteenthcentury,andthe generalaccuracyof his recordsentitles him to be called the foundingfatherof modem classical archaeology.The evidenceof his activitiescomes fromnumerousandoften fragmentarymanuor commentaria(as he scripts,manystill unpublished,of his travel-journals himself termedthem), and from his copious correspondence,his literary opuscula and vernacularpoems, and his memorandaand common-place books.A fairnumberof thesesurvivein his own characteristicautograph,4 but the majorityof themsurvivein the formof copies or extractsby laterhands. the originalorderandcontentsof Ciriaco's Anyattemptexactlyto reconstruct lost commentariais a task,as Mommsenonce wrote,as vain as thatof trying to reassemblethe scatteredleaves of the Sibyllinebooks.5The welcomewith whichCiriaco'sdiscoverieswerereceivedby suchearlyhumanisticscholars as Niccolo Niccoli, LeonardoBruniAretino,andFrancescoFilelfo accorded him,despitePoggio Bracciolini'sdistastefor his abominableamateurLatin,6 an importantplace in the historyof ItalianRenaissancehumanism.And the probabilitythat,undercover of his tradeas an importandexportmerchant operating in the eastern Mediterraneanand the Levant at a time when Christendomwas underthreatfrom the Turks,he was the trustedpolitical of his patron,PopeEugeniusIV, gives him a not insignificantplace informant in thehistoryof mid-fifteenthcenturydiplomacy.7 Of Ciriaco'searlylife andtravelsourknowledgerestsuniquely-apart from a few earlyletters8andhis long retrospectiveepistle,familiarlyknown as the 'Itinerarium',9 addressedto EugeniusIV-on the materialsfor a Vita his friend and fellow-citizenFrancescoScalamonti,which put togetherby own recordsandcarrieshis biographydownto Ciriaco's largelyreproduces late 1434orearly1435. This Vita,as we shallcall it, althoughit claimsto be no morethanmaterialsfor a biography,survivesin a single manuscriptnow in Treviso,'1whichwas publishedwith certainomissionsandemendationsin 1792." Our purposenow is to re-editScalamonti'sVita from the original manuscriptwith a translationandbriefcommentary.This introductiondeals with the text andits previouspublication,its authorship,its sources,andits likely date of composition.It concludeswith a chronologyof the events narratedin the Vita.

*Throughoutthis editionauthorswill be referredto by name, yearof publication,and volume-andpage-numbers.Forfull referencessee Bibliography.

1

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VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

TheVitaoccurson numberedfols. 22r-108r of the Trevisomanuscript. The codex measures218 x 117 mm.; its damagedand probablyoriginal leatherbindingis decoratedon frontandbackwith a tooled fifteenth-century arch-likemotif;and(exceptfor inscriptionsaddedby anotherhandon the last two folios, 220v and 221r) it was writtenand illuminatedand assembled throughoutby Ciriaco's enthusiasticdisciple, the Veronese antiquaryand scribe Felice Feliciano (1433-ca. 1479)12 at the behest of Samuele da Tradate,

a Milanese-bor litterateurand courtierof the Gonzaga in Mantua.It is writtenin Felice'sbrilliantformalbook-hand, eighteenlines to a full minuscule page,andit is consistentall through,which indicatesthatthe manuscriptwas at a run.The volume,whose bindingis also by Felice,'3originally transcribed comprised221 folios, numbered(except for fols. 220 and 221) by Felice himself, togetherwith an unnumberedblankgatheringat the front.Today, however,it is incomplete,fols. 2, 21, 104, 122, 123, 149, 168, 170, half of 173, 174, 190 and 196, all of which undoubtedlydisplayeddrawingsby Felice, having been torn out by a vandalhandbefore 1775.14The book is writtenon a mixtureof paperandvellum,whichFelice utilized,as regardsthe numberedfolios, in such a way thatin every gatheringthe enclosingsheetis of vellum,while the innersheetsareof paper.15 To indicate the characterof the book and the context in which Scalamonti'sVitaappears,it will sufficesummarilyto runthroughits maincomponents.Thepreliminary matter(fols. Ir-lOr) consistsof (a) a poem (fol. Ir) by Felice about not lendingthe book to others(inc: Semprese dice che unfa malea cento), wherehe speakseitherfor Samueleda Tradateor perhapsfor himself;(b) a title-page(fol. 3r) inscribedin blackink capitalsin purplecircles: Itinerarius[sic] Kiriaci, with reference,presumably,to the Vita;(c) a tableof the contentsof the whole book (fols. 3v-6v); (d) a two-pagespread (fols. 7v-8r) in pale redcapitalssprinkledwith coloredepigraphicleaves to the effect that Felice transcribedthe book in the nameand at the requestof Samuele da Tradate;'6(e) a secondtitle-page(fol. 9r) with blue and green circles surroundingthe title, in black ink capitals, Repertoriumveterum monumenta[sic]ex FeliciFeliciano,suggestingthatthe contentsof the whole book weredrawnfromFelice's own collections;and (f) shorttexts (fols. 9v and lOr) on the foundersof the four monarchiesof the world, Ninus, Alexander,Tola and Romulus-an unexpectedinsertionthat is explained, perhaps,by thefactthatLauroQuirini,for whose use Scalamontiput together the materials on Ciriaco's early life, bore the same name as the deified Romulus(Quirinus). Afterthesepreliminaries,the firstmainsectionof the book,comprising nearlyhalfof it (fols.10v-108r),is Scalamonti'sVita,prefixedby a dedicatory letterof his to Quirini(ca. 1420-1480/1),a Venetianpatricianandhumanist,7 explainingwhyandhow he hadcompiledit. Quiriniwas proposingto writea life of Ciriaco,andhad askedCiriacofor a detailedaccountof his career.But

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Ciriaco had been slow in providingthis, so Scalamontisuppliedit himself, having known Ciriaco as a close friend from Ciriaco's youth. The folios (fols.l0v-21v) on which Felice wrote the title of the Vita and transcribed dedicationto Quiriniareparticularlysplendidandcharacteristic Scalamonti's andilluminator.The title-page of his highlyindividualverveas a draughtsman (fol. lOv) consists of a squat composite column whose crisply drawnand boldlyfantasticcapitalandbase areparti-coloredin yellow andbrown,while the shaft is inscribed,epigraphicfashion, in red capitals:Vita clarissimi et famosiss. viri Kyriaci Anconitanifeliciter incipit with decorativeleafed below.Thefirstpageof the letterto Quirini(fol. 1Ir) has a large branch-work initial F, which enframesthe whole page along the top and left side and is composedof an elaboratecurlyinterlace(derivedperhapsfromRomanesque whoseknottedtendrilsarecoloredyellow on one side andbrownon ornament) theotherto createa three-dimensional effect; andthe whole page is filled out in black-ink the the rest of capitalletters:(F)ranciscus Scalaincipit large by montius eq(ues).'8 All the remaining pages of the letter (fols. 1lv-20v) are

writtenin blocks of black-inkcapitals enframedon all four sides by broad bordersof angularinterlacedpseudo-Romanesquestrap-work,which is again parti-coloredin either purpleand brown or brownand yellow, the colorcombinations beingdisposed,openingafteropening,in syncopatedsequence: a-b/b-a/a-b/b-a,etc. The second main section of the book (fols. 108v-198r) comprisesa substantial,thoughchronologicallydisorderedand sometimesfragmentary, miscellanyof Ciriaco'swritings-opuscula, extractsfromhis travel-journals, letters,vernacularpoems, occasionalpieces, extractsand translationsfrom antiqueauthors,ancientinscriptions,moder epitaphs,etc.-which spanhis careerfrom1435to 1449,alongwithat leastone posthumouseulogy of him.'9 It is noteworthythatthe first item (fols. 108v-1 19v) in this secondsection, immediatelyfollowing upon the Vita, is Ciriaco's Naumachia Regia,20 describingthe naval battle at Ponza on 5 August 1435, when the Genoese defeatedKingAlfonso of Naples; the dedicationof this piece to Scalamonti suggests thatit was perhapsappendedto the Vita whenthe lattercame into Felice's hands to transcribe.All but two of the eleven tor-out folios displayingdrawingsthatonceadornedthebookcome fromthis secondsection of it, and on one of them (fol. 173), of which only the upper part was diagonallyripped away, we have the preciousremainsof two of Felice's coloredcopiesof drawingsCiriacomadeof beastshe saw in Egypt,probably in 1436:21 a giraffeon the recto and an elephanton the verso,22Felice also enhancedthe splendorandvarietyof this sectionof the book by occasionally varyingthecolor of his inks23and the size anddispositionof his lettering,by the introductionof impressivelycoloredmonumentaltitle-pages(fols. 108v titlesandinscriptionsin coloredcircles (fols. 128v, and120v),24 by enframing 133v, 134v, 156vand159r),andin the case of one Greekheading(fol. 192v) by settingit in a kindof tabula ansata pickedout in yellow.

4

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The third main section of the book (fols. 198v-220r)-to which somebody,not Felice, tackedon extraneousinscriptionsfrom Mantuaand Brescia(fols.220v, 221r)-is in effect a vivid testimonyof Felice's devotion to Ciriaco'smemoryand example.It opens (fols. 198v-201r) with a letter aboutCiriaco,dated 1457, from a certainAntoniodi Leonardothatforms a connectinglink betweenthe strictlyCiriacanand the Feliceanmatterin the volume,andthus gives a unityto its whole tripartitestructure.The letter,in translation,readsas follows:25 1. Antoniodi Leonardosendsgreetingsto his friendFelice Feliciano.It was a greatjoy to readyourletterto me, becauseI discoveredfromit that youarea loverandrenewerof forgottenantiquitiesin this degenerateage of ours. Such men are so seldommet with and are so scarceamongus that hardly any are to be found among mortals. You are therefore to be praised,sinceyou are,as it were, the sole survivorof an universally infinitecompany. 2. You write a good deal in your letter about our Ciriacoof Ancona. Wouldthathe werestillalive! But Nature,some yearsago, put an end to his life.He maybe consideredas a manwho, amongthe ancients,would havebeenmostancient:a manwell learnedin sundrymatters,especially in Greekand Latinliterature,as his opusculathat are now circulating bearwitness:a man,in short,who travelledover almostthe whole world. With his own eyes he inspectedbuildings,templesof the gods, marble statues, inscriptions,and all mannerof antiquities.Nor was he ever dauntedby the harshnessof the way, the crueltyof the sea, or the wearinessof long journeying:everythingwas mosteasy, agreeable,and pleasant to him on account of his courageand the antiquitiesto be discovered. 3. Let me give you one example among many of this man's patient endurance. Afterhe hadinvestigateda certainregionin Greece,he puthis little pack on boarda ship and they set sail. But when they had sailed eightymileshe heardfroma friendthathe had seen a certaininscription behindthewallsof a city they hadjust left. Ciriacowas greatlyupsetby this,andwhentheymadelandfall,he left the ship andreturnedto see and note down the inscription.He hadno fear,as I said,of the longerroute. 4. He was also knownand welcome in almostevery country,and was esteemedamongthe Turks-so muchso thatthe father26of particularly the recent destroyerof Byzantiumgave him a documentsignedby his own illustrioushand, enablingCiriacoto travel safely throughcities, towns, localities and villages withoutvexation, taxationor any other injury,as if he wereone of the Sultan'sown household.7 5. So it has been a pleasureto tell you thesefew thingsamongthe many I couldhavementioned,sinceI see thatyouadmiringlyfollow in Ciriaco's

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footsteps, which are to be commendedand approvedby everybody dedicatedto virtue. 6. Praise,therefore,theachievements of ourbrilliantCiriaco;enquireinto them,value,love, andcherishthem.Foryou will be emulatingno mean or unknownperson,buta manillustriousby birthwho afterwardbecame moreillustriousby his manlyworth.28 7. To conclude:if youreye falls on anythingin my house thatis worthy of yourhumaneerudition,ask for it, my friend,andit shall immediately be yours.Farewell,loverof antiquitiesandtheirornament.FromVenice, 4 October1457. 8. And since, as befits a man of learning,you are seized by a relishfor antiquity,I am sending you these inscriptionsfound in Torcello and MuranoandI look forwardto yourremarkson them. TherefollowthreeLatininscriptionslabelled"AtTorcello,nearVenice,""In Venice,"and"At Murano,nearVenice."29 Themanuscriptcontainsfinally (fols. 201v-220v) Felice's well-known account (the Memoratu digna and the Jubilatio),30couched in flowery Ciriacesquelanguage,3'of the trip he made, in companywith his friends AndreaMantegna,Samueleda Tradate,and GiovanniMarcanova32 roundthe southernshoresof Lake Gardaon 24 and 25 September1464, to which is appendeda littlesyllogeof inscriptionsfromthe GardaandVeroneseregions. On this sunnyautumnalnote, the book ends. Thesubsequenthistoryof the manuscriptis totallyobscureuntilthe end of 1774 or the beginningof 1775, when it came into the handsof Girolamo Tiraboschi,who incorporateda detailedprecis of Scalamonti'sVita into his chapter on the fifteenth-centurydiscoveryof antiquityin his Storia della letteraturaitaliana.33 ThereTiraboschisays thathe hadborrowedthe volume from Ludovico Burchelatiof Treviso throughthe good offices of Count RambaldodegliAzzoniAvogari,canonof Treviso,andthathe hopedone day to publishit himself-a statementcorroborated by a transcriptof Tiraboschi's letterof thanksto CountRambaldo,dated7 February1775, which is pasted LodovicoBurchelatistill intothefirstgatheringof the Trevisanmanuscript.34 ownedthemanuscript in 1792;35andanothernote insertedinto the apparently first gathering-which looks to be of late eighteenthcenturyor early nineteenthcenturydate-records thatthe book was given to the CapitularLibrary in Trevisoby Msgr.AgapitoBurchelati,CanonTheologian.Tiraboschialso records, both in his Storia36 and in his letter to Count Rambaldo, that some

pages weremissingfromthe manuscriptwhen he receivedit. Tiraboschidid not in fact publishthe manuscripthimself. It was puband a good deal of rearrangement towards lishedwithomissions,emendations the end, with a long introductionand notes, by GiuseppeColucciin volume XV of hisAntichitcPicene (Fermo,1792) from a copy, as he noted,supplied

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Coluccineverapparentlysaw the originalcodex, andhe to himby Tiraboschi. reliedheavilyon Tirasboschiin preparinghis editionof it. Furtherlightis shed on this transactionby GennadiusMS 96 now in the AmericanSchoolof ClassicalStudiesin Athens,whichwas kindlybroughtto ournotice by Mr. FrancisR. Walton,the formerGennadeionLibrarian.The volume,(ca. 1775;paper;approximately13 x 9 inches;343 folios in modem pencilfoliation,312 in an olderone, boundin boardscoveredwith decorative colored paperwith vellumcorer-pieces and spine;MS title on spine: Vita KyriaciAnconitani)comprisesthreecodices, whichwe will call G1, G2 and G3. G2 (fols. 184r-33lv in the laterfoliation)is a selective transcriptof our Trevisanmanuscript(T) madeby an unidentifiedamanuensis,whomwe will call X, underthe directionof Tirasboschi,who instructedhim to omit a considerable numberof itemshe judgedto be otiose or repetitive.ThusX did nottranscribeScalamonti'sprefatoryletterto Quirinibecause,as Tiraboschi andColucci37 noted,it hadalreadybeen printedby Giovannidegli Agostini,38 the only previousscholarwho may perhapshave utilizedT. Similarly,X did nottranscribe the earlypartof Ciriaco'sletterto EugeniusIV (T. fols. 180r184r,inc. Postquamde rebusprophanos in barbarosperagendis) because this part,as Tiraboschiindicated,hadbeen printedfromanothermanuscript Nor againdid X by Mehusin his editionof Ciriaco'sso-calledItinerarium.39 transcribeCiriaco'sletterto FilippoMariaViscontiabouthis visit to Egypt (T fols. 171v-172v) becauseOlivierihad alreadypublishedit, fromanother manuscript,in 1763.40Forthe rest,generallyspeaking,the kindsof material X notto transcribein G2 were inscriptions,insignificant Tiraboschiinstructed letters, minor vernacularpoems and occasional pieces, and extracts from ancient authors.Threeportionsof T, which were in fact (as we shall see) in wholeorpartby X into G2, are now missing fromG2: (1) fols. transcribed 228-251 of G2 nowconsistof blankfoliatedsheetsof paperdifferentin make of T fols. 64r-67v (= para. 105 [inc. fromtherest;thesereplaceX's transcript to 110 [expl. EIVS]of our text), consistingmostly of inscripMEMORIAE] tions from Modena,Reggio Emilia, and Brescia, which presumablywent astray before the three componentsof the present book were bound up together;(2) the old paginationskips from 140 to 157-the missing pages 141-156, now lost, originallycontainedX's transcriptof Veroneseinscriptions from T fols. 88r-97r (=sections 167 [inc. COLONIA]to 189 [expl. CONTVBERNAL]), thoughthese wereevidently(as we shall see) deletedby now G2 lacksX's transcript of theFeliceanmatterfromT fols. Tiraboschi; (3) 201v-220r, andconcludeson fols. 330v-331v with Antoniodi Leonardo's letterto Felice (T fols. 198v-201r). The second stage in the productionof G2 was the workof Tiraboschi alone. When X had made his workingtranscriptof T underTiraboschi's he handedit backto Tiraboschiwho with his own handeditedit, instructions, strikingthrougha good deal of what X had transcribed(e.g., the Veronese

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inscriptions),correctingscribal errors, making quite a numberof verbal emendations,underliningwordsandphrasesto go into italics, and addinga few explanatorynotes. Now we cometo G1 (fols. lr-183r). Writtenthroughouton paperbearing thesamewatermark as thatused for G2, this is simply X's faircopy of G2 as editedby Tiraboschi,and it significantlyincludesthe threeportions(1), (2), and(3) nowmissingfromG2, as describedtwo paragraphsabove. Thus in Gi we haveTiraboschi'svirtuallyfinishededitionof the text of T; andthis is the text-and this apparentlyalone-that Coluccifaithfullyfollowed (including italicizations)in his AntichitaPicene, except thathe reprintedScalamonti's letter to Quirinifrom degli Agostini, somewhatdrasticallyrearrangedthe materialsin the later part of his text, addedhis long introductionand his footnotes, and omitted the Felicean matter transcribedafter Antonio di Leonardo'sletterat the end of G2 becausehe was concernedwithPicenum, notVerona.Colucciis carefulin thecourseof his printto note whereitems are omitted,butit is importantto recognize,we repeat,thathe is herereferringto to him by G1, not to T itself. In short, editionof T, as transmitted Tiraboschi's the introductionof GennadiusMS 96 into the storyenables us for the first timeto explainpreciselywhyColucci'sprintedtext, with all its omissionsand variations,differsso substantiallyfromT. G3 (fols. 333r-343r),which no doubtslightlypredatesG2 andG1, is in Tiraboschi'shand,andconsistsof extractshe took fromT, andhis notes upon it, whichhe utilizedfor his biographyof Ciriacoin his Storia.4' Twoconcludingpointson the Gennadiusmanuscriptmay be added.The title Vita KyriaciAnconitaniwrittenin ink on the spine seems to be in X's hand,which would suggestthatTiraboschihimself had its threeconstituents boundintoone volume,andthatX was a hackscribeandbinder.Second,we knowthatTiraboschidonatedthe volumeto Colucci,42becausethe bottomof fol. Ir bearsa small wax seal with the words.Bibl.ca Colucci Ascoli written alongsideit. FailingCiriacohimself,LauroQuirinicould hardlyhave founda better informant to give himreliablematerialsfor his proposedbiography.43 Knight, and lawyer, diplomat,FrancescoScalamontiwas descendedfrom a French familywhichmigratedfromArlesto Anconain 1114. Guillaumede Chaumon, the founderof this branchof the family,marriedan Anconitanwife in 1124 whichmeansthatFrancescowas the andchangedhis nameto Scalamonti,44 scionof a noblefamilythathadbeensettledin Anconafor threecenturies.The dateof his birthis notknown,butas he says in his dedicatoryletterto the Vita thathe hadknownCiriacofromhis earliestchildhoodwe can safely presume thattheyweremoreor less of an age. The earliestdocumentsattestingto their closeassociationdatefrom 1435:in thatyear,as we have seen, Ciriacodedicatedto Scalamontihis accountof the battleof Ponza (5 August 1435);45and on 29 December1435, Ciriacowrotea letterfromArtain northwestGreece

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to Franciscuseques,presumably Scalamonti,andto Crassus,anotherAnconitan,46describingthe first leg of his tour of Dalmatiaand GreecefromZara (Zadar)to Arta.At the beginningof this letterCiriacomentionsthathe had previouslysentfromZaratwo letters(nowuntraced)to Francesco.On 16 February1436,Francescois namedas CountFrancescoSforza's luogotenentein Fabriano,a post he held for two years;47and when he left his position in Fabriano,FrancescoScalamontiwas immediatelysent as an ambassadorof Anconato Sforza,whowas thenbesiegingTolentinoandin need of the small forcethatFrancescobroughtalong.48On 17 September1438, fromAncona, Ciriacowrotea verywarmreplyto two lettersfromScalamontiurginghim to writethehistoryof Veniceandof the Milaneseduke (FilippoMariaVisconti, d.1447),andto putasidehis tastefor paganliterature(gentilitateposthabita) andreadmoreof the sacredwritingsof the orthodoxCatholicfaith.49Ciriaco modestly refusedthe first chargeon the groundsthat he could not rival the great historiansof antiquity,but he promisedto do somethingabout the secondwithout,however,neglectingthe venerandadisciplina andthe auctoritas optima of the gentile pagans. In 1441 Scalamontiwas podesta of as he informedCiriacoin a letterof 30 Decemberof thatyear,when Norcia,50 he complainedthatCiriacohadnot been correspondingwith him as he was wontto do.51In 1450 Scalamontiwas sent by Anconaon a diplomaticmission to the pope, andon anotherto Venice in 1452, when he was characterizedas il nobilecavaliere... dottoredi legge e soggetto di molte qualita.52Among his humanistfriends was FrancescoFilelfo, friend also of Ciriaco's, who addressedfive lettersto Scalamontithat we know of.53Anotherof Filelfo's letters,dated22 June1468, informsa mutualfriendthatScalamontidied that yearof the plaguein his nativeAncona.54 LauroQuirini,thoughmuchyoungerthanScalamontiandunableto claim any such familiaritywith Ciriacoand his familyas Scalamontienjoyed,was not unqualified,as a youthfuladmirer,to attemptCiriaco'sbiography.Born probablyin Cretearound1420,55Quirinisprangfromone of the twenty-four mostancientpatricianfamiliesof Venice, a city with whichCiriacohadclose connections,not least throughhis powerfulVenetianpatronGabrieleCondulmer(EugeniusIV).He studiedin Padua,wherehe won his doctoratein Arts on 26 April1440 andin Civil Law on 16 March1448. In the following year, havingin 1445beenrefusedmembershipin the PaduanCollege of doctorsin artibus,he returnedto Venice, where,perhapson his own account,he gave a course of public lectureson Aristotle'sEthics. In 1451 and 1452 he was a lector in rhetoricandmoralphilosophyat PaduaUniversity,buthe resigned his post in thelatteryear,andat theendof it returnedto Crete,wherehe seems to have spentthe rest of his life. He died in 1480 or 1481. Whilestilla studentat PaduaQuirinimadecontacts,friendlyandotheron a literarycareer.56 In 1441, when wise,withmanyhumanists,andembarked EugeniusIV, drivenfromRome,held courtin Florence,Quirinilodged there

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in the house of CardinalBessarion,and in that year he wrote a lost Latin commentaryon the vernacularsonneton Friendship(the themeof the poetic whichCiriacocontributedto the CertameCoronarioorganized competition) in Florenceby Alberti.57As we shall suggest below, it was very likely this encounterwithCiriacothatpromptedQuirinito undertakehis biography.The fact thatQuiriniwas a Greekscholarhimself-he translatedthe anonymous Greek tractateDe Sacerdotio Christi transmittedin the Suda, and also a speechof Caesar'sfromDio Cassius-no doubtplayedits partin fosteringhis desireto recordthe doings of so passionatea rediscovererof antiqueHellas. As for his other originalcompositions,Quiriniwrote a De Politia in two books; on the occasion of the abortivesecond CertameCoronario (on the theme of Envy) he wrote a Lucianic Dialogus de Gymnasiis Florentinis in

1442;58betweenabout 1446 and 1450 he composedthreerecentlypublished pieces on nobility-a letter addressedjointly with Niccolo Barbo and Francesco Contarinito Pietro Tomasini, a polemical tractate,and a legal consilium-opposing

the argument of Poggio's De Nobilitate of 1440;59in

1447he wroteanotherLucianicdialogue,De Pace Italiae; while a numberof occasionaleulogies andlettersalso survivefromhis pen. It remainsto considerthe materialsfromwhich Scalamonticompiledhis Vita.

Scalamontiexplicitlysays in his dedicatoryletterto Quirinithathe drew his informationfromCiriaco'smotherandrelatives,andfromCiriaco'sown mouthandnumerouswritings.6We haveno meansof distinguishingprecisely what Scalamontireceived orally, but the Vita again and again gives the impressionof repeatingor paraphrasingCiriaco'sown records,and Scalamontitellsus morethanonce in his text thathe had originalcommentariaof Ciriaco'sbeforehim.61 however,noneof these basic notebooks, Unfortunately, Vita (downto 1434 or early 1435), has the covered to the by years relating come down to us, thoughit is clear,apartfrom Scalamonti'stestimony,that suchcommentariadidonce exist, at least for the laterperioddealtwith in the Vita,becauseSarayna,writingin thesixteenthcentury,gives an accountof the in Verona,inspectedby Ciriacoin 1433-1434, which clearlyis amphitheater A comparisonof takenalmostwordfor wordfromCiriaco'stravel-journal:62 Scalamonti'stext (para. 165-166) with Sarayna'squotationillustrateshow closely the authorof the Vita followedthe text of Ciriaco'scommentariaat least on this occasion: Scalamonti:

Sarayna:

Et deniqueVeronam feracissimamet antiquam civitatem... venit, ubi non exigua veterum monumentacomperit,

Et denique Veronam feracissimamet antiquam civitatemvenit, ubi non exigua monumenta comperit,

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VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

praesertimin hac urbeLigurica viditKyriacus, ut in commentariissuis reposuit, labyrinthumqui harenanunc dicitur, et habeturquod constructum fuerit anno OctavianiAugustiXXXIX ante ortumChristitertio, cuiuspars exteriorterraemotibus corruit, nunc extat locus rotundusharenae per totummagnissaxis undiqueconstructus et perfilatus cum cubalis intus et multisantrismultiformiter redimitus. In huiusautemrotunditate narratKyriacusipse quod extantscalae magnislapidibus appositae, quae, quantomagis in altitudine protendebant, tantoplus in rotunditate videbanturampliari; et secundumquodrefertur, quinquagintacubitis in altitudine extenditur, in cuius summitatequidamlocus magnuset nobilis multiformis laboratusmarmoreode lapide circumquaqueredimituserat.

praesertim LabyrinthumquodArenanunc dicitur, et habeturquod constructum fuerit anno imperiiOctaviani trigesimonono ante natalemChristidiem tertio cuiuspars exteriorterraemotibus corruit et nunc conspiciturlocus rotundus Arenaeper totummagnissaxis undiqueconstructusest, ut ita dicam, perfilatus

quumintuscubalis vel antris multiformiterredimitus sit. In huius autemrotunditate extantscalae magnislapidibus appositae, quae, quantomagis in amplitudine protenduntur,

tanto magis in rotunditatem videbanturampliari et, sicut nonnullireferunt, quinquagintacubitis in altitudinem extenditur, in cuius summitatequidamlocus magnuset nobilis multiformis elaboraturmarmoreolapide circumcircaredimituserat.

Further verbal correspondences, moreover, exist between passages in Scalamonti's Vita and two of Ciriaco's surviving set-pieces, namely his Anconitana Illyriacaque laus et Anconitorum Raguseorumque foedus about the trade-treatyconcludedbetween Ancona and Ragusa in June 1440,63and the so-calledItinerarium addressed to Eugenius IV, which refers to the Certame Coronario thattook place in Florence on October 22, 1441 and therefore was written after that date.64 Of the two last-named pieces only the so-called Itinerarium merits serious considerationas a source for the Vita, since it covers some of the same ground as the Vita and exhibits remarkable verbal similarities to numerous

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correspondingpassages of thatwork(see AppendixV). It has, in fact, been argued that verbal coincidences between passages in the Vita and passagesin the Laus et Foedus andthe 'Itinerarium'provea corresponding of the Vitaon theselaterdocuments;65 but it is preferable,granted dependence Ciriaco'shabitof mininghis own notebooksfor passagesusablein letters,to assume that both the Vita and the 'Itinerarium'and Laus et Foedus are on thelostnotebooks,and thatthereforethe Vita is not necessarily dependent dependenton eitherthe 'Itinerarium'or the Laus et Foedus. It is appropriateto discuss here another problem raised by the relativeto the Vita:they sometimesseem to differin presenting 'Itinerarium' the chronological sequence of events. This problem has been solved, classically,by discountingthe 'chronology'of the 'Itinerarium'as unreliable andto preferthatof the Vita.66 This problemdisappears,however,when one considersthe differing natures of the two documents.The Vita is indeed a biographicalrecord in whatthe authorconsidersto be the correctchronologicalorderof arranged events (though there is some confusion here as well).67The so-called Itinerarium, on the otherhand,despite the title given it by its editor,is in actual fact primarilya rhetoricalpiece whose primarypurpose,then, is not information,but persuasion.Writtenin the formof a letterfrom Ciriacoto Pope Eugenius IV, it argues in supportof his request for a diplomatic assignment to the king of Ethiopia (Presbyter Joannes) to obtain that monarch'ssignatureto the unionof churchesagreedupon at the Councilof Florencein 1439andsubsequently signedby representativesof otherchurches in schismwithRome,an assignmentwhichwouldalso have given Ciriacothe to exploreEgyptagain,particularlythe upperNile, whichhe had opportunity not yet visited, and the NorthAfricancoast as far as the Atlas Mountains. Because of the dualpurposeof this requestedmission, Ciriacorecountshis travelsin such a way as to impressthe pope with the connections antiquarian he has madewith importantpersonsin the politicallystrategicplaces of the world.To the carefulreaderit becomesapparentthatCiriaco Mediterranean was much more interestedin advertisinghis first-handknowledgeof these placesandhis easy access to theirlocal rulersthanhe was in giving an exact accountof his antiquarian travels;andthatthe groupingswithin chronological of thedocumentarelogical andrhetoricalin character,according thestructure to persons and places, ratherthanaccordingto strictorderof occurrence.68 Thus the 'confused' chronologyand topographyof the 'Itinerarium,'so frequentlynoted,comes frommisconceivingthe natureof the document,as thoughit were intendedprimarilyas a chronologicalaccountof his travels. Anotherpossible source of the Vita may have been one of the many manuscript editions of Cristoforo Buondelmonti's Liber Insularum Archipelagi.69In one instance(Vita, para. 73) it is evident that Buondelof theislandof Rhodeshas creptinto the text in an almost monti'sdescription for the Vita reads:Videratibi praeterea loci eiusdem form, unintelligible

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amoena pleraque et dulcissima visui prata virentia ac fructiferos regios paradiseoscedrosetflorentissimos hortos, dignumquarti climatis in orbe specimen et oecumenicae, which is in part clearly a misunderstandingof Buondelmonti'sDeinde Rhodumappropinquamus,ubi tanta est viriditas arborum atque amoenitas locorum, quod est mirabile ad videndumet a referenceto a countryretreat praesertimParadisuma Florentinisfactum,70 builtby theItalians(Florentines) in Rhodes.Scalamontimay have misreadthe text of Buondelmontiitself, which he introducedhere into his otherwise Ciriacan source; or, more likely, he may have bungled an attempt to into the narrativea testimoniumfromBuondelmontithatCiriaco incorporate had includedin his notebook at this point, a not uncommonpractice of Thisopensup for the editorof Ciriaco'swritingsa mare'snest of Ciriaco's.7' possibilities, since Buondelmonti'sbook, whichexists in a greatnumberof MSS andin a varietyof redactions,has not yet been satisfactorilyedited,and we have no idea whichof the extantcopies, if any, Ciriacopossessed.72 Whendid Quiriniconceive his ideaof writingCiriaco'sbiography?On this question our only internalevidence is the beginningof Scalamonti's letterto Quiriniwherehe says thathe hadrecently,in Ancona,read dedicatory a letter,writtenby Quiriniin Paduato Ciriacoin Florence,aboutthe projected life. Quirini'sinitialproposal,whichCiriacohad evidentlywelcomed,must havebeenmadequitea timepreviously,becausethe laterpartof Scalamonti's lettermakesit clearthatCiriacohadbeen dilatoryin supplyingthe materials Quirinihadaskedfor,so thatScalamontifelt obligedto compilethemhimself. What,then,werethelikelyorderanddatesof events?It has been suggestedby Morici, on the basis of a letterhe published,dated4 November1438, and addressedfromFlorenceby Ciriacoto anunnamedcorrespondent,thatQuirini resolvedto writeCiriaco'sbiographybeforethatdate.73The letterincludesthe phraseex omnibusviribustuis remmeamad lucem deducere,quamsponte tua et humanitate pollicituses mihi;and Moricitook the wordsremmeamto referto the biography,hence identifyingthe unnamedaddresseewith Quirini himself.Thistheory,however,is highlyconjectural,andBabingerreasonably rejectedit,74for remmeamcouldmeananythingand 1438, when Quiriniwas only about eighteen, is ratherearly a date, perhaps, at which to fix the beginningof his originalliterarycareer. Thusall we know for certainis thatQuirinimadehis requestsome time beforethedeathof Ciriaco.Any effortto pin it down to a particularyear will meet withfailureunlesssome new evidenceis uncovered. Whendid Scalamontiactuallycompilethis materialandwriteit down? There is no way of knowing,for althoughthe narrativeends in late 1434 or early1435, it containssome apparentanachronismsthatpoint to a date later than1435.Thesepassageswillbe pointedoutanddiscussedin the notes to the translationas they occurin the Vita.

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Chronology of the Vita we the Finally, present followingchronologyof events recordedin the Vita, constructedon the basis of internalevidencein the narrativeitself and verified, whereverpossible, by referenceto fixed dates known from other sources.Thetextof the Vitais citedby paragraphnumbers.Externalevidence is presentedin thenotesto the correspondingparagraphsof the translation.75 1391 Bornafter 14 April (Vita,para. 12). 1401 13 April, he visits Venice with his grandfather(para.5-6) and Padua (para.7). 1401-1403 In Ancona,he receives some schooling(para.8) 1403-1404 Early in 1403 (antequam duodecimum aetatis suae annum exactum

vidisset), his grandfathertakes him to the Kingdomof Naples. Passing throughApulia,Samnium,Lucania,andCampaniaand stoppingat Teano and SessaArunca,theyreachNaples,thentravelon to Salerno,Amalfi, Paestum, Tropea, Laconia,and Maida (para.8-11). For a year (per annum moram traxere),he studiesthe rudimentsof grammarat Maida(para.11-12), after whichtheyreturnto Naples at the time of an Anconitanship's arrivalto take Pope Boniface IX to the baths (early in 1404, para. 12). They returnto Anconaby way of Sessa (para.13). 1404 He begins an apprenticeship in Ancona (iam decimum quartum aetatis annum agentem, para. 14).

1406 Is putin chargeof Pietrodi Jacopo'sbusiness(vixdumexacto biennio, para. 14). 1411 Electedto theboardof six anzianiandbecomesa senator(anteaquamservicii tempus explicuisset, para. 15).

1412 finishes 1412, apprenticeship(para. 15). BeforeApril,voyage to Early of sees antiquities Alexandria(para. 17). On returnvoyage, visits Egypt; Rhodesand Chios (wherehe is promotedto seniorclerk);Miletus-passing

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Samos and Icariaalong the way-(para. 18); the Cypriotecities of Kirini, Paphos,Famagusta,and Nicosia and nearbyBeirut;and Reggio in Calabria (para.19), Messina,Gaeta,andCastellamare(para.20). 1413 Returnswitha new cargoto Alexandriaafterbeing blown off courseby a stormthatdrovethempast Ustica to refugein the Sicilianportof Trapani (26 February1413, para.21). He is back in AnconabeforeSeptember1413 (tribus semestribusexactis, para.22), rich enoughto augmenthis sister's dowry.On 7 October1413 takes part in repellingan assaulton Anconaby Galleazzo Malatesta,afterwardwriting his first literarycomposition, an accountin Italianof the event (para.23). 1413-1415 in two Spendsnearly years Ancona(binosfere annos, para.31), partly in privatelife, partlyas an anziano. ReadsDante,Petrarch,and Boccaccio. Engagesin poetic correspondencewith humanistfriends(para.23-30). 1415 Embarkson a journeyto Sicily, stoppingat Scilla in Calabria;sees the of Taormina; thenvia Messinato Palermo;inspectsthe antiquities antiquities of Palermoandthe surroundingcountry,includingMonreale(para.31-34). 1417 On returnvoyage to Venice, visits Zarain Croatia(para.35), wherehe hears of the election of Martin V (after 11 November 1417, para. 35). Disposingof his merchandisein Venice, he is back in Anconaby the end of the year (para.36-37). 1418 Embarks early in September on a merchant ship headed for Constantinople, stoppingalong the way at Suasnain Epirus(13 September), Delos,andSestosnearGallipoli,arrivingat Constantinople7 October(para. 37). The antiquitiesof the city are described(para.38-42). He visits the Genoesecolony of Galata/Pera(para.43). 1419 Returnsto Ancona,wherehe stays for some time (per aliquot tempus moratusfuerat), afterwhichhe visits Pola, inspectingits antiquities(para. 44). After a few days in Ancona,he returnsto Chios, Gallipoli,Constantinople, stopping at Albuneo in Dalmatiaon the way (para. 45). Back in Ancona,he engagesin variousbusiness,includinga commissionto balancethe booksof a local merchant,which he does successfully(para.46).

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1420 CardinalGabrieleCondulmeris appointedlegate of the Marcheson 7 February1420 (para.47). June-July,Ciriacoserves as podestd in Varano duringplaguein Ancona(noteto para.46). 1421 to 1423 Financialofficer in the projectto repairthe harborof Ancona (fere biennio, para.47). The yearis derivedfrom the 'Itinerarium,'dated 1441, which says this occurredbis denos ante annos. Duringthis time Ciriaco begins to study Latin (eodem legati tempore,para.53) and his interestin antiquitiesis sparkedby close inspectionof the Archof Trajanat the harbor of Ancona(para.54). In March1423 he journeysfromAnconato Venice via FanoandRimini(AppendixI, letterfromRimini, 15 March1423). 6 August 1423,he resignshis financialpost when Condulmerleaves for assignmentin Bologna (para.48). Exchangeof poems between Ciriaco and Serafinoof Urbino(para.49-52). 1424 3 December(Martinoquintopontifice, eiusdempontificis anno octavo et ad IIINonarumDecembriumdiem),Ciriacogoes to Rome,wherehe stays forfortydays as a guestof CardinalCondulmerinspectingandrecordingthe antiquities(para.55); realizestheirimportanceas historicalevidence(para. 56), andlamentstheirruinousstate(para.56-57). Composespoem in praise of Pope Martin'snephew,Antonio (para.58). Remainsin Rome through Christmasand New Year's Day (natalicia humanatiIovis solemnia ... et faustum recentis anni principiumab anno salubri milleno quatricenteno quinto atque bis denos eiusdem humanati dei et theogoni Iesu indulgentissimo nomine antiquatae legis ritu circuncisi et antiquis a Latinis bicipitislani nominecultum,Kalendarumlanuariarum,para.59). 1425 1 Januaryleaves Rome for Ancona, stopping at Sutri, Viterbo, and Orvieto(para.60). ?1426 ?1427 Electedanziano of Ancona(para.61). 1427 13 May ?Ancona,finishescopyingOvid's Fasti (note on para.76, ad fin.). 21 December,letterfromFilelfo in Venice to Ciriacoin ?Ancona(note to para.68).

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1428 He sets out from Ancona, illico exacto magistratu, as commercial

representativeof ZaccariaContariniin Cyprus (para. 61); after stops at Monopoli,Bari,andancientAnteriumin Apulia,he arrivesin Constantinople, wherehe picks up the rudimentsof Greek(para.62); sailingon to Chios,he meetsAndreoloGiustiniani-Bancha for the firsttime andbuys a GreekNew Testament(para.63); thenceby wayof Rhodesto BeirutandDamascus(para. 64-66); thenfromBeirutto Famagustain Cyprus,wherehe servesas vicarfor thepodesti, makingdecisionsbasedon Romanlaw (para.67). 1428-1429 He reachesNicosialaterin 1428 (noteto para.75), wherehe is received by the majesticKing Janus Lusignan,who takes him on a hunt; Ciriaco completes Zaccharia'sbusiness within a year (nondumexpleto anno) and of theIliad, Odyssey,Euripides,andTheodosius(para. purchasesmanuscripts 68-71). 1429 ([E]xactis rebus), he leaves Nicosia after composing an inscription honoringKingJanus(para.72) and sails fromFamagustato Rhodes,where he inspectsthe antiquities,purchasingthreerecentlyexcavatedfragmentsof sculpture(para.73). Makingfor Thraceby way of Chios,he translatesa Life of Euripideswhile awaitingfavorablewinds at Kardhamyla(para.74); then, by wayof Tenedosto Gallipoli,wherehe unloadsZaccaria'sgoods andbrings themby camel to Adrianople,the TurkishEuropeancapital(para.75). 1429-1430 He winters(per hyemem)in Adrianople,selling his merchandiseand listeningto Greeklectureson HomerandHesiod (para.75). After29 March 1430(thedateof the fall of Salonica),he buys Greekmanuscripts(Ptolemy's Geography)and an Epiroteslave-girlfromthe Turkishplunderof thatcity, andplans a journeyto Persia(para.75). At Gallipolihe ships goods (hides, carpets,andslave-girl)on to Ancona,thentravelsoverlandto Philippito see its antiquities(para.76); thenon to Salonica,wherehe views its paganand Christianmonumentsandbuys moremanuscripts(para.77). 1431 Returningto Gallipoli some time after 3 March, he hears news of Condulmer'selectionon that date to the papacyas EugeniusIV (para.78). Cancellingplansfor travelto Persia,he sends off lettersto influentialfriends in Italy and Dalmatia expressing his pleasure, and sets out to collect intelligence to supporthis projectsfor union with the Greekchurchand a crusadeagainstthe Turks(para.78-79) with the aid of Memnon,a seasoned miltaryadvisor,in theprincipalTurkish-heldcities andcentersof Asia Minor.

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Theirfirststopis Bursa,theOttomancapitalin Asia, wherehe pleadswith the governorCanuzaBey to put a stop to the gradualspoliationof the templeat Cyzicus(para.80-81). After revisitingCyzicus (para.82-83), he makesfor Constantinople by land,stoppingto inspecttheantiquitiesof Nicaea (para.84) before crossing the Bosporus at Scutari, which he takes to be ancient Chalcedon(para.85). In Constantinople,learningthatthe next ship for Anconawouldnot be leaving for a month (para. 85), he uses the interveningtime to continue locationsin Turkish-heldAnatoliathatareof strategicas well reconnoitering as antiquarianinterest,sailingfirst to Lesbos, wherehe inspectsthe cities of Mytilene,Pyrrha,and Methymna(para.86), then crossesto the mainlandto see Pergamum(para.87), then the ruinsof ancientCyme andSmyrna(para. 88), beforeproceedingon to Old andNew Foglia on the mainland,andthence overto Chiosto awaithis ship (para.89-90) for Ancona(para.91). Between 31 Octoberand6 November(note to para.91), leaves Chios for Ancona. After a few days at home Ciriacohastensto Rome to see the new pope, whom he urges to call a council of union with the Greek Churchand to proclaima crusadeagainstthe Turks(para.92). 1432 this visit to he Rome, inspectsthe antiquitiesof Tivoli and Ostia During He to Rome to see the pope (para.204);76then,when returns (para.93-96). he hearsof rebelAnconitanspracticingpiracy,he hurriesto Gaetato advise a friend,thecaptainof anAnconitanshipsentto join the fleet chargedwith the missionto bringthemtojustice (para.204-205); when this ship leaves Gaeta forNaples,Ciriaco,planningto meet it there,travelsby land,keepingan eye outforantiquities,fromGaetaby way of Terracina,Minturno,Sessa, Capua, and Aversa (para. 206-209). He returnsto Naples, whence he visits the Virgilian landmarksin Pozzuoli, Lake Averno, Cumae, Baiae and Cape Miseno (para.209-210); after an excursionthroughNaples to Benevento (para.211-214), he returnsto the portcity, wherehe boardshis friend'sship, whichfirst conveys to Messinaemissariessent by the pope to King Alfonso (para.215), thensailsto theGulfof Tarantoto join the Anconitanfleet; there, unable to attack the pirate ship because it is protectedby Queen Maria d'Enghien,the fleet returnsto Anconawith Ciriacoaboard(para.215-216). Sometimebetween8 July1432 (noteto para.97) andApril 1433 he goes to meet emperor-electSigismund,whom withtwopapalambassadors Siena to he presentswith a gold coin of Trajanas a model of a good emperor,and is receivedinto his court(para.97). 1433 Before25 April1433 (note to para.97) he returnsto Rome, presumably in theentourageof the emperor-elect.AfterSigismund'scoronationin Rome (31 May 1433)he againlobbiestheemperorto press the pope for a council of

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unionanda crusadeagainsttheTurks(para.98). Whiletouringthe city's ruins with Sigismundhe deploresthe practiceof burningup into lime the ancient architectural sculptures, pieces andinscriptions(para.99). LeavingRome for pointsnorthhe firstvisits Pisa (para.100);thenFlorence(beforeSeptember 1433:noteto para.101). Brunelleschiconductshim aroundhis dome, thenin he sees the baptisteryandthe publicbuildings,not omittingthe construction; ancientwallsandtheaterof Fiesole(para.104); andhe meets the politicaland intellectualleadersof Florenceas well as its leadingartists(para.101-103). A northernjourneybrings him to Bologna and Modena(para. 105-110), Parma(para. ll), Piacenza,andPavia (para.112, note). 1433-1434 in he Milan, Arriving inspectsits monumentsandcopies inscriptionsin thecityandits surroundingarea,includingthe castleandmonasteryof Pavia (para. 113-151), then on to Brescia (para. 152-164) and Verona (para. 165-189). Afterreturningto Milan,wherehe spendsseveraldays with the duke (para. 190), he goes on to Mantua(para.191-197) and Genoa (para. 198-204).

INTRODUCTION

19

NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION 1. The dateof Ciriaco'sbirthmay be calculatedin the followingmanner.Althoughour firstfixed date is 1404, when Ciriaco was aged thirteen(see Vita, note to para. 12, and chronology,below),the Vita (para.6) says thatCiriaco,aged aboutnine years,was in Venice on 13 April,whenMicheleStenowasdoge.Since Stenodid not becomedoge until 1 December 1400(cf. MorozzodellaRoccaandTiepolo,185),Ciriaco'svisit to Venice occurredon 13 April 1401, whenhe wasstillnineyearsold. We conclude,then,thathe was bornsome time after 14 Aprilin the year 1391. 2. Regardingthe date of Ciriaco'sdeath,the only documentaryevidencewe have is a statementon fol. 41 of the TrottiMS 373 in the AmbrosianLibraryin Milan,which says that he died in 1452 (KiriacusAnconitanusCremonemorituranno dominiMcCCCCLsecundo, mense**** die ****:Sabbadini,1910, 193, who says the scribe,Botta,firstwroteLXII,then erased the XII and substitutedsecundo;Bodnar, 1960, 68, note 4). Cremonaas the place of Ciriaco's deathis corroboratedby a verse eulogy in T (fol. 177r,ed. Colucci, 151, Bodnar, 1960,68): O Kiriace,virumveterummonumentarequirens, Ethiopes,Indos,ArabesTheucrosquepetisti. Ossa Cremonatenet,animustamenastrapetivit. GloriaPicentum,Piceni (cod. picenni)carminemhabebis. Attemptsto find a recordof his deathin Cremonahave so farprovedunsuccessful. We mustnow rejectJacobs'hypothesis(1929-30), summarizedin Bodnar(1960, 67-68) thathe waswithMehmedIIas thesultan'stutorjust beforethe fall of Constantinople(according to a Venetian'chronicle'byLanguschi),thathe enteredthe city with the Conqueror,and made a drawingof the equestrianstatueof Justinianafterit was loweredto the groundfromthe top of its pillarin the Augusteion,and is referredto underthe nameKurizisby Filelfo in a letter writtento thesultanaftertheconquest.P.W. Lehmann,1959, was the firstto attackpartof this hypothesis,arguingthat the drawing,which is in a BudapestMS that found its way to the Seraglioandwas laterreturned,was modelledon a medallionof Theodosiusratherthanon the statue. Babingerat firstacceptedthe identificationof Kuriziswith Ciriaco(1954, 136), then movedawayfromJacobs'position,assertingthatthe MS in the Seragliowas probably gradually neverownedby Mehmed1I(1962, 322-324), thatit was not broughtto Byzantiumfrom Buda until 1526 by Suleimanthe Magnificent(1966, 442), and suggestingthatthe drawingwas indeedcopiedfroma medallion,or perhapsa mosaic, but not in Constantinople,possibly rather in Crete,eitherin Candia(1962, 322-324) or in Gortyna(1964, 66-67), an islandthatCiriaco visitedseveraltimes,including1435, 1445, and 1446 (1961, 76). Babingeralso arguedthatthe 'chronicle'of Languschiwas a misnomer,since Languschicould not have been in Constantinople in 1453 and the text in fact parallelsclosely, and may even be basedon, the account writtenbyNicholaosSagundinosin thatyear.Patrinelis,1968, acceptedthe argumentsof LehmannandBabingerandprovedin additionthatthe KupiSl, of Filelfo's letterwas not Ciriaco, but a GreeknamedDimitriosApokafkosKyritzis,secretaryto the Sultanfrom 1446. Raby, 1981,putthe finalnail in the coffin of Jacobs'theoryby showingthatthe Languschitext had beenmisread:theItaliantutorof MehmedIIwas not uno compagnod(etto) Chiriaco d Ancona but uno compagnod(i) Chiriaco d Ancona! We must also rejectthe suggestionby Harlfinger,1990, 225-236, that MS VindobonensisHist,gr. 1, a copy of Ptolemy'sGeographyend-dated31 October1454, is the product of a collaborationbetweenCiriacoandthe calligrapher,Skutariotes,fromwhich he concludes thatautumn1454,is the terminuspost quemfor Ciriaco'sdeath.This argumentrestson Harlin the hand of finger's identificationof the Greeknotationson the maps as "unmistakably" Ciriaco,a positionconvincingly rejectedon palaeographicalgroundsby S. Gentile, 1992. 295n. We are gratefulto Dott. ElisabettaBarileandProfessorsNigel Wilsonand AnnaPontanifor the referenceto Gentile.

20

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

3. Cf. Mommsen, CIL m, passim; De Rossi, 1888, II, 356-387; Ziebarth,1902; MacKendrick,1952;Ashmole, 1959;Bodnar,1960. 4. Fava, 1944, identifieda numberof Ciriacanautographsand tracedthe evolutionof Ciriaco'shand;for individualautographssee Mommsen,Jahrbuch, 1883; Sabbadini,1910; Maas, 1915;Ashmole, 1959;Campana,1959;andMitchell, 1974. 5. CILV, 1, p. 322 (prefaceto the Veronensia). 6.... Grecaplurimalatinis mixta,verbainepta,latinitasmala, constructioinconcinna, sensusnullus,ut veraresponsaPhebi suboscura,aut dicta Spingeesse videantur,quepreter Sibillamintelligatnemo.... In a letterto LeonardoBruni,fromFerrara,31 March1438,ed. H. Harth,I, 1984,pp.298-301, no. 13;OperaOmnia,ed. de Tonellis,II, 1859,pp. 161-164. See also Maas, 1915, 13-14; Bodnar, 1960, 20-21. 7. See Pall, 1937;Dabrowski,1951;andBodnar,1988. 8. Ciriacoto Pietrode' Bonarellis,15 March1423 (text andbibliographyin AppendixI); Ciriacoto LeonardoBruni,13 December?1433, with Bruni'sreply(textsandbibliographyin AppendixII). 9. EditedbyLorenzoMehus,1742,fromMS Vat. Ottob.lat.2967, fols. 1-23. The nature of thisdocumentandits chronological'unreliability'arediscussedlaterin this introduction. 10. Treviso,Bibl. Capitolare,MS 2 A/1 (formerlyI 138). We shallreferto it as 'T.' 11. Ed. G. Colucci, 1792, XV, 50-100. 12. ForFelice see Mitchell,1961, with bibliography,andMardersteig,1960. 13.A. Hobson,1989,p. 73, fig. 59 (photographof the binding)andAppendix2, p. 255, no. 2: "Bindingattributedto Felice Feliciano...." See also figures56 and58 (picturesof fols. 10rand 120v).We owe to Hobson'sbookthenew shelf numberand the dimensionsof the MS. 14. The yearit was copied for Tiraboschi. 15. As in the autographMS publishedby Maas, 1915 (B4). 16. T, fols. 7v-8r: Felix Felicianus Veronensishunc transcripsitlibellumnomine ac rogatu clari et optumi Samuelis fil. lacobini Tridatensis ex agro Mediolanensi viri magnanimitate ac ingenio atq. omni virtute decorati qui ad illustrissimamdicatus est Gunzagiam regiam vir quidem solertissimusantiquis reb. facetus ex ore cuius et gestu plurimus lepor emergitqui amicos ingentimunificentiasempercomplexusest opera cuius auctoritatepollent maximaquas ob res manuseas quib. hunc ipsumtractareac percurrere contigeritoratas velimnon infide sed in reddendocitaefiant. 17. For LauroQuirinisee now Branca, 1977; also, Babinger,1961, 52-56, 104; and idem, 1964, 67 ff. 18. Fols. 10v and 1lr arereproducedby Mitchell, 1961,pl. 32a.

INRODUCTION

21

19. See above, note 2. 20. For the latestandbest editionof this opusculumsee Sabia, 1977-1978. 21. For the date see Lehmann,1977, 29, note 66. 22. Cf. BertalotandCampana,1939; van Essen, 1958 (with reproductionsof the torn drawingson fol. 173); Bodnar, 1960, 22, note 7; Mitchell, 1962, 285-286 and notes; and Lehmann,1977, fig. 30. 23. See Mardersteig,1960,who gives recipesfor variouscoloredinks in the backof the book. 24. The drawingon fol. 120v is reproducedby Mitchell, 1961, pl.38c. 25. For the Latintext see AppendixIV. The paragraphsof both the Latintext and the translation havebeennumbered bytheeditorsfor ease of referenceandto facilitatecomparison. This same systemhas beenemployedwith the text andtranslationof the Vita. 26. Leonardi rightlyattributesthe laisser-passerto MehmedII's father,MuradII, rather thanto the Conquerorhimself.See next note. 27. Thisreadsas if itmightbe a directquote,in translation,fromthe sultan'sfirman itself. On 8 April 1446, in a letterfrom Foglia Nuova to AndreoloGiustinianiof Chios, Ciriaco announcedhis intentionof going on the morrowwith FrancescoDraperioto Manisa,where MuradII,who in 1444hadabdicated(temporarily,it turnedout) in favorof his twelve-year-old son,MehmedI washoldingcourt,to obtainthe cherishedsafe-conduct.Draperio,a powerful Genoese merchant in the Levant and a favorite of Murad, was undoubtedlyCiriaco's intercessor.The letter,whichoccursin MS Targ.49 of the Bibl. Nazionalein Florence(Fn8), fols.2 lr-22r,waspublished onlyin partby TargioniTozzetti, 1773,V, 450. See also Babinger, 1950, 255-259; 1978, 29, 41-45; and Bodnar, 1988, 264. 28. Ciriaco'sfamily,thoughnot well off (his fatherseems to have died when he was youngandhe hadto earnhis sister'sdowryby servicein the merchantmarine),was apparently patrician, for he was elected to the Anconitansenate at an age earlierthan the prescribed minimum(Vita,para.15) andservedseveraltimesas a magistrateof the city (Vita,passim). 29. Forthe textsof thesethreeinscriptionssee AppendixIV. 30. SeePaulKristeller, 1901,472-473; Ziebarth,1903, 480-481, with criticaltext of the Memoratu digna and the Jubilatio on 491-493; Mitchell, 1960, 476-478. For a recent discussionof these texts see Lightbown,1986, 40, 94-96, and 258 (notes 48-52). 31. For an exampleof this languagesee Mitchell, 1960, 469, 476. Foran interpretation of thenatureof theJubilatiobasedon Felice's use of Ciriacesquelanguagesee M. Billanovich, 1989. 32. For Marcanovasee Dennis, 1927; Huelsen, 1907; Lawrence,1927; and Mitchell, 1960, 475, 479. 33. Tiraboschi,1783, 156-177; 1807, 177-201.

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

22 34. Ibid., 1783, 157. 35. Colucci, 1792, 4.

36. Tiraboschi,1783, 157. 37. Colucci,50, note 1;Tiraboschi,1783, 157. 38. Degli Agostini,I, 227. 39. Mehus, 1742, 1 ff. 40. Olivieri, 1763, 55-56. 41. Tiraboschi,1783, 156-177; 1807, 177-201. 42. Colucci,iv. 43. Spadolini,1901,70-72, who obtainedthe familyhistoryfroma manuscriptbook lent him by a CountScalamontiof CamerataPicena (70, note 3). 44. Spadolini,1901, 70. 45. Originally publishedby Mehus,1742,58-65; see Bodnar,1960, 27, note 2. Definitive editionbyLilianaMontiSabia, 1977-1978, unaffectedby the laterdiscoveryof two new MSS (cf. Bibliography,'RecentWorkon Ciriaco,'s.v. Sabia). 46. Publishedby Mehus, 1742, 58-65; cf. Bodnar,1960, 27, note 2. 47. Spadolini,1901, 70b and note 1. 48. Spadolini,1901, 71. 49. Moroni, 1650, 41-42; Mehus, 1742, 73-76. 50. Spadolini,1901, 71. This notice occursin Norcia,Archiviocomunale,Riformanze, vol. 4, fol. 86v: In die nomineanno dominiMCCCCXLI... die veroprimo mensis decembr. nobilisetpraestantissimus miles dominusFranciscusde Scalamontibusde Anconahonorem potestatis terraeNursiae eiusque territoriiet districtuspro sex mensibusproxime venturis hodie inchoatis.... 51. Florence,Bibl.Naz.ILIX, 15,pp.258-259; Volterra,Bibl. Guamacci,MS 5031, fols. 32v-33r.Citedin part(fromtheVolterraMS) by Spadolini,1901,71b, andby De Rossi, 1888, II, 361a, note 3 (fromthe FlorenceMS). 52. Spadolini,1901, 71. 53. Filelfo,Epistolarumfamiliarium,1502, fol. 34r-34v (29 September1444); 36v (31 October1444);71v (5 September1452);fol. 190r(31 January1467);and fol. 191v (27 June 1467).Allareaddressedto Francisco Scalamontiequitiaurato.Spadolini,1901,71, employs quotations from the first three of these to illustratethe relationshipbetween Filelfo and Scalamonti.

INTRODUCTION

23

54. Babinger,1964, 67. 55. Thefollowingsummaryof LauroQuirini'slife is fromP.O. Kristeller'sintroduction to Brancaet al., 1977,27. For a moredetailedchronologyof Quirini'slife andwritingssee the 'Cronologia'by Seno andRavegnaniin the same volume, 11-18. They differfromKristeller in placingLauro'sdeathbetween 1475 and 1479. See also Babinger,1961, 53, and 1964, 68. 56. Thefollowingsummaryof Quirini'sliterarycareeris also fromP.O. Kristeller,ibid., 29-31. See also Seno-Ravegnani's'Cronologia,'in the same volume,passim,andBabinger, 1964, 69-71. 57. Ciriaco,in a letterto PopeEugeniusIV, the so-called'Itinerarium'(ed. Mehus, 1742, 13-14): Quin et hac utique in urbe [i.e., Florence]novissime quidem novimus Laurum Quirinum, Venetumpatricium certe nobilem et latine graeceque perdoctum, qui quum eo in carmine,quod inflorentina scaena XI. Kal. Novembris[- 22 October1441] nuperrime de praeclarissima rerum amicitia materno quidem eloquio brevissimum habuimus, commentariumlatine ornatequescripsisset,me quoque prima in parte antiquarumrerum curiosissimumrepertoremvocitaremaluerat. See also the letterof IacopoZeno to Ciriaco(Bertalotand Campana,1939, 369). For in theCertameCoronoriosee G. Mancini, 1911, 202, who Ciriaco'sandQuirini'sparticipation didnotcompetefor the prize(a silvercrown),butreciteda sonnetin persona, saysthatCiniaco piu attamenteche certi altri, perche e di singolare ed elevato ingegno. He addsthatQuirini wrotefortheoccasionof theCertamea Tractatus perlepidusin gymnasiisflorentinis,now lost. Ciriaco'ssonnetis preservedin MS II.V.160of the BibliotecaNazionalein Florence,fol. 33. See also Gorni, 1972, andPonte, 1975, 133-136. 58. PublishedbyL. Bertalot(with A. Wilmanns), 1923, 478-509 (text on pp. 483-493). 59. Brancaet al. give editionsof all threetreatises. 60.... calamumcepi,et KyriaciAnconitaninostri originemvitamqueet peregrinationis cursum,et horumquaequememoratudigna visasunt,et quae carae parentis ab ore suorumve relatu,et ab eo ipsoet suisplerisquelitterisintelligere,noscere atquevidereet perciperepotui (Vita,para.3). 61. The word commentariaoccurssix times in the Vita (para.55, 76, 105, 113, 166, 191).We havetreatedit, not as the title of a book, but as a commonnounmeaning'notes,' or 'notebook,''journal.' 62. Sarayna,1540 II, xiii: De Amphitheatroetiam legitur in quibusdam chronicis quamarenamvulgo appellant,anno XLIIImperiiAugustiextructumfuisse, Amphitheatrum, et CyriacusAnconitanus in quodamitinerariosic scriptumreliquit (emphasisours). 63. Published,along with the archivaltext of the treatyitself, by Praga, 1932-1933, 270-278. For the verbalcorrespondencessee Campana,1959, 494-498. 64. FortheCertameCoronariosee above, note 57. The texts of the relevantpassagesof the 'Itinerarium'aregatheredtogetherin AppendixV. 65. Campana,1959, 485-489, 492. 66. Tiraboschi,1783, 165;Colucci, 1792, 32-36; De Rossi, 1888, II, 361.

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

24

67. See the 'Chronology'at the end of this Introduction. 68. Thatsuch linkingexpressionsas deinde, exinde anddemumneed not be construed in a temporalsense is cleareven fromtheirclassicalusage (see the OxfordLatinDictionary, s.v.). Moreover,Ciriaco'srelativedisdainforexact chronologyis evidenteven in the fragments of his commentaria thathavecome down to us: in almostevery case thereis a confusionin the orderof presentationthatis not alwaysexplicableon codicologicalgrounds,leavingone with a strongsuspicionthathe kepthis notebooksin rathera helter-skelterfashion.ThatCiriacowas an inveterate name-ropperwillbe clearfromeven a cursorylook at the Indexat the end of this volume.ForByzantinenamesin this Palaeologanperiodsee ProsopographischesLexikonder Palaiologen-zeit(PLP). 69. ForBuondelmontisee Weiss, 1972, 198-200, with the accompanyingbibliography, and Luttrell,1986, 189-194 and 210-211. 70. Buondelmonti,Liber insularum,ed. de Sinner, 1824, 73, and Luttrell,1986, 211, note 64. 71. See, for instance,Maas, 1915, regardingan autographnotebookof parerga keptby Ciriacoduringhisjourey throughthemainlandof Greece(now MS Berol.graec.qu. 89 [B4]). 72. Cf. Mitchell,1962, who arguesthatBodley MS CanoniciMisc. 280, a miscellany whichcontains(fols.1-64) a copy of Buondelmonti'sLiberInsularum,is entirelycomposedof Ciriacana. Althoughthis is not an autographof Ciriaco's,it strengthensthe hypothesisthatthe travelercarriedwith him a copy of Buondelmontijust as he is knownto have carrieda Strabo See now also Luttrell,1986, 211, note 64. (Bodnar,1960,54 and118-119, withbibliography). 73. Morici, 1896, 8-12. 74. Babinger,1964, 67, note 3. 75. For a recentattemptto constructa chronologyof Ciriaco'sentirelife and career, includingthe yearscoveredby the Vita, see Patitucci,1991. The Table Chronologiquedes principauxvoyages de Cyriaquein Colin, 1981, 561-599, begins only with the year 1435. 76. Forthechronologicalanomaliesoccurringin this sectionof the Vitasee the notes to para.215-217 of the translation.

INTRODUCTION

25

A NOTEON THE LATIN TEXT For the convenienceof the readerwe have punctuatedthe text and divided it into paragraphsaccordingto sense, not accordingto the rather arbitrarypunctuationand paragraphingof the manuscript,and we have expandedmostof theabbreviations.Numeralsabove one hundredarewritten as in theMS.Thosebelowa hundredare spelledout. To facilitatecomparison between the text and our translation,we have numberedthe paragraphsin both. in Ciriaco'sstylisticmannerismscan see themin Anyoneexperienced of which often seems nothingmorethanthe transcription Scalamonti's prose, first In from from the to the third. Ciriaco's diaries, changed person passages in whether the mattersof orthography, therefore, determining misspellingof a Latin word is Felice's or Scalamonti's(and/orCiriaco's) we have been guidedby thesurvivingautographsof Ciriaco'swritings.For instance,it was Ciriaco'shabitualpracticeto writethe diphthong'ae' in full, whereasFelice tends to write simply 'e.' Again, the habit of doublingconsonantsin the interiorof Latinwordsseems to be an idiosyncrasyof Felice's, not Ciriaco's. Regardingfaulty syntax,wherewe have consideredit necessaryto correct Felice's evidentmistakes,the actualreadingsof the manuscriptarerecorded in the apparatus criticus. If the error seems to be Scalamonti's (and/or

Ciriaco's),we havetriedto leave it unchangedunless an obviouscorrectionis needed to clarifythe intendedmeaning.Finally,regardingthe inscriptions reportedin the Vita,since it is impossibleto recoverCiriaco'scopies exactly as he wrotethemdownin his notebooks,oreven as Scalamontirecopiedthem, we have reproducedthemas they appearin Felice's capricioustext, line for line and errorfor error.Propereditionsof each of themcan be foundin the C.I.L.

VITA CLARISSIMI ET FAMOSISSIMI VIRI KYRIACI ANCONITANI FELICIl ER INCIPIT 1. FranciscusScalamontiuseques AnconitanusLauroQuirinoVeneto patricioviro clarosalutemdicit. 2. Cum hisce diebus nuper apud Anconem patriamelegantemillam epistolam tuam quamexacto temporee Patavinaurbe FlorentiamKyriaco Anconitanonostrodestinastia vidissem,clarissimeLaure,tui ex ea nobilitatem animi existimarebcoepi. Quom te tam rarissimihominisvitam cursumque describere deligisseperceperam,remcertebene merentemet honorificamsui et tuae dignamfacundiaeduco, nec te hac ipsa in re Italos interdoctissimos homines dormitantecquippe ingenio consideravi.Nam quis clarioremsibi nostroaevomateriempolitioremdiucundioremvein scribendodeligereposset memoriaelitterisvemandare? quamesingularisvirivitamperegrinationemquef illum in orbe solus Qui geographumClaudiumPtolemoeum post insignem Caesaris ab Hadriani Alexandrinum temporeper triaatquedecemannorum situs et centenag orbem totum percurrere,regionum provintiarumqueh nobilissiet lacus maria fontes montes, nemora, atque fluviosque, qualitates, masurbeset oppidaperGraeciam,Asiamet AegyptumperqueIonicasinsulas et Aegaeasvisereindagarequesui quadamanimimagnitudineet generositate ausus est. Et quicquidin his dignumnobilia inter venerandaeveternitatis monumentacomperuit,LatineGraecevehonestenon in vulgaribusquidem litterisemendavit,et denique,ut saepe suo audivimusore, quicquidin orbe reliquumest ad extremaoceani'promontoriaet ad Thylemusqueinsulamet abmotasquascunquealias mundipartesviderescrutariqueindefessonempe

a

cod. destinatas.Unless otherwiseindicated,subsequentreadingsgiven in this apparatus criticusarethose of the Trevisomanuscript(T) thatthe editorshave correctedin the text. bextimare

c dormitanti dpoliciorem equantam

f peregrinationequem g centona h

provintiasque

'occeani

26

TEXT

27

animo proposuerat,suis quibusque incommodis,laboribus atque vigiliis omnibusexpertisposthabitisque. 3. Equidem,vir dare et vereMusarumdecusvirentissimeLaure,ipsumte verum hac in parte Quirinumet Quirininominisdignissimumpossessorem exomatoremque cognosco,dumte tamdignamet honorificam provinciamcepisse tam diligentemscilicetaLatininominisexoratorem ornareatque conspicio, insigniasuaquaequeoramenta insigniterperenniafacerete primumomnesinter decrevisse.Igiturhonesteut late magiset integreopus Italosbprovidentissime ab ea eo perficereposses, ipsa in epistolavitaesuaecursumomnema natalidie certo ordinetibi certiusdescribereflagitabas.Qua in re cum eum tardiorem vidissem(namin alienispotiusquampropriisin rebuslaudibusvesolertemesse cognovi) et me sibi in primisab ineunteaetateet a teneris,ut aiunt,unguiculisc amicicia,consuetudineet domesticaomni familiaritateiunctumplane cognovissem, id mihi honestumet honorabilemunus honos ipse atque honestas quodequidemabnuerenefariumduxi. Pro igiturmunere iniungerevidebatur,d suscepto calamumcepi,eet KiriaciAnconitaninostri originemvitamqueet cursum,et horumquaequemenoratudignavisa sunt,et quaecarae peregrinationis ab ore suorumverelatu,et ab eo ipso et sui plerisquelitterisintelligere, parentis noscerefatquevidereet perciperepotui, hisce benivolentiaedignissimaetuae curavi. brevissimoordinedescribendum atquehiscetransmittendum Vale et Kiriacumipsumlege.

4.

... [About220 wordsare missing: cf Note 5 of Translation.]cavit. 5. Ac eos bonis moribuslitterisqueerudirequoad licuit operamdedit. Interea Kiriacus,pueriam fere novennis,gingentiet innatavisendi orbis cupiditate, fatali quadamsorte et divino quodamafflantenumine,KiriacumSilvaticum tumfortehperAdriacumVenetiasreisuaecausapetenteminvitaparenteavum quidemavide sequitur. a

silicet

bItalas

unguinculis d

videbantur

"coepi fnosce g novenis h

fortem

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

28

Namtamcelebrisamplissimaecivitatisfamaiam tenerumpueriatque 6. fatalemanimumexcitarat.QuamdemumIdibusAprilisMichaeleStennoduce splendidissimamavidit et admiratus est mirificentissimamurbem. Et quemadmodumfata dederantinclytamhanc et insignem Italiae civitatem tantae sibi indagationisprincipiumfore praedignum,ita eam ipsam avidius diligereamarequesemperet ingentilaudeattollereexomarequeconatusest. Exinde pueripse KiriacusKiriacoavo ipso ducentePatavinamadivit 7. Enetumet egregiamurbem,quam,FranciscoCararioprincipe,b magnam antiquam muro videratet pleno undiqueflumineablutam.Inde et triplicicircundatam nobilemeiusdemcivitatisarcemet oratissimamprincipisaulamvidit, in qua primumin claustrisvivos deambulareleones conspexissememorabat. Exindeveropatriamsuosquerevisitet dilectissimamgenetricem,quae 8. summostudiopuerumFranciscoZampetapaedagogodocentelitteriserudire curaverat.Sed anteaquamduodecimumaetatis suae annumpuer exactum vidisset, et Kiriacumavum ad Ladislaumregem maturarecertis indiciisc percepisset,expretisomnibuset charaeparentisprecibus,avum sequi terra mariqueconstituit. Brucioset Salentinoscamposperque Et sic ex PicenodperMauricinos, 9. Lucanos Sannitas, atqueCampanosNeapolitanumomne nobilissiApuleos,e mum regnumpercurrit,plerisqueegregiis urbibusoppidisquevisis, in quis pleraquevetustatummonumentaconspectareiam coeperat,finterquae apud antiquamThetidis urbemAchilei capitis simulachrumvetusto de marmore vidit. Sed primumipso in regnoapudTheanumoppidumper dies consedere eiusdemoptimocumprincipe,GeophedraAliphicomite et magnototiusregni camerario;exinde in Suessa apud ipsum Suesanumducem Scyllaceiquein Calabris comitem, grandaevumet regni maritimarumrerum omnigenum praefectum,ambo praeclaraMartianade domo fratres, quibus inclytis notuset carissimuserat,et cum Kiriacusavusantiquafamiliaritate principibus his in Pannoniaab Karoliregis temporeversatus.

a

wrongly corrected to splendidissimum

b principem c iudiciis dpicenno eapoleos

f ceperat

TEXT

29

ExindeveroregiamNeapolitanam 10. nobilissimamCampaniaecivitatem ubi Ladislaum venere, ipsum regem, inclytum atque perstrenuumarmis classem in ipso urbisnavistacio principem,interparandamfabrifaciundamve conspexere.Sed inde paucos post dies, insignibustantaecivitatis inspectis, Calabrespetentesonerarianave devecti,apudSalerum civitatemserenissimum ipsum regem secus mare hastiludiumhippodromalevespectaculum celebrantemflorentissimastipatummilitiarespexere. 11. Exinde, urbe conspecta, per cymbam Lucania littora radenteset floridoslaetosqueMelphetanosPaestinosveLucaniaecolles desuperinspectorisincolumesapplicuere,in quis Turpiam, antes,tandemexoptatisCalabrum LaconiamMaydemqueoppida devenere.Et cum in Mayde Kiriacusavus consisteret,ex ea puerumnempe ad perdiscendaslitterasPalphi Scyllacaei civis amicisui tutelaea commisit,ubi puerprimumgrammateisin ludis primos primaeartiscanonescoeperatintelligere. 12. Sed ibi posteaquamper annummoramtraxere,avus suus ex Mayde rebus exactis (nam et eo in loco divinamomnemhistoriammatemieloquii carminibusperegregietraduxerat),patriam denique remeareconstituens, NeapolimiterumTyrrenoremensobaequorerevisit,ubi Anconitanamtriremrem, ut Bonifaciumpontificemad balneaduceret,ab AnconitanisMarcone Torellianocpraefectomissaminvenere. 13. Sed ubi exactare inde concesserant,Suessamrepetentes,aliquotper dies apudSuessanumducemdegere.Cuiusin regiaKiriacusipse puerpuero inclyti ducis filio Ioanni Antonio tanta se consuetudineet familiaribeniutnullointerse discrimineapudpatriammaiestatemhaberi volentiaiunxerat,d Namunaeadempuerosadoleverataetasparumpersed moribus se videbantur. doctrinadispares.Ast enimveroavus intereatalibusposthabitishonoribus,ut fidem potissimumfiliae servaret,Kiriacuspuerumad patriamcharamque parentemexoptatumreduxit. Reversi quidemin patriamcivitatem,cum plerosqueper dies avus 14. pueruma suis multumdeplausumblandiciiscognovisset,pueriquementem inertemconsisterenolle plane scivisset, ac civitatemtotam non liberalibus studiis sed mercemoniispotissimummaritimisqueexercitationibusdeditam

a

b

tutelam Tyrrenno ve menso

c torelliane dcorrected from vinxerat

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

30

intellexisset, ac his artibus cives quampluresditioresaope auctos sane novisset,et puerumipsumex paupereditiorembevaderecupiens,de consensu matrisquoidamex affinibussuis diviti negociatori,viro quidemin civitate praestantiet patricionobili,PetromagistriIacobiphysiciclaricfilio, puerum ipsumKiriacumiam decimumquartumaetatisannumagentemseptenaleper tempusin negociariaerei servitiumdederat.Qui posteaquampuerhisdemse modo praecipuamartem,quin nonarithmeticae deditumexerciciiscognoverat, et plenamdeniquenegociariaerei disciplinam,nullo docente, et geometricam se ingenii sui praestantiasolertiaquefretus, brevi tempore,exemplaribus tantum inspectis, didicisse manifestumostendit; et tanta demum fide, integritate,diligentia,vigilantiadatquesolertissimacurain eiusdempatroni sui negotiis die noctuque gesserat et domi forisque, assiduis laboribus vigiliisqueomnibusexpretis,ut vixdumexactobiennioPetrusiam Kiriacum ad omnemrem gerendamparatumidoneumqueexistimans,ut publicaerei negociis quibus frequens cum consularipotestate sevir,etum regulatoria dictatoriavetrevirelectus, inter patricioscives liberiushabiliusquevacari posset, omnemsibi puerosuae rei curamnon modo domi mercisqueomnireliquit.Et sic pueripse genae, quinet agrariaeutiquerei administrationem rem quodammodomagnamvirili quodamanimo suscipiens,ita per quinomnifariamexercuerat,ut divo et catholicogenio suo quenniummercaturam ea utique in partefavitanteMercurio,non modicepatronisui opes augendo et itain his se aequegessit, ut non suis modo civibus,sed ab concreverat; extraneis plerisque, qui tur forte saepius Anconitanis negociabantur, Perusinis,Florentinis,Venetisquelaudatusest. serviciitempusexplicuisset,patrono 15. Adolescenspraeterea, anteaquam potissimumcuranteoptumo,nondumaetateidoneusprimumad consularem seviratusdignitatem,mox ad senatoriumextracomitiorumordinemascendit, in quis se semperpace belloqueegregieeximiacum laudegessit. Exactosed

a

dictiores

bpauperem dictiorem

CL. d

dilligentia, vigillantia

e sevirum

TEXT

31

enimcumapatronoconstitutotempore,etsi matera pietasadolescentemad se paupere in casa reduxerat,nunquamse tum ab honesta patroniboptumi consuetudineet benivolentiaseparavit.c 16. Sed enim intereaquamquamin civitatepuerexpertuset non mediocritereruditusse publicisprivatisquenegotiisexerceredsua cum dignitateet utilitate potuisset,animustamennobilis, qui eum ad visendasmundieoras impellebat,peregrinismaritimisquenegotiis immiscericompulerat,et ita se primumCiucioPicennicoleoconsanguineosuo Alpheriaecuiusdamonerariae navispatronose navigationisprincipioscribamminoremiunxit. 17. Quacumbonanavifructuumonerataex AnconeperhyememIllyrico superatoaltumper Ionium,CretamagniIovis insulaproculinspecta,vasto deniquedemensoLibycoAegyptiacovefreto,AlexandriaminsignemAegypti civitatemvenit.Ubi primumingentiaPhariaepraecelsaeolim turrisvestigia, regias ex Numidicolapideportas,maximumPhiladelphiregis obiliscum,et magnamex DinocratearchitectofAlexandriMacedoniscolumnam,quamg hodie vulgus Pompeianamappellat,inspexit, ac alia pleraquevetustatum et ibi primumkamelos,dromedarios,struthiocamelosque insigniamonumenta; nec non mymoneset novos gentiumhabitusvocesque admiratusest. Vidit exinde ibi Sultaneumh principemmagnaeunuchorumservorumomnigenum catervastipatumadvenientemingentisplendore,pompaeximioquehonorea suis et exteris hominibusin urbesusceptum. 18. Sed navis ibidem,StephanodemumQuirinoVeneto patricionobili curante,rebusomnibusexactis,ex AlexandriaRhodum,ex RhodoveroChium venerat,ex qua quidemnobili et Aegaea'insulaKiriacusadolescens,scriba

a eum

bpatronis c seperavit dexerceri e mondi

fin margin:Dinocratesarchitectus quae hSaltaneum

aegeo

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

32

maiorcreatus,SamiumIchareamquevidit, egregiaset famacelebresin Asia insulas.Et tandemad IoniamveniensaMilesiamvidit, olim nobilemet nunc dirruptamvetustateurbem.Sed eiusce maximi amphiteatriet pleraquealia suae maiestatiseximiaeconspectanturvestigia, quaehodie Graeciaevulgus palatiavocitaresolent. 19. Exindevero KariaeCiliciaequelittoraperlegentes,bCyprumopulentissimamoliminsulamvenere,ubi Kiriacuse navi esiliens Cyrinumoppidum veterem, Paphum, Amacostem atque regiam Leucosiam mediterraneam civitatemvidit.IndeSyriamnavigantesBerutumvenit;ex quademumItaliam repetens et Caietam urbem per Scyllaea Carybdaeaquepericiosa vada, RegiumIuliinobilemCalabrumet antiquissimamcivitatemvenit. 20. IndeMessanaminsignemSiciliaecivitatemet praeclaramvideratac urbem.ExindeveroperTirrenum pulcherrimam navigantes,Caietamantiquam et memorabilem civitatem ubi navi exoneratarepparataque venit, Campaniae Castrumad Marevenerat. 21. Et indecastaneisavellanisque iterumrepetentes, oneratis,Alexandriam inde Aeolias insulas transfretantes,per Tyrrenum ingenti ad 11n Kalendas Martias acti procella, ad Drepani portum ex Ustica insula maris noctu urbemut memorabilemDardanidis pemiciemevasere,quamet antiquissimam Anchisae sedem conspectaremaluerat.Et tandemextra moram,ad Beatae NuntiataecVirginisaedemsolutis nauticisde more votis concedentes,inde Vulcaneaminterinsulamet sinistrumSicaniaelittus ScyllaearursusformidandapervadatransmeantesAegyptiacamiterumAlexandriamrevisere. 22. Ubi demumexactis Ioannedcum MichaeleVeneto rebus, Anconem patriamrepetentesper Illyricum,DalmaticaRagusio nobili urbeet antiqua pulcherrimaque Epidauricoloniavisa, et tribusdemumsemestribusperactis, Anconitanumportumsuosque et proprios lares rerumexperientiadoctior revisit,ubipaucospost dies Nocolosam,sororemiam maturam opulentiorque viroet a matreconubiopactam,BartholomaeoLiborifilio Brondellodesponsatam,auctade se dote,honorificedederat,et ubi Kiriacusin urbealiquodper tempustumprivatistum et publicisrebusintentusversaretur.

a venientes b

phegentes nuptie

d

Ioannem

TEXT

33

23. Interea patria, hostilibus armisaincaute Nonis Octobribusnoctu moenibusiam furtobsublimioriin partecaptis, oppressa,cunaaliis cum civibus cumquedPetrosuo optimoolim patronoad expellendumhostemcivitaservandamnon exigua quidempars fuerat; temqueliberamincolumemquee vero rem matemo ipse primum quidem eloquio litteris haud inepte quam mandarat. Namet in his quandoquesub patronomediainternegotiaingenium exercuerat,cum saepe Dantis, Petrarchae,Boccaciiquepoemataper ocium lectitaremaluisset. 24. Quibusde facultatibuscum doctioresinterviros verbaaliquandonon habuisset,civis quidamex his nomineCrassus,facundusquidemvir vulgariter et eruditus,Kiriaci adolescentisingeniumadmirans,haec denique nostro idiomatecarminasibi mediasua interse vicef misit. Siegui il tuo stille e non guardaral folle Vulgo insensato:siegui quel valore, Kiriacomio, di quegliel cui splendore Se etemando,el nome e'l tempoextolle. Lassala curad'este cose molle, Ov'e ville il dilectoet vano amore. Naturasiegui, el tuo divin auctore Natura[e] che al cielo el capo tolle; e virtuiquellache, honoratoin fama Fa salirl'hom per armeo per scienza; Poi di eternadolzeza il ciel l'adombra. E te che al suo cantarle muse chiama, Non parvipenderla divin' semenzag Perfructotrardi quel che poi tuttoumbra.

5

10

a

patriamhostibusannis

b

furtu oppressam

d

cunque

eincolumenque

interstevicia

gdivinaemenza.Emendationsof these Italiantexts are by Cecil Grayson.

34

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

Quoi deinde Kyriacus talia per verba eodem carminumordine 25. respondit:

5

10

Non per seguirlo stil che a l'alto colle Di Paraso ce pingie,-il suo valore Semprehai seguitoet horti rendehonore Si come a quel che meritandoil volle,Spargol'inchiostrodelle nostreampolle, Ma per seguiril mercatallabore: Scrivendoe canzellando,el dibitore Perpoesianei mei libris'incolle. Horla virtuiche sol da te s'indrama, Movendoverso me per sua clemenza, Me mostrausirdi quel che tantiadombra. Ma perchepiuilongo ordoe magiortrama M'e oppo a ringratiarTua Reverenza, De cio narrarfia qui mia rimasgombra.

Et talia pleraqueeiusdem generis carmina,temarios,cantilenaset 26. sextinasvariisquidemtemporibusedidit,et diversisperLatiumviris clariset peritissimismisit;quaequomprimumnostrain provintiaiuvenisfacundissimus ille AlbertusFabrianensisintellexisset, haec illico sibi elegantissime scripsit:

5

10

Horseratosi vede il fonte Arpino. Mantua,Smyme, Cordubae Sulmona, Et tu Delpho,Paraso et Helicona, Postohai silentioal tuo cantardivino, Che, conspiranteel summoSeraphino, Un tal tranoi dal ciel organosona, Che fa il lume Atheniesee quel d'Ancona Favillaspintasotto fin rubino. Dunqueprehendida Daphnel'alme fronde, E pon con tuacorea,Apollo divo, Sacrodiademain cossi digne come. E tu, mareAdrian,aquietal'onde, E mostrapace, e ben poi dir 'son vivo E mortevoi altreaquesenzanome.'

TEXT

35

27. Verum et quae sibi decentia eodem ordine dicta reddiderat omittam.aSed quae deinde LeonardoIustinianoVeneto patricio,nobili et non censui. eloquentissimoviro, scripserat,hac in partepraetereundum Quel che con summaprovidentiaet arte Volgie col moto piu alto e festino La sanctamola del ciel christallino, Movendogli altriciel di partein parte, Vole del suo splendortale adomarte Qualcirconscriptoin oro fin rubino, Undenon poteriamai mio picolino Stil, quantoconveria,tantoexaltarte; Perchedel fior del tuttoel marinpiano Se stendefino al ciel con carepiume La famadel valorJustiniano, Che come chiarospechiodi costume Cossi la vita del bel viver humano Mostra,facendoa tuttigli altrilume.

5

10

28.

QuibustaliastatimLeonardusipse eodem ordinerespondit: Quelleamplelode mie che in brievecarte Conchiudebin stille altieroe pellegrino, In te sol si convertecivi, e il divino Inzegnotuo tralucein mille parte. E gia grantempole tue laudesparte Quantosi calchail bel terrenlatino, Con tuttoil cuormi fero a te vicino E d'un caldo disio vago ad amarte. Se cierchiin me virtui,troppoluntano Dal ver ti allonghi,che'l celeste nume Non, come scrivi,a me largala mano. Ma se amorcierchi,un abondanteflume

5

10

a

obmittam

b

conchiude:see footnoteto translationad loc.

c converte:see footnoteto translationad

loc.

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

36

Vi trovarai,dil tuo valor soprano: Virtuihonorandoa se virti risume.a 29.

Et subindehaec eademillico dictasubiecit: Qualsparirsuole matutinpianeta Al panderde le come auratee bionde Del sol che a men noctura faza ascondeb Con l'alma lampasua diumae lieta, Tal dal suave suo stil vinta si aquieta La sparsafama tua,ne gia risponde A l'alte rime,undesi stillae fonde Accentidi ogni dignoe granpoeta. Si suavehermoniatuavoce rende, Che quasiOrpheo,Apollo et Amphione Le labraa piiubel cantomai non sciolse. Quantodonquemia primaoppinione Dal vero e vinta,tantopiuisi accende L'amorche gia grantempoad te mi colse.

5

10

30.

Quibuset Kyriacusipse statimhaec de morerespondit: In fin che i fiumi al marseguirlor meta Non resta,co l'ombrerendermontie fronde, E chedle vaghe stelle il ciel circonde,e Convientuafamaal mondoesser cometa; Che l'almarimatuadolce e ripleta De l'alta symphoniache mi confonde, Move dal pegaseo si suaveunde Che di gustarleomai sempremi asseta.f

5

a risume:see footnoteto translationad loc. b

asconde = si nasconde:see footnoteto translationad loc.

c resta:see footnoteto d

translation,ad loc.

e che: see footnoteto translationad loc.

e circonde:see footnoteto the translation, ad loc.

fSee footnoteto the translation,ad loc.

TEXT

37

Ma quandoad humiltatantodiscende Che'l mio stil basso al summoHyperione Extolle trai cantorche'l cantoextolse, Non me puotehonorar,ma son corone Et vostrealme virtuiche tantosplende Quantolargirtranoi Peanavolse.a

10

31. Sed posteaquambinos fere per annos in civitate tum privatustum consulari potestatesevir diversis in rebusegregie se exercuerat,ad navigationemiterumintentusnavimconscendit,suis nonnulliset Petriolim patroni sui mercemonialibusrebusadvectis;et deniqueLucinioBrunelliopraefecto perLibureamTharsaticaSeviaquevisis Siciliamiterumrevisit,nobilissimam insulam. Sed antea in CalabrisScyllaceumconscenderatcelebre promuntorium. 32. Exinde Aethnaeo praecelso et fumifero Sycaniae monte procul venerat,arduumatquevetustissimumoppidum,ubi inspecto,Thauromenium et ingentiapluravetustatummonumentaconspexit;et inde Scyllaearursus immania per vada, porthmo iterum formidabili superato, Messanam praeclarissimamcivitatemrevisit; et Pellaeo deinde promuntorioremenso Panormumbvenit, antiquamet insignem Sycilliae urbem, ubi exonerata abietibuscnave plerosqueper dies versatusest. Et ipsa in amplissimaurbe primariosinteret generosissimosviros Jacobo Pizinga, Rogerio Spatafora equiti et Ioanni de Vintimilliacomiti honorificase familiaritateconiunxit, quibuscum humanissimisviris nobiles scenas, quas Toccos dicunt,sacraet ArmiratiClariMontisinsignia superisomatissimatemplaet magnificentissimi et in arce regiavidimus, conspicuum regiumqueSanctidPetrisacellumlapidum et artis porphyritum mirae musaycaeperomatum. 33. Sed extra civitatis moenia uberos inter et melifluos campos apud MontemRegalemconspicuameet insignemvideratBeataeVirginisaedem,in qua ornatissimasex aere portas et nobile de marmoreclaustrumvidit et preciosaoptumiGuglielmialiorumqueregummonumenta.PraetereaClarissima in Valle repositumSanctiMartinipontificismonasteriumuna optumo

a

vv 12-14: see footnoteto translation,ad loc.

b

pavomium

c abiectibus d

sunt

econspicuum

38

VITA KYRIACI ANCONITANI

cum viro et amicissimonostroTrintioForoflavinianovidit, et deindesecus praefatamurbem Alcimon, nobile Bemardi Emcaprareiet inexpugnabile oppidum,inspexit. 34. Et deniquePanormuma remeantes,cum ibi navis illa aerisalienicausa venundatamansisset et per idem tempus in Panormitanob portu quattuor Venetumonerariae Donato Nicolao triremes, imperatoriapotestatepraefecto, ex BritanniaVenetias repetentesapplicuissent,Kiriacusa Panormoquamc celeriterexpeditus,hisdem longis navibus, rebus suis impositis, triremem IohanniMagnimperiopatronoconscendens,Venetiaspetiere.d 35. Et ex itinerein Ilyrico, cum IaderaminsignemLibumorumurbem venissent,ibidemSanctumVeneriumequitemclarumet PetrumLoredanum insignemvirumpro Venetis ea in civitate correctoresconvenimus,a quis perhumaneet honoreeximio suscepti, primumde Martiniquintipontificis maximiin synodoConstantiensie creatione,ut laetumunionisnuntium,laete gratequeperceperant. 36. Sed postea Venetiiscum applicuissent,Kiriacusexoneratisnavibus expedirise quamprimumoperamdedit,et e mercibusaereexacto, Anconemf et ad suos incolumisremeavit,cum alii ex navigationesociigper Neapolim terrestriitinerepatriamper multaincommodarevisissent. 37. At enim vero postea quamper dies in patriahcum suis moratusest, desideransdeniqueBizantiummagnamqueConstantinopolitanam civitatem ,onerariamnavimPasqualinopatronoet consanguineosuo scriba Kiriacusipseconscenditet tandem,Illyricosuperato,LibumeisDalmateisque plerisqueinsulisvisis, adillyricisinus fauces Suasnamet CerauniaEpyripromuntoria Idibus Septembribusadvenere. Exinde Corcyramad insulam

apavormum b

pavormitano

c panormos quis dconstrue as -

petiit

e inconstantiam si

ancone g sotii h

patriam

TEXT

39

Phaeacumet aereasarcesavidere.IndeCephalonicas coryphaeas Zacintheasque insulaset Leucataeformidabile promuntorium conspexereet demumperIonicum Strophades,antiquaset memorabilesArpiarumdomos procul adnavigantes videre. Et Malleabdeniquepromuntoriasuperantes,Peloponesiacamontana Archadiae Cytharaproculinspecta,et sparsasper propecollesvisaposthabitaque, sacraminterCycladaset nobilissimaDelonC Aegaeuminsulastransfretantes, vatidici Apollinis insulam invisere.Exinde Miconeminter et Tinem transeuntes,Lesbeamsecus insulamtransvecti,Tenedumdad Hellespontifauces conspexere,et angustumfretumdie noctuquetransmeantes,hinc Asiae Frigiaequefines radebant,hinc pinguemprope conspexerantEuropam.Et ibi primum ad dexterumThraciaelittus Hellesponticam,Caliepolim prope, vetustateSextonvenere,ubi primumKiriacuspileatoset longipedes dirruptam Teucrosinspexit; et demum,LelioFreducioegregionegociatore curante,expeditis rebusconcedentes,indePropontiacumperaequorProconesiamvidereprocul, marmoream insulam,et tandemBizantiumThreiciamet insignemad BosphorumcivitatemincolumeseNonis Octobribusapplicuere. 38. Ubi posteaquaminsignietfamplissimoin portuconsederant,Kiriacus primumea in urbeconveneratPhilippumAlpherium,consanguineumsuumet egregiumibi pro Anconitaniscivibus consulem,quo duce quaequecivitatis ManuelisgPalaeologimaiestatemvidit. insigniaet imperatoriam Et indeprimumea ex amplissimatrigoniaurbevideratingentiaatque 39. nobiliaex coctolateremoeniamaritimuma duobuspartibuslittusalteramque circumdantia terciamet mediterraneam partem;viditet insignemillamet regiam de marmorePortamChryseama divo Theodosioconditamduabusmarmoreis turribusmunitam;et a facieprimaab extramarmoreaeprimaeparietesomatae videntur ex Phidiaoperibus ibidemabeo principealiundedeductis.Ibidem antiquis vero armaa VulcanoAchilliThetidisgratiaeditaharte fabrefactoriseximia conspectantur, hinc inde columnispulcherrimisexomata'viderat.

a

Virgil,Aeneid 3.291

b

E mallea

c dellon d tenendo

e incolumas fe

g Manuellis h aedita

exomate

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

40

40. Deinde in urbe primum sacra divis orata atque ingentia delubra, et ante alia insigne illud et maximum a Iustiniano Caesare Divae Sophiae conditum et admirabile templum, ingenti testitudine marmoreisque crustatisa parietibuset pavimentoconspicuo nec non porphyreis serpentineisque magnis et innumerissublime columnis viderat; et ante ipsum venerabile templum alta columna Heracleam illam mirificam aeneam equestrem statuam, arduum quippe et conspicuum opus. 41. Sed non longe sublimiorib in parte vidit nobile illud hippodromale theatrum marmoreis a capite in convexu columnis epistyliisque peromatum, ac in medio lapideis obilyscis aeneisque draconibus et speculatoriis plerisque marmoreis insigne, sed in primis illumc ingentemdunico ex Numidico lapide f obilyscume Phoenicibus caractheribus omni ex parte insignitum, quem ex LatinisGraecisquelitteris Theodosiumg principem Proculo architecto curante cognoverant erexisse. 42. Videratet binas deinde per urbem Theodosinas cocleas et insignes de marmore columnas Taurinam Xerolophaeamque eximiae altitudinis et mira architectorum opeh conspicuas et alias plerasque per urbem inspexerat immanesmarmoreas porphireasquecolumnas, nec non aeneas et plurigenum lapidumstatuas, bases' et epigrammata, nymphaea, fontes et arduos cocto de latere aquae ductus; et denique omatissima viderat diversa per sacra et pulcherrima monasteria bybliothecas plerasque Graecis sacris et gentilibus litteris auro imaginibusque insignes. 43. Exinde alia ex parte ad ulteriorem portus ripam viderat Galatheam illam Peram, nobilem pulcherrimamque in conspectu Constantinopolitanae

a crustratis b sublimior c ille dingens eobilyscus finsignitus g Thedosium

hmira... ope: see note to the translationad loc. 'basses

TEXT

41

urbiscoloniam,aturritismoenibus,aedibussacrisnegociatoriisscenis, praetoriis et altis undique civium palatiis peroratam. Cuiusce portusbet optimi

emporiilittusfrequenscetearumconerariumnaviummultitudocompleverat. 44. DeindeveroKiriacusrebusexactiseademdcum navi Anconemiterum patriamremensoaequoreremeavit.Ubi posteaquamapudsuos per aliquot tempus moratusfuerat,Polam antiquissimamin Histriasecus Italiaefines civitatem visere cupiens, naviculumconscenditet Illyricotransfretatoear ipsamveneratPolensiumcivitatem,quammagnaex partedirruptamvetustate conspexerat.Sednobiliapleraquesuaeantiquitatis vestigiavidit.Et SALVIAEe PostumiaeSergiduovirifaedilisclarifiliaeegregiasportaset aedificiapleraque quod ingentiaviderat,et nobile ac magniseditumlapidibusamphitheathum,g Polensesvotisui compotesLucioSeptimioSeveroet Antoninodivis et caesareisfratribusdicavere;videratet innumeraper urbemet extraad mareusque lapideasepulchra,quorumpleraquenobiliaexceperatepigrammata,Andrea Contarenotur pro Venetispraetoriapotestatecomitecurantefavitanteque. 45. Exindeverocum paucospost dies Anconempatriamrevisisset,ex ea denique plerisque navigationibusChion, Calliepolim, Bizantium revisit, Alboneoin Libumeaprimoad mareoppidoconspecto. At et cum in patria diversis intentusnegotiis versaretur,et Petro 46. optimoolim patronosuo defuncto,IoannesLucaeTollentineusaromatarius nostrain civitateprimarius,mortuoNicolao Cossi Florentinoqui librossuae societatismercemonales curabat,adhos in finalemcalculumhredegendos,cum et peritiin mercemonalibussocii illos bene deducerenequivissent,Kyriacum huiuscerei [peritiam]peritumconduxit;quicumdifficilequodamadolescentem annumres actaeet modoesset et laboriosumopus, nam ad quattuordecimum interminataepermanserant,omnes tur ingenii praestantiasui Kiriacusad

a

colloniam

b

pontus

c ceterarum d

aedem

e SALVIE

II vir g amphitreathrum h

chalchulum

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

42

verumsummumquerationiscalculumalibros egregie terminatosredegit,et Ioannemortuoheredibusdediteiusdem. 47. IntereaGabrielCondulmarius,reverendissimuscardinalisSenensisb proMartinoquintopontificelegatus,in PicenicprovintiaAnchonemvenerat, correctoriampontificiaquepotestateprovintiamcuraturus,qui cum paucos decrevisset,et ob id civitatisintroitus portumreparared postdiesAnconitanum in aerarii curatores melius et exitusque redigereemaluisset,cum pluresin urbe aerariiconstitutiessent, unumex omnibusuniversalemin civitateaerarium curavit.Itaquetreviri,gquaestorespatritios deligendum persenatusconsultumf intercives creati,ratiocinatoresquaestorianosfidos et peritissimoscum tota ex urbe deligeredecrevissent,hPaulo Iulianogeneraliaerariodelecto,ratiovirumpraestantem cinatoresNicolaumLuctarelium et hisdemin rebusiam diu exercitatissimumKiriacumqueipsum adolescentemdesignavere;quo in negotio ita se diligenteret providegesseratadolescens,ut expleto'semestri temporecollega abdicatoisolus ipse magnacum laude tam diu eo officio praestiterat,quamdiu Gabrielipse nostrain civitateet provintiaelegatione permanserat,auxiliatoribusscribisquos ipse delegeratadiuvantibus;quo in temporeet fere biennio Kiriacusadolescensipse publicos omnes eiusdem reigenerislibrosac plerosqueeiusdemnegotiikordinesmeliorem quaestaoriae in formamfacilioremqueredegit.Ac rempublicamipsam,multiset inexplicandis diu gravatamfoeneribuset absque'Aegidii cardinalistempore,sua potissimumcuraet industria,civibusplerisqueoptumisiuvantibus,potissima ex parteliberavit.

a

calchulum

b senensi

picenni drepparare ereddigere

f peR. S.C. III vir h

decrevisset explecto abdicatus

knegotiis ' aliusque

TEXT

43

48. EtenimcumGabrielcardinalisMartinoiubentepontificeFlamminiae provintiaelegatusBononiamconcessisset,Kiriacusse statimnostrosexviratu coram sponte abdicavitofficio, cum non hisdem vulgaribustorpescereet negotiissedpotiuseumadorbemomniex partevisendumgenerosus implicaria animusconcitabat.Atque cum,pauloanteaquamex AnconelegatusGabriel excessisset, et SeraphinusUrbinasb<et> Memmius Gazarius Senensis, viri et summacum iurisconsultiac primariiapudlegatumpraestantioresque Kiriaco benivolentiaconiuncti,pleraqueinvicem matemi eloquii carmina misissent, ad hancipsamorbis explorationemfatalemadolescentisanimum excitarunt; potissimaeuminteret Seraphinummissa hisce reponenda quorumc et haec delegi, quaeprimumKiriacusSeraphinomisit: 49.

5

10

50.

Quel spiritogientil,che Amorconserva Nella presagamenteal suo camino, Me pinse al summodel colle apollino, L'ormeseguendod'unabianchacerva, Dove Thersicordcon la sua caterva Scorsid'intomoal fonte caballinoe Condurin formahumanaun seraphino Copertoda le frondedi Minerva. Indivederuscirdi tal fontana Diananudain come a l'auraspartef Mi parve,e sotto un lauroDaphnee Peana; Poi d'un boschetouscirVeneree Marte E, vista di costui la frontehumana, Cingierlae coronarladi lor arte. QuibusperegregiedeindetaliaSeraphinusipse respondit: Le rissonanterime in chui si servag Omnehabitosuppremoet pellegrino

aimplicare

b urbinam

cquarum d Thersicore

"Cf.Persius,Choliambi(V)." - C.G. f "Cf.Petrarch,Sonnet90

(V)." - C.G.

g"Cf.Petrarch,Sonnet 120 (V)." - C.G.

44

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

Che me corona,e fra'l ceto divino Con summaintelligentiame preserva, Ricerchanmigliorlyrae migliornerva, Simile a quelledi Danteo Petrarchino.

5

Ma quanto puo mio ingiegno picolino,

Rengratioprima,et priegoche proterva Fortunae invidiatearitrovivanab si, che i posteriorlegan tue carte E la tuafamaresti integrae sana. Tantoduriil tuo nome in omne parte, Quantosi moveral'opramondana E vegiacnei di nostrilaurearte.

10

51. Ad quae ilico mutatoet invicemalterato versus ordinereplicando respondit: Qualcircuncintoin oro fin rubino, In cui raggiodi sol fulgenteserva, O qualdiamantedi magiorconserva, Perla,ballasso,smiraldoo zaphino, Qualchiarestelle in color celestino, Rose con zigli verdigiantiin herva, Piu vaghedi mirardcon l'almaserva Daleprimosenso humanper color fino, Tal nel secondofia quasicoharte L'almeal sentirde la diva e soprana Tuarimadignadi perpetuarte. E bencheda me vollifaltae luntana Sua voce, pureal son compresiin parte Esservia dignapiu che Mantuana.

5

10

ate: see note to the translation ad loc.

b"Cf. Petrarch, Sonnet 130." - C.G. vegia: see note to the translation ad loc. d

C.G. suggests emending di mirar to si miran. See footnote to translation ad loc.

e

Dal: see note on the translation ad loc.

r volli: see note on the translation ad loc.

TEXT

52.

5

10

45

Quibuset taliautiqueSeraphinus eodemcarminisordinedictaremisit: Bench'iocomprehendaesser venutoal chino II viver nostroin cui virtusi enerva, E veggia l'eta nostrafactaserva De vicii e de ignorantia,puroppino Che'l celico motor,che e tuttopinoa Di voler iusto e sancto,a te risserva Resuscitarle Muse e suabcatherva [Per]decreto[di] spiritaldistino.c Dovunquel'acqueAdriacene fian sparte, 0 circuisseanchorl'onda occeana, Veggio celebrevia per etemarte. Fuggi la turbainertee tantoinsana, Che vol ne l'altrecureenlaquearte, E fa' la mentetuada lor prophana.

Quaequidemvatisonaamicissimihominisdictainnatamsibi generosamanimi cupiditatemperbellissimeconfirmarunt.d 53. Verum eodem legati tempore Kiriacussuo ab amicissimo Marco Pistoriense,egregio Anconitanaerei scriba, persuasusLatinamintelligere facultatemoperamdare coepit; nec, ut saepe novi clerici solent, a primis grammaticaepartibusincoharat,sed magno quodameet virili animo, ut et melius Dantis poema,de quo satis erudituserat, intelligereposset, sextum Maronislibruma ThomaCamaerensegrammaticoinsigni,quemet Senecam dicunt, audireausus est. Is enim ea tempestateThomas nostra in civitate paedagoguset bonarumlitterarumpraeceptorpubliceauditoresdocebat.Sed eo extra ordinemcum Kiriacofoederepactus, ut praeceptoripse discipulo Virgilium,discipulusvero praeceptoriipsi Dantem lectitaredeberet.fSed

of the Italiandiphthongor the passageof Latin-e- to -i- in this apino=pieno. "Thereduction interconsonaticpositionis a commonfeatureof this area."- N.S. bsua=loro: see note on the translationad loc. c "Thisline

as it [MS Decretoper spiritaldistino]lacksone syllable.It is incomprehensible stands."- C.G. Forthe emendationsee note on the translationad loc. dconfirmavit equoddam

'debere

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

46

anteaquaminvicemrem pactamabsoluissent,diverso separatiaitinerehinc inde seb disiunxere.At enim vero Kiriacus,cum divinam illam Maronis ea quain parteaudieratdegustasset,tantoardoreanimiingeniique facundiam enixe conatusest, ut non MaronisAeneamab se omnempercurrere praestantia modoVirgiliioperis elegantiamet facultatemintelligereet familiarempoetam haberecoeperat,quinet ab eo latinitatemipsumfacile perdiscere,intelligere exercerique peregregievisus est. Et ut ad Maronis notitiam per Dantis poemata venerat, per Maronemad Homeri magni poematis Graecaeque facundiaecupiditatemnotitiaenobilemconvertitanimum. 54. IntereacumapudAnconitanum <portum>insignemillummarmoreum diviTraianiCaesarisarcumdiligentiusd inspexisset,mirificumopus admirans, illam equestremstatuam,quam et auream deficeree a cognovit superioriparte huic optumoprincipi,huiusce Romanus inclytusolimille SenatusPopulusque saluberrimi portus providentissimo conditori, conspicuas inter divae sororisPlotinaequeconiugisimaginesmiraquidemarchitectorum Marcianae cuius vero splendentemiconis effigiem ipse deinde optumus dicarat; ope huic imperator tamegregiaemaritimasinteradAdriacumcivitaticivibusomne per aevum honorabilesignum gestare regia prof sua liberalitate donavit. Quae

hodie per egregiapublicaquecivitatis loca ac purpureapraetorianavexilla saepeperLatiumet Ausonicasurbesenitescerevidenturconspicue.Sed ex eo deniquemirificoarcuhoc ipsumepigrammaconscriptumest: IMP.CAESARI DIVINERVAE TRAIANO.OPT VMO.AUG.GE RMANICO.DA TICO.PONT.MAX TR.PON.XVIIII.

aseperati bde

c

opus

ddilligentius

e defficere fquoque

TEXT

47

PLOTINAE.AVG. IMP.IXI.COS.VI. DIVAE.MARTIANAE.AVG. CONIVGI.AVG. .P.P.PROVIDENT .SORORI.AVG. ISSIMO.PRINCI PI.SENAT.P.Q.R. QVOD.ACCESSVM ITALIAEHOC.ETIA M.ADDITO.EX.PE CVNIA.SVA.PORTV TVTOREM.NAVIG ANTIB.REDDIDERIT. [CILIX, 5894] Hoc ipsum tam ingens et mirabilearchitectorumque conspicuumopus, et tam et Latinis litteris ipsum grave insignibus epigramma,generosoKiriaci adolescentis animo ad reliqua per orbem nobilia vetustatummonumenta ut suo saepiusore percepimus,primumquoddam perquirendascrutandaque, idoneumatquepraedignumseminariumfuerat. 55. Et sic se statimRomaminclytamad urbem,utaex ea primummaxima rerumatquepotissimanobiliumin orbemonumentavideret,quamavidissime contulit,Martinoquintopontifice,eiusdempontificisannooctavobet ad III NonarumDecembriumdiem, ubi paulo anteaGabrielcardinalisex Bononia abdicatuslegationevenerat.Ad illumcKiriacusapudSanctumLaurentiumin Damasco se contulerat,a quo temporequam laete benignequesusceptus, quaterdenosperdies apudeum in urbemoratus,quotidiemagnamperurbem niveo suo devectus equo, quicquid tantae civitatis reliquumdextaret venerandaesuae veteritatis, templa, theatra,ingentiaquepalatia, thermas mirificas,obyliscoset insignesarcus,aquaeductus,pontes, statuas,columnas, bases,e et nobilia rerum epigrammataincredibilidiligentia sua viderat, exscrutaratfexceperatqueet, ut postea ex his quandoquedigna conficere commentariaposset,fide quoquesuis ordinelitteriscommendavit.

aetut T bVII c illico d

reliqum

e basses f excrutarat

ANCONITANI VITAKYRIACI

48

At et cum maximas per urbem tam generosissimae gentis reliquias undique solo disiectas aspexisset, lapides et ipsi magnarum rerum gestarum maiorem longe quam ipsi libri fidem et notitiam spectantibus praebere videbantur. Quam ob rem et reliqua per orbem diffusa videre atque litteris mandarepraeposuit,ut ea quae in dies longi temporis labe hominumve iniuria conlabuntur,et memoratudigna visa sunt, penitusaposteris abolita non sentiat. 56.

Sed enim vero interim cum adolescens ille Martini pontificis nepos, inclytusAntonius Salemi princeps,ad venationem quamdam una cum Aloysio Verme et aliis plerisque ex urbe nobilibus iuxta Salemum pontem ivisset, cardinalis vero humanissimus Kiriacum una cum Petro Baduario affineb suo ad eam ipsamc venationem inspectandam misit; quibus equitando contigerat ut una cum Agabito Columnaviro quoque docto arcum ex Capitolio Severi et Antoninidivorumfratrumsuspicerent,quibus ultimadin parte inscriptum erat:

57.

OB.REM.PVBLICAM RESTITVTAM IMPERIVMQ. POPVLI ROMANI PROPAGATVM INSIGNIBVS VIRTVTIB EORVM DOMI FO RISQ.S.P.Q.R. [CIL VI, 1033, last two lines] Quibus perlectis cum Kiriacus ad Agabitum amice dixisset: poteratne aetas haec iners Romanum principem suscitare quempiam, cui digne talia inscribendaforent?Qui tum adolescenteminspiciens: hunc ipsum fata puerum nostraecollapsaeeiam diu civitati praestare admodo possent, qui ex nobilitate Romanaortus Martinumpontificempatruum favitorem potissimum habet. Ex quo cum ex venatione domi eodem die revertissent, Kiriacus puero ipsi Antonio haec statim eundem per Agabitum carmina ab se hac ipsa de re condita MISIT:

apoenitus b

afine

ipsum dultra e colapsae

TEXT

58.

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Drizala testaomai, inclytaRoma. Mirael tuo Martee suoi natigemelli, Che furprimimartelli A fabricarel cerchiode' tuoi colli. Ornae racollila gia incultacoma, Che questivol che in te si rinovelli Fabii,Scipii e Marcelli, Che tantohai qerchigia con gli occhi molli, E vol che omairitolli Quel sceptrosottoel qualdomastiel mondo, '1don dil summoIove a Citharea PromissoaperAenea. Vol che omai tori col gransexto al tondo Quandosotto ogni pondo Di tuafamigliadue colonnetonde Han sostenutoin te l'ultime sponde. L'unanel divin foro el summoreggie Ha stabillitopercheal ministero, Che fu concesso a Piero, Tornisua sposa al seggio laterano Percongregarbquellasmaritagregie, Che, vedendolatantoin adultero Starsenza sposo vero, Seradispersaal fin del occeano. Horl'ha conductoin mano Di MARTINquinto,al chui governosancto Dil pescatorla gia submersanave Con quelle summechiave, Che concesse li fu sotto '1granmanto son gia drizateintanto Che foecundarasi la fe christiana Che al tuttofia submersala prophana. L'altranel temporalhumangovern Ha gia directail nepo suo gientile, Che in eta puerilec Monstradil granvalorpregiatisegni Inclyto,illustreprincedi Salerno Creato;nel suo appetitosignorile Se dicere il virille

a promisse b

c

congregare puerille

49

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

50

40

Animoad sugiugarmagioriregni, Che non fu gia piuidegni Cesaree gli altrichiariaugustidivi Pervalor,se fortunaal pars' estende. Che s'el ciel destrointende Ad exaltarcostui tranostrivivi, Convienche anchorsi scrivi Qualdi Severoe di Antoninpregiato: "Questoha l'imperioRomanapropagato." Questofu al mondodal buonoIove dato, Tantobenignobe si pien di clementia Quantola summaessentia Mostrassein criaturaal temponostro. Prudente,iusto,fortee temperato: Da diece stelle che gli da influentia, Sotto la qualpollentia De treche raggiaLui dal divin chiostro, Sotto il cui splendidoostro Rispondein lui cossi viva speranza, Ardentecaritae purafede, Che d'aquistarmercede Piuinon ricerchala primapossanza, Perchequellabillanza, Che aiustaquantovolgie l'universo, Non mai vedracambiardel bianchoen perso. Cantion,che sperianchorcantarperfecto Quelche prelibade l'alto mistero Del buonRomanoImpero, Che perquestedue aspetael granristoro, Vatenelieta al princejovaneto, Nepoteal summosuccessordi Piero, E con parlarintiero Apriglidil tuo [?cor]C ogni thesoro, E se del tuo lavoro Volesse pursaperil novo auctore, Di' che un suo servitore A lui ti manda,che naquein Anchona, Amatordel honordi sua corona.

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

FINISd

a romano b

benigni

"A syllableseems to be missing:[cor?]."- C.G. d

FINISaddedby Felice?

TEXT

51

59. Praetereaubi nataliciahumanatiIovis solemniaMartinumperpontificem celebrataconspexerat,et faustumrecentis anni principiumab anno salubrimillenoquatricentenoquintoatquebis deno eiusdemhumanatidei et theogoni Iesu indulgentissimonomine antiquataelegis ritu circuncisi et antiquis a Latinis bicipitis Iani nomine cultum, KalendarumIanuariarum praeclarumdiem, Andrea Constantinopolitano,ex praedicatorumordine theologoinsigniet sacripalaciimagistro,pontificecoramegregieperorante, dedicatumviderat,exoptatamad patriamremeavit. Ex itinere Sutrium antiquissimumoppidum, turritumaViterbium 60. eiusquemirificasthermarumaquasinspexit,et apudveteremErvetumurbem BeataeVirginisaedemde marmoreomatissimamviderat,ex qua conspicuum arte frontespiciumligneumqueborchestralemillum insignem atque pulcherrimumchorummaluitconspectare,et aeneasanteportasalmaeVirginis etcangelorumimagines. cumnovapercomitiasevircreatus 61. Sedpostquamin patriaconsederat,d unacum PaliaresioPisanelloaliisquecollegis civibusrempublicamde more curasset,ex Venetiisintereaa ZachariaContarenoconsanguineosuo litteras accepit, per quas eum in Picenno vel Apulea in mercemonalibusexerceri quaeritabat.Ipse vero quom non ad pecuniae quaestus, sed ad nobiliora semper desideriumhabuisset,et ut graecas quandoquelitterasperdiscere Homerumve poetam facilius intelligere potest, orientales Graecas vel adpartesse potiusquamin Latioexercerimaluisset,illico exacto quascumque magistratuad Zachariamse Venetiis terrestriitinerecontulit,qui cognito iuvenisanimo,cumapudCyprumresplerasquesuaset diversaiam diu negotia exercerihabuisset,quibus Petruspraeerat,repetitoVenetiis fratre,fratriin insulasuccessoremsuis in omnibusperagendisrebusKiriacummisit;qui eam ob rempotiusgratemagisea in partenegotiumKiriacussuscepit,ut quemiam diucelebrifamacognoverat,IanuminclytumregemCipriumpraesentiavidere, et sua quandoquegratia regiaque benivolentia et consuetudinehoneste quaesitapotiriatqueperfruiposset.

a turritam b

lingueumque

cea d

conscederat

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

52

62. Itaquea Zacharialitterisad fratremPetrumacceptis,cum Anconem illicoremeasset,paratamnavimNicolaoCorseduciopatronoconscenditet per ApuleamMonopoliumBariumqueet Anteriumcollapsumvetustateoppidum vidit.Indevero Bizantiumvenit,ubi navigiumad CyprumSyriamvenavigaturum expectans,primumGraecalitterarumprincipiamodico ex tempore cognovit. Sed enim interea quom Anconitanamquandamnavim onerariam 63. BenevenutoScotigolopraefectoapudChiuminsulamadventasseintelligeret, exinde Syriampetituram,Kiriacusad eam se statimcontulit;quempatronus ipse et negociatoresin ea euntesaFranciscusqueFerretri,viri Anconitani nobiles, quamlaeto vultu animoquesusceperant,et eo ipso curanteiuvene Francisco erudito, Kiriacus honesta secum Andreolo Iustiniano, viro Maonensiumpraestantiaedoctoque et diligentissimobvetustatumcultori, benivolentia et consuetudineiunxerat, quo cum optumo viro pleraque vetustatisvestigia epigrammataque nobiliaGraecaLatinaquecollegerat;etc ibidemeo potissimumintercedente,regiumillumGraecumpulcherrimumque Novi Testamenticodicemvigintiaureorumprecioemit. 64. Expedita sed enim interea navi, et Kiriacus Nicolao Alpherio consanguineosuo curantesuis confectis rebus, Syriam inde petentes per Aegaeum crebras inter insulas, Rhodum nobilem olim in Asia insulam applicuere.Et ex ea deindehaudmoraconcedentesZephyrosufflantesecundo Birutumvenere, ubi exoneratisrebus Kiriacusse statim Damascumnobilissimam contulitmediterraneam Syriaeatquevetustissimamcivitatem,ubi Hermolao Donato Veneto patricioclaro et inibi eo temporenegociatorum omniumpraestantissimo necnoneruditissimo virocurantefavitanteque,omnia tamamplissimaeurbisegregiaveteranovaqueviderat. 65. Sed extra civitatisdmoenia sunt apostoli Pauli monumentanostri, vicumque rectum, et dirruptamAnnaniae prophetae casam, Ioannisque Damascenidoctorisbeatissimitempluminsigne,praetereanobilemet turritam praecelsis moenibus arcem;sed omnia fere vetusta inter moenia aedificia Athemirbegh potentissimoPersarumrege collapsaet solo aequatavidentur.

a euntes: contes b

dilligentissimo ex

TEXT

53

Videratutiquedeindenonnullasantiquaab arce Sydonumreliquias,et aenea pulchraauroargentoquepermistavasa mira et expolita fabrefactorumarte conspicua, e quibus ab eo empta quaedam sua inter eiusdem generis vidimus.Viditet ibi ingentemcamelorumcopiamadvenisse,qui supellectiliaa tum ex ArabicaFelici Sabaeisquepartibuset Gedrosiis multa plurigenum specierumaromatamercemoniicausa Damascenumad insigne emporium deferebant.b

66. Erat ea in civitate praetereavir quidamdives opum et negociator primariusnomineMusalach,qui filios saepe mercaturaecausaad Aethiopas et Indosmitteresolitus.Kiriacoillas quandoquepartesadiredesiderantibinos a Sabaeis nuperremeantesostendit.Et cum expeteretcex his bonam sibi societatemdare,quamliberepollicitatusest. 67. Sed intereacum expeditus inde Byruthumremeassetnavimqueet sociosrevisisset,navis deniqueexpeditaAnconemrepetit.dKiriacusvero per TripolimGenuensinave subvectus,CypriamAmocestemvenit, ubi Evangelistem de Imola physicum doctum et Zachariae nostri amicissimum convenit.Ex quocum intelligeretPetrumpaulo anterebussine ordinerelictis Venetiasnavigasse,ipso Evangelistasuadenteconstituitibidemmaneredum a Zacharialitteraset suis inerebus ordinemhaberet.Et interimne tempus omnifex parte vacuumamitteret,praefectiurbis vicariuselectus,9cum ibi praetoria magistratum potestategessissetbinos fere per menses, Romanassibi legeset omniaiurisconsultorum egregiadictatur primumviderelectitareque non sine incrementoperitiae et oblectationecontigerat.Nam eo tempore causas, solum origine legum inspecta, laudatissimedixit, nec non civibus et quietemimponereoperamsolertissimamdedit. concordiamh

asuppellectilia b deferebantur

c expediret dreppetit e in suis in fomne g ellectus

hconcordia

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

54

Sede Venetiisdemumacceptisa Zacharialitteris,per quasrem suam 68. Kiriacum vehementerangebat, licentia ab eo magistratuanon sine agere difficultate impetrata,Leucosiam regiam civitatem pergit. Ubi primum serenissimamIani regis maiestatemvisere se contulit, quem posteaquam inclytum principemviderat atque praeclareloquentemaudierat,perbellab praesentiacclarumsuum et eximiae laudisnomensuperatumcognovit. Qui rex cumKiriacumvidissetet eleganterdregiis suis de laudibus splendidissimus casibusque perorantemaudierat,eum primumquam laeto vultu animoque perbenignesuscepit;et Bandinode NoresHugonequeSoltaneoequitibusregiis et primariisin aula suis adstantibusKiriacumipsum honorificestatim sua regia familiaritatedecoravit,ac optimatumsuorumnumeroregio de more sociumaggregavit. 69. Nec non Zachariaein rebusex quibusquesuis agendisregiumomne suum auxiliumobtulerat;Kiriacusvero, maiestatisuae gratiaeactae datis deindeex Zacharialitteris,LodoviciCorariiVenetumvicebaioliauctoritatea PetroBerardino LeonelloqueactorerebusZachariaePetriqueefratrisomnibus ita res acceptis, ipsas per civitatem et extra diligentia solertiaque sua ut nondumf peregerat, expletoannonegotiumomnesuumexpleverat,debitores creditoresin chalchulumet paucissimosnumeroredegit. 70. Sed interimvero saepiusinclytocum rege ad venationesexercendas totam fere insulam exploravit. Et quod ad tam clari principis cumulum claritatisaccedit,hoc loco praetereundum non duxi. Nam, ut e suis novimus litteris,dumrex ipse suo stipatusnobili comitatuaequosgdegens percampos perque colles et invia lustra varias inter feras aliferas exercens pardos, adeo

se laetus in auro, arcu pharetrisqueinsignis gerebat,qualis olim pulcher

a b

magistratum perbelle

cpraesentiam delleganter

epatrique fnundum gequos

TEXT

55

Apollo per hibernamLiciamaaut per iuga Cynthisuos exercere chorosb venabulisin armissplendidissimusconspectabatur. 71. SedenimveroinsuperprobonaKiriacifortuna,cum ex quadamfelici pardorumvenatione onustus praeda ad villam quandamse rex inclytus recepisset,et nobilemquendamex Daciaciuvenemequestrisordinisinsignibus decorasset,Kiriacusad vetustumquoddammonasteriumpergens,et librosde abiectosinteret longasqualentesvetustatecodices antiquam moreperquirens, HomeriDiademcomperit,quamcum laetuscognovisset,non facile a monaco litterarumdignarotetravangelicointercedentevoluminecomparavit.Libere enim ille primumet praedignumKiriacoauxiliumfuit Graecasnon omnes litterasignorare.Habuitet deindealio a chalochieroin LeucosiaOdissiamet Euripidis plerasque tragediasqueac Theodosii grammatici Alexandrini vetustatumcodicem,quaeomnia,dumaliquodfdabaturociolum,percurrere dabat. intelligerequeoperamdiligentissimamg 72. Etenimcum exactis rebusab insuladiscederedecrevisset,pro digno de se munereregioptimohoc sibiponendaedicandaequestatuaeinscribendum epigrammareliquit: .IANO.CLEMENTIS SIMO.PRINCI PI.OPTIMO NOBILISSQ.HIER VSALEMCYPRI ARMENIAEQ. .REGI. POPVLVS.CYPRIUS QVOD SVA INSVPE RABILI.VIRTVTE PERENNICONS TANTIA.ET.LON

"litiam b Cf.

Virgil,Aen. 1.498, 4.143-144, 151.

cdatia d

litterisqui

e liberumenim ilium

f

aliquot

g diligentisimam

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

56

GANIMITATERE GNVM.PIENTISSI MVM HOCPLVRI FARIAMNEFAN DORVM IMMANITATE INFESTISSIMISQ COLLAPSVM PRAELIIS BARBARICA DENIQ. INCVRSIONE SVBLATA RESTI TV I T [= ApianusandAmantius,p. 506] 73. Postea vero concedens ab eo per Amacosten, navim quandam Genuensiumconscendens,suis Zachariaequerebusabductis,Rhodumvenit, ubiposteaquam perdiesconsederat,invenitinterprimoset dignioreshomines Boetium Tollentinensemoptimumheremitaniordinistheologumet metropolitaneumRhodianaeecclesiaepontificem,qui eum ut eademex provintia virumpergratevidit.Et eo duceKiriachusa aliamibi cognoveratet honorificam benivolentiam vendicarat FantiniQuirini,Rhodianareligioneequestrisordinis venerandissimifratris,quibus iuvantibusmulta per civitatemet extra per insulam vidit vetustatumnobilia monumentaantiqua,moenia, columnas, statuas,basesbet Doricis litterisepigrammata,e quiscplebis sacerdotismarmoreum caput, Veneream statuam, et Liberi patris imaginem, quas a Graeco

calohiero tum forte defossas emerat et per Bartholomoeumsororium Anconemdad patriammisit, cum is navi quadameAnconitanaBonifacio patronoHierosolimapetens Rhodumapplicuisset.Videratibi praeterealoci eiusdem amoena pleraque et dulcissima visui prata virentia ac fructiferos

a

Kiriachum

bbasses c aequis d

Anchonem

equandam

TEXT

57

regios paradiseoscedroset florentissimoshortos,dignumquarticlimatisin orbeaspecimenet oecumenicaeblatitudinismedium. 74. Kyriacusvero ThraciampetensexindeperAegaeumChiumAndreolumquesuumrevisit,quocumsuis compositisrebus,Calliepolimpetensinde concessit, et non longe a portuBoreis obviantibuscrebrisad Kardamilum eiusdeminsulaese bonaportumcum navi recepit,ubi cum per dies secundas auras expectantesconsisterent,socii Genuensesnonnullinobiles e navi ad terramdesilientes,alii per arboresviscoCpictas decipiuntaves, alii quidem escatissub undahamisvarigenoslaquearepisces amabant.Kiriacusvero, ut nonomnesdieidhorasomni ex partevacuasamitteret,dumGraecos quos e Cypronuperadduxeratperlegeret,in Euripidispoetae vitam incidit, quae cum paucis litteris complectereturLatinam fecit, et apud Chium AndreoloIustinianoamico incomparabilimisit. 75. Postridievero Austro secundanteCardamilumreliquitTenedonque venit,et insulamolimnobilemsuaequeantiquaecivitatisvestigiaconspectare placuerat;et inde angustumper Hellespontumad Threiciamein Cheroneso Calliepolimvenit, ubi exoneratisrebus,PetroSimonePolidoroAnconitano curante,camelisrebussuisonustis,KiriacusregiamAdrianupolim negociatore mediterraneam Thraciaecivitatempetit, ubi IohanneRimatresTaraconesio negociatore regio intercedente,magni Theucri principis Murath Begh praesentiamregiasua in aulavidit, et magnoapparatusaepe equitantem,et spectaculasagitaequecertamina,alto in malo phiala argenteain praemium posita, suos inter conspicuos hippotoxotaslato campo ingenti splendore celebrantemf Sedcumibidemperhyememad negotiaexpedienda conspexerat. moramtraxisset,dumaliquiddabaturocii, ACioBolete Graecogrammatico IliademHomeriet Hesiodiin re agrariaprincipiumaudivit,et eo curanteex Thessalonicea praedaGraecosnonnulloscodices emit, et praecipueClaudium Ptholomaeum Alexandrinum, geographuminsignemsibi accomodatissimum, comparavit.PraetereaKiriacusea in civitate cognoveratNicolaum Ziba, Genuensemvirumdoctumet negociatorempraestantem,qui semperinter Persas Hircanosqueet Parthosversatusin mercemonialibuserat,et cum eo illas quandoquepartesvisere composuit.

a

orbeo

b oecumeniae c viscos .VISCOS ddie

e trehiciam f celebrante

58

VITA KYRIACI ANCONITANI

76. Sedindecumexactare concessisset,Calliepolimremeavit.Et cum ea navimThomaBlasii patronoper Hellespontum fortetempestateAnconitanam velisa transeuntemvidisset, ad ear se statim perantereascapha devectus et in ea, coriisbtapetisqueadZachariamtransmittendis contulerat, perLaelium oneratis,ClaraqueancillaChaonia,praeclaraeindolispuera,quamex Theucrorumpraedaapud Adrianupolimemerat,eandemcper navim Massiellae matriCiucioconsobrinointercedente missa,CalliepolimiterumNicolinonigro fidissimo liberto suo comitatusdrevisit, quocumet Theucriscomitantibus agogitis nobilissimasMacedoniaepartesviderecontendit,et per Ematheos Philippicosque camposadPhilippposipsamvenit, civitatempraeclarissimam, ubimultavetemitatiseximiaemonumenta conspexitet temporislabe collapsae de marmoremoeniatheatrumqueet ingentiainnumeraqueprincipumatque militumsepulchra,quaeinteret ingensin via spectaculumvidetur: C.VIBI.COR.neii MIL.'t V.quintae LEG.ionisMACE

DOCAE

[CILIII, 647 and7337]

unico de lapidemonumentum,quodhodie AlexandriBucephalipraesepium incertumGraeciaevulgus appellat,propequodhinc indepleraqueepigrammata comperitet digne suis adieceratcommentariis;quae potissimumloca viserenobilemiuvenisanimumincitassecognovimus,quodapudNasonemin Fastisde mortefdivi Caesarislectitarat: testes estote Philippi et quorumsparsisossibushabethumus.g 77. Exindeveroperserasse statimad Thessalonicamh contulit,antiquam Macedoniae atquenobilissimamad mareurbem,in quaprimumegregiainter amplissimaecivitatis monumentavidit medio in foro Pauli Aemilii nostri

a

vellis

b

coris

ceundem dcommitatus ecolapsa

more gOvid,Fasti 3.707-708 hThesalonicam

TEXT

59

in epistiliis mirificumarcum,et diruptuma Dianaetemplum,ex quomarmoreaeb statuaedeorumquamplurimaeconspectantur, vidit et nostraereligionissacras plerasque oratissimas aedes, in quis potissimum inspectare placuerat nobilissimum Demetriitrophaeaforic martyrisdelubrum;videratenim insuper de lateremoenia,eiusque et aliorum ex cocto antiqua Lysimacoturritaque heroumpoetarumqueepigrammata;et in tripodeMusarumapudHeliconem olim posito de HomeriHesiodiquetemporementionon vulgarishabetur.Ibi etenim libros plerosqueGraecossacrosdgentilesqueemit, et per birremem apudChiumad Andreolumsuumtransmisit. 78. Exinde per Adrianopolimse iterum ad Calliepolim contulit, ubi acceptisex Anconelitterisnovit, Martinoquintomaximopontificedefuncto, Eugeniumquartumoptumumsibi successoremV. Nonas Martiascreatum Picenniprovintiae SenensemGabrielemCondulmerium esse, quemcardinalem Anconem biennium fuisse memoravimus, quade tamdigni per legatumapud viri optimi electioneelaetumKiriacumstatim apud AdrianopolimfNicolao Ziba,et in LibumiaIaderaeGeorgioBegnae,in Italiavero Iordanocardinali Ursino,LeonardoAretino,mihiqueet aliis amicisplerisquedignis,haec talia scripsissesuis epistoliscognovimuseademhaec fere perverba: Egoenimtammagnioptumiqueprincipismorteminfelicem ecclesiaeg ac Italis fere omnibus pemiciosissimam fore putabam;nunc vero perbeatammagis atquequodammodo opportunamarbitroraccessisse, dumtam pium,humanum, et religionideditissimumhominem clementem,sapientemque sibi delectumsuccessoremintelligo. Et subiecit: Namet si quandooptumusilledivumpater et hominumrexh Italiam'religionemvenostramper sacerdotemquempiam

adirruptum bmarmore

c tropheaphori d

sacris

e delectatione fAdrianupolim g eclesiae

hVirgil,Aen. 1.65; 2.648; 10.2, 743 'italam

60

VITA KYRIACI ANCONITANI

restitutamfore annuerit,ego sub tam optimo pontifice auctampropagatamque videreputem,acum et eum semperse maximis in rebus ecclesiae provide,constanter,aeque,pie magnanimiterque gessisse recolimus.

79. Dixit.Et deindeKiriacus,relictaPersarumquambcum Nicolao Ziba constituerat exploratione, expedirecse et Italiamad patriamremeareac ipsum adpontificemsanctissimum maturared decrevit,et sibi, de piissimaGraecorum et totiusorientalisecclesiaeeunioneet dignain Theucrosexpeditioneexpertior factus,quaeprore dignavisa suntlitteriset ore detegere. Et ut plenius rem ageret, Memnonem,Karolifolim Cephaloniae 80. magnifici ducis filium, virum elegantemet perstrenuumarmis, nuper exg amplissima magni Theucri aula adventantemconvenit, a quo pergrate susceptus, multa et praedignahachde re invicem conserendo,civitates et praecipua loca quae in Asia sub Theucri dictione manebant videre explorarequeconstituunt;et sic ex Calliepoliper Hellespontumad Asiam transeuntesPrusamsub Olymporegiam Bythiniaecivitatemvenere,quam viditvetustisnovisqueomamentisconspicuam. populosamet opulentissimam 81. Sed ubi BabylanoPalavisinoGenuensi,viro nobili et negociatori rerumsuarumdederat,ipse unacum Memnone egregio,curammercemonalium ad Canuza Begh, pro Theucro in provintia satrapemad Olympi montis diversoriapraestolantem,ise contulerant;qui ad finem suum Memnonem Kiriacumque, postquamcognoverat,perhumanesuscepit.Nam et ille natione GraecusGraeceque perdoctuserat,et multasibi de antiquiset nobilibusin ea

a

putetis

bqua

' expidiri d

maturae

eeclesiae fKroli et hac

' praestulantem

TEXT

61

delubroegregie peritequecomprovintiarebuset de insigni Cyzicenoruma memorabat.Cui Kyriacus,cum ex eiusdemtempliruinispleraqueelaborata mannoreaapudMontaneam,maritimumPrusiaecivitatisemporium,ad nova in urbeaedificiainstruenda deductavidisset,ne tantaeaedisvestigiumposteris penitusbaboleri videretur,persuasitne deinceps permitteretut aliquid ex parietibus,columniset epistiliis extantibustantinostramad diem spectaculi cum ob venerandaeantiquitatispudoremdtum et sui magnique dirueretur,c Theucrorumprincipis honorem. Quae cum vir ille doctus intellexisset dignissimaverba,id se lubensfacturumpromisit. Et Kyriacusmagno eiusdem visendi operis incensus amore, cum 82. exinde Prusamillico revisisset, agogite quodamductoreTheucro,Cyzicon nobilissimam Asiae civitatem venit, quae, ut aiebat, ad promuntorium littoriscontraPraeconesiaminsulamsitaest, sed undiquenobilia Propontiaci magnis undiquelapidibusmoenia ingentiaquecivitatis aedificia immensis convulsaminis solo undiquecollapsaiacent. 83. Sed extant<et> praecelsavidenturexcellentissimitemplivestigiaIovis altaede marmoreparietes,in quis adhucaureifili signaconspectantur, quo de opereC.Pliniusin suo de naturalihistorialibroinquit:Duratet Cyzicifdelubrum in quo filum aureumcommissurisomnibuspoliti lapidisgsubiecitartifex,et reliqua.Stantet omatissimain fronteaedisdiversaquedeorumsimulachra,et ex longoordinecolumnarumamplissimaebases,het quamvismaioriex parte columnae solo collapsae sint tres' et triginta numero adhuc suis cum epistiliis erectaevidentur,ubi tale KyriacusGraecumexceperatepigramma: .EK.AAIIEAOT.

MQPOeQEN. OAAHE.AEIAE. .ADOOHIH. XEIPQN.AIO2. APIrTEHQiTOS.

[Ashmole 1956, pp. 187-188]

aCyricenorum

bpoenitus c dirrueretur d

podorem

eope

fCyrici g lapidibus

hbasses 'tris

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

62

Et alia hic inde per urbemepigrammatacomperit,ac ingentesde marmore portas amphiteatriquevestigia, et magnumterriquatientisa Neptuni simulachrum,atque omnia conspectandaeum perbelle excitasse ferebat. Haec eademquaeapudNasonempoetamelegantissimablectitaratelegia: Hinc et PropontiacishaerentemCyziconcoris Cyzicond Aemoniae nobile gentis opus.

84. Exinde vero cum Prusam revisisset, relictis Babylano reliquiis, Zachariaenomine rebus et compositis, cum Memnonepro expeditionein TheucrosagendiscumpontificeconditionibusItaliamper Bizantiumremeare constituens,ut NicaeamnobilemBythiniaecivitatemvideret,terrestriitinere agogiteTheucroducenteConstantinopolim petit;et cum ad ipsampauloextra iter Nycaeamcivitatemvenisset,eam ad lacus Bythiniaeripasturritiscocto de lateremoenibussitaminvenit,et ad portamTI. CLAVDIGERMANICI,ad turrimveroTraianiepigrammata Graecacomperuit,et taliaper urbemegregia veterummonumentaconspexit,et magnamoecumenicaefillius celeberrimaeg synodibasilicam. 85. Exinde die noctuqueiter adceleranshper silvas et difficilia loca, ad Calcedoniam Bythiniaedeletam'vetustatemaritimamurbem,vicinumBizantii emporiumquod hodie Scutoriondicitur,venit, et illico scapha Galatheam PerammagnamqueConstantinopolimrevisit, ubi PascalinumAnconitanum consanguineumsuum sua cum navi post mensem Anchonemad patriam invenit;et ne interimvacuumtempusamitteret,et dignum navigaturum Asiam quidper indagaret,se apudChiuminsulamtranseuntemper Aegaeum navimexpectaturumcomposuit. a

terri quantis

b

ellegantissima

c Cyricon d e

Cyricon

inter

foccamenici g celleberrime h

adcellerans

'delectam ammiteret

TEXT

63

ExindeTarraconensi biremedevectus,LesbeamMitilennum,egregiam 86. et olim potentissimamcivitatem,adivit, ubi Georgio Gathalusiopraeside favitanteplurimacivitatis insigniavidit: theatra,columnas,statuas,bases,a inscriptionesqueGraecasatque Latinaset conspicuumde marmorearcum, quemTetrastilondicunt,olim perpraesideminsularum .FL.VALERIO DIOCLITIANO CONSTANTIO ET MAXIMIANO NOBILIS SIMO DEDICATVM. [CILHI,450] 87. Deinde vero acceptis a praesidead Theucrosin Asia correctoresb litteris, visis et antea per insulam altis et antiquis de mannore aquarum ductibuset urbiumPyrriaeMethymnaequedisiectisvetustatemuris,exiguam per cymbamad Asiathicumproximumlittus venit, et inde Pergameamad Asiaecivitatemadscenditet indigenaducente nobilemet olimmetropolitanamc Theucroamplamundiqueurbemperscrutavitet ingenteshinc inde vetustatum reliquiasinspexit:immaniatempla,duo maximaamphiteatra,collosseaque nonnullade marmoredeorumheroumvesimulachra,et egregiaintersepulchra ingenset magniseditumdlapidibusinstaraltissimimontistumulum.eQuinet omnigenumdeniquenobiliumantiquitatum vestigiavidit et egregiapleraque GraecisLatinisquelitterisepigrammata. Exinde se ad Aeoliam Cumem,antiquissimamHesiodi patriamet 88. longi temporis labe collapsam civitatem, adierat. Hodie et ab incolis Chrysopolimvocitatamaudierat;et cum ibifnil notationedignumvidisset, Ioniamvenitet Smymasantiquameiusdemregionisurbemet Homeripraeclari nominisinsignemvidit.Namet ibi vetustoin lapidecomperitepigrammaquod fuisse significabat,ubi pleraquesuaevetustatisvestigia, illamHomeripatriamg et cocleam altissimamcolumnaminspexit. portuminsignem,

a basses bcorreptores

c metrapolitanam daeditus e tumulus

f ubi gportam

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

64

89. Inde vero Phocaeas vetustamnovamqueveneratet ingentes inibi aluminumaminerasvidit, ubi FredericumIustinianumAndreolisui socerum eiusdem loci patronumoffendit, ac eo iuvante aurea Philippi, Alexandri Lysimachiquenumismatainsigniacomparavit. 90. Exindeveroad littusquodbest in conspectucChii insulaevenerat,ubi perenteream scaphamconscendensChiumurbemAndreolumquesuumrevisit ac Nicolinumnigrumlibertum,quiex Calliepolireliquisrebussuis scriniisque adductiseumpraevenerat Et ibidKyriacusper dies [et]patronum expectaturus. Andreolum cum lectitando Graecose apudipsum quos ad eum e Thessalonicaf librosmiserat,aptandotur suas quascumqueres expediendo,Pascalineame Bizantionavimexpectans,morabatur. 91. Intereacum magnamVenetumclassem Chiumhostiliterimpetere crebra fama Aegaeumfere totum excitasset, Anconitananavis Paschalino quemsupramemoravimuspraefectoChiumapplicuit.Cuiuscecivitatisordo, ne forte ab ea transeuntehostes de iis novi quid exploratumhaberent, Pascalineamnavim in portu firmariiussit. Sed cum quartumgpost diem, Andreolo Kiriaci gratia intercurante,Maonenses eam libere navigare permisissent,eademin navi Kiriacusipse suis impositisrebusconcessit,et apudCassiopeumCorciraeinsulaeportumin Venetianamclassemincidit.Sed AndreaeMucenigopraefectooblatisGenuensiumlitteris,expeditanavis per IllyricumtandemAnconitanumad portumapplicuit. 92. Ubi postquamsuos incolumesKiriacusrevisit,suis expeditisrebus, paucospostdiesunacumAstorgioAnconitanopontificead urbemmaximum adpontificemEugeniumse contulerat, quemadmagnamPetribasilicaeaulam, Aloisio optumocubiculariosuo curante,vidit et sibi primumduo hydrochoa Indicaporcellaneaauroelaborataspeciosissimavasa dono dederat;et multa deindesibi de excolendissimaGraecorumunione,ac dignissimain Theucros expeditione,Memnonisqueoptumahac in re compensatione,ore litterisque declaravit. Quioptumuset prudentissimus perbellissime paterKiriacumprimo

a

alaminum

b quidem

c d

spectu ubi

egraecosque f thesalonica g

quantum

TEXT

65

ut devotumfilium perbenignesuscepit, et omnia ab se delata audieratet optima in mentereposita,ad ea se pro temporediligentemoperamdaturum promisit. 93. IntereaKiriacus,ut proximasextraurbemvetustatesindagaret,Tybur civitatempetierat;et percelebremTyburtinamviam hinc inde antiquissimam multavetemitatismonumenta conspexit,et ad pontemLucanumMarciPlauci insigniatriumphaliaomamentaregiosqueHadrianiCaesarishortos,aquorum pleraquevidenturoratissima scenarumspectacula. P.PLAVTIVS PVLCHER.TRIVM PHALIS.AVGVR III.VIR.A.A.A.F.F. Q.TI.CAESARIS AVG.V.CONSVLIS TR.PL.PR.AED.AE RAR.COMES.DR VSI.FILI.GERMA NICI.AVVNCVLVS DRVSI.TI.CLAVDI CAESARIS.AVGVS TI.FILI.ET.AB.EO CENSORES.INTER PATRITIOS.LAET VS.CVRATOR.VI ARVM.STERNEN DARVM.AVICINIS LAETVS.EX.AVCTO RITATE.TI.CLAV DI.CAESARIS.AVG GERMANICI.PRO COS.PROVINTIAE SICILIAE VIBIA.MARCI.FIL LAELLA.NATA PVLCHRA

[CIL XIV, 3607]

94. Et Tiburtinamipsamdeniquecivitatemaltis in collibuseminentem viderat, et eximia vetustatumvestigia et sacram Saxono Herculi atque dirruptamaedem.

a ortos

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

66

HERCVLI SAXONOSACRVM SEX.SVLPITIVS TROPHIMVSAEDEM ZOTHECAMCVLLI NAM PECVNIASVA A SOLO RESTITVIT.IDEMQ. DEDICAVIT.K.DECEMBR L.TVRPILIODEXTRO M.MOETIORVPHO COS.T.VTHYCVS PERAGENDVMCVRAVIT.

[CILXIV, 3543]

95. Sybillaecolosseumde marmorecaputavidit,et ingentes Tiburtinaeque GermaniciCaesarisaquarumductusper quos clarusille princepscaeruleos cursusb fontesin urbemaeresuo perducendoscuravit.Videratet amoenosque Cymbricumpontemquem Salariumdicuntet nobilem unico ex lapide M. ANTONIIANTIL.PR. tumulumsecus Tyberimad quartumab urbelapidem situm,ac alia ex parteinsignemillumquattuore marmoribusintegristurlum Ursinovenerandissimo cardinaleprospexit,et Martinipontificis unacumIordano incuriam, qui opus egregium diruic permiserat, accusavit.

Et indeHostiensemadportumse contulitet insigniaantiquitatissuae 96. vestigia conspexitet ab eo non longe Traianioptumiprincipisamplissimum navistatium. 97. At enim cum inde ad urbem remeasset, Sigismunduminclytum Pannoniae [in] RomampetiturumItaliam regemet designatum Senasque venisse perceperat.dCuius legati,eGasparregius secretariuset Comuspontifex,adEugeniumpontificemmaximumvenere;et ubi de adventu imperatorisad urbemCardinalede Comitibuset Berardode Camerino,non

acapud

b curtios

cdirrui d

e

percoeperat legata

TEXT

67

absque Kiriaci persuasionibus, composuerat, Senis ad principem redeuntes Kiriacum comitem habentesa aditum sibi ad Caesarem praebuere; a quo perhumane susceptus, multa et praedigna sibi Kiriacus de rebus gestis maiestati, honori dignitatique suae congruentibus et dignis in barbaros expeditionibusapplicavit. Et sibi utique peregregiumbmunus dederat aureum TraianicCaesarisnumisma,ut optumi principis imitandidexemplar haberet, et Anconem potissime patriam eodem ab principe exomatam memoria quandoque recenseret. Qui munificus princeps, Brunoro della Scalla VeronensieBaptistaque Cygala Genuensif adstantibus, claris consiliariis suis, Kiriacum caesarea familiaritate donavit. Et cum postea inde ad urbem ab Eugenio maximo pontifice aureo 98. diademate insignitus maximis intentus negociis versaretur, et ex Liburia illustresg comitesh Stephanus Bartholusque Phrygipenates, Seniae civitatis principes, Romam ad eundem Sigismundum visendum' venissent, cum his Kiriacus ad eum se iterum contulit; et cum sibi et comitij Mathaeok claro praefecto suo coeptis' de rebus recensendo multa saepius retulisset, ad ea se lubentissime optumo cum pontifice paratum respondit, sed antea ad pemiciosam Basiliensium coniurationem dissolvendam operam dare oportere.

a

habentibus

b pro

egregium

c Traianum dimmitandi everonense

fgenuense g illustri hcomitaes

viscendum comites k Mathico

' caeptis

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

68

Praetereadum tanto cum principe Kiriacus ingentes vetustatum 99. reliquiasundiqueperurbemadisiectasbaspexisset,ut gravilacessitusiniuria, talibusdeniquedictis,Latinorumafflatusnumine,cprincipemexcitarat: Equidemnon parumputabamcaesarei principis animum lacessere,quodqui nuncvitamaguntRomanaintermoenia homines,marmoreaingentiaatqueornatissimaundiqueper urbem aedificia,statuas insignes, et columnastantis olim sumptibus, tanta maiestate, tantaque fabrorum architectorumve arte conspicuas et nobilia in his magnarum rerum,itaignave,turpiteret obscenein dies ad epigrammata albam tenuemquedconvertuntecinerem,ut eorum nullam brevitemporespeciemvestigiumveposterisapparebit.Proh scelus! et o, vos inclytae Romulaegentis manes, aspicite haec meritumquemalis advertite numen.fNam et ea praeclara

animos nobilispraesertim suntveterum monumenta, virorumque ad res maximas gerendaset ad gloriae et immortalitatis studiumvehementeraccendunt.g Qui optimus princeps ignavamhhominum incuriamvituperans,nobilem iuvenisanimumharumrerumcuriosissimumlaudavit. 100. Kiriacusvero deindecum ceteras'et praeclarasItaliaeurbesvidere maluisset,Pisas antiquamet olim insignemTuscorumcivitatem indagareque adivit, et eiusdem quaeque insignia vetusta novaque conspexit, et multa temporislabe hominumveincuriasolo undiquecollapsa videntur;et quod magis adnotationedignum considerasse aiebat, marmoreamcathedralis ecclesiae domumet insigne illud et oratissumum cimiterion,quod incolae CampumSanctumappellant.

a orbem

bdesiectas c d

nummine tenuenque

ecoruertunt

Cf. Virgil,Aen. 4.611: accipitehaec meritumquemalis advertitenumen g accedunt

hignaviam ' ceteris

TEXT

69

101. Exinde vero Florentiamvenit, Fluentinamolim clarissimamRomanorumcoloniam,nuncvero Tuscoruminsignemaet omniumflorentissimam Latinorumurbem,ubi praeclaramultaet insigniarerumomamentavidit, et primumamplissimavivo de lapidemoenia,portasdeinderegias,et latissima strataviarum,sacraet superisingentiaquedelubra,quaeinterad coelum alta testudine attolentemvidit maximamillam et insignembbeatae Reparatae Virginis aedem, quod et mirificum opus Philippo ductante nobilissimo architectoomni ex parteperspexit,et marmoreamoratissimam Cienceriam turrim;sed in conspectuconspicuumillud et marmoreumdivi olim Martis, nuncveroBaptistaeIoannissanctissimidelubrum,tribuscaeneis omatissimisd divinae historiaeportis exomatum,partimeximium Nenciienobilis fabrifactoris opus, et intus ab alto undiquependentibusaureis purpureisque civitatumvectigaliumf doniscompletum;altaquoquemagistratuumg praetoria et turritasarces,scenaspublicaset privatas,civiumquepalatia,et conspicuas undiqueperurbemaedes,et deniquead Ami fluvii ripaslapideosquattuoret amplissimospontes,Rubacontem,Veterem,SanctaeTrinitatis,et Carrareum, ac ingentiain foro Leonumferreapublicaequelibertatidedicataclaustra. 102. Etenimexoptabiliusquoquevideratamplissimosintercives Cosmam Medicem,NicolaumUzanum,PallamStrocium,et interclarioresLeonardum Arretinum illum Latinorum doctissimum, Karolumque,et Philelphum Picenumh nostrum,quos interavidiusvidisse memorabatNicolaumNicolum, illum aetate nostra biblicultoreminsignem et unicum Philadelphiillius studiosissimiPtholomaeiAlexandrinidiligentissimumconsectatorem,'quo cum curiosissimoviro multade antiquisdignissimisin orberebuscompertis pernobilissimasAsiae et Europaeper orientemurbes,perqueIonicasinsulas et potissimumde et Aegaeas,non absqueiucunditateinvicemconferebantur; mirifico Cyzicenorumjdelubrovir diligens audiregaudebat.Et interimuna a

insigneminsertedlater, same hand

binsigne tris d

omatissimus

ein margin,same hand:Nencii f

victigalium

g magistratum

hpicennum ' consectorem JCyricenorum

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

70

cum KaroloAretino,visa eximia bibliothecasua, nummisaimaginibusque sacerdotissimulachricavataex nicolo antiquis,et insigniPyrgotelislupercalisb gemma,et talaratiaeneocMERCVRIIagalmate,videresimulet Kosmaeviri opulentissimipreciosamultaeiusdemgenerissupellectilia.d 103. Et apudDonatellumn statuariosnobiles,pleraquevetusta Nenciumque, ab edita ex aere <eis> marmoreve simulachra,et demum,Leonardo novaque Arretinoamicissimosuo curante,regio in civitatis praetorioapud amplissimum ordinemviderat antiqua illa e Pisis deducta legalia Pandectarum volumina,et deniqueextramoeniaapudegregiumCartusiensemonasterium viderat insignia sacrorummonumentapleraqueet Chrysostomiclarissimi doctoriscaputet eximiumFlavii Iosephide Iudaicaantiquitatelibrum. 104. Sedquodpotissimumadnotariplacuit,altoin colle adscendensviderat Fesulanaefantiquissimaecivitatismoeniamagnisundiquelapidibuscondita, et collapsiamplissimiamphitheatrivestigia. 105. Postea vero Mediolanumpetens per Bononiam Mutinam venit, antiquamTogataeGalliaecivitatem,ubi plerasquevetustatissuae reliquias comperitet epigrammata pleraquenobilia,quaeScipionissui optimipontificis et suis adnotanda gratia digne commentariisreponendaCVRAVIT. MEMORIAE .L.PEDVCEAE .IVLIANAE. MORIB.NATAL.AC PVD.PRISCISINLV STRIBQ.FOEMI.IN COMPARAND.QVAE VIXIT.ANNOS .XIII. .D.XLVII.CVMMA RITOFECIT.ME. .V.D.XX. L.NONIVS.VER.

anumis b

luparcalis

c taleratiaenea dsuppellectilia e in margin,same hand:donatellus

fFessulanae

[CIL XI, 832]

TEXT

106.

Ad marmoreumtumulum. D.M P.VETTIO P.FIL.CAM.SABI NO.EQ.P.IIII.VIR AED.POT.ETMAG. MVN.RAVEN. CORNELIAMAX IMINA.MARITO INCOMPARAB.ET SIBI.VIVA.POSVIT

107.

108.

71

Alio in tumuloin foro posito. V.F CLODIA PLAVTILLASIBI ET.QVERCONIO AGATHONI MARITOOPTIMO ET LVCIFERAE .LIB. IN.FR.P.XX.IN.AGR.P.XX. .H.M.H.N.S.

[CILXI, 863]

[CILXI, 884]

Ad sepulchrumalterummarmoreum. BRUTT.AVRELIANAE C.FILIAEMVSOLANAI PATRON.ETASTERI AE.C.F.NEPTIMAR CELLINAE .X.COMIT.ET.MARI NAE.ET.GALLIGANI .COSS.

ORDINARI.QVAE.VIX. ANN.XXXVII.MENS. .X.DIES.XVIIII. OB MERITAHO NESTATISET CON CORDIAECONIUGA LIS.FL.VITALIS.V.C. .PROTEG. ET NOTARIVSVXORI AMANTISSIMAE.ET.SIBI

[CILXI, 830]

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

72

109.

In fundamentiscampanilisa cum quattuorfiguris. C.SALVIVS.C.L. SALVIA.C.F. AVCTVSAPOLL PRIMAFECIT .V.

P.PLOTIVS.P.L. VRBANVSAPOLL.

.V.

SOSIA.DL. AMARYLLIS [CIL XI, 855]

[drawing of two heads]

110.

In episcopatuin omatissimolapide. D.M C.MATERNIO QVINTIANO VETERANO EXPRAETOR MATERNIA BENIGNA FILIA .E.M.AVRELIVS MAXIMVS GENER OB MERITAEIVS

[drawing of two heads]

[CILXI, 839]

111. Indevero per RegiumLepidibParmamvenit,egregiamcivitatem,et apud cathedralemBeatae Virginis aedem sacra Largi,Cyriaciet Smaragdi monumentaconspexit, et ante templi postes Macrobiinostri memorabile indigneneglectoepigrammatemonumentum. 112. Exinde itaque concedens, Placentia Ticinoque visis, et una cum Antonio PanormitaAugustini sanctissimi episcopi, SeveriniqueBoetii et paucis aliis vetustatum monumentis compertis, ad exoptatam denique MediolanumnobilissimamInsubriumcivitatem venit, quam amplissimisc munitamsuburbiis,copiosamrerumqueomnigenumopulentissimamvidit, vetustistamet novis conspicuamomamentis. 113. Vidit praetereaNicolaumFloroFlavianum,amicumantiquissimum suum et optumumducalem ad aerariumquaestorem,qui postquameum

acampanillis b

Laepidi

amplissimus

TEXT

73

perbenigne susceperat, cum eiusdem epistolares orationes ad inclytum Philippumducem illico detulisset,UrbanoIacobo optimo suo intercurante secretario,Kiriaciannuenteprincipevotis, nobiliamultavetustatummonumentaviderat,et insigniaLatinislitterisepigrammataa suis adieceratcommenet in scalarumb tariis, primum quodam graduaulaeducalisceleberrimae: .O.V.F. MAG.STATIAE MAG.VXORI.ET C.RVFIONIPATRI ET CASSIAEMATRI TRIBONIAEHILA RAMEET GINIO MODE [CIL V, 6099] 114.

Apuddivae Theglaedelubrumvetustissimum.c .V.F.. D.M.

MAGIVS PARDION SIBI ET OPPIAEVALERIANAE CONIVGI.ET.Q.OPPIO CONSTITVTO 115.

116.

In aediumparieteHenriciPanigarolae. PLVTIAEHERMIONI ATILIAHERMIONE ET ATILIVSGALLICA MATRI DVLCISSIMAE

[CIL V, 6037]

[CIL V, 6069]

ApudsanctumMarcum. FVFIA SYNORIS CHRYSIPPO CONIUGI FEC

I T

a

epigramma

b scallarum

delubro vetustissimo

[CIL V, 6008]

74 117.

ANCONITANI VITAKYRIACI

In ripa fossae urbanae.

L.VALERIOVIRILLI ONI.VI.VIR.IVN.FRA TRI PIISSIMOVRAD SARIO.SACCONIS.F. PATRI TERTIAETREXAEMAT. SEPTVMIAESECVND.SEP TVMIAEEXORATAE.FILIAB. VALERIAETERTVLLAEVA LERIAIVRBANAISORO RIB.LAETILIOBLANDO VALERIAESPICVLAE VEGETO.LIBERT.AL FRIMVS.CENS. .T.F.I. 118.

119.

In urbanarum murofossarum. D.M MARIAE.FESTIVAE QVAE VIXIT.ANN.XX XIIII.M.II.DIES.V. MARIVS MONTANVS.DOMINAE ET CONIVGKARISSIMAE OB EXIMIAMERGASE PVDICITIAM ET MARIAFESTA ET MARIVSHIPPOLYTVS MATRIKARISSIMAE

[CILV, 5896]

[CILV, 6039]

In fossae murourbanae. D.M SEX TRV'I"IEDIO SEX.F.POL.SABINO INFANTIDVLCISSI MO.SEX.TRVTTEDIVS CLEMENS.PATER [CILIX, 5931, Ancona]

120.

Ad sanctumseraphicum. VALERIVS.QVI VIXIT.IN.SECVLO .ANN.XL. .M.X.D.V.IANVARIVS

TEXT

EXORCISTA SIBIET CONIVGIFECIT 121.

In aulapost divi Nazariiphanumin hostii parte. C.ALLIVS.PVD. SIBIET NOVELLIAEFVSCAE VXORI .C.ALLIOMAXIMO .C.ALLIOFVSCIANO .C.ALLIONIGELLIONI ET.NOVELLIVSVERVS

75

[CILV, 6276]

[CILV, 5940]

122.

murofossarum. In urbanarum M.IVNIOPATRONO.P.M. PIENTISSIMO.ET .P.VARIO.EVTYCHO CONIVG.DVLCISS.LIBERTIS LIBERTAB.IN.FR.P.XV.IN.AG.P.XV. [CILV, 6024]

123.

Alio in loco. D.M NOVELLIVS AEQVALIS SIBIET EGNATIAE L.F.PRIMIGENIAE VXORI CARISSIMAE ET SECVNDO MATVRO.MESSA LAE SVCCESSORI MODESTO LIBERTISSVIS .T.F.I.

124.

murofossarum In urbanarum MORTARIAE P.F.PIISS.MASCEL LIOFELIX.ET LVTATIA.CHRI STINA.FILIO DVLCISSIMO MEMORIAM POSVERUNT

[CILV, 6051]

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

76

CONTRA VOTVM 125.

[CILV, 6045]

In auladivi Simpliciani. M.VALERIVS MAXIMVS SACERDOS D.S.I.M.STV. ASTROLOGIAE SIBI.ET SEVERIAEAPR VXORI

.H.M.H.N.S. 126.

127.

In divi Nazaridelubro. FAVSTVS.VI.VIR ET.AVGVST.QVI INTER.PRIMOS AVGVSTALES.A DECVRIONIBVS AVGVSTALISFAC TVS.EST.VIRIAE MAXIMAEVXORI CARISS.ET.VRSO LVPVLLONILIBERTIS FVTVRIS

[CIL V, 5859]

In palatiiafronte praetoriani.b

C.ATILIVS C.F SECVNDVS SIBI.ET VALERIAE P.L.CROCIN. VXORI SVAE.ET.IVVENI VERNAE.SVAE.VIX. A.X

a

[CIL V, 5893]

palatio

bpraetoriano

[CIL V, 5959]

TEXT

128.

129.

In vetustissimabasiasanctiDyonisi. D.M .I.O.M.IMMQ. MAXIMI.ET.MAXIMAI CALVINIMAXIMVS MATRI INCOMPARABILI

131.

[CILV, 6041]

Ad sanctumPetrum. D.M Q.VITELLI SATVRNINI L VITELI VERANIVS ET CONSTANS VI.VIR IVNIORES PATRI.OPTIMO

130.

77

In aulaeporticubpost sanctiAmabiliscphanum. .P.VRSIO SEX.FIL POLLIONI PATRIVETTIAE LEPIDAE MATRI P.VRSIO.P.F.PAVLO VI VIR IVN.FRATR. CVR.AER P.VRSIOELAINO .F.PIISS. VRSIA.P.F.PRISCA IuxtasanctiMarcitemplum. C.SATTIVS .C.L.FELIX SIBI ET C.SATTIO .C.F.

a

vetustissimobassi

b

porticum

cAmabili

[CILV, 5905]

[CIL V, 5906]

78

VITA KYRIACI ANCONITANI

.O.V.F. PATRO NO 132.

133.

134.

135.

[CILV, 6083]

In sanctiGeorgiitemploin basi quadam. V.F ATILIVS.MAC RINVS.SECVNDVS ATILIO.MACRINO .PATRI. ET.SVRAE.PVPAE .MATRI. ET.MACRINO PRIMO.FRAT. ET.MACRINAE .SECVNDIN.

[CIL V, 5956]

In parietesanctiStephani. P.VALERIO .P.LIBERTO .PALAT. TACITO VI.VIRO.SENI ORI.ET.AVGVSTALI

[CIL V, 5895]

ApudsanctaeMariaetemplumsecretumin basi. L.ARVLENVS ANOPTES APOLLINI

[CILV, 5762]

In divi Victoristemplo. D.M AMANTIO DVLCISSIMO POSVERVNT PARENTES VERNA PATER ET LVPVLAMATER .FILIO. INNOCENTISSI MO

[CILV, 5942]

TEXT

136.

137.

138.

139.

140.

ApudsanctumNazariumin basi. DIIS.MAN L.REYNOPHI LETOAMATORI

79

[Not found]

Ibi prope. DIIS.MAN L.GRAECINIO POMPEIANO.ANIMVLAE .IVCVNDISS. QVI VIXITANNOS XXIIII.MATERPOSVIT AEMILIAPOMPEIA SIBI

[CILV, 6019]

In basi quadamapudsanctiDonini templum. IOVI IVNONI MINERVAE Q.VOCONIVS EX VOTO

[CIL V, 5771]

ApudBrutianumrus agriMediolanensis. V.F C.FABIVS PLACENTINVS SIBI.ET COELIAE OLYMPIADI UXORI AMANTISS. ET.SVIS

[CILV, 6006]

In foribussanctiBartholomoeitempli. .V.F. M.SVLPICIVS M.F.ACCEPTVS SIBI.ET.M.SVLPICIO .CASTO. PATRONO EROTICENNAMO CONLIBERTIS.PAT RONI.ET.L.LVCILIO FLOROAMICO

[CILV, 6100]

80

141.

142.

143.

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

In phaniforibussanctiBartholomoei. V.F Q.CAMPILIVS Q.F VIRILLIOVI.VIR .IVN.SIBI.ET. TATINIAE.M.F. VERAE.UXORI Q.CAMPILIO PATRI CASTRICIAE CONDEXVAE MATRI

[CIL V, 5853]

In fossarummurourbicarum. CISALPINI L.T TRANSALPINI .PATR. COLL.NAVT. COMENS HERED.FAC.CVR.

[CIL V, 5911]

Ad sanctumMarcum. I.O.M C.CASSIVS.C.F. THYRSVS.VI.VIR

V.S.L.M.

[CIL V, 5776]

144.

Derthonaeantepostes monacorumsanctiMartiani. C.ORISCVS ECNATI.FRON TONIS ET.IVLIAE.EVTYCHI LIBERTI.FILIVS ANN.XVI.HIC [CIL V, 7386] ADQVIESCIT

145.

In fossae murourbanae. D.M. RAMMIAE CALLITYCHE FILIAEPIENTISS.

[Not found]

TEXT

146.

147.

ApudTradatemveteremMediolanensemvicum. VOTISOMNIB. CAELESTIB.CONSEN TIENTIB.BENEVERTEN TIBQ L.PARIVS.HERMES In silvis procula Tradatelitterisinscriptisvidentur: TREBVC. CARPENTVM BONA.NOCTE VADE.DORMITVM

81

[CILV, 5634]

[Not found]

148. Mediolani extra portamComensemin aede sancti Simplicianiin omatissimotumulo. .Q.VIRISEVERINI. ATTIASEVERINA.ET.Q.VIRIVS ONESASPARENTES Raptusego superispatribusqueablatusinique Cumfruidebueramaetatefloridaluce His requiescolocis vitamcui fatanegarunt Praecipitemmemetsuperimerseresub aulas Ac tumulomerseregraviusus et arsque Mihi fueratstudiosocordereperta Maximaquadripedumcurastudiaquoqueplura Fueruntingenio semperplenusprobitatebeatus Et quandoquesimulpatribusfinito limine vitae Manibushis quietiparitersociavimuruna Quisquelegis doleas diu pes taliafata QVI.VIXIT.ANNOS.XXVIIII MENS.V.D.V ET.ATTIO.EPICTETO.LIBERT. [CILV, 6128] 149.

In alio lapide. V.F AVE.ALCIME.BENE TIBI.SIT D.M. C.IVLIOALCIMO RAVENNATI COMPARATOR MERCISSVTORIAE ET VIRIAEMARCELL CONIVGIOPTIMAE

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

82

ET HERMIAE.LIB.ET CAETERISLIBERTIS LIBERTABQ.MEIS ET VIRIAEMARCELLAE .H.M.H.N.S. 150.

Derthonaein marmoreecclesiaemaioris.a QVART.COMINIVS .C.F.SIBIET TERTIAEPETRONIAE M.F.VXORIET L.COMINIO.C.F.ET C.COMINIOC.F. FRATRIBVSET TERTIAECOMINIAE SORORIET AMPLIATOET FELICI .LIB.

[CILV, 5927]

[CILV, 7385]

151. Et extrautiqueTicinianaearcisab antiquaegentis originegestarum reruminsignesmachinarum reliquias,preciosamquesupellectilem,hortosque regios,et ingentiaferarumclaustra,nobilesui magnificentissimiparentisopus, nobiliamonasteria. inspexerat,et ClaraevallisCartusiensiumque 152. Deinde vero se Brixiamcontulit,ubi plura veteritatis conspexit, videlicet: L.CHAMVRIVS L.L.PANDARVS IIIII.VIR.AVG SIBI ET ZENONI.LIBERTO [CILV, 4403] [no heading]: .L. .C.M.I. IN.FR.PXX [CILV, 4639] IN AG P XX 153.

amaior

In lapideaquaesanctaein aede sanctaeIuliae. D.M L.CAELI.ARRIAN. MEDICOLEGIONIS

TEXT

83

.II.ITALIC.QVI.VIX. ANN.XXXXVIII.MEN. SISa.VII.SCRIBONIA

154.

155.

FAVSTINA CONIVGI KARISSIMO

[CILV, 4367]

M.NONIO.M.F. FAB.ARRIOPAVLINO APROCIXV.VIR.SACR. FAC.CVLTORES.LAVDVM EIVS

[CILV, 4340]

Alio in loco.

Alio in lapide. CAECILIAE.L.F. MACRINAE.P. SENECIVSGARVLLVS F.AB HEREDIBVS TESTAMENT F.I

[CILV, 4470]

L.VALERIVS MARCELLINVS .L.D.NEPOS.D.D.

[CILV, 4332]

P.CLODIO.P.F. FAB.SVRAE Q.FLAMINIDIVI TRAIANIPONTIF II VIR.QVINQ.TRIB. LEG.II.ADIVTRIC. PIAE.FID.CVRAT REI.P.BERGOM. DATO.AB.IMP.TRA IANO.CVRAT.REI .P.COMENS.DATAB IMP.HADRIANO COLLEGIAFABROR .ET.CENT.

[CILV, 4368]

[no heading]:

156.

Alio in marmore.

a MEN/SISIS

84

157.

158.

159.

VITA KYRIACI ANCONITANI

In aede sanctiBartholomeiin monte. ACCEPTOCHIAE SERVOLANARI PECTINARI SODALES.POSVER

[CIL V, 4501]

In aede sanctiSandri. .B.M.INPACE FLANIGOSCVTA RIVS SCOLATER TIA QVI VIXIT.ANN. .L.M.XXV.ET MILITAVIT.AN.VI.CO GNATVSDVLCISSIMVS SORORIOAMANTISS.

[CIL V, 4369]

Alio in mannore. QVINTIARESTITVTA C.PETRONOFAB.FRON TONI.VI.VIRAVG.BRIX. OB MERITAVIROPIEN TISSIMO

[CIL V, 4463]

160.

Propeturrimde la Palatain parietedomusprivatae. COLLEGIA.FABR.ET CENT.L.CORNELIO PROSODICOVI.VIR AVG.BRIX.ET.VERON. SACERD.COLLEG.IVVE NVM BRIXIAN.PRI MVM INSTITVTISOB MERITAEIVS HONORE CONTENTVSIMPEN DIVM REMIS.IN.TVT. HS.N.D. [CIL V, 4416]

161.

In parietehospitalisextraaedemsanctiFrancisci. L.POBLICIVSHEBE NVS SIBI.ET.OPTATE MVLVIAECONTVB. ET VELLIAEFIRMAE PISAINAE

[CIL V, 4676]

TEXT

162.

163.

In aede sanctaeAgathae. FL.LVPPIOEX PRAEP.AVR.SEVE RINAEMATR.DVL CISS.QVAE.VIX.A. LXXV.M.VII.VALE MIHIMATERPIEN TISS.

[CILV, 4370]

In eodemloco. VICTOR.ARTHE MIO.FRATRI.BE NEMERENT.QVI VIXIT.ANNOS QVINQVEGINTA ET MENSESQVAT TVOR.AETERNVM .SALVE. QVI LEGERIS

164.

85

ExtraaedemsanctaeAgathaein pariete. .C.QVINTIVS.C.F. FAB.CATVLLVS DECVR.BRIXIAE SIBI.ET CORNELIAE.M.F. MAGNAEVXORI ET.Q.QVINTIO .C.F.FRATRI C.QVINTIOSECVN DO.PATRI.ANTONIAE. CATVLLAE MATRI .T.F.I.

[CILV, 4766]

[CILV, 4460]

et antiquamcivitatemolim a Gallis 165. Et deniqueVeronamferacissimam conditamvenit,ubinonexiguaveterummonumentacomperit.Hancpraeterea urbempraeterfluitfluvius Athesisnomine,secundumquoddicit Papias,licet aliquieumAthacemvocent,dicentesillum esse de quo meminitLucanus;alii dicunt Athacemesse Ticinum,sed Papiasdicit quod Athax est fluvius inter Laudnumet Remos iuxtaRenum:sed Veronaefluviusest. 166. InhacurbeLiguricavidit Kyriacus,ut in commentariissuis reposuit, laberinthum,qui harenanuncdicitur,et habeturquodconstructumfuit anno

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

86

Octaviani Augusti XXXIX, ante ortumChristitertio,acuius pars exterior terraemotibuscorruit,et nuncextatblocusrotundusHarenaeper totummagnis saxis undiqueconstructuset perfilatuscum cubalis intus et multis antris multiformiterredimitus<sit>.c In huius autem rotunditatenarratKiriacus ipse

quod extantdscalae magnis lapidibus appositae, quae quanto magis in altitudineprotendebant,tanto plus in rotunditatevidebanturampliari;et cubitisin altitudineextenditur,in cuius secundumquodrefertur, quinquaginta summitatequidamlocus magnuset nobilis multiformislaboratusmarmoreo de lapidecircumquaqueredimituserat. 167. Vidit praetereaportamgeminamtriumphalemBursariorumvivo de lapide constructam,quaeeduodecimnumeroexomatafenestrisfconspectari videtur,gubi tale KiriacusLatinumexceperatepigramma. COLONIAAVGVS TA.VERONA.NO VA GALLIENIANA VALERIANO.I. ET.LVCILLO.COSS. MVRIVERONEN SIVM FABRICATI EX DIE. II.NON.A PRILIVM DEDICATI.PR.NON. DECEMBR.IVBENTE SANCTISSIMO GALLIENOAVG.N. INSISTENTE.AVR. MARCELLINO.V.P. .DVC. DVC.

CVRANTE.IVL. MARCELLINO

a

tercio

b

estat

[CIL V, 3329]

c sitsuppliedbyedd.from Saraynatext(seeIntroductionandnoteto thetranslation ad loc.) d

e

estant quem

f finestras

gconspectarevidentur

TEXT

168.

169.

Alio in loco ibi prope. DEO.MAGNO AE''ERN L.STATIVSDIODO RVS.QVOT.SEPRE CIBVS COMPOTEM .FECISSET. .V.S.L.M.

87

[CIL V, 3221]

In civitacula. CLAVDIAE.TI.F. MARCELLINAE BELLICI SOLLERTIS .CO.

M.ET.Q.HORTENSI PAVLINVS.ET.FIRMVS 170.

171.

SuperflumenAthesis. VETORELIQVIAS. I STVS PVPRONVSCALT HOMO OPTIM HICIACET

[CIL V, 3338]

[CIL V, 3830]

In cimiteriosanctiNicolai. LOCOPVBLIC. DAT.D.D.a PARCIS . AVG

.SACR. L.CASSIVS.VERVICI .F.NIGRINVS.VI.VIR .AVG. .V.S.L.M. 172.

173.

In cimiteriosanctiFirmimaioris. P.GRAECINIO .P.F.POB LAGONI ORNAMENTIS.CONSVLARIB. [no heading] OCTAVIA..L. .HILARA.

a

Gloss in ?Felice's hand: decreto decurionum

[CILV, 3281]

[CILV, 3340]

88

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

V.F.SIBI.ET L.CAELIO.L.L. STATVRAI.VIRO SVO.ET. L.CAELIO L.F FIRMO FILIO .H.M.H.N.S. 174.

[CILV, 3689]

In curiapauperum. MAGISTRI M.LICINIVS.M.F.PVSILLIO SEX.VIPSANIVS.M.F.CLEMENS Q.CASSIVS.C.F.NIGER MINISTRI. BLANDVS.C.AFINI.ASCLAE.SER. MVRRANVS.P.CLODI TVRPIONIS.SER AVCTVS.M.FABRICI HILARI.SER. COMPITVMREFECERVNT TECTVM PARIETES.ALLEVARVNT VALVASLIMENDE SVA PECVNIA LARIBUSDANT COSSO CORNELIOLENTVLO .L.PISONEAVGVRECOS. [CILV, 3257]

175.

176.

In tumulomarmoreosito in maioriecclesia. P.IVLIVS.APOLI ONIVS.SIBI.ET ATTIAEVALERI AE.CONIVG.OB SEQVENTISS. VIVVS.PARAVIT ET EIVSQ. DEI.COR.IN.ARC. CONDIDIT ET LOCVMSERVIO DEDICAVIT In aede divi prothomartyris. D.M C.CALVENTI FIRMINI

[CILV, 3643]

TEXT

CVRATORES INSTRVMENTI VERONAES EX NVMERO COLLEG.FABR. 177.

178.

In alio loco cum figuris. EX TESTAMENTO P.SACIDI.Q.F. POB.PATRIS P.SACIDI.P.F.AN.VI. M.SACIDI.P.F.AN.III.

a

[CIL V, 3748]

[CIL V, 3460]

Ibi propein hortulo.a D.M L.NOVELL. R4ODAN. .T.F.I.

181.

[CIL V, 3734]

In phanodivi Proculi. PHOTINO VESTIARIO NICEPHORVS.LIB. PATRON.OPTIM. ET.SIBI.V.F.

180.

[CIL V, 3387]

Et alibi. CN.SERVILIVS CN.L. SYRVS V.F

179.

89

In domoecclesiaeantedictae. D.LIVIAE.M VENVSTAE M.LIVIVSFORTV NATVS LIBERTAE.ETVXORI BENE MERENTI ANN.XXIII.M.VII.D XVII

hortullo

[CIL V, 3677]

[CIL V, 3657]

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

90

182.

In vetustissimosepulchro. C.GAVI.C.F.QVINTAN ANN.XLIII.M.X.C.GAVIVS

PIISSIMO MENODORVS.FILIO D PATER.INFELIX M AEQVIVS.ENIM.FVERAT VOS HOC MIHI FECISSE ET.SIBI [CIL V, 3627] 183.

In abbatiasanctiZenonis. V.F M.GAVIVS SEVERVSSIBIET CORNELIAE EPIMELIAE CONIVGIOPTIMAE BENE MERENTI.ET. M.GAVIOSERENO ET CORNELIAERESTI TUTAE LIBERTIS

184.

185.

a=

In hortulosanctiZenonis. QVARTVA HICVIDVA VIXIT ANN.LXXX MARCELLINVSCARIS SIMVSFRATER.CARIS SIMAESORORIET PIENTISSIMAE MERITE FECIT QUEMOMNESECLESIA DILIGEBAT In pillo quadratomarmoreo.a AVENIAE BASSARIDIS FILIAE.OPTIM. M.GAVIVS CORNELIVS

in pila quadrata marmorea?

[CIL V, 3628]

[CILV, 3419]

TEXT

91

AGATHE.MERite

186.

187.

AVENIANVS OMNI.INIVRIA DEBILITATVS

[CILV, 3382]

VIXIT.ANN. XXV.MEN.IIHI. DIEB.XIIII. OMNISENSV VITA PIETATE PERFECTISSIM

[CILV, 3382]

Ab alio latere

A tertiolatere OEA

XAPIC BACCAPIC 188.

[CILV, 3382]

Ab alia partela MANV MISS. ALVMNA ANN.II.DIER. XVII.AMAVENA MACRO SPLENDidoAEQU"'R.romano OMNI HONORE FUNCTO

189.

[CILV, 3382]

In alio lapide CN.aCORNELIVS CVRVINI .L.NERITVS VI VIR AVG.SIBI.ET CLODIAE TONNI ANAE.L.CHRESTAE CONTVBERNAL.

[CILV, 3393]

190. Exindepostquamdiligenteromniaveteraperscruptasset, Mediolanum iterumreversusest, ubi per dies aliquotmagnocum principemoratusest.

a

gloss in same hand: gneus

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

92

191. Deinde vero Mantuampetiit, civitatemavetustissimamItaliae in provintia,quaequondamVenetia,quaeet GalliaCisalpinanuncupatur,prout egometin suis commentariisrepperi;mentionemdignissimam,ni fallor,hoc loco praestantiaetuaedestinandamb curavi. 192. Haecenim civitas sita fuit, secundumquodrefertIsidoruset Paulus a Mantho:<Manto>cTiresiaefilia post interitumThebanorum Longobardus, in Italiamdelata <Mantuam>dcondidisse dicitur ... et dicta Mantuaquod manes tueatur,ut scribitIsidorus:ab ipsa etiam Manthodicta est Mantua civitas.Virgiliusvero, qui ex hac urbetraxitoriginem,non minimumcivitati decus,dicit quodfilius eiusdemManthos,Ogus nomine,eandemcivitatema matrisnomineMantuamappellavit.Ipsaautemdictaest Manthosive Manthos quiadenominaturea maneset tueor,quiamanes,id est deorummortuorum, tueretur. Haec,aliiut dicunt,de quodamviro nomineTiberefiliumhabuit,qui dictus est Obius sive Obnus, et idem dictus est Bianora bis fortis, scilicet corporeet animo.Unde Virgilius:sepulchrumincipit apparerefBianoris. Hic,ut quidamvolunt,condiditMantuam,quamex Manthoismatrisnomine Mantuani FuitautemTiresiashuiusManthoisgenitor,magnus nominaverunt.g Thebanorum vates,de quo meminitStatiushin Thebanorumhistoria.Haec de exordiourbishuiuspatent'ex auctoribusmemoratis. 193. Tempusautemfundationiseius expressuminde habetur,antiquissimum enim opinaripotest ex quo vel a ManthoTiresiaevatis filia vel a filio ipsiusManthoisconstatconditam.NaminteritusThebanorum,sive Thebarum expugnatio,factaper Graecospost diutinamobsidionempro certamineregni

a

civitas

bdestinandum

cMantosuppliedby edd.from text of Isidore (see notes on translationad loc.). dMantuam suppliedby edd.from text of Isidore. ediatrix fparere g nominavit h Stacius

'patet

TEXT

93

Ethioclemet Polinicem,aEdipi Thebanorumregis filios, Troianum praecessitexcidium per annos circiter sexaginta hoc modo: Edipus enim temporeAbimelechiudicisIsraelerat.Troiaveroexcisa fuit annotertioAbdon iudicisIsrael.Ab ultimoveroannoAbimelechusquead tertiumAbdonfuerunt annisexaginta.TroiaeveroexcidiumpraecessitconditionemurbisRomaeper annosCDXXXIsecundumHieronymum.Conditafuit autemRomaannoante Christiadventumper annos DCCLIIsecundumOrosium;et sic, etiam non computatisannis qui praecesseruntab interituThebanorum,post quem, ut dictum est, fuit Mantuaaedeficata,busque ad excidiumTroianum,si recte MCLXXXIIIannipraeteritia Mantuaconditausque invenientur calculabitur,c ad Salvatorisadventum.In cronicisautemMileti sive Eusebiihabeturquod condita fuit Mantuaanno nativitatisAbraamDXXX, qui fiunt annis ante urbemconditamDCLXX.Nam Abraaenativitaspraecessiturbemconditam, secundumAugustinum,circiterMCC annos, quod testaturlibro XVIII de civitate Dei, de quibus si detrahanturanni DXXX, qui fuerunta nativitate Abraamusque ad aedificationemd Mantuae,ut dictumest, restat fuisse ab Mantuaeusquead conditionemRomaeannosfDCLXX,quibus aedificationee si addanturanni DCCLII qui fuerunt ab urbe condita usque ad Christi adventum,rectecalculandoganniMCCCCXXII. 194. Hanc civitatempraeterfluitamnis Mincius Paduminfluens, quam etiam munitissimamet inexpugnabilemreddit lacush ear ambiens. In suburbanoquoquepago superripamipsius lacus sito, qui et Pietolis dicitur, natus fuisse ferturVirgilius,urbis Mantuanaedecus eximium,in quo enim loco Kiriacusipse prudenterperscruptatusest si aliquiddignuminvenisset de MaroneVirgilio;qui'apudripamfluvii Tartarihoc vetemitatis,praesertim vetustissimumrepperitepigramma: M.VERGILIO.M.F. ANTHIOCO.VNIGENITO SIBIET PAMPHILO. [CILV, 3827]

apolinitem

bhedificata

c calchulabitur d hedificationem

hedificatione fante g calchulando hlocus

'quod

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

94

195.

Mantuaead puteumin lapide. L.ANNIO.L.L.DIPHILO MAIORI L.ANNIO.L.L.DIPHILO MINORI L.ANNIVS.DIOMEDES. LIBERTEIS

196.

Alio in loco. [shown underan arch:] CASSIAE.L.F. TERTIAI.MATRI

197.

[CILV, 4066]

In parietibusecclesiaeasanctiSilvestri. V.F FVRIA.SEX.F.PRIMA SIBI.ET.M.ACILIO.LF VIRO.ET.P.FVRIO P.F.VIRO.ET. .Q.CAESIO.M.F. VIRO

[CIL V, 4072]

[CIL V, 4073]

198. Et deindevero se Januamcontulit,insignemmaritimarum Lygustiae civitatem,quaesecundumPlinium librode naturalihistoriain provintia est Liguriae,quaenuncLongobardiadicitur.Scribitenim quodhaec civitas protenditura Vintimilioet fluvio Merulausque ad Sigestrumet flumenb Macrae,in qua provintiaest Januaet fluviusPulcivere.Pauluscvero Longobardorumscriptorhistoriaescribitquodest in quintaItaliaeprovintia,quae AlpesCociaedicitur,et quodipsa provintiaa Liguriausquead mareextensa ab occiduoGallorumfinibuscopulatur;in quaTerdona,monasteriumBobii, Januaet Saonacivitateshabentur. 199. Scribiturin cronicisquodJanus,quidamprincepsMoisi contemporaneus,de orientispartibusin Italiamveniens,ibi primusomniumregnavit, quamvis [ut] ab aliis historiisdicaturquod Abraaetemporeregnaverit.Hic Januamcivitatemconstruxitet de suo nomineJaniculamappellavit,et ibi ad hocprobandum adducuntur Soliniverbadicentis:Quis ignorat vel editamvel conditama Jano Janiculam,a SaturnoSaturniam? a

eclesiae

b flumine

c palus

TEXT

95

200. Alius Janus Troianus origine post Troiae excidium in Italiam venit. Dicit etiam quod cum idem Janus [dum] navigaret et ventum prosperum haberet loco qui Albarium dicitur, obscuritasa grandis in aere apparuit quae vulgo Albasia dicitur,apud alios Cigaria, quae [a] loco nomen dedit Albanum. Procedens vero loco, qui Galiganum dicitur, cum terrae situs illi placuisset velab calavit; unde et locus sic dictus est. Loco vero, qui Serzanum dicitur, saltans in terramdescendit, et ex illo saltu Serzanum vulgo, quasi saltus Jani, locus ille nomen accepit. Veniens autem ad ipsam civitatem Ianiculam, castrum ibi aedificavitc loco qui nunc Castellum vocatur,dfecitque turres et fortilicia ubi nunc est archiepiscopale palatium, et muris fortissimis communivit, et sic ear ampliavit Ianus secundus. Convenientibus etiam ibidem diversis habitatoribus, civitas magnificari coepit. Quod autem de Iano cive Troiae refert, dicit tantum se per famam publicam et antiquam novisse. 201. Subiungit quoque quod Ianua fuit aedificatae per annos CVII ante urbis Romae conditionem, et ante adventum Christi per annos MVCXLVI,fet in tertia mundi aetate. Hoc autem constare dicitur et per supradicta verba Solini, scilicet quod Ianus Ianiculam quae modo Ianua dicitur aedificavitg,et per cronicas autenticas; sed auctorem sive scriptorem non nominat. Quod Ianus Moisi temporibus regnabat quando populi in deserto tenebat ducatum et quod Roma condita fuit, <si> computabuntur, invenienturh anni fluxisse VIIC.VII.quibus Ianuae aedificatioj praecessit urbis Romae conditionem. Si autem a Moise usque ad Christi tempora computabuntur, invenientur, ut dictum est, anni qui fluxerunt MDXLVI. Istam autem computationem annorum dicit se fecisse secundum assignationem Hieronymi, qui minorem

a obscuratis b vella

c hedificavit d

vocat

e hedificata

f IntheMS thec is writtendirectlyabovethefirstV, whichis itselfinsertedbetweenM andX. g hedificavit

hinvenient In the MS the c is writtendirectilyabove the secondI. Jhedificatio

96

VITA KYRIACIANCONITANI

numerum ponit.Bedaenimet Methodiusmaioremnumerumponunt,dicentes quodGalli,quorumdux fuit Bellovesius,eam aedificaverunt.a nonnominateamIanuamsed Genuam;dicitque 202. TitusLiviuspraeterea ipsamannoab urbeconditaDXXXIII a MagonePoenorumducecum XXX navibusrostratiset multisonerariisin quibuserantduodecimmiliapeditum et fermeduomiliaequitumnullismunitampraesidiiscepitbet paenedestruxit. CircaquaetemporaMediolanum fuitexpugnatumc etiama Marcello,per quod patetquodsaltemper annosCCXXXfuit IanuaanteChristiadventum.Alibi dicitquodScipio, fraterpuberScipionis,navibusGenuamvenit in occursum Hannibalis Alpes transgressuri.Refertdetiam Titus idem quod Lucretio prorogatumest imperiuma Romanis,ut Genuamoppiduma Magonepene annoab urbeconditaDXLV. reaedificarete dirruptum 203. Et ut ad propositumrevertar,in hac autemcivitate Kyriacusipse repperit,FranciscoBarbavaraducalibusintercedentibuslitteris curante,et omniacivitatisornamenta;vidit et insignemillumpreciosissimade praeclara smyragdocratheraatqueC. Mariimarmoreumcaput.Etenimibi primarioset inter cives videratIoannemGrillum,opulentissimumcivem, Franciscum Spinolam,BenedictumNecronem,PaulumImperialem,nec non doctissimos homines IacobumBracellum,Nicolaum Camulium,egregios publicae rei secretarios,quibus a claris viris praedignein urbe et extra per eximia et ornatissimahortorumdiversoriasplendideconvivaatqueperlautefuerat,et sibi omnia tantae urbis insignia ostentarunt,et amplissimamnavistatii portusquemurorummolem,fnaves longaset onerariasingentes. Sed postquamhic omniaviderat,Romamse rursusad pontificem 204. contulit. Et cum per dies in urbe versaretur,audivit Anconitanoscives, adversus quosdampatriae rebelles concives piraticamexercentes,gnaves PaliaresioPisanellopraefectoin expeditioneparare;et ThomamBlasii filium

ahedificaverunt b coepit cexpugnatam d

reffert

e rehedificaret f mollem g excercentes

TEXT

97

antiquum,qui suam exa Balearibusinsulis onerariamnavim Caetanumad portumduxerat,illam hoc in apparatuconductomilite ducereet Paliaresium adIlyricisinusorasexpectare,et simulunarebellesimpeterecives praefectum et in potestatemredactosextremosupplicioafficeredebereiussisse. 205. QuibusauditisKyriacushaec omniamolesteferens,nampotissime verebaturne quandoilla pemiciosacoeptaciviliumdiscordiarumin civitate tam diu intemerataeb unionis integraseminariumdeniquepestilentissimum licuisset remediain posterum,unacum Nicolao Petrelliscribae essent,cquoad fratre ex urbe se ad Thomamdpatronumapud Caietamcontulit.Qui cum Kyriacumaudisset,[et] iuvenisille generosusnon parumlaetatusomniasibi suo de consilio se facturumspopondit. 206. Et cum expeditae Caietanavis Neapolimventuraesset, ut interim quid dignumvetustatisinspiceret,Neapolim terrestriitinerepetit. Et cum primum per iter Terrecinas,maritimamet antiquamLatinorumurbem, vidisset, DIVI.AVG.marmoreumtemplum,portumqueeximium,et ab urbe Romaingentiasilicumstrataviarumconspectaremaluerat. 207. Sed ex Caietaper NeapolitanumiterLintemeasmemorabilesmagni Scipionis villas, eiusque marmoreamstatuam,et ingentiacocto de latere amphiteatraconspexit. 208. Inde vero per Suessam turritamCapuam venit, insignem olim Campaneaecivitatem,ubi non parvaveterummonumentacomperit.Et extra potissimead tertiumab urbelapidemincultainteret silvestrialoca maximi amphiteatrireliquias maximorumlapidum vidit, et procul inde antiquas magnaecivitatisportaset pleraquesubterraneaingentiamirificaquedomorum aedificia.

209. Exinde per Aversam oppidum Parthenopaeamillam nobilem Neapolitanamregiamcivitatemadivit,IoannaserenissimaKaroliregis filia regnante....

a

et

b interatae c

esse

d Thoma

98

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

[fol. 104 of MS is missing;fol. 105r preserves a Greekinscription:]

TIBEPIOCIOTAIOC TAPCOC.OCAIOP OTPOICAITfIIOAEI TONNAONNKAI.TAE HTQINAQIIIEAAr QNCEBACTOrO

.EPOC. KAIEITI POHOC. CTNTECACACEPTQNI

AIQNPAOIE PQCEN. [CIG5791; IG XIV 714; CILX p. 184] 210. Exinde, Hercule Puteolano praetore ducente, posteaquam ad CaesareamcavamVirgiliidivi poetaemonumentaviderat,Puteolosvenit,et ibi praeclara multavetustatumSybillaevidit, templa,Avemi lacus,et adusque MisenumceleberrimummontemomniaCumarumBaiarumquemonumenta conspexit, in quis Neroniana Lucullianaqueinsignia pleraque aedificia nostramad diem mirificaconspectantur. 211. IndeveroperNeapolimBeneventanamad insignemSannitumurbem venerat,ubiingentiautiquemultavetustatumvidit, et maximisui amphiteatri vestigia, nobilemqueTraianiCaesarisarcumpraeclarumsuo cum epigrammate conspectaremaluerat,quod inclytusolim ille S.P.Q.R. fortissimoilli principioratissimum dederat. 212.

Sub statuamarmorea. T.NONIOMARCEL LINO.V.C.COS.CAP.Um? PATRONO DIGNISSIMO OB INSIGNIABENE FICIAQVIB.LONGA POPVLI TABEDIASEDAVIT VNIVERSAPLEBS BENEVEN TANA CENSVITPONENENDAM

[CILIX, 1589]

TEXT

213.

99

[no heading] D.M Q.PLOTIVS.Q.F. QVIR ROMANVS

[Not foundin CILIX]

214. De hacaurbereperitur in cronicisantiquis.Beneventumet ArpibItaliae civitatesa Diomedeconstitutae,ut dicit Solinus.Fuit autemDiomedesunus ex principibusGraecorumqui fueruntin obsidioneTroiana,qui ab Illyricis interemptusest, ut scribit Papias, addensquod Diomedis urbscin Apulia, quamDiomedessub Garganodmontecondidit.Ibi tamennon exprimitquod fuit dicta Beneventum,alio autemloco dicit: Beneventumcivitas est quae priusdictaest Sanium,et alibidicit:Sanniscivitas est in Apuliaet Saniumest et Sanitaegensest quaein CXXX miliariodistata Romamediae Beneventum, inter Picenumfet Campaniam.Ex historiaquoqueLongobardorum habetur Sannium est Italiae et in ea Sanium civitas,a quod quattuordecima provintia, et tota nomen In Sanio est civitas qua provintia accepit. provintia ipsa Beneventana;metropolishabetur.Nobilis in Apuliaarchiepiscopuseius duo et viginti sub se suffraganeoshabet.Miletusget Hieronymusscribuntquod Beneventum in Sannioa Romanisconditurannoab urbeconditaCDLXX.Et credoquod illa conditiofueritreconditiosive reparatioquia sicut dictumest secundumSolinum,Beneventumfuit a Diomedeconstitutum,qui fuit ante Romamlongissimotempore,et cetera. 215. Sed postquamKiriacusipse omnia ibi digna litteriscommendarat, Neapolimiterumrevisit,ubicumpaucospost dies, expeditaet completamilite navi, DanielehParentinoepiscopoet IoanneBosculo Florentinoab Eugenio pontificead AlphonsumregemoratoribusSiciliampetentibusacceptis,

a huius b

Arpos

urbis d corr. in MS from argano medii

f Picennum g Milletus

hDanielis

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

100

navigasset,Kiriacusnotuset amicissimusillis dignaplurimaab iis audieratde rebus inclytocum rege agendisqui adversusTuniseumregemIarbeamtum forteinsulamingenticlasse premebat. 216. Et cum tandemnavis in Siciliam Messanamad urbempraeclaram applicuisset,legati illico Syracusasterrestriitinerepetiere;et Thomas,Petro Caietanoegregio Anconitanorumconsule curante,additis expeditionisuae militibus, ut Anconitanaeclassi obviaret,aad Illyricisinus fauces navigavit. IbidieposterononlongeOtrantib promuntorioc nobilidBaleariamnavim unamquebirememomnifariammachinismunitam,Paliaresioviro quidem praestanteet imperatoriapotestatepraefecto,adventantesvidere,et cum se invicem iunxissent, Tarentinumad sinum, ubi Calliepolitano in portu piraticamillamnavimconsidereintellexerant,advenere. 217. Sed enim cum inclytaolim reginaMaria,Tarentiniprincipismater, navim illam suo in portu salvam fore <se> permisisse suos per oratores praefecto nuntiasset, non nullas post hinc inde per litteras legatosque contentiones,tandeminfecta re classis Anconitanamad patriamremenso aequoreremeavit. 218.

a

Vale, decus saeculinostriet patriaeomamentum.

obivaret

botrenti c promuntorium d

nobile

TRANSLATION HEREBEGINSTHE LIFEOF THE LEARNEDAND FAMOUSCIRIACOOF ANCONA'

1. From Francesco Scalamonti,knight of Ancona, to Lauro Quirini, patricianof Venice, greetings. 2. WhenI was recentlyat home in Ancona,I readthatelegantletteryou wrotefromPaduasometimeago to ourfriend,Ciriacoof Ancona,in Florence; andfromit I beganto appreciatethe nobilityof yourcharacter.This proposal of yoursto writeaboutthelife andcareerof such an extraordinary man seems to me well worthwhile and likely to do honorboth to him and to yourown eloquence.Moreover,in the matterof eloquenceI did not consideryou to be an idle talentamongthe learnedmen of Italy.For who could choose a more splendid,refined,andhappysubjectto writeaboutin these days thanto hand down to posteritya recordof the life and journeysof this singularfigure? Ciriacois the only man in thirteenhundredyears,since the time of the great AlexandriangeographerClaudiusPtolemy in the age of Hadrian,whose expansivenatureandhigh-borntempergave him the courageto travelall over the world-through Greece, Asia, Egypt, and the Ionian and Aegean islands-to surveyandinvestigatethesites and characteristicsof its territories andprovinces,its mountains,woodlands,springsandrivers,its seas, lakes and noblestcitiesandtowns. Whateverfine monumentsof venerableantiquityhe foundworthyof notein these places,he faithfullyrecorded,not in Italian,but in Latin or Greek; and, as we have often heard him say himself, his indefatigableresolve,regardlessof all discomforts,toils andsleepless nights thetaskinvolved,was to inspectandexaminewhateverancientremainswere to be seenin theworldas faras thelastrockyheightsjuttinginto Ocean,to the islandof Thule,andany otherremotepartsof the earth. 3. Indeed, I recognize that in this matter, Lauro, you who are a manandtrulya verdantlaurelglorifyingthe Muses,have shown distinguished to be a trueQuirinus2andeminentlyworthyto possess andadornthe yourself the honorableandworthy name'Quirinus,'in as muchas youhaveundertaken endeavor to be the first Italiannotablyto recordfor all time every notable achievementof Ciriaco,who himself has workedso diligentlyto adornthe Latinname.Accordinglyin orderto be able to writethe life faithfullyand as andcompletelyas possible,you askedCiriacoin yourletter comprehensively to writeout a completeandorderlyaccountof his whole careerfromthe day of his birth.But when I realizedthat he was ratherslow in complying(for I know that he is always betterat promotingotherpeople'saffairsand praise thanhis own),andsince,frommy earliestyouth,frommy babytoenailsas the 101

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sayinggoes,3we have long been close friendsandfamiliarneighbors,honor and decency seemedto lay on me this decentand honorableduty, which it wouldbe verywrongto refuse.Indischargeof this obligation,I have therefore taken up my pen and have seen to it that the enclosed materialsshouldbe brieflywrittenout and sent to you, giving an accountof the lineage,life and travels of our friend, Ciriaco of Ancona, taking my informationfrom his mother,4his relatives, and his own mouth and numerouswritings.These materials I have arrangedand writtenout as brieflyas possible and enclose herewithfor yourfriendlyuse. 4.

Farewell,andreadCiriacohimself.

5.

... .5and did whatever was possible to educate them6 in good manners

and letters. Ciriacowas now aboutnine years old;7bornas he was with an immensecravingto see the worldandimpelledby a kindof divinelyinspired destiny,he eagerly,againsthis mother'swishes, accompaniedhis grandfather, CiriacoSelvatico,who was then by chanceabout to make a sea voyage on businessup the Adriaticto Venice. 6. For the fates hadalreadyfiredthe boy's young mindwith the fame of this great andpopulouscity, and when he first saw it on the 13th of April, MicheleStenobeingthedoge,8he was filled with admirationfor its marvelous splendor.Andjust as destinyhad decreedthat this renownedand important Italiancityshouldbe the fit starting-pointfor a life of such greatdiscoveries, so he alwaysespeciallyloved it anddid all he could to exalt andpraiseit. 7. Ciriaco'sguidance,went Next,theyoungCiriaco,underhis grandfather to Padua, the ancient and noble city of the Eneti,9which was ruled by FrancescoCarrara.'lTherehe lookedroundthe greatcity, surroundedas it is by triple walls and washedon all sides by a deep river,and he viewed the prince'snoble castle with its largepaintedhall," where,as he used to recall, he saw for the firsttime the live lions walkingaroundin theircages.'2 8. Afterthathe returnedhome to rejoinhis relativesandhis dearly-loved mother,who had carefullyarrangedfor him to be taughthis letters by the FrancescoZampetta.Nevertheless,beforehis twelfthyear was schoolmaster, out, observingevidentsigns thathis grandfatherwas in a hurryto visit King Ladislao, Ciriacomadeup his mind to accompanyhim on his land and sea journeydespiteall his mother'sentreatiesagainstit. 9. So leavingPiceno he journeyedthroughthe whole of the most noble kingdomof Naples, throughthe countryof the Mauricini,the Bruttians,the Salentines,andof theApulians,theSamnites,the LucaniansandCampanians. Onhis wayhe saw manyremarkablecities andtowns wherehe now beganto

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noticetheirnumerousantiquemonuments,includinga marblebustof Achilles thathe saw in the ancientcity of Thetis.Theirfirsthalt in the kingdomitself was at the city of Teano,wherethey stayedfor some days at the courtof its lord,CountGeoffredoAlife, the GrandChamberlainof Naples.13They next stoppedat Sessa Arunca,wherethey visited the Duke of Sessa andhis aged brother,the countof Squillace,grandadmiralof the regno. These two lords, of thenobleMarzanofamily,'4were old anddearfriendsof Ciriacothe elder, havingbeen with him in Hungaryin King Charles'time.l5 10. Finally they arrivedat the most noble and royal Campaniancity of Naples,wheretheysawthefamousmartialprince,King Ladislao,buildingand fittingouta fleetin theshipyardof the city. Aftera few days in Naples,where theysawthesightsof thegreatcity, settingout for Calabria,they took ship in a merchantman and disembarkedat Salernowherethey again saw the king with his splendidbodyguardattendinga tournamentand a horse-raceby the sea. 11. Then,afterviewingthecity,theytookpassagein a small boat,down the Lucaniancoast,lookingup atthecharmingsightof the well-cultivatedhills of Amalfi and Paestum,untilthey arrivedsafely in Calabria,theirdestination, wheretheyvisitedthecitiesof Torpea,LaconiaandMaida.At Maidathe elder CiriacoSelvaticosettleddown,puttinghis grandsonto school to continuehis studyof lettersunderthe careof his friend,Palfo of Squillace,wherethe boy firstbeganto learnthe rudimentsof grammar,the first of the [liberal]arts.'6 12. But then,aftera year's stay in Calabria,Ciriaco'sgrandfatherwound up his affairsin Maida(includinga completetranslationof sacredhistoryinto Italianverse) and decidedat last to returnto his home; so, recrossingthe Sea,he sailedbackto Naples,thatthey foundan Anconitangalley Tyrrhenian underthe commandof MarconeTorellianothathad been sent by Anconato convey Pope Bonifaceto the baths.17 13. Havingfinishedtheirbusinessthere,they thenreturnedto Sessa to stay fora few days with the duke,at whose court,the youngCiriacobecamesuch good friendswith the duke'syoung son, GiovanniAntonio,'8thatone could notdistinguishwhichof the two the dukeregardedas his own child-for the twoboyshadsoonreachedthesamedegreeof maturity,thoughquitedifferent in educationandupbringing. However,the grandfatherfelt thatit was time for them to put these courtesiesbehind them and to keep his promise to his daughter;so he broughthis grandsonhome to his dearmotherwho eagerly awaitedhis return. 14. Formanydays aftertheirreturn,CiriacoSelvaticowatchedhis grandson being welcomedand petted by the family. But the boy, he knew, was

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obviouslyeagerto occupyhis mind,andas Anconawas a place wholly given over, not to liberalstudies,but to tradeandshipping,whichhadenrichedso manyof thecitizens,andas he wantedto raisethe boy frompovertyto wealth in that kind of enterprise,he arranged,with his daughter'sconsent, to apprenticethe boy, now aged fourteen,for seven years to a rich merchant relativeof his, namely the prominentpatrician,Pietro, son of the eminent physicianMesserIacopo.The young Ciriacoappliedhimselfto the business and soon clearlydemonstratedthathe had learned,not only the basic artof butalsogeometryandall themercantileskills;andthis he achieved arithmetic, in a veryshorttime,withoutany teacher,butby studyingthe way thingswere doneandby relyingon his own extraordinary quicknessof mind.He labored of day and night, regardless long hours and lack of sleep, and was so trustworthy,diligent,and skillfullyattentiveto his duties, in and out of the office, in discharginghis master's business, that within two years Pietro consideredhim perfectlycapableof lookingafterthe whole businesson his own.Pietrohadmorethanoncebeenelectedamongthe six anziani andamong the three regolatori19 of the city and he now, as a patrician, wanted to have

more time and leisure for local politics; so he handedover to Ciriaco the notonlyof all his mercantilebusinessin Ancona,but also of his management, estates. Thelad manfullyshoulderedthis huge taskandfor five years country conductedthe whole complex enterpriseso successfully-favored by his divine and catholic genius, Mercury20-thathe considerablyincreasedhis master's wealth,and his fair tradingwon the praise,not only of his fellow fromPerugia,FlorenceandVenice citizens,butof themanyoutsidemerchants who were thendoing businesswith the people of Ancona. 15. Meanwhile, before he had finished his term of apprenticeshipand although he was still not of properage, the youngman was raised,with the strongbackingof his master,first to consularrankas one of the six anziani and later,by exception,to the Senate;21and in these offices he never failed to dischargehis dutybothin peace andwar.Whenthe seven agreed admirably years of his apprenticeshipwereover, Ciriaco'sconcernfor his mothertook himbackto hersimplehouse, buthe neverceasedto enjoy the companyand kindnessof his master. 16. By this time the young man had acquiredconsiderablepractical experience in civic affairs, and was perfectly well qualified to take a responsibleandusefulpartin publicandprivatebusinessin Ancona;but now he hada mindto see theworld,andto engage in maritimebusinessabroad,so he attachedhimself as a minorclerkto his relationCiucioPizzecolli,22who hadchartered a merchantmanbelongingto a certainAlfieri,which was about to starta journeyladenwith a cargoof fruit.

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17. Inthisgoodship,he leftAncona-it was wintertime-and saileddown the Dalmatiancoast, throughthe IonianSea, had a distantview of Crete,the islandof Jove,andfinally,aftera long crossingthroughLibyanandEgyptian waters,arrivedat thegreatEgyptiancity of Alexandria.Therehe had his first the sightof thehugeremainsof whatwas once the tall lighthouseof Pharos,23 the of the obelisk of Numidian24 stone, great King Philadelphus,25 royalgates architect now the tall columnof Alexanderof Macedonbuilt by Dinocrates, popularlycalledtheColumnof Pompey,26andmanyotherremarkableantique and it was there that for the first time he saw with wonder monuments;27 ostriches,andapes, as well as infidelpeoples with their camels,dromedaries, strangegarmentsandaccents.In Alexandria,too, he saw the sultan28arriving with greatsplendorattendedby a bandof eunuchservantsof all races29and ceremoniously received in the city by his own people and by visiting foreigners.

18. When,throughthegoodofficesof StefanoQuirini,patricianof Venice, all the businesshad been done in Alexandria,he sailed to Rhodesand from Rhodesto Chios;fromwhichnobleAegeanisland,havingnow beenpromoted to seniorclerk,the young Ciriacohada view of the famousislandsof Samos and Icaria off the coast of Asia. His next stop, as he came into Ionia, was Miletus,a city once illustrious,but now fallen in ruins,wherehe viewed the remainsof the greattheaterandof numerousothermonumentsof its former greatness,whichthe moder Greekscall palaces. 19. Then, sailingpast the coasts of Cariaand Cilicia,they arrivedat the once immenselywealthyisland of Cyprus,whereCiriacowent ashoreand visited the ancientcities of Cyrenum[Kirini],Paphos [Bapho],Amacosta [Famagusta]and,inland,the royalcity of Leukosia[Nicosia].They thenset sail for Syria,landingin Beirut,and then turnedback to makefor Gaeta in Italy. On the returnvoyage they passed the dangerousstraitsof Scylla and Charybdisandmadelandfallat the noble andmost ancientCalabriancity of Reggio. 20. From there Ciriaco crossed over to inspect the famous and most beautifulcity of Messinain Sicily. Finally,sailing up the TyrrhenianSea he arrived at the ancientand renownedCampaniancity of Gaeta, wherethey unloadedandrepairedthe ship andthenstood over to Castellamare. 21. Theretheytookon boarda cargoof chestnutsandfilbertsandthen set sail again for Alexandria.But on the 26th of February,while they were to crosstheTyrrhenian Sea,theyweredrivenwestwardby a violent attempting stormthroughtheLipari(Aeolian)islandsby way of the islandof Ustica, and duringthenighttheyescapedthe perilsof the sea by takingshelterin the port of Trapani,the ancientand famous city once ruledby the TrojanAnchises,

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whichCiriacohadmuchdesiredto see.Thence,when the sailors,as usual,had saidtheirprayersof thanksgiving in thechurchof the Annunciata,they set sail without delay and,passing betweenthe islandof Vulcanoand the northern shoreof Sicily,oncemorenavigatedthe dangerousstraitsof Scylla and so got backto Alexandriain Egypt. 22. There they settledtheiraffairswith GiovanniMichielof Venice and then re-embarkedto returnhome to Ancona.The voyage took them up the coastof Illyricum,giving thema sightof the beautifulancientcity Dalmatian of Ragusa,a colony of Epidaurus;andso, afterone andone-halfyearsaway, Ciriacoarrivedbackat the portof Ancona,moreexperiencedandricherthan whenhe hadset out, to rejoinhis relativesandhome.Whilehe was away,his motherhadarranged for the marriageof his sister,Nicolosa,who was now of suitable age, anda few days afterhis returnCiriaco,augmentingherdowry himself, gave heraway with due honorto BartolomeoBrondello,the son of Liborio,to whomshewas betrothed,afterwhichhe settleddown for a time in the city to devotehimselfto privateandpublicbusiness. 23. Meanwhilethe city was underenemyattackand,on the night of the theupperwallswereunexpectedlycapturedby a surprise seventhof October,30 and Ciriaco, stratagem, along with othercitizens and his own formergood an patron,Pietro,played importantpartin drivingbackthe enemy and safely his freeingthe city-an event whichhe not unskillfullyrecordedin Italian,31 firstliterarycomposition.Forhe hadalreadybegunto writewhenhe was still in theintervalsof learninghis tradeunderhis masterPietroand spenta good deal of his leisurereadingthe poems of Dante,Petrarch,andBoccaccio. 24. He sometimeshadcivilizeddiscussionswith his moreeducatedfriends about poetry writing;and a learnedand eloquentcitizen of Anconacalled Crasso,32who admiredyoung Ciriaco'stalent,in the courseof theirpoetic exchangesenthim the followingvernacularsonnet:a (Siegui il tuo stille e non guardaralfolle) Follow yourstyle andtakeno heed of the mad insensaterabble;follow thatexcellence, Kiriacomine,of those whose splendor is in itself immortalandfame andtime extol. Abandonconcernfor these degeneratematters whichit is vile to delightin andfutile to love.

aThe Italianpoems that follow (para. 25-30, 49-52, and 58) were punctuated and emended,

wherenecessary,byProfessorCecil Grayson,OxfordUniversity.Some additionalemendations weresuggestedbythetranslator of thepoems,ProfessorNelia Saxby,of the Universityof Cape Town, SouthAfrica.Herfootnotes,includedhere,aredesignatedby the initials"N.S."

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Follow Nature;yourdivine authority in Naturewhich takesits preeminencefromHeaven; andVirtue,thatone which,bringinghonorablerepute, causesmanto distinguishhimself in armsor science, andafter,Heavenrestoreshim with immortality'ssweetness. And you, whom the Musescall to join theirsong, do not belittlethe seed of yourdivinegift, to warrant,after,oblivion's all-engulfingshade. 25. To him Ciriacorepliedwith anothersonnetwith the samerhymescheme: (Nonper seguir lo stil che a l'alto colle) Not so as to follow the style whichto the lofty hill of Parnassusurgesus - for its excellence have you ever pursued,andthis now does you honor, like as to him who stroveby deservingit do I shedthe ink of our ampoules, butto follow my commerciallabor: I writeandcancelout, andthe debtor, insteadof poetry,is nurturedin my books. The virtuenow, whichfromyou aloneflows forth andis bestowedto me by its own clemency, would show me as exemptfromthatall-engulfingshade. But since a longerformandgreatersubstance areneededto thankproperlyYourReverence, let my rhymebe hereexoneratedfromthatrecitation. 26. He also wrotefromtime to time manyothersonnetsas well as verses in terzarima,songsandsestinas,which he sent to otherscholarsandpoets in Italy, andwhen an eloquentyoung local poet, Albertoof Fabriano,heardof this,he immediatelywrotehim the followingelegantsonnet: (Hor serato si vede ilfonte Arpino) Now is seen closed the font of Arpino, of Mantua,Smyra, CordobaandSulmona, andyou, Delphi,ParnassusandHelicon, silencehave imposedon yourimmortalsong; for while therelives on earththe mightySeraphino, thereresoundsamongstus suchheavenlyorganchant, thatmakesthe brillianceof AthensandAncona but a deadsparkundera fine ruby. Therefore,seize fromDaphnethe sacredboughs, andplace, in yourmelodiousdance,o divineApollo, a sacreddiademuponyourmost deservinglocks.

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And you, O Hadriansea, bestillyourwaves andtakeon tranquilmien,andsay, for well you may, "I live andyou, you othernamelesswaters,aredeadin fame." 27. I will not quotethe appropriatesonnetCiriacosent back in reply;but I cannothere omit to cite the one he laterwrote to that noble and eloquent Venetianpatrician,LeonardoGiustiniani:33 (Quel che con summaprovidentiaet arte) He who with mightyforesightandskill turnswith the utmostpowerandmotion the holy millstoneof the CrystallineSky, andmoves the otherHeavensfromside to side, wishes to surroundyou with his splendor,like a fine rubywhichis circumscribedin gold, whenceto theseheightsnevercouldmy childishstyle, as wouldbe fitting,elevateyou so; becausefromthe Flowerof the whole sea-lappedplain therereachesup to Heavenwith loving wings, the fame of Giustiniani'sgloriousexcellence, which,like of customa brightmirror, reflectsthe beautyof his humanstate andacts as lightedbeaconto all others. 28.

To whichLeonardoimmediatelyrepliedusing the samerhymes: (Quelle ample lode mie che in brieve carte) Those amplepraisesof me which in briefcompositions you encloseawith excellentandpolishedverse, arehereto you aloneredressed,b for yourimmortal intellectshinesforthin a thousandparts. For a long timenow, yourpraisesspread, whereverthe lovely Latinlandis pressed, with all my hearthaveme madeclose to you, andwith strongdesireto love you, eager. If you searchfor virtuein me, too far do you wanderfom the truth,for the heavenlyLord does not, as you say, extendto me his hand. But if you seek love, an abundantflow will you find,for yoursupremeexcellence: by payinghonorto virtue,virtuegets back itself.

a

"conchiudeI have takenthis to be 2nd personsingularPresentIndicative."- N.S.

b

"convertethis is a 3rdpersonsingularPres.Indicativefor a pluralsubject."- N.S.

TRANSLATION

29.

And he added the following sonnet: (Qual sparir suole matutin pianeta) Just as the morning planet is wont to disappear at the spreading of the golden and yellow locks of the sun, and to be concealeda by the less nocturnal aspect of the sun's life-giving lantern of the cheering day, so, overcome by its own sweet verse, is hushed own your widespread repute, nor yet does it correspond to the noble rhymes, in which are distilled and fused the tones of every great and worthy poet. Such sweet harmony does your voice make, that hardly Orpheus, Apollo and Amphion ever did loosen their lips in more beautiful song. As strongly, therefore, as my first opinion by truth is overthrown, so strongly is ignited the love that has long gathered me to your side.

30.

To which Ciriaco, in his customary fashion, at once replied: (In fin che ifiumi al mar seguir lor meta) For as long as the rivers do not ceaseb to pursue their sea-going quest, or to render shade mountains and boughs, andcas long as the sky surroundsdthe lovely stars, your fame must needs be like a comet unto the world. For your noble rhymes so sweet and so replete of that elevated concord that confounds my senses, move from the pegasean font waves so enticing that ever do I thirst to taste them.e

a"

109

have taken asconde to mean i nasconde. The subject is pianeta of v. 1." - N.S.

b

"resta is 3rd person singular Pres. Indicative for plural subjects ifiumi (v 1) and monte e fronde." - N.S.

c"e che repeatsthe sense of Infin (v 1)."- N.S. d"circondeis 3rdpersonsingular,Pres.Subjunctiveandthe subjectis ciel; however,it could also be stelle." - N.S. "The subject is again the plural unde = onde." - N.S.

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But whentheydescendso lowly as to praisemy base style up to mightyHyperion, amongthe singersthatthe song extolled, they can do me no honor,butthey arecrowns andyours,noble virtues,so greatlydoes thatshineforth whichApollo wishedto concedeto us hereon earth.a 31. Afternearlytwoyearsin Ancona,wherehe was variouslyengagedboth in his privateaffairsandas one of the six anziani of the city, he decidedto go to sea again;so havingloadeda ship,commandedby LucinioBrunelli,with his own and his old masterPietro's merchandise,he sailed via Liburia, andSaevia,andreturnedonce moreto the noble island sightingTharsaticum34 of Sicily, disembarkingon the way at Scilla in Calabriaand climbingits promontory. 32. Then after a distantview of the lofty, smokingvolcano of Etna,he arrivedat the steepandancienttown of Taormina,wherehe inspectedmany large,ancientmonuments;next, havingonce morenegotiatedthe dangerous straitsof Scylla,he revisitedthe splendidcity of Messina;andfinally,turning theheadlandof Pella,he fetchedup at the ancientandsplendidSiciliancity of Palermo,wherehe unloadedhis cargoof fir trees and madea stay of many days. Among the leadingnobility of this great city he was honorablyand cordiallyreceivedby IacopoPizinga,RuggieroSpatafora,knight,andCount in whose humanecompanywe36inspectedthe fine GiovannidaVentimiglia,35 known as the the richly decoratedchurches,the splendid Tocci, porticoes of Grand Admiral the Chiaramonte37 andthe remarkableroyalChapel palace of St. Peter38in the palacewith its porphyrymarbleandmarvelouslyworked mosaics.

33. At Monreale,in thefertile,mellifluouscountrysideoutsidethe walls of Palermo,he visitedthe remarkablechurchof the Blessed Virginandadmired its ornatebronzedoors,its noble marblecloisterand its fine monumentsof He also, in the companyof ourcommon GuglielmoandotherNormankings.39 friend, Trintio Foroflaviniano,inspected the monasteryof St. Martin in Chiaravalle40 and the nearbyimpregnabletown of Alcimon,41 the seat of Berardo Emcaprareo. 34. Finally,they returnedto Palermoto find thattheirship hadbeen sold to cover its owner'sdebts.FourVenetiangalleys,however,on theirvoyage a"w 12-141 can make no sense of the original and suspect an error here. The simplest and most economical emendationI can propose is the following for v 13: a vostre alme virtu which is unsatisfactory, as it does not resolve the problem of the shift from the tu form of address which is consistent throughout the sonnet to the plural form." - N.S.

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home fromEngland,underthe chief commandof Niccolo Donato,hadjust arrivedin the port,and Ciriacoas quicklyas possible loadedhis goods into them,himselfboardedthegalleyownedby GiovanniMagnimperiandthusleft Palermofor Venice. 35. On the way home up the Dalmatiancoast they stoppedat Libumian Zara and we42met and were graciouslyreceived by the Venetianrepresentativesthere,SantoVenier,knight,and PietroLoredan,43 who gave them the first news-a happyauguryfor the reunificationof the Church-of the electionof MartinV as pope by the Councilof Constance.44 36. InVenicehe didall he could to get his merchandiseunloadedfromthe shipsas speedilyas possibleandto sell it. This done, he returnedsafely to his family in Ancona,while his otherassociatesin the voyage had madea hard landjourneyhome by way of Naples. 37. Ciriaco then remainedat home with his family for some time, but, desiringat lastto see thegreatByzantinecity of Constantinople,he embarked as clerkon a merchantship charteredby his relative,Pasqualino.They sailed past Illyriaseeing many Liburian and Dalmatianislands on the way and arrivedon the thirteenthof Septemberat Suasnaand the Epirotepromontory at thejaws of the IllyrianGulf. The next leg of theirvoyage of Acroceraunia, them views of the Phaeacians'steep and"aerycitadels"of Corfu,45the gave andZante,andthedangerouspromontoryof Leukas,the islandsof Cephalonia Strophadesin the IonianSea, the fabled,ancienthome of the Harpies,which theysaw fromafar.ThentheyroundedCapeMalliaandthe uplandmountains of Arcadia in the Peloponnese,passing Cytheraat a distance,and sailing throughthe scatteredislandsof the Cycladesin the Aegean,went ashoreat Delos,the renownedandholy islandof propheticApollo. Thencethey sailed betweenMyconosandTinos, passedclose by Lesbos, hada sight of Tenedos and then, duringa day and a night,passed throughthe narrowstraitof the Hellespont,wherethe coast of Asia and Phrygiaon the one handand fertile coast of Europeon the othercome close together.At the ancient,ruinedcity of Sestos, nearGallipoli,on the southernshore of the Hellespontopposite Thrace,theywentashoreandCiriacohadhis first sight of the Turkswith their turbansandlong,pointedshoes;there,havingsettledtheiraffairswith the aid of the excellentmerchant,Lelio Freducio,they re-embarked,saw the marble island of Proconnesusin the Propontisfrom a distance,and finally arrived safely on the seventhof Octoberat the renownedcity of Byzantiumon the Thracianside of the Bosporus. 38. The first man they met, after settling down in the great port, was Ciriaco's kinsman,Filippo Alfieri,46the consul of Anconain the city, who

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showedthemsome of the sights,47a tourduringwhichthey saw the emperor, in all his majesty. ManuelPaleologus,48 39. Thenhe viewedthefinebrickwallssurrounding thetwo sides facingthe sea and the third one facing inland, of the huge, triangularcity, and the splendid, royal Golden Gate49with its two marbletowers built by divine Theodosius and adornedon its external,marblefrontispiecewith ancient sculptures by Pheidiasimportedby thatemperorfromelsewhere.Theretoo he inspectedthe finely wroughtarms madeon behalf of Thetis by Vulcanfor Achillesflankedby beautifulcolumns. 40. Next, inside the city, he first inspectedits greatornatechurchesand, especially, the huge and magnificenttemple of Hagia Sophia foundedby withits vastdome,its marble-facedwalls, its remarkablepavement Justinian5? andits numeroustall, weightyporphyryandserpentinecolumns,andin front of it the marvelousbronzeequestrianstatue of Heraclius,5'conspicuously placedon the top of its high column. 41. A littlehigherup in thecityhe saw, too, the noblehippodromeadorned with its convex arrangement of marblecolumnsandarchitravesat the head, andits stoneobelisksandbronzeserpentsin the middle,andits manymarble stands for the spectators;and most of all he admiredthe enormousobelisk madefroma single blockof Numidianstone, andinscribedon all sides with hieroglyphswhich, as they learnedfrom the Greekand Latin inscriptions below, was erectedto the orderof the emperorTheodosiusby the architect Proculus.52

42. And after that he saw the two exceptionallytall and remarkably designed spiralmarblecolumnsof Theodosius,one in the ForumTauri,the othernearthehillof Xerolophos.s3 He saw in the city manyothergreatmarble andporphyry columnsas wellas statuesof bronzeandvariouskindsof stone, bases andinscriptions,nymphaea,fountainsandlofty brickaqueducts.54 He also saw a numberof librariesfamous for theirmanygold-illuminatedand picturedGreekmanuscripts,both sacredandprofane,in diversemonasteries. 43. Then he went over to the fartherbank of the port and walkedround Galata in Pera,55the splendidcolony to be seen from the city of Constantinople,acrossthe water,with its turretedwalls, its churches,its merchants' warehousesand offices and its many tall public and privatepalaces. This splendidtradingportwas crowdedwith a host of cargoships. 44. Finally,havingfinishedhis business,Ciriacovoyagedbackonce more in thesameshipto his nativeAncona,wherehe stayedfor some time.He now had a desire to visit the ancientcity of Pola in Istria,close to the Italian

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in a smallshipto cross the IllyrianSea, he arrivedthere frontier,so embarking to findthecitylargelyruined.But he did see manyevidencesof its noble past includingthe splendidgates of Salvia Postumia,the daughterof the aedile Sergius,56as well as manylargebuildingsand the fine amphitheaterbuiltof large stones that the people of Pola gratefullydedicatedto the imperial brothers,LuciusSeptimiusSeverusandAntoninus.He also saw, bothinside thecityandoutsideits wallsdown to the sea, numerousstone tombs,many of whose epitaphshe transcribed,57 being accompaniedand much helped by AndreaContarini,who was thenthe Venetiangovernorof the city. 45. Then,afterthese few days in Pola, he returnedhome to Ancona,after which he made a numberof voyages to Chios, Gallipoli, and Byzantium, havingpreviouslyinspectedthe coastalcity of Albonain Liburia. 46. While Ciriacowas in Anconaengagedin variousbusiness,58his old master, Pietro, being dead, Giovanni di Luca of Tolentino, the leading spice-dealerin the city, engaged him to balance his books, since Niccolo Cossi, a Florentine,the formeraccountantof the firm, was dead, and since none of his commercialassociates was competentto do the job properly. Ciriaco, young as he was, was a skilled accountant,and thoughit proveda particularlydifficult and laborious task, since the ledgers had not been accurately keptandbalancedfor fourteenyears,his superiorintellectenabled himto closethebooksin a thoroughlytrueandcomprehensivefashionandto handthemover to the heirsof Giovannidi Luca,who by this time had died. 47. Meanwhile,GabrieleCondulmer,cardinalof Siena andlegate of Pope MartinV, had arrivedin Anconato becomerectorof the provinceof Piceno on behalfof the Holy See;59and he very soon resolvedto repairthe port of Ancona. This involved introducingbetter organizationof income and andof financialofficers;andthe cardinalcausedthe city to decree expenditure thatone single treasurershouldbe electedin place of the existing system of several city treasurers.Accordingly,a boardof threemen constitutedfrom among the well-born citizens to control the finances, decreed to elect andexperiencedaccountingofficersfromamongthe population, trustworthy having already elected Paulo Giuliano to be general treasurer.And the accountingofficers they chose were: Niccolo Luttarelli,who had been an excellent financialofficer for a long time, and the young Ciriaco,60who his taskwith such diligenceandforesight,thathis colleaguestood performed downaftersix monthsleavinghim to carryon alone-a dutyhe performedto the satisfactionof all, with the help of assistantclerkschosenby himself, so long as Gabrieleremainedin the city as legate of the province.The young Ciriacowas in thisofficeforalmosttwoyears,andduringthattime he reduced all the financialrecordsandmanyof the financialregulationsto a betterand attentionandindustry, moreconvenientform;andhe also,by his extraordinary

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withtheassistanceof a numberof leadingcitizens,freedthe city froma large interestchargesthathad gravelyburdenedit since the numberof unexplained time of CardinalEgidio.61 48. ButwhenCardinalGabriele,at Pope Martin'sbehest,left Anconafor Bologna to become legate in the province of Flaminia,62Ciriaco at once tenderedhis resignationto the six anziani of the city; for his noble spirit,no longercontentto riskstagnationin thesecommoninvolvements,now impelled him, rather,to traveland to see the whole world. Shortlybefore the legate Gabriele departedfrom Ancona, two of the senior lawyers on his staff, Serafinoof Urbinoand MemmioGazarioof Siena, with whom Ciriacohad struckup a warmfriendship,exchangedItalianpoems with him; and these friendsfurtherarousedtheyoungman'sfeeling thathis destinywas to explore the world. Here, then, I quote some of the best of these poems exchanged betweenhim andSerafino,beginningwith one fromCiriaco: 49.

(Quel Spiritogientil, che amor conserva) Thatgentle spirit,which Loveakeeps, in his all-seeingmind,on the chosenpath, urgedme to the peak of the Apollonianmount, in pursuitof the tracksof a white doe. There,Thersicorewith her troop did I see, roundaboutthe Choliambicfont lead a Seraphimin humanguise, who was coveredin the boughsof Minerva. Hereit seemedto me thatfromthis font I saw nakedDianaissue forthwith wind-blownlocks, andunderneatha laureltreeDaphneandApollo; thenfroma thicketVenus and Marsemerge, andseeing of the Seraphimthe humanbrow, encircleit andcrownit with theirart.

50.

WhereuponSerafinorepliedwith an excellentsonnet: (Le rissonanteRime in chui si serva) The resoundingrhymesin whichyou haveenclosed every supremeandrarequality whichencrownsme, andin the companyof the Immortals withgreatintelligence,have enshrinedme, requireresponsefroma betterlyre andgreatervigor, like thoseof Danteandof ourPetrarch; butas my small intellectis able to do,

a

"v 1 I have taken it that Amor is personified, hence the capital letter." - N.S.

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I firstlygive you thanks,andpraythatyouamay find contraryFortuneandEnvy so powerlessagainstyou, thatfuturegenerationswill bindyourworks andyourreputationremainwhole andunharmed. May yournamelast in every country for as long as worldlycreationhas movement andmay I seebyou in ourlifetimewith the laurelcrowned. 51.

To which,changingthe orderof the rhymes,Ciriacorejoined: (Qual circuncintoin oro fin rubino) Like a fine rubyin gold circumscribed, in whicha ray of the flashingsun is locked, or like a diamondof a greatcollection, pearl,spinel,emeraldor sapphire, like brightstarsin azurecolor, roses andlilies, green-leavedin grass, moreeagerlyareadmiredcwith the soul in thrall todthe firsthumansense, by the color fine, thusto the secondone, almostenslaved arethe souls, at hearingthe divine and supreme rhymesof yours,deservingof yourimmortalization. And althoughto me his voice comesefromfar away and fromon high, yet at its resonancedid I understandin part to be its worthmuchhigherthanthe Mantuanone.63

52.

And Serafino'sansweringsonnetfollowed the samerhymescheme: (Bench'io comprehendaesser venutoal chino) AlthoughI understandthaton the downwardslope ourhumanstateis set andin it virtueunnerved,

a"v 9 Ms v 9 I have takente to be the subjectpronounandhave repunctuatedthus for vv - N.S.

9-10...."

"I have takenvegia to be 1stpersonsingularPresentSubjunctive."- N.S.

b

'"Ihave takenvaghe to mean vagamenteandhave followedthe ... ms readingof si miran."- N.S. Cf. Footnoteto text ad loc. d "DalI havetakento meanDel as the use of dal with the meaningof del is commonin this areaat this time."- N.S.

e"v 12 volli I have takento mean voli=fly as thereare otherinstancesin these sonnetsof hypercorrective geminationof the liquidconsonantcfr. stille=stile, style 24, 1."- N.S.

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andalthoughI see our age becomeenslaved to vice andignorance,yet do I maintain thatthe HeavenlyForcewhichis all full of just andholy will, reservesthe taskto you of resuscitatingthe Muses andtheiracompany, by decreeof heavenlyprovidence.b Whereverspreadthe Adriaticwaters, or even wherethe oceanicwave mightlap, I see the pathto makeyou in fame immortal. Flee fromthe inertrabble,so insane thatit wouldengulfyou in the waves of othercares, andlet yourintellectbecomeof theseprofane. These propheticwordsof his good friendpowerfullystrengthenedCiriaco's noble, inborndesire. 53. It was duringthis time, whenthe cardinalwas still legate in Ancona, that Ciriaco, at the instigationof his close friend, Marco of Pistoia, the secretaryof the city, began to pay seriousattentionto acquiringfacility in Latin. He did not start in the usual beginner'sway, with the rudimentsof but,havingmoregrown-upambitionsandwantingbetterto undergrammar, standDante'sDivine Comedy,of whichhe alreadyhadconsiderableknowledge, he was bold enough to begin by readingthe sixth book of Virgil's Aeneidwiththe notablescholar,Tommasoof Camerino,64 commonlyknown as Seneca,who at thattime was the professorandteacherof literaturein the city, wherehe gave regularpublic lectures.Ciriacoarrangedwith Tommaso to become his privatepupil, theirarrangementbeing thatTommasoshould readVirgilto him,whilehe readDanteto Tommaso;butbeforethey hadcome to the end of theirmutualagreement,they had to leave Anconain different directionsandpartcompany.Ciriaco,however,foundsuchrelishin the divine eloquenceof Virgilas faras his studyof the poem (withTommaso)had gone, thathe zealouslyembarked-so keenandcapablewas his intellectualgraspon readingthe wholeAeneid on his own. Thushe not only beganto comprehendtheeleganceandmasteryof the poem andto becomethoroughlyfamiliar withthepoet,butalso, fromhis studyof Virgil,he admirablylearnedbothto readandto writeLatin.65 Andjustas Dante'spoems hadled him to the knowledge of Virgil,so the readingof Virgil arousedin his minda noble desireto win knowledgeof Homer'sgreatpoem andof the Greektongue. a "I have taken sua to mean loro=their as is usual in the literary tradition from Dante onwards." - N.S.

b"Iwouldventureto suggestthefollowingemendation:[Per] decreto [di] spirital distino - N.S. andhave followedit in the translation."

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54. Meanwhilehe hadbeendiligentlyandadmiringlystudyingthe splendid marble arch66of TrajanCaesar, which stands prominentlyat the port of Ancona,andhe recognizedthatthe upperpartof it lackedits originalgolden statue,whichtheancientSenateandpeople of Rome, with the help equestrian of finearchitects, haddedicatedto thisexcellentprince,the far-sightedfounder of theirlife-givingport,a statuewhich was flankedby conspicuousimages of his sister, Marciana,and his wife, Plotina.This good emperor,with royal bounty,laterbestowedon the citizensof Ancona,whichheld so prominenta place amongthe Adriaticports,the perpetualprivilegeof bearinga splendid copy of this imageas theirbadgeof honor;andwe still see it todaypublicly displayedthroughoutthe city and often adoring the purple standardsof Anconitanpodestcsthroughthe cities of Latiumand southernItaly.67This is the inscriptionitself as transcribedfrom the arch: [CILIX, 5894] This remarkablegreatworkof architecture,with its important,well-lettered Latin inscription,was the first seminal inspirationto Ciriaco,as we often heard him say, to search and examine all the other worthymemorialsof antiquityin the world.68 55. It wasnotlong,therefore,beforehe eagerlyset out for the famouscity of Rome in orderto view the world'sgreatestandmost significanthistorical monuments.He arrivedthereon the thirdof December,in the eighthyearof MartinV's pontificate.69 Shortlybeforethis, CardinalGabrielehad himself arrivedin RomefromBologna,his legateshipbeing ended;so Ciriacovisited him at San Lorenzoin Damaso,whenhe was joyfully andkindlywelcomed. He then stayedfor fortydays as a guest in the cardinal'shouse, andhe daily rode round the city on his white horse closely and diligently inspecting, examiningandtakingnote of whatevervenerableantiquitiessurvivedin that great city-temples, theaters,vast palaces, marvelousbaths, obelisks, and arches,aqueducts,bridges,statues,columns,bases andhistoricalinscriptions. These he faithfullyrecordedexactly as they were written,so that some day later on he would be able to put them together properly in Commentaria.70

56. It appearedto him, as he looked uponthe greatremainsleft behindby so noble a people, andcast to the groundthroughoutthe city, thatthe stones themselvesaffordedto moder spectatorsmuchmore trustworthyinformation abouttheirsplendidhistorythanwas to be foundin books.71He accordingly resolvedto see for himself andto recordwhateverotherantiquitiesremained scatteredabout the world, so that he should not feel that the memorable monuments,whichtime and the carelessnessof men had causedto fall into ruin,shouldentirelybe lost to posterity. 57. One day at this time the noble young princeof Salerno,Antonio,the nephew of Pope Martin,rode out with Luigi Verme72and a band of other

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nobles of the city for a huntingexpeditionnearthe Salerian Bridgeandthe cardinalwas kind enoughto send Ciriacoin the companyof his kinsman, Pietro Baduario,73to watch it. As they were riding74alongside Agabito Colonna,a learnedman,they lookedup at the archbeside the Capitolof the imperialbrothersSeverus and Antoninusto whom there was a dedicatory inscription,the latterpartof which said: [CILVI, 1033] Whentheyhadreadthesewords,Ciriacoin his friendlyway turnedto Agabito andasked,"Couldthis indolentage of ourshave producedany Romanprince Agabitoglancedover towardthe youngprince worthyof suchaninscription?" Antonioandreplied:"Thefates may well have given this youngman to our long decayedcity, for he springsfrom a noble Romanfamilyandenjoysthe powerfulfavorof Pope Martin,his uncle."Whereuponthatsame day, having returnedhome from the hunt, Ciriaco immediatelysent the young prince Antonio,by handof Agabito,a copy of verses he hadcomposedon this very subject.75 58.

9

16 17

(Driza la testa omai, inclytaRoma) Hold up yourheadat last, o gloriousRome. Look uponyourMarsandhis borntwins who were the firsthammers to fabricatethe circle of yourhills. Adornandgatherup yourlong neglectedlocks, for this one wills thatin you shall be renewed Fabii,Scipii andMarcelli, for whomyou have long searchedwith tear-stainedeyes; andwills he too thatat last you shouldregain thatsceptreunderwhichyou tamedthe world, whichis the gift of mightyJove to Citharea andby him promisedfor Enea. He wantsyou, with greatguidance,to turnat last full circle to the time whenunderevery load of yourfamily,two roundColumns held up youroutmostreaches. The one in the sacredforumthe mightyKing has placed,so thatto the ministry whichwas concededto Peter may come backHis brideain the Lateranseat; so as to congregateagainthatscatteredflock, for, seeingher in suchadultery

a "v 20 I havetakensposaas thesubjectof torni i.e. God's bride= the Churchin the Lateran shouldreturnto her task,i.e. the ministerobut the text is ambiguoushere."- N.S.

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reside,withouta truespouse, it will be dispersedato the ocean's end. Now has He given the ministrybinto the hands of MartinV, underwhose holy guidance the long-submergedFisherman'sship, togetherwith those greatkeys whichwereto him concededcwith the papalmantle, alreadyhave new vigor; for he will so widely propagatethe Christianfaith thatthe profaneone will be totallysubmerged.

25

32 33

The otherColumnin humantemporalgovernment has alreadydirectedits gentle offspring who in his puerileage gives rareindicationsof greatvalor, glorious,illustriousprinceof Salerno has he been created;in his lordlybent is discerniblethe manly courageto subjugategreaterkingdoms; andof no greaterworththanhe were yet Caesarandthe otherbrightaugustandeities for valor,shouldFortunesimilarlyexertherself. For shouldthe propitiousheavensintend to exalt him amongourkind, needs mustit still be said of him as of Severusandof Antoninthe worthy: "Thisone has propagatedthe RomanEmpire."

41

48

This one was to the worldgiven by kindlyJove, filled with all the goodnessandclemency whichthe divineEssence mighthave to show in creatureof ourtime. Prudent,just, strongandtemperate: this, fromthe ten starswhich influencehim underthatpower of the Three,thatHe irradiatesfromthe divine cloister; underwhose splendidpurple quickensin this one suchvigorousHope,

49

57

a

"dispersaI have takento referto gregie."- N.S.

b"l'a conducto:I havemadethis referto ministero(v 18) but it could applyto gregie which is also masculineandpostulatethatCiriacohadthis in mind."- N.S. "fur is notnecessaryas thereare instancesof the singularverbused for a pluralsubject."-

N.S.

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Faith, burningCharityanduncontaminated thatto gain for him Mercy the FirstPowerno longerattempts; becausethatscale thatadjustsitself as the universemoves,a will neversee good becomeevil.b

64 65

O song, you who still hope to sing as perfect he who anticipatesthe mightytask of the goodly RomanEmpire thatfromthese two Columnsawaitsits greatrenewal, go happilyto the youthfulPrince, nephewto Peter'sgreatsuccessor, andwith honestspeech open to him every treasureof yourheart. And if of yourcreation he shouldyet wish to know the unknownauthor, tell him thata servantof his bornin Ancona,to him sendsyou for he's a lover of the honorof his crown.

73

77

59. On Christmasday, the feast of Jove incarnate,he saw Pope Martin celebrateMassandhe was still in Rome on Januaryfirst, 1425, the day when Jesus, the son of God mademan, was circumcisedunderthe Old Law and given his most holy name, a day dedicatedby the ancient Romans to two-headedJanus,wherehe hearda sermondeliveredin the pope's presence by the eminentDominicantheologian,Andreaof Constantinople,the master of the papalpalace.He theneagerlyset off for home. 60. Onhisjourneybackhe stoppedat the ancienttown of Sutri,inspected the marveloushot bathsin the toweredcity of Viterbo,and at the venerable cityof Orvietovisitedtherichlyadornedmarblechurchof the Blessed Virgin, wherehe admiredits fme,sculptured facade,its beautifullycarvedchoir-stalls, andthe statuesof the Virginandangels above its bronzeportals.76 61. So he settleddownoncemorein Ancona,wherein the new electionshe was appointedone of the six anziani along with PagliaresioPisanello77and othercolleaguesandthusresumedhis activepubliclife. Meanwhile,however, a

"v 60-3 the sense here is arduous;I have postulated that the subject of ricercha is la prima possanza=God and that aiusta has the value of a reflexive verb, i.e. adjusts itself and that billanza is therefore its subject." - N.S. b"tv 64 the literal translation is will change from white to black; I have attempted to convey what I think is the sense of the verse." - N.S.

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in Venice, he had receiveda letterfrom his kinsman,ZaccariaContarini78 in or Piceno his commercial him to be representative Apulia,but since begging he wasalwaysmoreinterestedin granderpursuitsthansimplyfinancialgain, he preferredto do businessin the East,in Greeceor elsewhere,whichwould give him an opportunityto learn Greek and betterto understandHomer. Accordingly,as soon as his termof civic office was over,he at once went by overlandrouteto see Zaccariain Venice. Zaccariahad long-standingcommericalinterestsof variouskinds in Cyprus;and when he heardwhat the youngmanhadin mind,he decidedto recallhis brother,Pietro,thenin charge of affairsin the island,to Venice, and sent Ciriacowith full authorityto take his place. This commissionCiriacotook up all the moregladly, becauseit whomhe had wouldallowhimpersonallyto meetJanus,the king of Cyprus,79 previously known only by reputation,and because it would give him a legitimate opportunityto seek and enjoy the king's gracious favor and company. 62. So carryingZaccaria'sletterto the latter'sbrother,Pietro,he at once to Anconaandset sailin a ship ownedby Niccolo Corsedacio,which returned wasreadyto leavetheport,going ashorein Apuliaat Monopoli,Bari,andthe ancientruinedtown of Anterium.He thusarrivedat Byzantium,whereit did not takehim long to learnthe rudimentsof Greekwhile he was waitingfor a ship boundfor Cyprusor Syria. 63. Beforethis vessel arrived,however,he heardthatan Anconitanship, commandedby BenvenutoScotigolo,80had put in at the island of Chios intendingto sail on to Syria.Ciriaco,therefore,immediatelysailed southto Chios,wherehe was verycheerfullywelcomedby the Anconitannobleswho weretakingpassagein the ship-the ownerhimself, a numberof merchants, andit was throughthe introductionof the scholarly andFrancescoFerretti;81 he now began his close and intimatefriendshipwith that young Francesco Andreolo Giustiniani,82a prominentand learnedmemberof the Genoese Mahonensiancompanyon the island, along with whom he recordedin his notebook many antiqueremainsand fine Greekand Latininscriptions.On Chios,withthevaluablehelp of Andreolo,he was able to buy for twentygold florinshis beautifulGreekcodex of the New Testament. 64. Whentheshipwasreadyto sail andCiriacohad settledhis own affairs withthehelpof his kinsman,Niccolo Alfieri,they shapedcoursethroughthe clusteredAegean islands for Syria, landing first at the once-renowned Asiatic

islandof Rhodes,and thencecontinuingtheirvoyage withoutdelay beforea favorablewestwindto Beirut,wherethe cargowas unloaded.Ciriacohimself immediatelystruckinlandto visit the ancientand renownedSyriancity of Damascus, where, underthe guidanceof the Venetianpatrician,Ermolao Donato,at thattime the leadingmerchantthereanda learnedmanin his own

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right, he viewed all the importantancientand modem monumentsin that magnificent city.83

65. Outside the walls, also, there are the StreetCalled Straightand the ruinedhouse of the prophetAnanias,bothmemorialsof the apostleSt. Paul, as well as the famouschurchof the blessed doctor,St. JohnDamascene;and he saw the fine, high-walledandtoweredcitadel;butnearlyall the buildings within the ancientwalls had been destroyedby the powerfulPersianking, AthemirBey,andleveledto theground.84 He also saw a numberof antiquities from the ancient citadel of Sidon along with a beautiful collection of wonderfullywroughtDamascenevases inlaidwith gold and silver, some of which he purchasedfor his own collectionof objets d'art at home, whereI haveseenthemmyself.Anothersightwas theenormousnumberof camels that had come from ArabiaFelix, Saba andGedrosia,ladenwith manykindsof spices to be marketed in that remarkable city.

66. In Damascus Ciriaco met a rich and prominentmerchantcalled Musalachwhoregularlysenthis two sons to tradein EthiopiaandIndia.Since Ciriacovery muchwantedto visit these places, Musalachintroducedhim to his sons,whowerejustthenbackfromSaba.And when Ciriacoaskedthathe be allowedto associatehimself with them (whennext they went), Musalach readilycomplied. 67. Instead of this, however,he finished his business in Damascusand returned to Beirut,wherehe visitedhis formercompanions,who soon headed theirshiphomeforAncona.But Ciriacohimself thenboardeda Genoeseship boundfor Tripolianddisembarkedat Famagustain Cyprus,85wherehe met the learnednaturalphilosopher(physician),Evangelistade Imola, a great friendof ZaccariaContarini, who told him thatPietro,Zaccaria'sbrother,had sailed back to Venice recently leaving things in great disorder.Ciriaco, on therefore, Evangelista'sadvice, decided to stay in Famagustauntil he receivedwordfromZaccariatellinghim whatarrangements he wantedmade. Meanwhile,to fill in the time, he got electedvicarof the Genoesepodestc of the city, holdingoffice for nearlytwo months, duringwhich time he took pleasurein his firststudyof the rulesandimportantopinionslaid down in the Romanlaw books,therebyincreasinghis skill as a magistrate.He admirably pronouncedjudgmentson the basis of the ancient legal texts alone and skillfullydevotedhimselfto the taskof creatingconcordandpeace amongthe citizens. 68. But then Zaccaria'sletter at length arrivedfrom Venice, anxiously urgingCiriacoto takehis affairsin hand,so he proceededon to Nicosiahaving had some difficultyin getting leave to resign his office. His first visit in Nicosiawasto KingJanus,its sereneruler,andhe hadonly to see andhearthe

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king speakto recognizethathis impressivepersonalityoutshonethe renown of his name,while the king himself, attendedin his hall by the royalknights, Badin de Nores86and Hugo Saltani and other notables, having listened to Ciriaco's words of praise and his eloquentdiscussionof the king's recent misfortunes,87 cheerfullyand graciouslywelcomedhim andregallyadmitted him to the companyof his principalcourtiers. 69. Thekingofferedall his royalhelp with those of Zaccaria'saffairsthat needed settling; and Ciriacotenderedto His MajestyZaccaria'sletter and thankedhim for his gracefulfavor. Ciriacothen, with the authorizationof theVice-Bailieof the Venetians,took over all Zaccaria's LodovicoCorario,88 and his brotherPietro's business from their agents, Pietro Berardinoand Leonello, and administeredit so diligently and skillfully, both inside and outsidethe city, thathe completedthe whole taskwithina year,havingmade an accuratelist of debtorsand creditorsand havingreducedthemto a very smallnumber. 70. During this periodCiriacooften went huntingwith the king and was ableto exploremostof theisland;norshouldI omitto mentionwhata brilliant spectacle this celebratedprincepresentedon these occasions. For we have of howtheking,brightlydressedin gold, andarmed Ciriaco'sowndescription withbow andquiver,wouldridewithhis companythroughfields andhills and trackless glades,89startlingthe birds as he chasedhis pantherprey,just as brightApollo, armedwith his huntingspear,dazzledthe eye as he was seen leadinghis singingbandin wintryLycia or throughthe Cynthianuplandsin days of old. 71. InCyprustoo Ciriacomadea particularly luckyfind. Aftera good day's huntingfor panthers,the king, ladenwith the kill, arrivedat a huntinglodge wherehe conferredknighthoodon a Dacianyouth;andCiriaco,on his usual searchfor books, went to a certainold monasterywhere,amongits squalidly keptandlongneglectedmanuscripts,he was overjoyedto discoveran ancient codex of Homer'sIliad, whichhe persuadedan illiteratemonk,not without difficulty,to let him have in exchangefor a Gospel book. This book afforded himhis firstgreathelp in overcominghis ignoranceof Greekliterature.Later on, in Nicosia,fromanothermonk,he also acquiredan Odyssey,a numberof the tragedies of Euripides,and a book of antiquitiesby the Alexandrian and wheneverhe founda momentof leisure,he grammarian,Theodosius;90 wouldpore over the taskof construingandreadingthemthrough. 72. At last, when he had finished his business, he decidedto leave the island,andas a worthypartinggift he composedthe following inscriptionfor a proposedstatueof the king: [ApianusandAmantins,1534, p. 506]

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73. So he left Cyprusby way of Famagusta,wherehe loadedhis own and Zaccaria'sgoods and embarkedon a Genoese ship that broughthim to Rhodes.Aftera few days therehe met amongothernotablesthe Augustinian theologian,Boezio of Tolentino,metropolitanbishopof Rhodes,91who was delightedto greet him as a fellow countrymanfrom the same partof Italy. a worthymemberof the Boezio in turnintroducedhim to FantinoQuirini,92 and under the guidanceof the two religiousorderof the Knightsof Rhodes; men he saw the city and travelledabout the island inspectingits ancient monuments,its walls,columns,statues,bases,andDoric-lettered inscriptions.93 Froma Greekmonkhe boughtforhimselfthreerecentlyexcavatedantiquities, a marblebustof a plebeianpriest,a statueof Venus,94andanotherof Bacchus, which he dispatchedhome to Ancona in the hands of his brother-in-law, Bartolomeo,who hadjust arrivedat Rhodesin an Anconitanship belonging to [captained by?]Bonifazio,whichwas boundforJerusalem.He also admired in Rhodes its lush and charmingmeadows, its regal parks of fruit-bearing juniper,andits flowerygardens-vegetation very characteristicof the fourth region95andthe middleof the inhabitablezone of the globe. 74. Makingfor Thrace,Ciriacothenreturnedacrossthe Aegeanto Chios and his friend, Andreolo,with whom he settled affairs and then left for Gallipoli;butnotfarfromthe porta strongnorthernheadwindforcedthemto putin to the portof Cardamylaon the island,where,while they lay at anchor for several days awaitinga favorablebreeze,a partyof Genoese noblemen went ashore,some to snarecolorful birds in the trees, otherspreferringto catchfishof variouskindson baitedhooks.96Meanwhile,Ciriacodid not want to waste everyhourof the day in idleness, so he studiedthe Greekbookshe hadbroughtwith him fromCyprus,and while readingthemcame upona life of Euripidesthatwas briefenoughfor him to put it into Latin;97andhe sent his translationto his good friend,AndreoloGiustiniani,at Chios. 75. Next day they left Cardamylawith a south wind behind them and arrivedat theislandof Tenedos,whereCiriacohad the pleasureof viewing the ancient remainsof its once noble city and then sailed throughthe narrow Hellespontto Gallipolion theThracianChersonese.ThereCiriacobroughthis goods ashore with the help of Pietro Simone Polidori,98an Anconitan loadedthemon to camelsandset out for the inlandThraciancity of merchant, where,throughthegoodoffices of the royalfactor,JuanRimatres Adrianople, of Tarragona,he had a sight of the TurkishSultan,MuradBey,99not only holdingcourtin his hall, but also ridingon his horseup anddown the field in all his splendor,accompaniedby his magnificent,mountedbowmen,as he watcheda greatarcherycompetitionforthe prizeof a silverbowl displayedon Thebusinessof sellinghis merchandisekepthim in Adrianople a tallstandard. for the winter,and in his leisurehe listenedto the Greekgrammarian,Lio Boles,?00 expoundingHomer'sIliad and the firstpartof Hesiod's Worksand

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Days; and it was thanksto Lio that he was able to buy a numberof Greek by theTurksfromSalonica,'10 plundered amongthembeing a text manuscripts of the greatAlexandriangeographer,Ptolemy,whichwas particularlyuseful he met a well knownandlearnedGenoese to him.InAdrianople, furthermore, merchant calledNiccoloZiba'02who regularlytradedwith Persia,Parthiaand the territoryroundthe CaspianSea; and arrangedwith Ziba one day to visit these countriesin his company. 76. But now he had finishedhis business in Adrianopleand returnedto Gallipoli. At this momenthe happenedto spy an Anconitanship owned (or captained)by Tommasodi Biagio passingundersail throughthe Hellespont, andput on board so he at oncehadhimselfrowedout to her in a smallboat103 a consignmentof hides and carpetsfor Lelio to deliverto Zaccaria.On the Turkishslave marketin Adrianoplehe had boughta very intelligentservant whomhe wantedto sendhome to his mother, girlfromEpirusnamedClara,'04 Massiella,underthe careof his cousin,Ciucio;05 so he putheron boardthe ship too. Ciriacohimselfrowedback with his faithfulblack'06manservant, Niccolino, and a numberof Turks as his guides, hastenedaway to visit Macedonia and its importantsights; and so, after travellingthroughthe Emathianand Philippiancountryside,he arrivedat the illustriouscity of Philippi itself, wherehe inspectedmanyfine monumentsof antiquity-the ruinedmarblewalls,thetheater,anda greatnumberof largetombsof princes and soldiers; and what particularlyattractedhis attention was a huge on theroadoutsidethe city fashionedfroma single block of stone, monument whichthe local Greekinhabitantsdubiouslycall the Mangerof Alexander's horseBucephalus: [CILIII, 642, 7337] And strewn in the neighborhoodaroundthis monumenthe found many inscriptionswhich he duly added to his commentaria.I know that what particularly inspiredtheyoungmanto visit this regionwas the passagehe had readin Ovid'sFastiaboutthe deathof JuliusCaesar:"Be witnesses,Philippi andthose whose bones are scatteredin her soil."107 77. Then, leaving in the evening,he went on to the noble ancientcoastal amongwhose excellentmonumentshe saw the marvelous cityof Salonica,108 archof ourownAemiliusPaulusin the mainsquare,andthe ruinedtempleof He also Dianawithnumerousmarblestatuesof the gods on its architraves.'09 Christian of the churches,delightingparticularlyin splendid inspectedmany St. Demetrius;the turretedbrick thebig one dedicatedto the warrior-martyr, walls built by Lysimachus;and many inscriptionsrelatingto heroes and poets,10includinganinscriptionon a tripodof the Muses thatwas broughtto Salonica from MountHelicon, with its extraordinaryreferenceto the date whenHomerandHesiodlived.' In Salonica,too, he boughtmanyecclesias-

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

126

tical and secularmanuscripts,which he forwardedby galley to his friend, Andreolo,in Chios. 78. He then proceeded,by way of Adrianople,back to Gallipoli,wherehe found a letterfromAnconainforminghim that MartinV had died and that GabrieleCondulmer,cardinalof Siena, who-as we have seen-had served in Ancona for two years as papal legate to the province of Piceno, had been

elected-on the thirdof March-to succeedhim underthe nameof Eugenius IV.112This admirableelection so pleased Ciriaco that he at once, as I came to

know,sentlettersto Niccolo Zibain Adrianople,to GiorgioBegnain Zarain Liburia, and in Italy to CardinalGiordanoOrsini, LeonardoAretino,and manyotherinfluentialfriends,as well as to myself, to this effect:113 I reckonedthatthe deathof so good a Pope as Martinwouldbe unfortunatefor the Churchanddisastrousfor virtuallyeverybody in Italy; but now in the event I see that it was in a sense quite fortunate and timely, rather, in that so responsible, humane, clement,wise andwholly devouta man, as I now learn,has been electedhis successor.

And he added: For if almightyGod"4wills that Italy and our religion shall be restoredby any priest, I am convincedthat so excellent a Pope, Eugenius,is the very man to furtherthis great task, because we have alreadyseen how prudently,firmly,justly, devotedlyand he has alwaysconductedthe importantaffairsof the large-mindedly Church.

These werehis own words.At this point Ciriacodecidedto give up 79. his idea of exploringPersia,as he had arrangedwith Niccolo Ziba.His plan nowwas to get clearof his commercial business,andthen,havingcollectedall he a the intelligence could concerning unionwith the Greeksand the whole EasternChurch"'and on an effective crusadeagainstthe Turks,to hasten hometo Italyandto visitthepopein Romein order,bothorallyandby written report,to lay before him whateverof importancein his view he had discovered

on these matters. 80. To enablehimto do thismoreexpertlyhe visitedMemnon,116the son of Carlo,thelatedukeof Cephalonia,a man of partswith militaryexperience, whohadjustarrivedfromthesultan'scourt.Memnonwarmlywelcomedhim, and after a thorough discussion about eastern affairs, they decided to reconnoiterthe principalcities and centersof Asia that were underTurkish domination;so they left Gallipoli,sailed throughthe Hellespontto Asia, and arrived at the royal city of Bursa in BithyniaunderMt. Olympus,which Ciriaco found to be a populous and very wealthy place embellishedby remarkableancientandmoder buildings.

TRANSLATION

127

81. There he consignedall his own commercialbusiness to the trustworthyhandsof the Genoesenobleman,BabilanoPalavicini,"7an excellent merchant,while he himself went on with Memnon to visit the Turkish governorof the province,CanuzaBey,18 who was stayingat an inn on the slopes of Mt. Olympusandwho, on learningof theirarrival,met themat his frontierandgraciouslyreceivedthem.For CanuzaBey was a Greekby birth and education and thus able knowledgeablyto discuss with Ciriaco the of theprovince,especiallythe greattempleat Cyzicus.Ciriacohad antiquities observedat Mundanya,the port of Bursa,that manydressedmarblestones fromtheCyzicantemplehadbeenutilizedin the erectionof modembuildings; andon thescorebothof therespectdueto antiquityandof the good reputation of the Sultan himself, lest all trace of the buildingbe lost to posterity,he persuadedCanuzaBey to forbidany furtherdestructionof the still-standing of thisspectacular monument.CanuzaBey had walls,columns,andarchitraves the learningto appreciatethis argumentand readilypromisedto do what Ciriacoadvised. 82. Ciriacothenreturnedto Bursaand, all afire to see the temple,proceededwith a Turkishguide to the noble Asian city of Cyzicuswhich,as he says,standson a peninsulaon thesouthernshoreof the Propontisoppositethe island of Proconnesusand is everywherestrewnwith the ruins of the huge stone walls andvast buildingsof the ancientcity. 83. Prominent amongthesearethetoweringremainsof the superbtemple of Jupiterwithits lofty marblewalls which still show the marksof the golden threaddescribedby Plinyin hisNatural History:"Thetempleat Cyzicus also survives, wherethe architectinserteda goldenthreadin all the joints of the polishedstone,etc.""9 Stillremainingarevariousstatuesof gods on the highly ornamentedfacade of the temple and the very wide bases of long rows of columns;andalthoughthe majorityof the originalcolumnshave fallento the ground,thirty-threeof them with theirarchitravesare still standing.'20The buildingalso bearsthis Greekinscription,which Ciriacorecorded: [Ashmole, 1956, 187-188] He also foundotherinscriptionshere and therein the city, as well as huge marble gates and remains of the amphitheaterand a large statue of earth-shakingNeptune-sights, as he said, that all immenselyexcited him. Here he rememberedthe elegantverses he had read in Ovid: "On this side Cyzicus,clingingto the shoreof the Propontis:Cyzicus,noble creationof the people of Thrace."'2' 84. He then went back to Bursa, left his unsold goods behind with Babilano,settledZaccaria'soutstandingbusiness,anddecidedto returnwith Memnonby way of Byzantiumto Italyin orderto discuss with the pope his proposals for an expeditionagainst the Turks.On his overlandjourneyto

128

VITA KYRIACI ANCONITANI

stillwitha Turkishguide,he madea detourin orderto see the Constantinople, of Bithyniancity Nicaea'22-atowered,brick-walledcity situated,as he found, on theedgeof a Bithynianlake.Therehe discoveredGreekinscriptionson the and on the towerof Trajanand he gate of TiberiusClaudiusGermanicus123 of the same qualityas well as the great other ancient monuments inspected basilicawherethe celebratedecumenicalCouncilof Nicaeahadmet.'24 Thenhe pressedon dayandnightthroughforestsanddifficultcountry 85. tillhe arrivedat the ancientruinedBithyniancity of Chalcedon,destroyedby age, which is today known as Scutari,a tradingport just opposite Byzantium.125Thencehe took a boat over to Galatain Pera and the greatcity of of Ancona,who Constantinople,wherehe foundhis kinsman,Pasqualino126 was proposingto returnhome a monthlaterin his ship. Meanwhile,so as to lose no time, he decidedto look aroundAsia Minorand to pick up Pasqualino's ship at Chios on its way backthroughthe Aegean. So he took passage in a Taragoniangalley to the fine and once 86. powerful city of Mytilene on Lesbos, where, throughthe kind offices of Giorgio Gattilusio,the lord of the island,'27he inspectedthe city's many important sights: its theaters, columns, statues, bases, Greek and Latin andits remarkable marblearchknownas the Tetrastyle,dedicated inscriptions, ancient ruler of the the islands to Flavius Valerius Diocletianus, by and the most noble Maximianus. Constantius, [CIL III, 450]128

He alsolookedat thetallancientstoneaqueductson the islandandthe 87. fallenstonesof the walls of PyrraandMethymna.'29 Then,armedwith letters of introductionfrom Gattilusio to Turkishauthoritiesin Asia Minor, he crossed the narrowstraitin a little boat to the nearestpoint on the Asiatic shore and took the steep road up to the noble city of Pergamum,once the metropolisof Asia Minor,wherewith a local Turkishguide he thoroughly investigatedthe city and its huge ancientremainsscatteredabout it: vast a numberof colossal marblestatuesof temples, two greatamphitheaters,'30 godsandfamousmenand,amongits finetombs,an enormoussepulchermade of greatstonesrisingup likea highmountain.He also saw whatwas left of all kindsof fine antiquestructuresandmanygood GreekandLatininscriptions. 88. Nexthe cameto thelong-ruined cityof AeolianCumae,the birthplace of Hesiod, which,as he learned,the local inhabitantscall Chrysopolis;but findingnothingworthrecordingthere,he proceededto the ancientIoniancity of Smyrna,famousforits connectionwith the illustriousnameof Homer;and indeedhe foundthereon anancientstone an inscriptionindicatingthatHomer was born there.Otherevidenceshe saw of the antiquityof Smyrnawere its splendidharboranda very tall spiralcolumn.

TRANSLATION

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andvisitedthe big alum Ciriacothenwentto old andnew Phocaea131 89. of he met their where lessee, FederigoGiustiniani,the father-in-law132 mines, of coins his friend,Andreolo,who helped him to buy some excellent gold Philip,Alexander,andLysimachus.133 Nexthe cameto the coast which is in sight of of the islandof Chios, 90. where he took a small passengerboat134across to the island.Here he once more visited his friendAndreoloand his black servantNiccolino, who had comefromGallipoliwithCiriaco'sremaininggoods andbook-boxesandwas awaitingthe arrivalof his master.In Chios Ciriacostayedfor severaldays at Andreolo's house, both readingthe Greek books he had forwardedfrom Salonicaandsortingout andpackingup all his goods andpossessions,while he awaitedthe arrivalof Pasqualino'sship fromByzantium. 91. But the Anconitanship, captainedas we have said by Pasqualino, arrivedjust at the time whenprettywell the whole Aegean was in a state of excitementover numerousreportsthat a largeVenetianfleet was on its way to attack Chios; so the city authorities,fearing that the Venetiansmight interceptthe ship to get up-to-dateintelligenceaboutthe state of affairsin After four days, however, Chios, forbadePasqualinoto leave the harbor.135 Andreoloon Ciriaco'sbehalfwas able to persuadethe Maonesi to allow the shipto leaveport,so Ciriacoloadedhis goods on board.Whenthey arrivedat the port of Cassiopeon the islandof Corfu,they encounteredthe Venetian fleet; but whenthey showed theirpapersfrom the Genoese to the Venetian AndreaMocenigo,he allowedthe ship to proceed,and so they at commander, last arrivedby way of Illyriaat the portof Ancona. 92. ThereCiriacofoundhis family safe andsound.He stayedthereonly a few days to settlehis affairsandthenhastenedto Rome in the companyof to see Pope Eugenius.An audiencewas Astorgio, the bishop of Ancona,136 in the nave of St. Peter's;andon the chamberlain, by Aloysius, papal arranged this occasion Ciriacofirst presentedthe pope with a pair of very beautiful Indian porcelainewers decoratedwith gold and then clearly and fully put forwardhis views, both verballyand in writtenmemoranda,concerningthe fosteringof unionwith the Greeks,an effective expeditionagainstthe Turks, andthepaymentdueto Memnonforhis partin this importantwork.The Holy Father benignly welcomed Ciriaco as a son, and having very judiciously listened to everythinghe had to say, promisedin due course to give it his fullest attention. 93. Ciriacoin the meantimedecidedto investigatethe antiquitiesin the environsof Rome, and set off for the very ancientcity of Tivoli. Here and therealongthefamousVia Tiburtinahe foundmanyevidencesof the ancient world, and near the Bridge of Lucanus he saw the splendid triumphal

130

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

monument of MarcusPlautiusandthe royalgardensof the EmperorHadrian, wheremanyof its splendidporticoesare still to be seen. [CILXIV, 3606] 94. Finallyhe arrivedatTivolihighon its hill,wherehe viewed its ancient remainsandthe ruinedtempleof HerculesSaxonus.'37 [CILXIV 3543] 95. He sawthecolossalmarblebustof the TiburtineSibyl138andthe tall Caesarwhichthatenlightenedprincebuiltat his own aqueductof Germanicus delicious to streamsof limpid water into the city. He also expense bring viewedtheCimbrian-now called the Salarian-Bridge andthe noblemonolithic tomb of MarcusAntoniusAntil., prefect,situatedby the Tiber at the fourth milestoneout of the city; and, in the companyof CardinalGiordano he inspectedin anotherpartof the neighborhoodthe splendidmonuOrsini,'39 mentcomposedof foursingle marbleblocks,whichPope Martin,as Ciriaco complained,hadallowedto fall intoruins. 96. Nexthe madean expeditionto the portof Ostia,wherehe examined of the emperorTrajannearby. its principalantiquities andthegreatshipyard'40 97. When he got back to the city, he learnedthat the Hungarianking, Sigismund,'41 emperor-elect,hadarrivedin Sienaon his way to Rome. Sigismundhad alreadysent on his ambassadors,Gaspar,his royalsecretary,and theBishopof Como,'42to see Pope Eugenius,andthe pope, not uninfluenced with Cardinalde Conti'43andBernardoof by Ciriaco,hadmadearrangements Camerinofor the official receptionof the emperorin the city. The ambassadorsthereforereturnedto Siena with Ciriacoin company,and they introduced him to the emperor,who graciouslyreceivedhim. Ciriacothen laid before him many cogent argumentsas to the deeds to be done only by an emperorof his sovereignauthority, dignity,andworth,particularlywith regard to a crusadeto repelthe barbarians; andto give Sigismundan exemplarof a be to he presentedhim with a magnificent imitated,"4 emperor worthy good time remindinghim thatTrajan the at the same of coin emperorTrajan, gold had conferreda special lustreon Ciriaco'sown nativeAncona.At this, the generousprince,attendedby his illustriouscouncillors,Brunorodella Scala145 of VeronaandBattistaCicalaof Genoa,magnanimouslyadmittedCiriacointo the circleof his imperialcourt.'46 98. Later,whenSigismundhadreceivedfromPope Eugeniusin Rome his two diadem andhad begunhis importantdiplomaticnegotiations,'47 golden Sienese notables,CountsStefanoand Bartolomeo?Frangipani148arrivedin RomefromDalmatiato haveaudiencewithhim;andin theircompanyCiriaco againcameintotheemperor'spresence.He thenresumedwith Sigismundand

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his prefect, CountMatteo,the subjectof theirpreviousconversation,going into greaterdetail, to which the emperorrepliedthat he and the pope were thoroughly agreed on their plans but that their first task was to get the dangerouscouncilof Basel dissolved.'49 99. Ciriaco also made a tour of the city with the emperorto view its mighty ruins everywherethrown to the ground;troubledby the terrible destructionand inspiredby the divine presenceof the Latins,he stirredthe emperor'sheartwith these words:"I was sureyou wouldbe deeplyshocked by thewaythemarbleof thesehugeandelegantbuildingsthroughoutthe city, these fine statuesand columns,which the ancientserectedso nobly at such cost,andwithsuchcraftsmanshipand architecturalskill, andthese important historical inscriptions,'50are continuallybeing burnt up into lime by the presentinhabitantsof the city in so lazy, barbarous,and indecenta fashion, thattherewill very soon be nothingleft of themfor posterityto see. Whata crime!Andmaythespiritsof the famousRomandeadregardthesethingsand remedysuchevils by theirsuperiorgenius. For these are the shiningwitnesses the ancients left behindthem and they possess particularpowerto fire the mindsof noblemento thegreatestdeeds and to the pursuitof undyingglory." Theemperor,too, wasdisgustedat men's lazy indifferenceto the preservation of ancientmonuments,and applaudedthe young Ciriaco'sclose concernfor them.'51

100. Desiring next to investigateother great Italiancities, Ciriaconow went to the ancient and once renownedEtruscancity of Pisa, where he examined all its principalancientand modem monumentsand foundmany placesruinedby timeandneglect.The two most noteworthybuildingsin Pisa, cathedralandits remarkablepaintedcemetery, as he said,wereits marble-built locally known as the Campo Santo.

101. Next he went to Florence,'52once an illustriousRomancolony and now one of the most flourishingcities in Tuscany and all Italy, where he viewedmanyof its finemonumentsandworksof art-its extensivesolid stone walls,its regalgates,its broadstreets,andits largechurches,includingthe fine greatchurchof S. Reparatalifting its dome to the sky, a marvelousbuilding which he thoroughlyinspected under the guidance of the most eminent He architect,Filippo,'53alongwith its highly decoratedmarblecampanile.'54 also inspectedthe remarkablemarble baptisteryin front of S. Reparata, ancientlydedicatedto Marsandnow to St. Johnthe Baptist,'55the outsideof whichis adornedby threevery beautifullysculpturedbronzedoorsdepicting sacredhistories,partlythe handiworkof the greatartist,Nencio,156while its interior is furnishedwith the gold and purple offerings of subject cities suspendedfromon high. Nor did he fail to view the lofty, toweredpalacesof the city-magistrates,the public and privateporticoes, the great houses of

132

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

leading citizens, the fine buildings all over the city, the four wide stone Vecchio,Trinita,andCarraia-spanningthe Aro, and bridges- Rubaconte, finallythelargeironcages of lions, symbolsof popularliberty,in the square. 102. But the experiencein Florencehe had lookedforwardto even more was thatof meeting,amongits foremostcitizens,Cosimode'Medici,Niccolo Uzzano, and Palla Strozzi, and among its intellectualleaders, Leonardo Aretino,l57the most learnedman in Italy, Carlo Aretino,'58and our Picene fellow countryman,Filelfo; while the scholarhe recalledhaving met with Niccolo Niccoli, the unrivalled specialpleasurewas thelearnedbook-collector, of Alexandria59-a manof immensecuriosity PtolemyPhiladelphus latter-day whorelisheddiscussingwithCiriacoall the antiquitieshe had discoveredover theworld,in the greateasterncities of Asia andEurope,andin the islandsof Ionia and the Aegean. Niccolo particularlyenjoyedCiriaco'sreporton the wonderfultemple at Cyzicus.'60Then after inspecting Niccolo's splendid library,his antiquecoins and sculptures,the remarkablegem by Pyrgoteles, carvedof nicolo,'61representinga lupercalianpriest,andhis bronzestatueof a wing-shodMercury,he wentwithCarloAretinoto view the similarprecious collectionswhichthe wealthyCosimohadacquired. 103. He also saw in the houses of Donatelloand Ghibertimany statues, both antiquepieces and their own modem works in bronze and marble. Through the good offices of his friend,LeonardoAretino,he went to the Palazzo Vecchio where,in the presenceof the Signoria,'62he inspectedthe ancient text of the Pandectsbroughtto Florencefrom Pisa, and finally he visitedthe famousCarthusianmonasteryoutsidethe walls of the city, where he saw many Christian antiquities, the head of the Eastern doctor, St. Chrysostom,anda copy of FlaviusJosephus'Jewish Antiquities.63 104. He also climbedthe hill to the very ancientcity of Fiesole, wherehe tookgreatpleasurein notingits large-stonedwalls andthe remainsof its big ruinedamphitheater. 105. He then set off for Milan'64and arrrivedby way of Bologna at Modena,anancientcityof GalliaTogata,wherehe discoveredmanyevidences of its antiquity,andby courtesyof Scipioneits Bishop165 notedmanyof its which he recorded in his Commentaria. importantinscriptions [no heading]: [CILXI, 832] 106.

On a marbletombstone: [CIL XI, 863]166

TRANSLATION

107.

133

On anothertombstoneset up in the market-place: [CIL XI, 884]167

108.

On anothermarbletomb: [CILXI, 830]

109.

In the foundationsof the bell-towerwith four figures[in relief]: [CILXI, 855]

110.

On an ornatestone in the bishop'sresidence: [CIL XI, 839]168

111. Next he proceededthroughReggio to the fine city of Parmaand inspectedthe monumentof SS. Largus, Cyriacus,and Smaragdusin the cathedral churchof the Blessed Virgin,outsidethe doorsof whichhe founda monumentof Macrobiuswith a sadly damagedinscription.'69 112. AfterleavingParmahe wentto PiacenzaandPavia,wherein company withAntonioPanormita'70 he foundmemorialsof the holy bishopAugustine andof SeverinusBoethius'71and a few otherancientmonuments,andfinally arrivedat the noble Insubriancity of Milan,'72his destination.ThereCiriaco admiredtheextensivesuburbs,thegreatandvariouswealthof the city, and its remarkableancientandmoder buildings. 113. In Milanhe met his old friend,Niccolo Fioroflaviano,an official in the ducaltreasury,who warmlywelcomedhim and at once laid beforeDuke Filippo'73a letter that Ciriaco had addressed to him; and through the of his secretary,UrbanoIacobo,Filippogave Ciriacopermission intercession to inspectthe ancientmonumentsof the city. These includeda fine seriesof Latin inscriptionswhich Ciriaco recorded in his commentaria beginning with

one on a staircaseof the famouscourtyardof the ducalpalace: [CILV, 6099] 114.

At the ancient shrine of St. Thecla:

[CILV, 6037]'74 115.

In a wall of the church,St. HenryPanigarola: [CILV, 6069]

116.

At St. Mark's: [CILV, 6008]

117.

On a bankof the city's earthworks: [CILV, 5896]175

VrrAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

134

118.

In a wall of the city's defenses: [CIL V, 6039]

119.

In a wall of the city's defenses: [CIL IX, 5931]

120.

At the churchof the seraphic(St. Francis): [CIL V, 6276]

121. In a court behind the churchof St. Nazarius in a portion of the entrance: [CILV, 5940] 122.

In a wall of the city's defenses: [CIL V, 6024]

123.

In anotherlocation: [CILV, 6051]

124.

In a wall of the city's defenses: [CIL V, 6045]

125.

In the courtof (the churchof) St. Simplicianus: [CIL V, 5893]176

126.

In the churchof St. Nazarius: [CILV, 5859]

127.

In the facadeof the governor'spalace: [CIL V,

128.

5959]177

On an ancientstatue-baseof St. Dionysius: [CIL V, 6041]178

129.

At St. Peter's: [CILV, 5905]179

130.

In the cloisterwalk behindthe churchof St. Amabilis: [CIL V, 5906]180

131.

Beside the churchof St. Mark: [CIL V, 6083]181

TRANSLATION

132.

In the churchof St. Georgeon a base: [CIL V, 5956]182

133.

On a wall of St. Stephen's: [CIL V, 5895]183

134.

At the ?out-of-the-waychurchof St. Mary,on a base: [CIL V, 5762]184

135.

In the churchof St. Victor: [CIL V, 5942]185

136.

At St. Nazarius,on a base: [Not Found]

137.

Nearby: [CIL V, 6019]186

138.

On a base at the churchof St. Donino: [CIL V, 5771]187

139.

In the ?Brutiancountrysideof Milan: [CILV, 6006]

140.

On the doorof St. Bartholomew's: [CILV, 6100]188

141.

On the doorof St. Bartholomew'schurch: [CIL V, 5853]189

142.

In a wall of the city's ?moat:

[CILV, 5911] 143.

At St. Mark's: [CILV, 5776]

144.

At Dertonabeforethe gates of the monasteryof St. Martiano: [CILV, 7386]190

145.

In a wall of the city's ?moat: [Notfound]

146.

At Tradate,an old suburbof Milan: [CILV, 5634]191

135

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

136

147.

In the woods at some distancefromTradateis seen an inscription: [Not Found]

148. In Milanoutsidethe Como gate in the churchof S. Simpliciuson a decoratedtomb: [CIL V, 6128]192

149.

On anotherstone: [CILV, 5927]'93

150.

At Dertona,on a marbleof the largerchurch: [CILV, 7385]

151. And outsideof Milan, in the castle of Pavia, Ciriacoinspectedthe famouswar-engines goingbackto thebeginningsof the historyof the Visconti theroyalgardens,andthe huge cages of the family,thesumptuous furnishings, whichwas nobly builtby the Duke's magnificentfather,194andhe menagerie, also visited the abbeyof Chiaravalleand the greatCarthusianmonasteryin Pavia. 152.

He thenproceededto Brescia,wherehe saw manyantiquitiesnamely: [CILV, 4403] [no heading]: [CILV, 4369]195

153.

At St.Julia's,in the wall of the [chapelof?] St. Maryon the outside: [CIL V, 4367]196

154.

In anotherplace:197

[CILV, 4340] 155.

On anotherstone: [CILV, 4470] [no heading]: [CIL V, 4332]198

156.

On anothermarble: [CILV, 4368]199

157.

In the churchof St. Bartholomewon the hill [?mountain]: [CIL V, 4501]200

158.

In the church of St. Sandro: [CIL V, 4369]201

TRANSLATION

159.

137

On anothermarble:202 [CIL V, 4463]203

160.

Nearthe towerof Palatain the wall of a privatehouse: [CIL V, 4416]204

161.

In the wall of a hospitaloutsidethe churchof St. Francis: [CIL V, 4676]205

162.

In the churchof St. Agatha: [CIL V, 4370]206

163.

In the sameplace: [CIL V, 4766]207

164.

Outsidethe churchof St. Agathain the wall: [CIL V, 4460]208

165. Finallyhe cameto theveryfertileandancientcity of Verona,founded numberof ancientmonuments.209 bytheGauls,andhefoundtherea considerable The nameof the riverflowing throughVerona,accordingto Papias,210 is the Athesis, althoughsome call it the Athax, assertingthatit is the same as that others identify the Athax with the river Ticinus, mentioned by Lucan;211 that it is a riverbetween?Laonand Rheimsnear the althoughPapias says river in the Rhine;however, questionis in Verona.212 166. InthisLigurian213 city Ciriaco,as he recordedin his commentaria,214 saw the labyrinthknowntodayas the Arena,whichis believedto have been built in the thirty-ninthyear of the reign of OctavianAugustus,threeyears before Christ's birth. The outside of the Arena has been shatteredby earthquakesand its whole circuit is seen today to be constructedof large since its interioris ringedaboutby manycavernsand stonesand?perforated, hollow chambersof various shapes. Ciriacohimself recordsthat there are stairwaysof largestones placed all roundthe circuitwhichseem widerand morerotundas they rise in height;andreporthas it thatit is fifty cubitshigh andhad a fine largeareaof multiformshape,with a marblesurroundon the topmostlevel. 167. Anotherthinghe viewed in Veronawas the doubletriumphalgate of from the Borsaribuilt of native stone and adornedwith twelve windows215 whichCiriacotranscribedthis Latininscription:216 [CIL V, 1. 3329]217

168.

In anotherplace nearby: [CILV, 3221]

138

169.

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

In a village: [CIL V, 3338]

170.

Above the riverAthesis: [CIL V, 3830]

171.

In the cemeteryof St. Nicholas: [CIL V, 3281]

172.

In the cemeteryof St. Firmus?thegreater: [CIL V, 3340]

173.

[no heading]:218 [CIL V, 3689]

174.

In the ?poorhouse: [CIL V, 3257]

175.

On a marbletomblocatedin the majorchurch:219 [CIL V, 3643]

176.

In the churchof the firstmartyr: [CIL V, 3387]

177.

In anotherplace, with sculpture:220 [CIL V, 3734]

178.

Elsewhere: [CIL V, 3748]

179.

In the shrineof St. Proculus: [CILV, 3460]

180.

Nearbyin a garden: [CILV, 3677]

181.

?Insidethe aforementioned church: [CILV, 3657]

182.

On a very old tomb: [CILV, 3627]

183.

In the abbeyof St. Zeno: [CILV, 3628]

TRANSLATION

184.

In the gardenof St. Zeno: [CILV, 3419]

185.

On a squaremarble?pillar: [CILV, 3382]

186.

On anotherside:

139

[CILV, 3382] 187.

On the thirdside:221 [CILV, 3382]

188.

On the otherside of the stone: [CILV, 3382]

189.

On anotherstone:222 [CILV, 3393]

190. After he had carefullyinvestigatedall the antiquitiesof Verona,he returnedto Milanandstayedtherefor severaldays as a guest of the duke. 191. He thenmadefor Mantua,a most ancientcity in the Italianprovince of Venetia, which the Romansalso called CisalpineGaul, as I have found recordedin Ciriaco'sown commentaria;and I cite themherebecauseI am surethey will particularlyinterestyou.223 192. Mantuawas founded,accordingto IsidoreandPaulthe Lombard,by Manto,thedaughterof Tiresias;she is said to have come to Italyandto have of Thebes.Isidoresays thatit is called Mantua foundedit afterthedestruction it But Virgil,who it its because protects manes; is also namedafterManto.224 shed greatlusteron the city by being bornthere,says thatOcnus,the son of Manto, called the city Mantuaafterthe nameof his mother.She was called Manto,or Mantos,becausehernamewas derivedfrommanes andtueor, since she guardedthe manes, that is to say, the shadesof the deifieddead. Other writerssaythatshe hada son by a certainman calledTiberis,who was called Obiusor Obnus,andalsohadthenameof Bianor,meaningdoublystrong,that is to say, in body andmind;hence Virgil says, "thetombof Bianorbegins to appear."It was this man, as some believe, who foundedMantua,whichthe Mantuansnamed after his mother, Manto. Manto's father was the great Thebanseer,Tiresias,of whomStatiusspeaksin his Thebaid.So much,then, for whatwe find in the ancientauthorsaboutthe originof the city.225 193. Fromthesetextswe candeducethedateof its foundation;for the fact that it was foundedeitherby Manto,the daughterof the seer Tiresias,or by

140

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

herson,meansthatit is veryancient.Forthefall of Thebesandthe destruction of its inhabitantswas the resultof a long siege in which the Greeks,Eteocles andPolinices,thesonsof the Thebanking, Oedipus,contendedfor the ruleof the city; andthatthis eventprecededthe fall of Troy by aboutsixty yearsis calculatedas follows: Oedipuslived in the time of Abimelech,the judge of Israel.Troy fell in the thirdyear of Abdon, the judge of Israel.Sixty years elapsed from the last year of Abimelechto the thirdof Abdon.The fall of Troy, accordingto St. Jerome,occurred431 years beforethe foundationof Rome, and accordingto Orosius,Rome was founded752 years beforethe birthof Christ.Thus,not even countingthe sixty yearsthatelapsedbetween thefallof Thebes(afterwhich,as we have said, Mantuawas founded)andthe fall of Troy, an accuratecalculationwill show that 1,183 years intervened between the foundationof Mantua and the birth of our Savior. In the chroniclesof MiletusorEusebius,however,we find thatMantuawas founded of Rome.ForSt. Augustine,in Book 18 of his 570 yearsbeforethefoundation birth of Abrahamoccurredabouttwelve hundred the that City of God, says years beforethe foundationof Rome, and if we subtractfromthese the 530 years that elapsed,as we have said, betweenthe birthof Abrahamand the buildingof Mantua,we areleft with670 yearsbetweenthe buildingof Mantua andthefoundation of Rome;andif to these we addthe 752 yearsbetweenthe foundationof Rome andthe birthof Christ,our accuratecalculationgives us 1422 B.C.(as the dateof Mantua'sfoundation).226 194. The river Mincio, a tributaryof the Po, flows past Mantuaand a surroundinglake stronglyprotectsit and makes it unassailable.In a place outsidethecity called Pietolion the shoreof the lake it is said thatVirgil,the crowninggloryof Mantua,was bor; andCiriacohimselfcarefullysearched it to see if he couldfind any importantancientremains,particularlyregarding Virgil.227And on the banksof the riverTartarohe found this very ancient inscription: [CILV, 3827] 195.

In Mantua,on a stoneat a well: [CILV, 4066]

196. In another place [drawing of an arch, under which is the inscription]:

[CILV, 4072] 197.

On the walls of the churchof St. Sylvester: [CILV, 4073]

198. Next he went to Genoa, chief city on the Ligustiancoast, which in hisNaturalHistory,locatesin the provinceof Liguria,now called Pliny,228

TRANSLATION

141

Lombardy.He writes thatthis state extends from Ventimigliaand the river ?Merulaas far as ?Sestri and the river Macra, and Genoa and the river ?Pulcivereare in the same territory.Paul (the Deacon), the authorof the Lombard History, says that it is in the fifth provinceof Italy, called the CottianAlps, and that, extending as it does from Liguriato the sea and adjoiningthe frontierof Gaulin the west, it containsDertona,the monastery of Bobbio,andthe cities of Genoaand Saona.229 199. It is writtenin the chroniclesthat PrinceJanus,a contemporaryof Moses, came to Italy from the East and was the chief rulerthere,although otherhistoriesassertthathe reignedin the time of Abraham.Janusbuiltthe city of Genoaand namedit Janiculaafterhimself, as is provedby the words of Solinus:"WhodoesnotknowthatJaniculawas builtandfoundedby Janus and Saturia by Saturn?"230 200. AnotherJanus,of Trojanbirth,came to Italyafterthe fall of Troy. Ciriacosays thatwhenthis same Januswas sailingwith a favorablewind to a place called Albarium,a thick fog appearedof a kind commonlycalled Albasia(thoughotherscallit Cigaria),thusgiving Albariumits name.He then proceededto a placecalledGaliganum,whichhe foundso pleasantlysituated thathe calledforsailsto be lowered,hence the place's name.At a place called hejumpedashoreandfrom thatleap, or saltus, of Janusit got its Serzanum231 vernacularname.Arrivingin Janicula,Janusbuilt a fortresson the site now calledthe Castelloanderectedtowersandredoubtson the site of the present palace,whichhe fortifiedwith very strongwalls;andJanusII archiepiscopal similarlyaddedto the city. Withthe influxof peoplefromvariousplaces the city began to grow large. (Ciriaco)says that his remarksabout Janusthe Trojancitizen were basedon popularandancientoralreportalone. He adds also that that Genoa was built 107 years before the 201. foundation of Romeand1,546yearsbeforethe birthof Christin the thirdage of theworld.Thisstatement,he says, dependson the alreadyquotedassertion of SolinusthatJanusbuiltJanicula,which is calledGenoa,andon authentic chronicles,buthe doesnotnameanyauthoror writer.Reckoningfromthe fact thatJanusruledin the time when Moses was leadinghis people in the desert andfromthe date of the foundationof Rome, it will be foundthat707 years elapsedbetweenthebuildingof Genoaandthefoundationof Rome.Moreover, if onecalculatestheperiodbetweenthe time of Moses andthe time of Christ, one finds,as alreadysaid,that 1,546 yearselapsed.Ciriacosays thathe made thiscalculationon the evidenceof St. Jerome,who gives the smallernumber. ButBede andMethodiusgive a largernumber,assertingthatthe Gaulsbuilt Genoawhen Bellovasiuswas theirleader.232

142

VITA KYRIACI ANCONITANI

202. Livy,however,namesthe city, notJanua, but Genua, assertingthat 534 years after the foundationof Rome the Carthaginiangeneral,Mago, capturedandalmostdestroyedthe totallyunguardedcity with thirtytriremes andmanycargoships,withtwelvethousandinfantryandnearlytwo thousand cavalry on board.About this time, too, Milan was capturedby Marcellus, whichclearlyshows thatGenoaexisted at least 230 yearsbeforethe birthof Elsewherehe says thatScipio, the youngerbrotherof Scipio,came Christ.233 with a fleet to Genoato resistHannibal,who was aboutto cross the Alps.234 Livy also reportsthat in the year 545 after the foundationof the city the commandof Lucretiuswas extendedby the Romansso thathe couldrebuild the town of Genoa,whichhadbeen ravagedby Magothe Carthaginian.235 203. Butto returnto ourstory:Providedwith ducallettersof introduction the by help of FrancescoBarbavara,Ciriacoacquaintedhimselfwith all the principalsightsof thecityandhe saw the famousbowl madeof most precious greenstoneanda marblebustof GaiusMarius.Amongthe leadingcitizenshe metin GenoawerethewealthyGiovanniGrillo,FrancescoSpinola,Benedetto andNiccolo Negrone,andPaoloImperiale,not to mentionIacoboBracello236 in of who secretaries the service the learned Camulio, city, elegantlyand the him as both within received their city and at their guest sumptuously beautifulrusticretreatsoutsideits walls, and showedhim all the sightsof that remarkablecity, the massivewalls of its shipyardandport,the greatgalleys andhuge merchantmen lying there. 204. Afterhe hadseen everythingthere,Ciriacothenreturnedto Rome to Some days afterCiriacohad arrivedin Rome payanothervisitto the pope.237 of Anconawerepreparinga navalexpedition he heardthatthecivicauthorities underthecommandof PagliaresioPisanello238 againstcertainrebelliouscitizens whowereoperatingas pirates.They had orderedTommaso,the eldest son of Biagio, who had arrivedwith his merchantship fromthe BalearicIslandsat theportof Gaeta,to joinin the expeditionwhen he hadtakentroopson board andto waitforPaliaresioat theIllyrianGulf;andtogetherthey were to attack, defeat,anddestroythe rebels.239 205. This news much disturbedCiriaco,because he greatlyfearedthat these dangerousbeginnings of discord in a city that had so long been inviolately united would before long engender worse troubles barring immediateremedies;he therefore,in the companyof Niccolo, the brotherof the clerkPetrelli,left Rometo see Tommasoat Gaeta;andthatnoble young manwasverypleasedto hearwhatCiriacohadto say andpromisedto follow his advicein everything. 206. Since Tommaso'sship wouldbe leavingGaetafor Naples, Ciriaco meanwhileset off for Naplesby landin orderto see whathe couldfind in the

TRANSLATION

143

The firstplace he stoppedat on his way was the ancient wayof antiquities.24 Latin coastal city of Terracina,where he was delightedto see the marble temple of Augustus,the fine harbor,and the wide hard-pavedroadleading fromRome. 207. At Literum on the way fromGaetato Napleshe viewed the famous country seat of the great Scipio, his marble statue, and the huge brick amphitheater. 208. Thenceby wayof Sessahe came to the splendidtoweredCampanian city of Capua,wherehe discoverednot a few ancientmonuments;andthree milesoutsidethe city in a wild, woody setting,he particularlyexaminedwhat was left of the huge stones of the greatamphitheater,and at some distance away the ancientgates of the greatcity and the manyhuge and remarkable subterranean remainsof ancienthouses. 209. Then, passing throughthe town of Aversa, he arrivedat the royal Parthenopeancity of Naples, whichwas governedby Joanna,the illustrious daughterof King Charles241 [a folio is missing at thispoint]242 5791; Kaibel,IG XIV, 714; Mommsen,CILX, p. 184] [CIG 210. Next, with Ercole, the podestc of Pozzuoli as his guide, Ciriaco viewedthe landmarksof the reveredpoet Virgil nearthe imperialcavernand then arrivedat Pozzuoli, wherehe saw renownedSibyllineantiquitiesand templesandthelake of Averus; andall the monumentsof CumaeandBaiae downto thefamouspromontory of Miseno,includingmanysplendidbuildings builtby Nero andLucullusstill to be admiredto this day. 211. Then he went back throughNaples to the famous Samnitecity of Benevento,wherehe saw its huge andnumerousantiquities,particularlythe remainsof its largeamphitheater and the fine andnoble archof the Emperor a highlyornatemonumentthatthe ancientSenate Trajanwithits inscription,243 andPeopleof Rome dedicatedto thatpowerfulprince. 212.

Beneatha marblestatue: [CILIX, 1589]

213.

[no heading]: [Not foundin CILIX]

214. This is what we find writtenaboutthe city in ancientchronicles.244 Solinussays thatBeneventumandArpiwere cities foundedby Diomedes.245 Diomedeswas oneof theGreekprincesat the siege of Troywho was killed by

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

144

the Illyrians, as Papias records,addingthat Diomedis is a city in Apulia foundedby Diomedesat thefoot of MountGargano.Papiasdoes not mention here that the city was called Beneventum,but elsewherehe says that Beneventumis a citypreviouslycalledSamnium,whilein anotherplace he says that Samnisis a city in ApuliaandthatSamniumis Beneventumandthe Samnite peoplelived130 miles fromRomebetweenPicenumandCampania.24In the LombardHistorywe readthatSamniumis the fourteenthprovinceof Italyand thatSamniumis a city in it fromwhichthe whole provincetook its name.In the Samniumprovinceis the city Beneventoitself and it is the metropolitan see.247The noble archbishop (of Benevento)has in Apulia twenty-two MiletusandJeromerecordthatBeneventum suffraganbishopsunderhim.248 in Samnium was built by the Romans 170 years after the foundationof but I believe that this was reallya refoundingor rebuildingof the Rome;249 because Solinus,amongotherthings,says thatBeneventowas founded city, by Diomedeswho lived a very long time indeedbeforeRome was founded. 215. Having recorded all the importantsights of Benevento in his notebook,Ciriacothenreturnedonce moreto Naples.A few days later,when the ship was readyfor sea andthe troopswere embarked,andwhen Daniele, thebishopof Parenzo,250 andtheFlorentine GiovanniBosculo,Pope Eugenius' ambassadors to KingAlfonso,hadcome on boardon theirway to Sicily, they set sail;andthetwoemissaries,whowerealreadyold friendsof Ciriaco's,told hima greatdealaboutwhattheywereto discusswith King Alfonso who, with a largefleet,was at thatmomentattackingthe Tunisiansultanon the islandof Djerba.25'

216. Whenat lastthe ship arrivedin Sicily at the famouscity of Messina, theambassadors leftforSyracuseby land.Meanwhile,Tommaso, immediately with the assistanceof PietroGaietani,the Anconitanconsul,enlistedfurther troopsandset sailforthemouthof theIllyrianGulf to join with the Anconitan fleet. The next day, not far off the promontoryof Otranto,they sighted a Balearicship in companywith a galley loadedwith all kinds of armament, underthegeneralcommandof Pagliaresio. They thenjoinedforcesandarrived at the Gulf of Taranto,where,as they had learned,the pirate ship was at anchorin the harborof Gallipoli. 217. However,theformerqueenMaria,the Princeof Taranto'smother,252 sent herrepresentativesto Pagliaresioto informhim thatshe hadgiven permission for the pirateship to take safe refugein the port andso, aftermany argumentsbackandforthby lettersandmessengers,Paliaresioat lengthhad to abandonhis plan;andthe fleet sailedbackhome to Ancona.253 218.

Farewell,Lauro.You adornourage andarea creditto yourcity.

NOTESTO THE TRANSLATION 1.The frontispieceof the Vitais inscribed:VITA / CLARISSIMI/ ET / FAMOSISS./ VIRIKYRIACI/ ANCONITANI/ FELICITER/ INCIPIT.It was probablyaddedby Feliciano.Forthe letterand its date see the Introduction. 2. The deifiednameof Romulus. 3. Cicero,Fam. 1.6.2:a teneris, ut Graeci aiunt, unguiculis. 4. MassiellaSelvatico(see next note). 5. TheMS lackstheopeningfolio 21, whichwould not have runto morethansome 220 words,andwould havebeen even shorterif, as is likely, it beganwith an illuminatedinitiallike the largeinitialof the letter to Quirini(T, fol. 1lr).Themissingfolio presumablygave particularsof Ciriaco'sancestry,parentage,and birth,and the namesof any otheroffspringof his parents'marriage.Olivieri, 1763,2, note 6, namestwo of Ciriaco'sfourteenth-century ancestors. The epitaphcomposedby Ciriaco(Olivieri,2, and Colucci, 1792, 19-20 - T, fol. 165r) for his mother,himself,and theirGreekservantClaraestablishesthat his mother Massiellawas the daughterof CiriacoSelvatico,with whomthe young Ciriacomadehis firsttravels,and that the nameof his father-who evidentlydied when he was very young (N.B. below, no. 5 or para.5, invita parente: singularand feminine,when he was only nine years old)-was Filippo de'Pizzecolli. Ciriaco'sbirthyear must be 1391, since he was thirteenyearsold in 1404.The dateof his birthin 1391 musthave fallen afterApril 13th(see below, note to para.6). 6. Referringto Ciriacoandhis sisterNicolosa, andconceivablyto otherbrothersor sistersas well. 7. Forthe chronologyof Ciriaco'slife up to late 1434 or early 1435 see Introduction,'Chronologyof the Vita.' 8. MicheleStenobecamedoge on 1 December1400. Cf. Morozzodella Rocca and Tiepolo, 1957, 185. Ciriacowas thereon 13 April 1401 at the earliest.If he was nine yearsold at the time, he must Therefore, have been bornafter 13 April 1391. 9. Cf. Livy, 1.1.2. 10. Francescoda Carrarathe younger,lordof Padua 1391-1404. 11. For the paintedSala VirorumIllustrium,laterthe Sala de' Giganti,see T.E. Mommsen,1952. 12.GianGaleazzoVisconti(+1402) in Milan,Robertof Anjouin Naples,andFrederickII Hohenstaufen of Sicily all keptlions. The Towerof Londonhad themuntilthe eighteenthcentury. 13. ForAlife as a Campanianname,see DBI vol. 2, s.v. 'Ludovicod'Alife.' 14. Giacomodi Marzano,dukeof Sessa, andRobertodi Marzano,countof Squillaceandgrandadmiral of the regno (SummonteIII, 1749, 523, 525). 15.CharlesIIIof Durazzo,king of Naples, 1381-1386, assassinatedat Budaon 27 February1386, where he hadgone in 1385 in an attemptto win the crownof Hungary. 16.Latingrammar, the'firstart'of themedievalcurriculum.See Grendler,1991, 13-22, for the communal Latinschoolsin the TrecentoItaly;for the late medievalLatincurriculumandthe humanisticalternative, ibid., 162-202. 17.ThesickBonifaceIXdecidedat the beginningof 1404 to go to the bathsof Pozzuoliandorderedsome galleysfromdifferent places,includingone fromAncona(see Tiraboschi,1783, VI, I, 158-159, citing the

145

Chronicleof Teodoroda Niem, itself cited by Rinaldi,AnnalesEcclesiae, ad an. 1404, n. 1. According to Colucci, 1792, 23, 54, note 18, Bonifacelaterabandonedhis plan and died shortlyafterwards,on 1 October1404.SinceCiriacowas thirteenby this time (see above,note to para.6), he musthave been born in 1391. 18.GiovanniAntonioMarzanois namedin Ciriaco'saccountof the battleof Ponza,August, 1435, as duke of Sessaanda participantin the battleon the side of KingAlfonso of Naples (T, fol. 116v, Colucci, 106). 19.Forthegovemmentof Anconasee PeruzziI, 1818, 276-278. The Latintext hereuses the terms,seviri andtrevirifor theirAnconitanequivalents,the boardsof six anziani andthreeregolatori. 20. MercurywasCiriaco'spatron'saint,'to whomhe prayedwhenembarkingon a journey.For two variant versionsof thisformulaicprayersee Bodnarand Mitchell, 1976, 33-34, and Olivieri, 1763, 68 (the latter translatedby Mitchell, 1960, 473). For his drawingof Mercury(copies of which are in two MSS, 02, fol.68r,andMl, fol.37v, thelatteraccompaniedby still anothervarianton the prayer)see Mitchell, 1962, 297-298 and Tav. 21; Panofskyand Saxl, 1933, 258-259; Wind, 1958, 121, note 30. See now also Neuhausenand Trapp,1983, 66-68, andNeuhausen,1992. 21. Senatorextra comitiorumordinem.Cf. the OxfordLatinDictionarys.v. ordo, 15b,extra ordinem, "ina mannerdeviatingfrom standardprocedure,as an exceptionalmeasure,"e.g. eos ... extra ordinemin senatumlegendos curaverat(Caesar,Bellum Civile 3.59.2). Ciriacowas electedsenatorby exceptionto the minimumage requirement. 22. Perhapsthe name is Cinzio (see Peruzzi, II, 277). Tiraboschi, 1783, VI, 159 gives 'Cincio de' Pizzicolli.' 23. For the medievalstateof the Pharossee Fraser,1972, II, 44, 46. 24. A yellow stone:see Pliny,N.H. 36, 49 and Juvenal,7.182. D.E. Eichholz,editorof the Loeb Pliny, Vol.X, p. 39, identifiesit as "a yellow marblewith redveins quarriedat Simitthus[HenschirSchemtu]in westernTunisia." 25. Eitherthe then standingobeliskof the Templeof Augustus,now in CentralPark,New York(another fromthe Augusteum,then fallen, came to Londonas 'Cleopatra'sNeedle'), or one of the obelisksin the Serapeum(see Fraser,I, 24, 265). 26. Thecolumndedicatedto Diocletian,standingon the samehill as the Serapeum.Ciriacowronglytook thefragmentarywords[...]OKPAT[...]and AAEEANAP[....] in its inscriptionto referto Dinocrates,the architectof Alexandria,andto Alexanderthe Great,whereasthey actuallyreferto the emperorandto the city: [ATT]OKPAT[OPA]andAAEEANAP[EIAZ] (Fraser,I, 27; II, 89-90). 27. It can safely be assumedthat, in 1412, Ciriacocould neitherwriteLatinnor read(or even misread) Greekinscriptions.This accountof the sights of Alexandria,seen duringthe visit of 1412,bearsstriking verbalresemblances to Ciriaco'saccountof whathe saw therepresumablyduringa latervisit, possiblyin 1436, as detailedin the 'Itinerarium'(Vo4, fol. 20r-v,ed. Mehus, 1742, 48-50). For the text of this and otherpassagesof the 'Itinerarium'relatedto thatof the Vita,withcoincidencesin wordingitalicized,see AppendixV. Fortheproblemsraisedby theverbalsimilaritiesin these two documents,see the Introduction. 28. Faraj(reigned 1403-1414); see Hill, II, 468. The next sultan,rulingin 1414, was Sheik al Muayyad (ibid., 469). 29. omnigenum.Thisword,especiallyin thisformof the genitiveplural,was a favoriteof Ciriaco's,owing, no doubt, to his familiaritywith book 8 of the Aeneid, fromwhichhe quotesfrequently.Thus, in Aen. 8.698:omnigenumque deummonstra.Itseemslikelythatthe basic meaning,'of all kinds,'informsreaders that the eunuchswho servedthe sultan'sharemwere most probablydrawnfrom prisonersof war from variouslands.

146

30. GaleazzoMalatestaof PesaroattackedAnconaon the nightof 6 October1413 (Leoni, I, 200 [who givesthedate as 7 October];Peruzzi, 1835, 237-239, 279; Tiraboschi,1783, VI, I, 159-160, prefersthe year 1414). 31. Ciriaco'sItalianaccountof this actionseems to be lost. 32. Ciriaco addresseda letterto Franciscuseques (probablyScalamonti)and Crassusfrom Arta, 29 December 1435 (Mehus, 1742,58-65). 33. ForCiriaco'sinspection of Friuliand Aquileiawith LeonardoGiustiniani(ca. 1380-1446) see Mehus, Ciriacoin a letterto Giustinianiof 30 December 1443 (ed. Mehus, 1759, 1742, 19-21. Filelfocommended 33r). 34. Tharsaticumis modemRijeka(Ital. Fiume) in Croatia(Graesse, 1972, s.v. FlumenS. Viti). 35. Createdcount of Montesericoand marquisof Gerace in Sicily by Alfonso V; signore of Bitonto; captain-generalof the Churchand viceroy,he accompaniedAlfonso of Aragonon his expeditionto the islandof Djerbain 1432 andwas takenprisonerwith Alfonso at Ponzain August 1435 (see Ryder, 1976, 98 [ "thepremiermagnateof Sicily"],272 [summaryof his militarycareer];Pontieri,269; andbelow, para. 215, note). 36. Thetextsuddenlyshiftsherefromthe thirdpersonsingularto the firstpersonplural-perhapsbecause Scalamontineglectedto alterCiriaco'sdiaryat this pointas he would normallyhave done. 37. Itis uncertainwhetherthis is a referenceto the ChiaramontePalaceor to the churchof the Martorana (alsocalledS. Mariadell' Ammiraglio).One mosaicof the MartoranadepictsKingRogerbeing crowned by Christand wearingthe royalinsigniathathe had receivedfromPope LuciusII (cf. Scalamonti'sLatin text:et magnificentissimi AnniratiClari Montisinsignia regia). See Schwarz, 1945, plates4, 11-15, 52. 38. The CappellaPalatina.Forthe mosaicssee Kitzinger,1949. 39. WilliamII (reigned 1174-1183) built the cathedralof Monreale. 40. The suppressedmonasteryof S. Martinodelle Scale, thirteenkilometersSW of Monreale. 41. Perhapsthe town of Alcamo,48.5 kilometersSW of Palermo. 42. See note on para.32 above.Herethe text waversin a single sentencefrom 'they' (venissent)to 'we' (convenimus),then backto the thirdpluralagain(perceperant). 43. Loredancommanded theforcesthatrecovered Venetianstrongholdsin Dalmatiafromthe Turksin 1416 (see SpretiIV, 146). 44. OddoneColonna,electedPope MartinV at Constance,11 November1417, consecratedandcrowned, 21 November(Eubel,I, 32). 45. Cf. Virgil,Aeneid 3.291: protinusaerias Phaeacum abscondimusarces. 46. Filippodegli Alfieri was electedAnconitanconsul of Constantinopleand of Romaniain 1419 at the instanceof the Byzantineemperor,ManuelII (Saracini,1675, 245). 47. ForCiriaco'sdescription of Constantinoplesee Vickers, 1976' ("MantegnaandConstantinople"), who believes that Ciriaco"musthave madeprofuseillustrationsof what he saw" and thatthese hypothetical drawingsare reflectedin the backgroundof Mantegna'sAgony in the Garden.Althoughthis is only the firstof severalknownoccasionson whichCiriacovisitedConstantinople,andtherearetwo othersuch visits within the scope of Scalamonti'smemoir,it is on this occasion only that Scalamontidescribeswhat Ciriacosaw there.As in the case of the visit to Alexandriain 1412, it is difficultto imaginewhatsource

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Scalamontimighthave used for this description,since Ciriacowas probablyincapableof writinga Latin in 1418,andit is temptingto assumethatthe sourceis a commentariumwrittenduringone commentarium of his latervisits to the Byzantinecapital. 48. ManuelII Palaeologus(1391-1425). 49. The GoldenGate was the official entranceof the emperorson theirreturnfrommilitaryexpeditions. It is flanked by two marbletowers and fortifiedwith propylaea,to which Ciriaco's "exteral, marble frontispiecewith ancientsculptures"undoubtedlyrefers.Whathe thoughtwere the 'armsof Achilles' we haveno way of knowing. 50. Eitherat this time or, probably,later(Ciriacois knownto have visitedConstantinopleagainin 1428, 1431, and severaltimes duringthe years 1444-1447), he madeat least seven drawingsof HagiaSophia, theheadingsforwhicharepreserved in ParmaMS 1191 (Pp), fols. 61v-66v (for the texts of these headings seeAppendixVI),the restof each pagebeing left blank.Two of these drawings,one showingthe exterior, the otherthe interior,were copiedby Giulianoda Sangallo,froma sourcenow lost, into his sketchbook, which still survivesin the VaticanLibrary(Vb2, fol. 28r, facsimileeditionby Huelsen, 1910). For an see Smith, 1987. interpretation 51. Theequestrian statueof Justinian,destroyedin 1540 (Janin,1964, 74-75). On the drawing,attributed to Ciriaco,of an equestrianfigureandits possible identitywith the statueof Justinianon the column(Bu, fol. 144v), see Jacobs, 1929, 197-202; P.W. Lehmann,1959, 39-57 (who arguesthatthe drawingdoes notfittheliterarydescription of thecolossalstatuein the Augusteionandsuggestsit is ratherof a medallion of TheodosiusI);witha responsein the samejournalby C. Mangoand a replyby Lehmann,351-356 and 356-358; see also Bodnar,1960, 67; Babinger,1961; Babinger,1962, 322-323; Janin, 1964, 74-75; Vickers,1976',281, who says thatthe popularidentificationof the statueas one of Heracliusgoes backat least to 1204. 52. The"convexarrangement of marblecolumnsandarchitravesat the head"seen by Ciriacomustbe the Sphendone(S4Eev6ovti, 'a sling'), a largehemicycleadornedwith a colonnadeof thirty-sevencolumns joinedtogetherby archesand carryingbalustradeson theirupperparts.The spina of the racecoursewas originallyadornedwith seven monuments,of which threeremaintoday. Ciriacoreportson two of them: (1) the serpentinecolumn,erectedat Delphi in 478 B.C. to commemoratethe victoriesof Plataeaand Salamis (originally it supporteda golden tripodwhich itself carrieda golden vase) and removedby Constantine to Constantinople;and (2) the monolithicobelisk that was broughtfrom Heliopolis to Constantinople byTheodosiusanderectedwith greateffortby Proculusin thirty-twodays, as the Latinand on its base declare.Ciriacois portrayedas being able to readthese inscriptionsin 1419. Greekinscriptions As in the case of the Hagia Sophiadrawings,the ParmaMS has on fols. 66v and 67r headingsfor two drawingsof obeliskswith blankspacesleft unfilled.For the hippodromeandits monumentssee Casson, 1928, 3-4, 15-20; Mambouryand Wiegand, 1934, 40-42, pls. 102-112; and Janin, 1964, 183-194. 53. Thespiralcolumnsof Theodosius,in the ForumTauri,andof Arcadius,in the Forumof Arcadiuson orneartheXerolophoshill, were bothinspiredby the columnof Trajanin Rome (see Janin, 1964, 81-84 and Becatti, 1960, 82-264, pls. 48-63, 73-78). Theexpression miraarchitectorumope is a favoriteof Ciriaco's.It occursagainbelow in para.54 and in his earliestrecordedletter(see AppendixI, para.7. In his laterwritingshe amendedthis to miro architectorisopere,as in the 'Itinerarium,' (1441): see AppendixV, 2, b, s.v. 'Ancona.'A kindredphrase, arte,is reflectedin the inscriptionon Ghiberti's'Gatesof Paradise'in Florence:MIRA mirafabrefactoris LAVRENTIICIONISDE GHIBERTIS(Krautheimer,1970, II, plates 107 and ARTEFABRIFACTVM 102). mainaqueduct,builtby Valens in A.D. 368, is standingand still 54. The900-footspanof Constantinople's brings waterto the city. The nymphaeawere reservoirsinto whichthe variousaqueductswere emptied (Janin, 1964, 198-200). 55. OfficiallytheGenoesecolonywas called Galata,but the occidentalswho lived therehabituallyreferred to it as PeraorPeyre,fromtheGreekntpav, meaning"on the otherside."For the walls, towers,andhouses of GenoeseandByzantineGalatasee Janin, 1964, 251-253. For Ciriaco'srhetoricallaus urbis Galatae, written in epistolaryform in 1446 to BaldassarreMaruffo,podesta of Galata/Perain that year, see T. Belgrano, 1877-1884: 979-986 (365-392 in the separatepublication).

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56. CILV, 50. HernamewasPostuma,butthemisspellingin the Vitacombinedwiththe testimonyof other madefrom Ciriacansources,particularlyVL 6875, no. 1, and Venice, Marc.XIV, copiesof theinscription 124, no. 1 (Mommsen's'ladestinus'and 'Tragurinus'),makesit likely thatCiriacomiscopiedthe name as 'Postumia.' 57. Thisis thefirstmentionin the Vitaof Ciriacorecordinginscriptions.CILV, pp. 3-4, lists a numberof inscriptionsfromPola recordedby Ciriaco(discussedalso in CILIII, pp. XXII, 271,272, 631). 58. TheNovaFragmenta(ed. Olivieri, 1763)-consisting mainlyof Ciriaco'scommentariaon his North Italianjourneyof 1442-1443-includes at the beginninga recordthatCiriacowas podestd of Varano,a townshipnearAncona,at a time when citizensof Anconahadfled thereto escapethe plague.This notice is preceded bythe inscriptionCiriacocomposedon thatoccasion (Olivieri, 1763, 2-3, quotedby Colucci, 1792,26); andthe same note, followed by the inscription,occursas an isolatedfragmentin T, fols. 154v and 155r.The following is Olivieri'stext, with T's variantsrecordedin parentheses: Apud Varanumin Piceno (T picenno) Anconitanaecivitatisvicum, ubi Kyriaco(T Kiriaco) praetorecives compluresvitandaepestiscausa(Oliviericaussa) convenere;qui postquamse incolumes evasisse cognoverant,Beatae MariaeVirginis,Constantiique(T Constatque)et Sebastiani, quiabomnimorbi(T morbis)contagietutelares(T tutellares)habebantur,imagines in forodepictas(T ornatissimas)imponerereligiosissimecuravere,quibuset ego (T omits et) Kyriacusipse praetortale subposueramhypogramma. The inscriptionreads: ANCONITANI.EGREGII.CIVES.QVI.APVD.VARANVM.OPPID. EX LABORANTEMORBOPATRIACIVITATEPESTILENTEM LETI.Q.)TABEMEVASEREQVORVMSE.NVMINIBUS. LETHIFERAMQ.(T: LIBEROSCREDIDERVNT.SACRICOLENDAS.IMAGINES POSVERE (T hasdifferentline-divisions).Saracini,1675, 246, datedthe plagueto JuneandJuly 1420;and Peruzzi, 1835, II, 277, following Saraciniand Olivieri,note 9, makesCiriacopodestd of Varanoin 1420. This appointmentprobablyprecededCiriaco'stwo-yearappointmentin the treasuryof Ancona(see nexttwo notes). 59. Althoughhe was appointedlegate on 7 February1420 (Eubel,I, 30; II, 4), he may not have arrived in Anconauntilautumn,afterthe plagueabated.In any event, workon restorationof the harborseems not to have begun until 1421 (see next note). Tiraboschi calls him 'Gabriello di'Condulmieri,'Gill, 'Condulmaro.'Cardinalis Senensis seems to have been the shorthandfor referringto him Oust as CardinalisNicenus was for Bessarionand CardinalisSancti Angeli for Cesarini),althoughhe hadbeen bishopof Sienaforlessthana year (30 December1407-9 May 1408 [Eubel,I, 30]) before resigningfrom thatsee when he was appointedcardinal(Gill, 1961, 21). 60. Ciriaco, in his so-calledItinerarium,a letterof October 1441 to Condulmer,who was now Pope EugeniusIV, recalledtheircollaborationin the projectto renovatethe portof Anconaas havingoccurred twenty yearsearlier(bis denos ante annos, Vo4, fol. 14v, ed. Mehus, 1742, 38). This would date the beginningof the projectto 1421. Forthe text of this reminiscencesee AppendixV, no. 2. 61. Gil (Ital.Egidio)AlvarezCarillode Alboroz, bornin Cuenca,Spain,ca. 1295;archbishopof Toledo 1338-1350 (Eubel, I, 487; Gams, 81); royal chancellorand ecclesiasticalprimate;createdcardinal17 December 1350 at Avignon by Pope ClementVI (Eubel, I, 18); made legate in Italy in June 1353 by InnocentVI withextensivepowersto preparethe PapalStatesfor the returnof the popes;authorof a model constitutionfor Ancona which was later extendedto all the Papal States and remainedin force until 1816-hence hecameto be called their 'secondfounder.'He died nearViterbo,Italy,on 22 or 23 August 1367 while escortingPope UrbanVI to Rome. For an accountof his careersee Filippini, 1933. 62. Condulmerarrivedin Bologna on 16 August 1423 to replace CardinalAlfonso Carillo as papal governor(Gill, 1961, 33). 63. Virgil. 64. PerhapsCamerano,nearAncona (see Colucci, 1792, 27).

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65. Theinfluenceof Virgilon Ciriaco'sLatinis alreadyevidentin his letterof 15 March1423 to Pietrode Bonarellis (AppendixI). For an extremeexample,see his letterto GiovanniPedemontano(Bodnarand Mitchell, 1976, pp. 58-60, lines 1098-1142). 66. On Ciriaco'srecordsof Trajan'sarch,and particularlythe kindredaccountsof it in his Anconitana Illyricaquelaus et AnconitanorwnRaguseorumquefoedus (June, 1440) and in the 'Itinerarium'dated October1441(ed.Mehus,35-36; AppendixV, no.2[b]), see Campana,1959.As statedin the Introduction, the similaritiesof this text to thoseof the laterones does not by itself provethatthe Vitais laterthanthey sinceall threetextscould dependon thatof the lost commentaria.Also, it is clearfrom are,pace Campana, theseothertextsthatmostof the defectsin the Vita's copy of the inscriptionareFeliciano's,not Ciriaco's. 67. On Ciriaco'sputativeequestrianstatuteand its heraldicuse see Campana,1959, 496-498. 68. In March1423 Ciriacostoppedat Fano andRiminion the way to Venice,a journeynot recordedby Scalamontibutdocumentedby Ciriaco'sfirstextantcompositionin Latin,a letterto Pietrode Bonarellis, fromRimini,dated15 March1423(textandbibliographyin AppendixI). It may have been at this time that Ciriaco translatedand interpretedfor the people of Fano the inscriptionson their prominentancient thearchof Augustus,erectedin A.D.9-10. His copies of the inscriptions,whichdateto the midmonument, fourthcentury,survivesin two manuscripts:Venice, Bibl. Marciana,MS lat. XIV 124 (4404), fols. 142r, 159v, and Bibl. Vaticana,MS Vat. lat. 6875, fols. 68v, 91r. The event is recalledas a boyhoodmemory by humanist,AntonioCostanzi,a nativeof Fano,in his commentaryon the Fasti of Ovid (MS Vat. Urb. Lat.360, fol. 145v[thispage reproducedin A. Campana,1950, tav. 2], P. OvidiiFastorum,Rome, 1489, fol. qiv [Book IV at the end]), cited here fromWeiss, 1965, 352-353: [titulum] quemolim Cyriacusille Anconitesvir inclytusac vetustarumrerumsolertissimus est cum magnociviummeorumconventulegit nobis puerisfacile atqueinterpretatus indagator exultaretmaioremin modum,perindeac eius operasemisepultaFanensiumgloriarevixisset. See also De Rossi, 1888, 357, who omitsfacile and addssi afterperinde ac. 69. The MS readsseptimo,the seventhyearof Martin'spontificate,butDe Rossi, 1888, II, 357, emends to octavo,theeighthyear,becauseCondulmerceased to be legate in Bolognaon 9 June 1423 anddid not arrivein Rome beforeaboutthe middleof thatyear (Gill, 1961, 34). 70. Thefirstmentionof Ciriaco'scommentariain the Vita;they are latermentionedfive moretimes (para. 76, 105, 113, 166, 199).Foroccurrencesof this wordin the 'Itinerarium'see Mehus, 1742, 23, 36, 38, 52. 71. On the historiographical importanceof Ciriaco's preferencefor the evidenceof stonesover that of writtensources,see Momigliano,1955, 88, note 37. 72. Luigi dal Verme,condottiere,d. 1449 (Litta,s.v. Dal Vermedi Verona,Tav. II). 73. For a Giacopo Baduarioof Venice see Mommsen,CILV, 1* and Mitchell, 1961,215. 74. At thispointtheyareridingoutfromthe city on theirway to the huntingexpeditionnearthe 'Salemian' Bridge.Sincenoneof theknownbridgesof Romewas calledpons Salernus,we can only guess whatbridge theponsAurelius,neartheporta Septimiaandnot farfromthe Capitolandthe Arch is meanthere:perhaps of SeptimiusSeverus,the monumentsmentionedin the restof the sentence.See Richardson,1992, 309. 75. The poem also occursin Fr4, fols. 68r-69r, underthe title: Ciriacho danchona, chanzone morale (P.O. Kristeller,I, 1977, 222). 76. For the fagadeof OrvietoCathedralby Maitani,see J. White, 1966, 291-302. 77. Pagliaresiodi Simolo de' Pisanelli. He was a supporterof Condulmerin Ancona in 1418-1419 (Peruzzi, 1818, II, 249); and soon after Condulmer'selection as Eugenius IV, Ancona sent him as ambassadorto Rome to ask the pope to restoreits castles of Monsanvitoand Fiumescino,seized by Malatestaof Pesaro,a requestEugeniusgrantedin a brief of 26 January1432 (text in Saracini, 1675, 250-252; Peruzzi,?1818, II, 263-264). A Pagliaresiodi Simone de'Pisanelliwas on a boardof six, along

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with Ciriaco,appointed14 May 1440 to negotiatea new treatybetweenAncona and Ragusa (Praga, 1932-1933, 265). See also para.204. 78. Zaccaria Contariniis also mentionedin the contextof a passageon Ciriaco'svisit to Paduain the 'Itinerarium'(Vo4, fol. lOved. Mehus, 1742, 29). For the lattertext see AppendixV, no. 4. 79. Janus Lusignan(ca. 1372-1432), king of Cyprus,Jerusalemand Armenia(Hill II, 1940, 432, 447-496). 80. BenvenutoScotigolois mentionedas the Anconitancaptainof the shipthatcarriedCiriacoto Egyptin ?1436(Vo4,fol.20r, ed. Mehus, 1742, 49). Perhapshe is the same personas the ship-captain,Benvenuto di Filippo Scottivoloor Scottivoli, mentionedin contemporaryrecordsof sailings from Anconato the Levant in 1439 and 1440 (Ashtor,359 and note 517). See also Natalucci, 1975, I, 278, for a Filippo Scotivoli,militaryarchitect. 81. FrancescoFerretti,appointedpodesta of Anconain 1425, becamesenatorof Rome in 1429 (Peruzzi, 1835, II, 251). 82. AndreoloBancaof Genoa;like most otheradministrators and shareholdersof the GenoeseMaona in Chios,he tookthe nameof Giustiniani(see Finlay, 1877, V, 73; Rhodokanakis, (companyof merchants) 1900, 75-83; Miller, 1921, 303-304; S. Mercati, 1922-1923, Argenti, 1958, II, 222,239; III, 660). Twenty-eightlettersfromCiriacoto Andreolo,one datingfrom 1435, the othersfrom 1444-1447, occur inFn8(ed.in partbyTargioniTozzetti,1773,V, 66-69, 408-461); and a fragmentof a letterfromCiriaco, to Andreolo,occursin Lc,fols.455v-456v (publishedby Halecki,86-87; see also Bodnar,1988, probably 259, note 46). CILIII 160,206, 16*, 17*, see De Rossi, 1888, II, 258a, note 1, who asserts 83. FortheSyrianinscriptions, thatCILIII, 160constitutedheadingsof lost drawingsof Vespasianand Bacchus. 84. The ungrammaticalcharacterof the Latintext at this point(sunt with predicatesin the accusative [vicum, casam, arcem]) is an indicationthat Scalamontiwas working from a first-personrecordof Ciriaco'swhichhe converted,awkwardlyand unsuccessfullyin this instance,intoa third-personaccount. Cf. also the waveringbetween'we' and 'they' in para.32 above. Similarmistakesoccur in two other Ciriacantexts, the journalsrecounting(1) his visit to the Cyclades in 1445 and (2) the tour through mainlandGreecein 1435-1437, wherein each case we have (a) lengthyexcerptsfromwhatseems to be theoriginaldiary,writtenin thefirstperson,with datesand personalreferences;and(2) otherMSS in which thesametexts have beenconverted(also by Scalamonti?by Ciriacohimself?) into an impersonal,guidebook style, writtenin the thirdperson,withoutdatesor personalreferences(see Bodnar,1960, 110-114, for examplesfromthe 1435-1437 diary). 85. Since1383theGenoesehadenjoyedpoliticalandcommercialjurisdiction,savingthe king's rights,in andtheprivilegewas confirmedin 1408;all shipstradingwith Cypruswerecompelledto call Famagusta, atFamagusta, exceptingthosecomingfromTurkey,which mightput in at Keryniaon the northcoast of the island(Hill, I, 1940, 434, 460). 86. SirBadinde Nores,marshalof Jerusalem, appointeda royalcounsellorby Janusin 1425 (Hill, II, 1952, 473, 486). 87. An important passagefor datingCiriaco'svisit to Cyprus.The king's 'recentmisfortunes'were at the handsof theMamelukes who,afterminorraidsin 1424 and 1425, had invadedCypruson 1 July 1426 and haddefeatedandcapturedJanusat Khirikitiaon 7 July, when Badinde Nores (see precedingnote) was in commandof the left wing. Nicosia was sackedon 15 July andthe king and6,000 of his men and women were carriedoff to Cairo,whereJanuswas humiliatedon 13 August 1426. Later,when Ciriacovisited Cairo in ? 1436, he saw the helmetand shield of Janushangingin a vestibuleof a 'temple,'probablya mosque('Itinerarium,'Vo4, fol. 20v, ed. Mehus, 1742, 50, text in AppendixV, 3). Januswas ransomed on 12 May 1427, andreturnedto Cyprus(Hill, II, 1952, 467 ff.). His restorationof the ravagedisland, commemoratedin Ciriaco'sinscription,includedthe buildingof a new royal palace to replacethe one burned by the invaders(Hill I, 1940, 496). Allowing time for the restorationsto become noticeable, Ciriaco'sarrivalin Nicosia musthave been well after 12 May 1427 and probablynot untilsome time in

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1428.Thus,theperiodof 'nearlya year' (nondumexpleto anno) spentthereby Ciriacoprobablyextended over partsof 1428-1429 (see note on para.75). Two additionalbits of informationcan then be fittedinto the last partof 1427. (1) On 13 May 1427 CiriacofinishedcopyingOvid'sFasti,whichhe latercarriedwith him on his journeyto the Levant(see note to para.76 adfin.), so he was still in Italy on thatdate. Moreover,(2) a letterfromFrancescoFilelfo to Ciriaco,datedVenice, 21 December1427 (ed. 1502, I, 12, fol. 2), may imply thatCiriacodid not depart for the Levantuntil the beginningof 1428, since it seems likely thatthe encounterbetweenCiriacoand Filelfooccurredwhile the travelerwas in Venice gettinghis commissionfromZaccariaContariniandthat Filelfosenthis reply(text in AppendixIII,no. 1) to Ciriaco'questionsto the travelerwhile he was still in Anconapreparingfor thejourneyto the Levant,early in 1428. 88. Forthebiographies of severalmembersof thedistinguishedCorrerfamilysee DBI 29 (1983): 480-514. 89. The Latintext hereechoes threepassagesfromVergil'sAeneid: (1) postquamaltos ventumin montisatqueinvia lustra(4, 151); (2) qualisubi hibemamLyciam... Apollo (4.143-144); and (3) qualisin Eurotaeripis aut per iuga Cynthi exercetDianachoros (1.498). 90. On TheodosiusAlexandrinussee Sandys,I, 361-362. 91. Consecrated11 May 1425 (Eubel, I, 205). 92. For FantinoQuirinisee Luttrell,1978, III, 765; IV, 61; and IX, 377. 93. None of the inscriptionsin IG XII, 1 (Rhodes)are attributedto Ciriaco. 94. Leoni, 1832, I, 218-219, II, 274-275, reportsthat Ciriaco gave the Senate of Ancona many whichperishedon 21 September1532 when ClementVII seized the city (see Saracini,1675, manuscripts, 338-342, who only says that public recordswere destroyed:"... furonole sue publichescritturedella d altriOffitii,che fossero,dalle finestredi detto palazzogettate,e nella Cancellaria, Secretaria, Ragionaria, medesimopiazzaarse,et incendiare").Leoni adds: Fra le altrecose port6una superbastatuadi Venereal naturale,mancantele coscie e gambe; lavorodelfamosoFidia,ed aci6ogn'unone godesse la pose in unanicchiasoprala portadi sua casa, che per lungo tempo fu la delizia degli intendenti;ma invaghitoseneil cardinaldi Mantova, non potendolaottenerecon preghiereed oro, di notte armatamano la tolse dalla nicchia,e la spedial marchesedi Mantovasuo fratellonel 1503;donandoagli erediPizzecolli ottantaducatid'oro. [Leoni'sreferencesare to L. Ferretti,lib. IX, FrancescoFilelfo;LeandroAlberti, Storia, etc.; BartolomeoAlfeo, PietroRazzano,CarolusMoronus,pg. 34, Cod. Chart.Bibl. Riccardianacc. in 4, N. III Cod. XXIX.] Mantuahadno cardinalin 1503. CardinalFrancescoGonzaga(1444-1483), raisedto the cardinalatein 1461(EubelII, 14, 185), was indeeda collectorof artandantiquities;andthe marchese of Mantuain his time was Lodovico Gonzaga (1444-1478 [b. 1414]), his brother.The next Mantuancardinalwas Gonzaga(b.1469-d.1525), who receivedthe red hat, but not until 1505 (Eubel III, 11,234), Sigismondo FrancescoII Gonzaga(1484-1519 [b. 1466]). See the fold-out atwhichtimethemarchesewashis brother, genealogicaltablein Brinton,1927.For the Gonzagafamily's patronageof the artssee Woods-Marsden, 1988,72-87,215-225 (Lodovico'spatronageof Alberti,Mantegna,andPisanello)andLightbown,1986, 81-97, 257-258 (Mantegna). eitherby Scalamontior by Ciriacohimself,of a passage 95. This sentenceis clearlya misunderstanding, in Buondelmonti's LiberInsularumArchipelagi,a copy of which Ciriacocarriedwith him on his travels (Mitchell,1962).A. Luttrell,who noticedthe misreading(TheMaussolleion,211, n. 64), attributesit to Ciriaco,adding"sucharethe dangersof using guide books as historicalsources,"butthe errormay very since Ciriaco,who often includedin his notebookstestimoniaregardinga particular wellbe Scalamonti's, place,habituallymarkedthese off fromhis own text.

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96. Thissamephraseologyoccursalso in Ciriaco'sletterof 29 December1435 to Francesco[Scalamonti] andCrasso(Vo4, fol. 30v, ed. Mehus, 1742, 60): Hic primumnautaeadductae sylvis materieigneme silicibusexcitant,tum vero generosusille Venetus vir Thomas praefectusnoster... suos discreveratiuvenes.Nam alii per dumospictas avibusaves, alii quidamescatas [readescatis?] sub undas hamis varigenos laqueare quaeritant pisces amabant, whosenext sentenceis also echoedin the passageof the 'Itinerarium'cited below in the next note: Sed animipraestantioresalii ad altos per invia lustra montes(Itin.colles) orthoceros insectare cervos plerisque venalibus [readvenabulis]armis canibusquecucurrunt(Itin.percurrunt). 97. The Latintranslationof the life of Euripidesmentionedhere in the Vita seems to be lost. This same languageoccursin the 'Itinerarium,'with a slightchangeat the end (Vo4, fol. 10v-1 lr, ed. Mehus,29; forthetext,withverbalsimilaritiesitalicized,see AppendixV, no. 4). Writingtherein the contextof a visit to the country estate of ZacchariaContarininear Padua, Ciriaco says in almost the same words as Scalamontidoes herethat,to avoid wastingtime while othersengagedin huntingand fishing,he studied the GreekMSS that he had broughtwith him and came upon a work that was shortenough for him to translate intoLatin.This translationof the pseudo-Aristotelian opusculum,De Virtute,with its dedicatory letter to Paolo da Pergola(ed. Mehus,29-30), has survivedin four MSS and has been published(from FLll,fols. 40r-45v,by Spadolini,1902, 179-185). Ziebarth,1901, 157-159, and Nardi, 1957, 137-138, publishedthe letteronly, Nardibasinghis text on Vu2 collatedwith V12 andVol. 98. Perhapsthe cousin of Paolo di Onofriode Polidori,who with Ciriacoandfourothers,was one of the six regolatoriof Anconawho representedthe city at the renewalof the commericalpactbetweenAncona andRagusain 1440 (see Peruzzi, 1818, II, 235-236; Praga, 1932-1933, 263-280, who gives the names of the other four Niccol6 di Leonardode Bonarelli, Pagliaresiodi Simone de Pisanelli, Antonio di Bertucciodegli AmandulaniandStefanodi Tommasode Fatati). 99. MuradII. 100.E. Trappet al., (PLP),do not list an exact equivalentof 'Boles.' Harlfinger,1990, 226, note 4, cites Bou'Urlq(nr. 3078) and BouUo,r0q (nr. 3079-3088) as possibilities. 101.Salonicawas capturedby the Turkson 29 March 1430 (see Nicol, 1972, 366-367, who drawsfrom the eye-witness account and Monodiaof John Anagnostes,in the Bonn edition of Sphrantzes,1838, 483-534). It follows thatCiriaco'spurchasein Adrianopleof MSS plunderedfromSalonicaoccurredin April1430attheearliest.SinceCiriacois describedas havingspentthe winter(per hiemem)in Adrianople, thismusthavebeenthewinterof 1429-1430. Thus the periodof almosta year passed in Cyprus(nondum expleto anno) musthave been 1428-1429 and the progressfromAnconato Cyprus(leisurelythoughit was,viaConstantinople, Chios,Beirut,andDamascus)could not have begunany earlierthanJanuary1428 (see above,note on para.68). 102.ProbablyNiccol6 Ceba,of the Grimaldifamily,to whomFilelfo wrotemanylettersincludingone of 1441referring to a voyageof his to Persia(Tiraboschi,1783, VI, I, 163;Filelfo, Epistolae, ed. 1502, 31r; the lettersof Filelfo to Cebaspanthe period 1441-1454). 103. The Latintermused here,peranterea scapha, may be derivedfrom the Greek word, tc'pav (see abovenote to para.43) andcould possiblymean 'ferry-boat.' 104.Seenoteto para.4 above.Forthe buyingand selling of slaves by Italianmerchantsin Ciriaco'stime andtheprobability thatthey purchasedslave-girlsto serve as theirconcubines,see Ashtor, 1983, 408; and in reference to Ciriaco's Clara, Colin, 1981, 52-64 and 184-185. For the practice of slavery in contemporaryGenoaandChios see ArgentiI, 615-623. MuradII had swept down into Epirusand Albaniaafterhis captureof Salonica (29 March 1430). It seems likely thatCiriaco's'Chaonian'(- Epirote)slave-girlhad been caughtup in thatsweep, althoughthe capitalcity of the Despotateof Epirus,loannina,had capitulated(on 9 October 1430) only in writingthatno one wouldlose his freedomandno childrenwould aftertheTurkshadagreedbeforehand be abducted(Nicol, 1972, 367-368). 105. Withwhom Ciriacosailed to Egyptca. 1412 (para. 16 above).

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106.If libertusmeansa freedslave, the presumptionis thatNiccolino, like the slave-girlClara(Chiara?), hadno family-name, whichwould suggestthatnigro in the Latintext means 'black'and is not a surame. Colin, 186-187, takes it in this sense. 107. Cf. Ovid, Fasti 3, 707-708 (wherethe receivedtext readsalbet, not habet). In his own copy of the Fasti,VLl 1, whichhe copiedout himself (signed 13 May 1427),Ciriacoaddedinscriptionsof Philippiin the marginof fol. 31v (see Banti, 1939-1940, 213-220 and Berra, 1914, 461-462). 108. For Ciracoin Salonicasee Vickers, 19762. 109. It is unlikelythata triumphalarch wouldhave been erectedin the provincesas earlyas the time of AemiliusPaullus(victorat nearbyPydnain 168 B.C.). Vickersheld brieflyto the view thatCiriacowas misinformed abouta likely-lookingmonumentin the middleof the city (medio inforo) by localinhabitants (19761),butlater(19762) 224-230) decidedthatthe Archof Galeriusmustbe meant,even thoughit is on the easternedge of the ancientcity and not in its center.Vickers, 1976', 76-77, identifiedthe 'templeof Diana' as an elaborateporticoknown as Las Incantadas, which stood in the centerof the city on the southernedge of the ancientforumuntil 1864,becauseof its numerousstatuesof deitieson its architrave (see Guerrini,1961, 40-70). 110.St. Demetrius, justnorthof the ancientforum,was the metropolitanchurchof Salonicain 1431 when Ciriaco visited it. The walls Ciriacosaw are fromthe fifth centuryA.D. and the extantinscriptionsthat containthenameLysimachus(IG X, 2, 1, nos. 27,97, 113, 243, 635), referto privateindividualsand not to the Hellenisticking. See Vickers, 19762,78-79, andhis bibliographythere. 111.I.e.,thatthetwo poetswere contemporaries. Cf. AnthologiaPalatina VII, 53, and see Bodnar,1960, 154-155 and 159-160; Robert, 1961, 123-124, no. 15; and Vickers, 19762,78-79. 112.MartinV died 20 February1431 (Gill, 1961, 36, 40; Eubel,II, 20). For the referenceto Condulmer as 'the Sienese cardinal'see above, para.47. 113.Thelettersurvivesonly in this fragmentaryform.Foranotherletterof Ciriaco'sto GiorgioBegnaof Zara, dated 1 December 1435, see Moroni,3; Mehus, 1742, 56-57; and Bodnar, 1960, 25-27, 102. Ciriacopresumablymet CardinalGiordanoOrsini(d. 1439) and LeonardoBruniAretino(1370-1444) whenhe visitedRome in 1424. See AppendixII for an exchangeof lettersbetweenBruniand Ciriacothat falls withinthe time-spanof the Vita.For GiorgioBegna, see Venice, Bibl. Marc.Lat. XIV, 24 (4044), writtenin largepartby Begnahimself and lateracquiredby BernardoBembo around1457;De Rossi II, 359, n. 3, 360; W. Henzen, 1866; G. Praga, 1932-1933, 212-213. 114. Divumpater et hominumrex (Aen. 1, 65; 2, 648; 10, 743). 115. See lacopo Zeno's eulogistic letterto Ciriaco, 13 June 1442 (Bertalotand Campana,1939, 374): Quidenimutilius,quidpraeclariuset gloriosiusuniversochristianonominiafferripotuitquam excellens illa Graecorumunio conciliatio atque concordia et cum recta atque sincera universorumfidelium veritate redintegratio?Ad quem sane tu tantum operae studii ac diligentiae adhibuisti,ut maxima ex te pars tam sanctissimiet divini operis emanasse videatur. Tu enim hac dumtaxatex causa privatistuis rebusomnibusderelictisprofectusin Graeciamtantumapud imperatorem(JohnVIII Palaeologus)suavissimisorationibustuis et vehementissimis suasionibusvaluisti,ut ad sanctissimumet immortalimemoriadignumopus, ad difficilimum iter et provinciamobeundammiro illum desiderio,miro ardoreconcitares incenderesque. These exhortationsto the Emperorare not otherwiserecorded,but there is room in the chronologyof Ciriaco'stravelsfor a journeyto the Peloponnesusat preciselythe time when EmperorJohnVIIIPalaeologuswasmakinghisdesultoryandpossiblyreluctantway towardItalyandthe council of unionby leaving at Cenchreaethe papalship sent to fetch him and crossingthe Peloponnesusby landto Patrasby way of Mistra(late November1437 to 3 January1438).For the emperor'sroutesee Gill, 1959, 89. This would do muchto explainCiriaco'sreturnto the Peloponnesusaftercompletinga strenuoustourof the mainland justthepreviousyear(seeBodnar,1960, 45-50). Ciriacowas in the Peloponnesusas late as 24 December, 1437, the dateof a letterhe sent fromthereto the authoritiesin Venice (Archiviodi Stato,Archiviodi S. Mariade Rosario,b, 29, ed. M. Morici, 1898).

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116. One of five bastardsons of Carlo I Tocco, count of Cephalonia.He had receivedonly one-fifthof Acamaniaon CarloI's deathin 1429 and had appealedto SultanMuradII for aid in recoveringwhat he considered to be his whole heritage,most of which hadgone to his cousin,CarloII, the nephewof CarloI. After the fall of Salonicain 1430 the Sultanused Memnon'sappealas a pretextfor sendingan armyto Ioannina, which capitulatedand thenceforthbecame part of the Turkish Empire (see Miller, 1908, 395-397; Ziebarth,1926, 110-119; Bodnar,1960, 28-29, note 1). Memnonis mentionedin Ciriaco's letterof 17 September1437 to a priestcalled Daniel (Moroni,40; Bodnar,1960, 48). 117. BabilanoPallavicini(d. 1488) was one ot the leadersof the Genoesecommercialcolony in Galata Pera, which he later saved from destructionwhen he paid homage to MehmedII in 1453 (see Litta, s.v. 'Pallavicinidi Genova'). 118.T. Reinach,1890,521, note2, says thatCanuzaBey is the same personas HamzaBey, a well-known personageof the reignof MuradII, andthathe is here wronglysaid to be a Greek. 119. Pliny, N.H. 36, 98. The golden 'thread'(filum)occursin only one MS of the N.H. 120.CiriacovisitedCyzicusagainin 1444, when he lamentedthe furtherruinof the templesince his first visit(T. Reinach,1890;Saxl, 1940-1941; Ashmole, 1956; Lyttelton, 1974,261-263, pls. 178, 180, 181); BodnarandMitchell,1976,27-31. Todaythereis nothingleft of the templeexceptits vaultedfoundations, barelydiscerniblein the bramblesthatcover andsurroundit. 121. TristiaI, 10, 29-30. 122. Modem Iznik. 123.Theinscription on the lintelof the southgate (Yenishehir)statesthatthe archedstructurewas erected underClaudiusGothicusat the end of A.D. 268, not by TiberiusClaudiusGermanicus. 124. HagiaSophia,the seat of the secondCouncilof Nicaea, A.D. 786. 125. Scutari(Uskudar)is not the actualsite of Chalcedon,which is the nearbydistrictof Kadikoy. 126.PasqualinoMucciarelli.An evaluationof the ships of Ancona,drawnup in 1430, namesPasqualino as the ownerof a navettaworth200 scudi (Saracini,1675, 249). 127.Thelordof the islandof Lesbos at this time was not Giorgio,buthis uncle, DorinoI Gattilusio,who hadsucceededhisbrother, Jacopo,by 1428 andcontinuedto rule until 1455. It is hardto say in whatsense Giorgio was praeses of Lesboswhen Ciriacovisited the island in 1431. EitherScalamontigot the name wrong or praeses here means somethinglike 'acting governor,' or 'in charge of the garrison(from praesidium).' 128. Other inscriptionsof Lesbosattributedto Ciriacoare: CIG 2171, 2173, 2190, 2211, 2194, 2172; Kaibel, 1875, 1-24; and CILIII, 455, 456. 129. Methymnais modemMolivos. 130.Therearetwo theatersin Pergamum;the smaller,Romanone (capacity3,500) is in the Asklepieion (Bean, 1966, 88). 131. Called Foglia Vecchiaand Foglia Nuova by the Genoese (modemFoca and Yeni Foca). DorinoI Gattilusiowas also lordof Foglia Vecchia.wherehis family had a factoryfor the productionof alum.It remainedunitedwith the Lesbianbranchof the family till 1455 (Miller, 1913, 419, 423). 132. According to Rhodokanakis, 1900, 80, the father-in-lawof Andreolo was Errico Simone He also calls Andreolo'swife 'Clarissa,'whereasCiriacoconsistentlyrefersto heras Giustiniani-Longo. 'Clarentia'in his lettersto Andreolo.

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133.ThesecoinsCiriacolatershowedto AmbrogioTraversariin Venice, who wrotein a letterto Niccol6 Niccoli: offendi Cyriacumantiquitatisstudiosum.Ostenditaureoset argenteosnummos,eos scilicet, quos ipse vidisti. Lysimachi,Philippiet Alexandriostendebatimagines.Sed an Macedonum sint, scrupulusest. Scipionis Juniorisin lapide onychios, ut ipse aiebat,effigiem ... vidi summae elegantiae.... ear tibi nequaquamconspectamadseverat,sive spontesubtraxerit, siveillam,posteaquamprofectusa vobis est, nactusfuerit(quotedby Tiraboschi,VI, I, 1783, 168, fromMehus, 1759, Book 8, letter45 [#46 in Luiso'schronologicalreordering]). Thesensecallsforvobisratherthanthe nobis of the printedtext. For the yearof this letter,andpresumably of Ciriaco'sencounterwith Traversari,see note to para.97, adfin. 134. perentereamscapham:see note on para.76, wherethe adjectiveis spelledwith an 'a': peranterea scapha. 135. The events herenarratedoccurredafter31 October1431, when the Genoesegovernmentlearnedof theVenetianpreparations, andbefore6 November,whenthe Venetianfleet arrivedoff Chios (see Argenti, 1958, I, 176-181; II, 391-416. For the Venetianattackon Chios see Lane, 1973, 229-230). 136. AstorgioAgnesi, consecratedbishopof Anconaon 6 March1419 (Eubel,I, 87). 137. Probablythe so-called temple of Vesta or the Sibyl, the dedicationbeing to Hercules Saxanus (see Dessau,CILXIV, 3543). 138. Not identified. 139. On CardinalGiordanoOrsinias a collectorof manuscripts,see the inventoryof Orsini'slibraryin Cancellieri, 1786, 909,910. 140. navistatium:possiblya coinage by Ciriaco.Taken by itself, it shouldmean 'harbor,''anchorage,' 'roadstead'(navis + stare, Greek vaartraOtov), but the connotationof shipyards(Greekvalut)iyLov, veopLov, vcWootIcoS, Latinnavalia) maybe inferredfromthe existenceof guildsof shipbuilders, fabri navalesin bothOstia(Meiggs, 1973, 323 and passim)andPortus(the imperialharborsandthe settlement that grew up aroundthem:ibid., 324); one of these guilds may have had its own templein Ostia (ibid., 327-328). At OstiaCiriacorecordedCILXIV, 1, 401 and 298. 141.Sigismund(1361-1437), king of Hungary,arrivedin Siena on 8 July 1432 and remainedthereuntil 25 April 1433 (Gill, 1961, 48). For argumentsthatthe events narratedin par.204-216 (southernItaly) belong chronologicallybetweenpara.96 and para.97, see our notes to para.215-217. 142. GasparSchlich,chancellor,and FrancescoBossio, bishopof Como, 1420-1435 (Eubel,I, 225; II, 156). Pall, 1937, 15, note, referringto Marteneand Durand,1733, col. 531, says the Comuspontifexof our text shouldbe Curiensispontifex, i.e. the bishopof Chur. 143. Lucio Conti,protonotaryapostolic;createdcardinal,1411, died in 1437 (Eubel,I, 31-32). 144. Cf. Petrarch'sgift of gold and silvercoins bearingthe image of AugustusCaesarto CharlesIV of Bohemia,Sigismund'sfather,when they met in Mantuain December,1354, andCharleswas on his way to be crownedemperor(see Gregorovius,1898, VI, 380): Itaque peroportunumaggredivisum est quod iandudumfacere meditabar,sumptaigiturex verbisoccasione,aliquotsibi aureasargenteasquenostrorumprincipumeffigies minutissimis ac veteribusliterisinscriptas,quas in delitiishabebam,dono dedi, in quibuset AugustiCesaris vultuseratpenespirans.'Et ecce' inquam,'Cesar,quibussuccessisti;ecce quos imitaristudeas et mirari,ad quorumformulamatque imaginemte componas,quos preterte unum nulli hominumdaturuseram.Tuame movitautoritas;licet enim horummoreset nomina,horumego resgestasnorim,tuumest non modonosse sed sequi;tibi itaquedebebantur'(Lefamiliari, ed. Rossi, III, 315 [Book XIX, no. 3], para.14-15). In 1444Ciriacoalso gave a silvercoin of Vespasianto RaffaelleCastiglioneto remindhim of thedestruction of theTemplein Jerusalemin A.D. 70 thatavengedthe deathof Christ(see Colucci, 1792, 131-132;BodnarandMitchell,1976, 33) and in 1445 he gave a RhodianGreeksilver coin to Bandinoof

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Rhodes(Mitchell, 1962, 289). 145. Brunorodella Scala,died in Vienna 1434 (Litta,s.v. Scaligeridi Verona). in Sigismund'scourtfromthis pointon untilthe coronation,accompanying 146.Ciriacoprobablyremained on hisjoumeyto Rome(25 April1433), and participatingas one of his honorarycourtiers theemperor-elect in the ceremonyin St. Peter'son 31 May 1433. If so, his encounterwith AmbrogioTraversariin Venice, mentionedin the letterquotedabove (note to para.89 adfin.), has been wronglydatedin the literature. Written from Venice on 29 April, the year not given (Mehus, 1759, book 8, letter45, #46 in Luiso's reordering),it is assignedby Mehusto 1433. Stinger,1977, 41f. (followingLuiso) dates it to ?30 May encounterwith Ciriacoin Venice to May-June 1433, when Traversarispent 1433,andlocatesTraversari's fortydays there.He supportsthis datewith referencesto two otherlettersof Traversari,dated6 Juneand 20 June(Mehus, 1759, 8, letters46 and 47, 47 and 48 in Luiso) and to Traversari'sHodoeporicon (text in Dini-Traversari, 1912, 61-69, separatepagination).It is unlikely,however,thatCiriacowas in Venice at the very time when he was deeply involvedin diplomaticpreliminariesto the coronationof Sigismund as emperor,which took place in Rome on 31 May 1433 (below, para.97-98). Moreover,Ciriacodid not begin his northwardjourney, in the course of which occurredthe meeting with Niccoli in Florence mentionedin Traversari'sletter,untilafterthe coronationin Rome (see Introduction,'Chronology');and thesecondletterof Traversaricited above,assignedto 20 Juneof the sameyear (ed. Mehus, 1759, Book 8, letter 47, Luiso 48) says that Ciriacoafter their meetingwent from Venice to the East: Cyriacus Anconitanushinc abiit Orientempetiturus.Ciriaco'snext tripto the East did not startuntil November 1435 (Bodnar,1960, 23ff.), so it is likely that his meetingwith Traversaritook place in Venice in the Springof 1435, not 1433. 147. Sigismundwas crownedon 31 May 1433. See AppendixII for an exchange of lettersbetween LeonardoBruniand Ciriaco,writtensome time afterthe coronation(probably13 December1433), in which Ciriaco complainsthat Sigismund,out of ignoranceof Roman usage, was holding the title of imperator to be higherthat thatof rex Romanorum.Ciriaco's letterwas publishedby Mercati, 1894, 337-338; Bruni'sreplywas publishedby Mehus, 1741, Lib. VI, Ep. 9, and by Mercati,1894, 337-338. 148. MS Phrygipenates. 149.SeeGill, 1961,48-49; even afterEugeniusofficially transferredit to Ferraraon 18 September1437, it continuedas a 'rumpcouncil' (Gill, 157). 150. On Ciriaco'scollectionof inscriptionsfromRome see de Rossi, 1888, 359-360. 151. Thereis a most strikingverbalagreementbetweenthe texts of the Vita andthe 'Itinerarium'at this passagein the latterdocument(Vo4, fols. 7r-8r, ed. Mehus, 1742, 2122), see point.Forthecorresponding AppendixV, no. 5. 152. Ciriaco's visit to Florencemust have occurredbefore Cosimo de'Medici's exile from the city (September1433 to 6 October1434 [Rubinstein,1968, 1]). 153.Thenameof theoldcathedral wasoften appliedto the new one (founded 1296:Paatz, 1952, III, 321). domewas still underconstructionin 1433;it was not finishedfinally until 1436:Paatz,III, Brunelleschi's 333; Saalman,1980, 134, 137-141. For the stateof the cupola at the time of Ciriaco'svisit, see Saalman, 132-133. 154. marmoreamornatissismamCienceriamturrim:evidentlythe campanile,thoughthe meaningof cienceriamis unclear.ForthecampanileseeTrachtenburg, 1971;for a studyof the iconographicalprogram of the sculpturessee von Schlosser,1896, 13 ff. 155.Forthe traditionthatthe baptistery(actuallybuilt between 1059 and 1150) was originallya Roman temple of Marsrededicatedto St. John the Baptist(a confusionechoed in Dante's Divina Commedia, Inferno 13, 143-146; 19, 17, and Paradiso 16, 22 ff., repeatedby Ciriaco's friendLeonardoBruni, Historiarum FlorentiniPopuli, 60, and lastinguntilthe nineteenthcentury)see Paatz, 1952, II, 211-212; Krautheimer,1970, , 31; Trachtenburg,6.

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156.Ofthethreebronzedoors,AndreaPisano's southdoor(on the storyof St. Johnthe Baptist)was set up in 1338; Ghiberti'spresentnorthdoor (scenesfromthe New Testament)was installedin 1424; but the panelsof his seconddoor, the 'Gatesof Paradise,'(scenes fromthe Old Testament)were not cast until4 April1436or 1437 and its framenot until 1445, and the completeddoor was not set up untilthe summer of 1452,whenit was placedat the east entranceof the baptistery,facingthe cathedral.Cf. Paatz, 1952, II, 195-199;R. andT. Krautheimer,1970,1, 32, 112, 159, 164-168; R. Krautheimer,1971, 3-9 (wherehe gives the dateof Pisano'sdooras 1330). A problemis createdby Scalamonti'sreferenceto three bronzedoors on the occasion of Ciriaco'svisit to Florencein 1433 (Baptistaeloannis sanctissimidelubrum,tribusaeneis ornatissimis divinae historiae portis exornatum,partim eximiumNencii nobilis fabrifactoris opus ... .). If the of thedoorsgivenabove is correct,the thirddoorcould not have been seen by Ciriacoin 1433; chronology andtheywerenotset in theirframe,muchless in situ, untilafterthe last of his recordedvisits to Florence, in 1441.This anachronism,apparentlyintroducedinto the text by Scalamontiandnot basedon Ciriaco's notebooks,seems to indicatethatthis part,at least,of the Vitawas not writtenuntilafter 1452. 157.Ciriaco'searliestrecordedencounterwith LeonardoBruni.See AppendixII for an exchangeof letters betweenthemthatfalls withinthe time-spanof the Vita. 158. Carlo Marsuppini,1390-1453, from Arezzo; memberof the Florentinecircle of humanists.He succeededFilelfo in the chairof Greekat Florencein 1431, servedfor a time as a papalsecretary,and,at of Florence.Highlyrespectedfor his commandof Greek,he translatedBook theendof hislife,as chancellor I of the Iliad into Latin(Vespasianoda Bisticci,Le vite, ed. Greco, 1970, I, 591-594). Marsuppinialso composeda poem in praiseof Ciracowhichoccurs frequentlyin the MSS. For Marsuppini,Cosimo de' Medici,Donatello,andGhibertias artcollectors,see Alsop, 1982,352-357. 159.CiriacoherecomparesNiccoli, who promotedthe libraryof S. Marco,to the founderof the libraryof of Niccoli as a connoisseurof antiquitiessee Vespasianoda Alexandria. For anothercharacterization Bisticci'smemoirof him (Le Vite,ed. Greco, 1970, II, 225-242). Ciriacolatersent Niccoli a copy of the hieroglyphson the biggest pyramidhe saw in Egypt (Mehus, 1742, 52). See also Alsop, 1982, 329. 160. See above, para.83. 161. A bluishonyx. The expression,cavata ex nicolo, is a confusingplay on the greatcollector'sname. See B. Knoxin Alsop, 1982, 347, 354. ForGhiberti'scorelian showingApollo and Marsyas,whichhe also thoughtwas the workof Pyrgotelessee R. and T. Krautheimer,1970, I, 13, citing fromGhiberti's autobiography. 162. apud amplissimumordinem. Perhapsthe Council of Ten, as in the expression,ex amplissimo decemviratus ordine, whichoccursin a letterCiriacosent to FrancescoSforzafromFlorencein 1441 (T, fol. 129r,Colucci, 1792, 112). 163.Fora nearlycontemporary commentaryon the notablestatesmenandhumanistsvisitedby Ciriacosee the Memoirs of Vespasianoda Bisticci (Le Vite,ed. Greco, 1970, s.vv. Cosimode' Medici, Palla degli Strozzi,Bruni,CarloMarsuppini,Filelfo, and Niccoli). 164.Ontheinscriptionsrecordedby Ciriacoduringthis northItalianjourneyin 1433-1434 see de Rossi, 1888, 360. 165.A crux.G. Mercati,1894,328-332, arguedfroma seeminganachronismherethatthe Vitacould not have been writtenuntil after 17 October 1436, when it is thoughtMainentiactually becamebishopof Modena;and thatprobablyits compositionshouldbe datedafter21 October1442, the next time Ciriaco visitedModena.(Olivieri,20-22, wheresome of the same inscriptionsreappearin the diaryof thattrip,but thewordingof thejoumalitselfforthatvisit does not coincidewith thatof the 'Itinerarium'or the Vitaand thereis no mentionof Mainenti). Mercati'sargumentfor 1436 as the yearof Mainenti'sconsecrationis basedon (1) a letterof AntonioBeccadelliPanormita dated 1437 (Literasad GuarinumdedimusScipioni Ferrariensi utriusque nostrumamantissimo,nunc ut audio, Pontifici Mutinensi[cod. Utinensi]);(2) a letterof B. Albertoda Sarteanowrittenin 1436or 1435whichrefersto Mainentisimplyas ScipioniFerrariensi withoutmention of anyepiscopaltitle(whereaslater,in 1443, he gives him the full title, ScipioniMutinensiEpiscopo);and

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thatPoggiowroteMainention the occasionof his elevationto the episcopate, (3) theletterof congratulation in whichhe saysthathe himselfhadsome time ago chosen the secularlife, a choice which was madeat the end of 1434. Moreover, accordingto Ughelli, 1717, II, 131, followed by Eubel, 1913, II, 218, s.v. "Mutinen" (Modena),"Scipiode Maynentibus,legum doctor,"was not consecratedbishopof thatsee until 17 October 1436 and died in 1444. Mercatiis willing to go furtherandto acceptfromTiraboschianddegli Agostinitheiropinion that the Vita was writtenca. 1455, afterCiriaco'sdeath,thoughhe admitsin a footnotethatthereis no evidence for this in the documentTiraboschiand Oliviericite, Scalamonti'sdedicatoryletterto Lauro Quirini(para.1-4 above). On the otherhand,the date of Mainenti'sconsecrationmay not be so clearly establishedas Mercatisupposed: Tiraboschi,1783, VI, I, 166 (on Ughelli's datefor the deathof Mainenti'spredecessor, Bojardo[EubelII, 131]); Bormann(on CILXI, 1, 148); and Gams, 1873,758, datethe consecrationto 1431 (Tiraboschi,followed by Bormann)or 1433 (Gams).Gams' date seems to be basedon two other publicationsby Tiraboschi. Mercatialsoarguedto a datelaterthan 1442 fromthe apparentfact thatCiriacohimselfseems to havecommitted the same anachronismin his 'Itinerarium'(writtenafterOctober1441) when referring to thesame visit to Modena(Vo4, fol. IOr,ed. Mehus27: text in AppendixV, no. 6) andthatScalamonti fell intothe sameerror,influencedeitherby his conversationswith Ciriacoor by the 'Itinerarium.'If our view of the 'Itinerarium'is correct,however,Ciriaco's arrangementin that letterof the accountof his travels is not chronologicalat all, but logical and rhetorical,so that nothingcan be deducedfromthis 'anachronism' in his referenceto Mainenti. If Scalamonti's referencehere to Mainenti is in fact theanachronism wasnotnecessarilycausedby a dependenceon the text of the 'Itinerarium.' anachronistic, And as we have alreadyseen above (para. 101, note), Scalamontihas alreadybeen guilty of at least one - regarding anachronism thedoorsof the Florencebaptistery,the thirdof which was not hunguntil 1452. 166.AlsoinNovaFragmenta,Ciriaco'snorthernItalianjournalof 1442-1443, ed. Olivieri,p. 20, n. 33. Referredto henceforthas NF. 167. Also in NF p. 20, no. 32. 168. Also in NF p. 20, no. 31. 169. See NF., p. 23): ApudAedem B. VirginisCathedralemvidimus antiquumSS. MartyrumLargi, Cyriaci, et Smaragdi Sepulcrum,et ante faciem eiusdem Ecclesiae conspexi praeclarissimiMacrobii nostri tumulum ex marmoreperornatum,in quo Phy(sici) Parm(ensis)ossa posita sunt (emphasisadded). BothCiriacoandFlavioBiondo(Italiaillustrata,cited by Olivieri,p. 23, note 120) interpretedthe tomb of thephilosopherBiagio Pelaciniof Parma(+1416) as the tombof Macrobius,to which they thoughtthe remainsof Pelacinihadbeenadded.The tombhadon it bustsof PelaciniandMacrobius,who was believed to havebeenbornin Parma:A. Mancini,1928,cited by Weiss, 1969, 121. For the inscriptionsee CILXI, 1122. 170. 'Panormita'(AntonioBeccadelli, 1394-1471, so called becausehe was a nativeof Palermo,Lat. Panormus)taughtat theStudiin Paviain 1430-1431 and again in 1432-1433. This dates Ciriaco'sarrival in Pavia to the end of 1433, since Panormitaleft thereat the beginningof 1434 to enterthe serviceof AlfonsoV of Aragonin Naples(G.Resta,inDBI7 [1965]: 401-402). He composeda distich as an epitaph of Ciriaco'smother ANCONISSPLENDORIACETHOC MASIELLASEPULCHRO UNA PUDICITIAEKYRIACIQ.PARENS was (NF, p. 2, who says [note 8] that it recurredat the end of his MS, where the word VETUSTATIS substituted for PUDICITIAE;this latterversionalso occurs in T, fol. 164v [cf. Colucci, 20, note 13]. appendedto a letter,undated,of FrancescoFilelfo to Panormitaurginghim to be kindto Ciriaco[theletter, withouttheappendedepitaph,is also in Rome, Bibl. Casanatense,MS 3636, fol. 122v. andNF, p. 63; for its text see AppendixIII,no. 4]). 171.Cf.NF, p. 26): Vidimusad aedemAureliiAugustiniDoctorisSS. eiusdemet Monachaebeataematris suae conspicuade marmoreatqueomatissimamonumenta,SeveriniqueBoetii serenissimisarcophagem, non tamenquantumsua dignitasmerebaturornatum.Vidimuset insignemarcemtantaecivitatis,nobile

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opus incliti Galeacii [Giangaleazzo Visconti] equitis nobilissimi, et aeneas insignes machinas ac monumentaantiquaeab originegentis quamplurima. 172. The correspondingpassageof the 'Itinerarium'regardingCiriaco'svisit to Milanagain has many phrasesincommonwiththe accountin the Vita,para 112-113 and 151 (Vo4, fol. 8r, ed. Mehus22). For the 'Itinerarium'stext see AppendixV, no. 7. 173. Filippo MariaVisconti (1392-1447), duke of Milan 1412-1447. 174. Also in NF p. 32, n. 65. 175. Also in NF p. 35, n. 77. 176. Also in NF p. 34, n. 70. 177. Also in NF p. 30, n. 51 178. Also in NF p. 30, n. 53. 179. Also in NF p. 30, n. 52. 180. Also in NF p. 32, n. 60. 181. Also inNFp. 36,n. 80. 182. Also in NH p. 36, n. 82. 183. Also in NF p. 32, n. 61. 184. T readsMariae templumsecretumin the heading,not Mariae Secretamas reportedby Mommsen in CIL. 185. Also in NF p. 35, n. 78, 186. Also in NF p. 29, n. 47. 187. Also in NF p. 35, n. 79. 188. Also in NF p. 30, n. 54. 189. Also in NF p. 30, n. 55. 190. Mommsen,CIL:Examinavititulumhodie male instauratum. 191. Also in NF p. 60, no. 160;cf. p. 59, no. 158fin. 192. Also in NF, p. 33, no. 69. 193. Also in NF p. 34, no. 72. 194.FilippoMariaVisconti'sfatherwasGiangaleazzoVisconti, dukeof Milan 1395-1402. A genealogical tableof the Viscontifamilycan be foundat the end of the Storia di Milano VI, 1955. 195. Also in NF p. 66, no. 189.

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196. Also inNFp. 66, no. 181. 197.LaterMSS locatethis inscription"atthe churchof St. Andrewoutsidethe walls nearthe entranceto the aforesaidchurch(Mommsenin CIL)." 198. Mommsenfoundthis inscriptionburiedbeneatha pile of ruins(sub aggere) in an ancienttempleto Diana.Onlythe threelines copied by Ciriacostuckout (eminuisse)fromthe wall (CILad loc.). 199.LaterMSS,fromFelicianoon, locatethisinscription"inthe churchof saintsFaustinusandLovitanear the altarof St. Honoriusat the foot of the bell-tower(sub campanile)"(Mommsen,CIL,ad loc.). 200. Also in NF p. 66, no. 186. 201. Also in NF p. 66, no. 189. 202. NF p. 67, no. 190: CippusBrixiae ad S. Georgium. 203. Also in NF p. 67, no. 190. 204. Also in NF p. 62, no. 191. 205. Also in NF p. 65, no. 174. 206. Also in NF p. 65, no. 176. 207. Also in NF p. 65, no. 177. 208. Also in NF p. 65, no. 178. 209. This is the only recordedoccasion when Ciriaco investigatedthe antiquitiesof Verona.Whereas Scalamonti, whose orderingof Ciriaco's itineraryis consistentlychronological,putsthe visit to Verona before the visit to Mantua,the correspondingpassageon Veronain the 'Itinerarium'(wherethe orderis rhetorical:see Introductionandnote to para.206) is placedafter an accountof Ciriaco'svisit to Mantua (Vo4, fol. 10r-v,ed. Mehus, 1742, 28-29; for the text see AppendixV, no. 8). In the case of Verona,the languageof the Vitahas nothingin commonwith thatof the correspondingpassagein the 'Itinerarium.' 210. Papias,De linguae Latinae vocabulis, 1476 etc., s.v. Athesis:AthesisflumenVeronae. 211.Phars. 1,403. 212. Scalamonti'ssourcefor these topographicalremarksaboutthe Adige in Verona-as well as for his tediousaccountsof legendsaboutthe foundationof Mantuaand the originof its name(below, para. 192) and his murkycalculationsaboutthe date of Mantua'sfoundation(para.193);his confusedsummaryof legendsaboutGenoa'sfoundation,name,and date (below, para.198-202); and his jumbleof lore about thefoundationandoriginalnameof Benevento(para.214)-was probablyone of Ciriaco'snotebooksof parergaandextractsfromancientand medievalsourcesaboutthe particularplaceshe was visiting,which thetravelerkeptparipassu withhis journals,occasionallyenteringa few of the ancienttestimoniainto the attheappropriate journalsthemselves places (e.g., in the Cycladicdiaryhe placesquotationsfromSolinus, Virgil,andOvid aboutNaxos at the end of the sectionon Naxos, along with the descriptionof a Rhodian coin depicting,he thought,the headof the colossal Apollo set up at Delos by the Naxians[M , fol. 40v; Bodnar, 1972]). We have one such notebook, fortunatelypreservedin Ciriaco's own hand, MS Berol. gr. qu. 89 (B4): see Maas, 1913, 5-15 and Bodnar,1960, 21n, 23n, 24n, 25, 32, 34, 35n, 45n. At thispointit beginsto lookas if Scalamonti, growingtiredof his taskand perhapsdespairingof ever reachingtheend of it, figurativelyemptiedout his Ciriacanfiles, includingthe traveler'snotes on Verona, Mantua,andGenoagarneredfromancientandmedievalsources.Othersigns of carelesshastetowardthe end of the Vitawill be pointedout as they occur.

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213. Veronawas in GalliaCisalpina,not Liguria,which is fartherto the west. 214. The Veronesesectionof these commentariais partiallypreserved,explicitlyidentifiedas such, in Sarayna,1540, 13 (partiallyquotedby Mehus, 1742, xxvi-xxvii). Verbalagreementwith the text of the Vitais indicatedhereby italics: De Amphitheatro etiam legiturin quibusdamchronicisAmphitheatrum, quamarenamvulgo appellant,annoXLII ImperiiAugustiextructumfuisse, et CyriacusAnconitanusin quodam Et deniqueVeronamferacissimamet antiquamcivitatemvenit, itinerario sic scriptum reliquit: ubinon exiguamonumentacomperit,praesertimLabyrinthumquodArenanunc dicitur, et anno imperiiOctavianitrigesimonono ante natalemChristi habeturquodconstructumfuerit diem tertio cuius pars exterior terraemotibuscorruit et nunc conspiciturlocus rotundus Arenae per totummagnis saxis undiqueconstructusest ut ita dicamperfilatusquumintus cubalis vel antris multiformiterredimitus sit. In huius autem rotunditateextant scalae tantomagis in magnislapidibusappositae,quae, quantomagis in amplitudineprotenduntur, rotunditatemvidebantur ampliari et, sicut nonnulli referunt,quinquaginta cubitis in altitudinem extenditur,in cuius summitatequidam locus magnus et nobilis multiformis elaboratusmarmoreolapide circumcircaredimituserat.... A comparison of Sarayna'squotationfromthe commentariaof Ciriacowith the text of the Vita (see Introduction,where the two texts are placed in parallelcolumns) shows how closely Scalamonti adheredto the text of Ciriaco'scommentariaon at leastthis one occasion,whenhe expresslyrefersto his suis reposuit).The differencesbetweenSarayna'stext andScalamonti's writtensource(utin commentariis areminor,butin a fewcasesScalamonti'sapparentsubstitutions(e.g. of altitudinefor amplitudinem)tend to obscurethe meaningof the original. 215. A drawing of the Borsarigate in the handof Felice Feliciano,showingthe two archesand twelve windows,figuresin MS 992 (a.L.5.15), Modena,Bibl. Estense.,fol. 124 (see Huelsen, 1907, 11 and 13, fig. 10, andMitchell, 1961,218, P1.XLIa). 216. Faenza,Bibl. Comunale,MS 7 is a muchfullersylloge of Veroneseinscriptions,with drawingsof on whichtheyappear,it is in the handof Felice Feliciano,who seems to be copying mostof themonuments Ciriaco'sown lost sylloge, withoutany connectingnarrative,of the stoneshe inspectedduringthis visit (see Mitchell, 1961, 214-215, Pls. XXVIIb, XXIVb, XXXVIIIa).The Veronensia are discussed by Mommsenin CILV, 1, pp. 319, 321, 322. We awaitthe publicationof A. Campana'spaperon this MS, on FeliceFelicianoheld in Veronain June 1993;andanother, by Gian of a conference listedin theprogram Paolo Marchi,"Ciriaconegli studiepigraficidi ScipioneMaffei"deliveredat a congressheld at Ancona in February1992to commemoratethe 600th anniversaryof the birthof Ciriaco(see Bibliography,adfin. for a list of papersof bothcongressesgermaneto this study). 217. Mommsen,who examinedthe inscriptionscalis admotis:literae olim aere expletaevidenturfuisse ... lectio hodiequeperspicua est exceptispaucis litteris ... quae iam aegra agnoscuntur(CIL,ad loc.). 218. CIL:Veronaein contrataS. Andreaeantiqui. 219. Ciriacomissedor was unableto see anotherinscriptionon the backof this stone. 220. InlaterMSS(Feliciano,Marcanova,etc.), this inscriptionis locatedprope SanctumSalvatoremubi coria conficiunt(CIL). 221. CILlocatesthis inscriptionin postica. 222. LaterMSS locatethis stone in moenibusvetustissimisS. Michaelis a porta loco privato (CIL). 223. WhenScalamontisays he foundthe following material(para.192-193) in Ciriaco'scommentaria, he may be referringto one of the traveler'scommonplacebooks, such as the one he keptpari passu with his joural of the visit to mainlandGreecein 1435-1436 (see above, note on para.165, adfin.).

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224. Isidoreof Seville, Et. 15, 59: Manto Tiresiaefilia post interitumThebanorumdicitur delata in ItaliamMantuamcondidisse:estautemin Venetia,quae Gallia Cisalpinadicitur: et dicta Mantuaquod manes tuetur.This extractwouldespecially interestLauroQuirinibecausehe was a Venetian. 225. Cf. Virgil,Aen. 10, 198-200: Ille etiam patriisagmenciet Ocnusab oris, fatidicaeMantuset Tusci filius amnis, qui murosmatrisquededittibi, Mantua,nomen andEcl. 9, 59-60: namquesepulcrum it apparereBianoris with Servius' commentaryon both passagesidentifyingOcnus and Bianor(an indicationthat Ciriaco perhapsknew Servius);see also Paul the Deacon,Hist. Langob.2, 14; Statius,Theb.4,406 ff.; Isidore, Et. 15,59. 226. Orosius,Hist. adversuspaganos, 7, 3, 1 (dateof the foundationof Rome);Augustine,City of God book 16 (not 18, as in the text), para.17 (dateof the birthof Abraham).The referencesto Jeromeandto the chroniclesof MiletusandEusebiusare too vague to recover. 227. Scalamonti's textandthe pertinentpassagein the 'Itinerarium'(Vo4, fol. 10r, Mehus, 1742, 27-28, see AppendixV, no.9) have nothingin commonexcept for the mentionof Pietoli. 228. Pliny,Natural History 3.5.48. 229. Hist. Langob. 2, 16. 230. Solinus, Collectanea rerummemorabilium(ed. T. Momsen,Berlin, 1895), 2, 5. 231. Albarium,Galiganum,Serzanum:none of these place-namesappearin Graesse, 1971. 232. Thestatements attributed to Jerome(onMosesandthe foundationdateof Rome) and Bede and Methodius(onthefoundingof Genoa)couldnotbe traced.The legendof Bellovesus,the son of a Celticking, who was led by auguryto foundMediolanum,is told by Livy, 5,34, buthe does not speculateon the date. 233. Livy, 28, 46, 7. 234. PubliusCorneliusScipio,consul318 B.C., youngerbrotherof GnaeusCorneliusScipio Calvus:Livy, 21,32,5. 235. Livy, 30, 1, 10. 236. FrancescoBarbaverawas lordof Gravellonaand otherplaces,a courtierof GiangaleazzoVisconti who marriedAntoniaVisconti(Spreti, 1931, s.v.). Ciriacosaw the preciouscrater,a spoil fromthe sack of Caesareain Syria,in thetreasuryof S. Lorenzoin Genoa(Mehus, 1742, 17, n. 4). The pertinentpassage in the'Itinerariwn'(Vo4, fol. 6r-v, ed. Mehus, 1742, 16-18) mentionsthe preciousbowl and manyof the samenames.Forthe text see AppendixV, no. 10. Ina letterwrittenin August 1446, Ciriacorefersto this visit as havingtakenplacebis senis iam annis exactis,i.e.,in 1434(seeBelgrano,1877-1884,984); herealso the namesof FrancescoSpinola,Benedetto Negroni,andGiovanniGrilloarementionedin connectionwith the bowl of preciousgreenstone, whichhe said he recordedin his per Ligustiamcommentaria.We have also a letterof 13 January1443 from Ciriacoto BenedettoNegroni,which mentionsIacopoBracello(Maom,Miscell. n. 44; see Montevecchi, 1939,80-82). In Ciriaco'saccountof the battleof Ponza,5 August 1435, FrancescoSpinolais namedas admiraldesignateof the Genoese fleet (ed. Sabia,pp. 163, 165, and 174-175, with note 17, and 177;one of several versionsis in T, fols. 109r-1 19v ed. Colucci, 1792, 100-108). A poem writtenby Ciriaco's on the Venetianattackon Chios in 1431 is dedicatedto lacop Bracello friend,AndreoloGiustiniani-Banca, ?1865). (see Porro-Lambertenghi,

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237. Ifthisvisithadoccurredin 1434,it wouldhave hadto be before 18 May 1434, when EugeniusIV fled Rome for Florence,wherehe stayeduntil 19 September1443 (Eubel,II, 29, n. 30). However,it is much intoearly 1432 of the 1431 visit. See Introduction,'Chronology,'and morelikelythatit wasa continuation the notes to para.206 and 215-217 of this translationfor a discussionof the chronologicalanomalies presentedby these final paragraphs. 238. On Pagliaresiodi Simolo de' Pisanellisee above, para.61, note. 239. For the practiceof piracyin the Mediterranean by bothChristiansand Moslemsat this time see A. Tenenti, 1973, and Ashtor, 1983, 391. 240. Forthetextof the pertinentaccountin the 'Itinerarium'of Ciriaco'stravelsin southItaly(Vo4, fols. 8r-9v,ed.Mehus,1742,23-25), seeAppendixV, no. 11. This portionof Ciriaco'sletterto Pope Eugenius IV, whichoccursimmediatelyafterthe accountof the visit to Milan,correspondsso closely to the record givenin thelast pagesof Scalamonti'sVitain wording,observations,anddate (bothmentionJoannaII of Naples,whodiedon 2 February1435,as still on the throne)that,with a few exceptionsthatwill be noted, the two accounts must referto the same tour. They differ, however,in the orderof presentation.The 'Itinerarium'has Ciriaco travellinghitherand thitheron the following improbablecourse: Naples - Benevento- Gaeta- Capua- Sessa, afterwhich he takesship withthe bishop Pozzuoli- Litemo- Terracina of Parenzoandwith Boscolo to Sicily, whichhe circumnavigatesclockwise, andthen proceedsto Reggio Calabria,Barlettaand Manfredonia(visits to Manfredoniaand Barlettaaredatedto July 1437 in Moroni, Epigrammata,p. 37). The Vita,on the otherhand,gives a morereasonableitinerary:Gaeta- TerracinaGaeta- Litemo- Sessa- Capua- Aversa- Naples- Pozzuoli- Naples- Benevento- Naples,whencehe sails withthe bishopand Boscolo to Sicily, wherehe landsin Messina. the difficultyof reconcilingthe 'Itinerarium'with the Vita(see As we haveseen(see Introduction), Tiraboschi, 1783, VI, I, 165; Colucci, 1792, 32-36; de Rossi, 1888, 361) arises only if we assume (wrongly,we believe) thatthe letterto EugeniusIV was intendedas a chronologicallyconsecutivetraveljoumal.Once it is seen thatconnectiveslike deinde do not mean 'next' in time, andthatthe organization of the letteris logical and rhetoricalratherthanhistorical,the apparentdiscrepanciesdisappear.Thereis a problem,however,aboutthe year in whichthese travelstook place andthe 'Itinerarium'may be right in placingthemrightafterthe Milanvisit. See note on para.215. 241. JoannaII died on 2 February1435 (Giannone,1731, II, 318). referredto Ciriaco'swelcome by Joannaas a grandsonof Ciriaco 242. Thistom-outfolio(104) presumably Selvatico, his obligationto GiovanniCaracciolo,and his visit to the temple of Castorand Pollux, as describedin the'Itinerariwn'(seetextin AppendixV, no. 1 b). Perhapstherewas a drawingof the temple, whichwouldaccountfortheremovalof thefolio.For the dedicatoryinscriptionon the templesee Campana, 1973-1974, who characterizesFelice's orthographyas cattiva. ibid.,89, pointsout the chronologicaldifficultycreatedby the mentionof Giovanni Campana, Caracciolo (died August 1432) in the 'Itinerarium'in connectionwith the visit to Naples. In this case, however,thechronological problemis notconfinedto the 'Itinerarium,'since most of the events mentioned inconnectionwith thisjourneyarecommonlydatedfromothersourcesas havingoccurred, by Scalamonti not in 1434, as one would expect, but 1432:see below, note on para.215. 243. CILIX, 1558. 'historical'sectionindicatesthatScalamontiwas utilizing 244. As withMantuaandGenoa,thisintercalated Ciriaco'sparerga. 245. Solinus, 2, 10. 246. Papias,s. v. Diomedis,Samnis,Samnium,Samnitae. 247. Paulthe Deacon,Hist. Langob.2, 20. of Beneventowas GasparColonna,consecratedin 1429, andhe did have twenty-two 248. Thearchbishop suffragans(Eubel,I, 137, 576; II, 313).

164

249. Referencesto MiletusandJeromenot found. 250. Althoughwe shouldnow be in late 1434 or early 1435,the events referredto in these last paragraphs seemto belongto theyear 1432. The referenceto Danielede'Rampi(Tiraboschi,166, calls him Daniello), asPerantinusis a case in point:consecratedbishopof Parenzoon 7 January1426 (Eubel,I, 409), he left thatdiocese whenhe was madebishopof Concordiaon 7 January1433 andhe died laterthatsame year (Eubel,II, 149, basedon Ughelli, 1717-see Mehus, 1742, 24, note). Add to this the facts thatAlfonso's attackon Djerbatook place in the summerof 1432, not in 1434 (see the next note) andthatthe Giovanni Caracciolowho,accordingto the 'Itinerarium'receivedCiriacoin Naples (see text, AppendixV, no. 11), DBI 19 [1976], 374) and we have a chronologicalcrux thatcan be solved diedin August1432(F.Petrucci, onlyif we placethiswholesouthItalianjoumeyin the firstmonthsof 1432, immediatelyafterCiriaco'svisit to thenewPopeEugeniusIVandhisexplorationof Tivoli and Ostiaat end of 1431, i.e., afterpara.96. See Introduction,'Chronology,'underthe year 1432. 251. Offthecoastof Tunisia.Alfonsoattackedthe sultan'sforces in the summerof 1432 (DBI II, 324-325, s.v. Alfonso V d'Aragona;Pontieri,1975, 257; Ryder, 1976, 272). The king of Tunisia was Abu Faris 'Azzfz, who reignedfrom 1394 to 1434 (Pontieri,259). Alfonso's ongoing navalwaragainstthe sultan of Egypt,Barsbay,wenton untilthe summerof 1435, when Alfonso, in an all-outeffortto gain the throne of Naples,withdrew his shipsto Gaeta,wherethey were engagedby the Genoeseon 5 August 1435 off the islandof PonzaandAlfonsowascaptured(Ashtor, 1983, 301-302). It may be significantthatthe item that appearsimmediatelyafterthe Vitain T is Ciriaco'sNaumachiaRegia, an accountof the battleof Ponza, whichhe wroteinAnconaon 13 September1435 anddedicatedto FrancescoScalamonti(for an excellent editionof this text, which Ciriacorevisedseveraltimes, see Sabia, 1977-1978). 252. Mariad'Enghien, ca. 1370-1446,queenof Sicily,wife of Raimondodel Balzo Orsiniandthenof King Ladislaoof Naples.Taranto,whichwasherfief, she passedon to her son, Giovannantoniodel Balzo Orsini, who sided with Alfonsoof Aragonin the latter'sattemptto gain the throneof Naples. For the princeof Taranto in the battleof Ponza see T, fol. 116v, ed. Colucci, 1792, 106 and Sabia, 1977-1978, 167, 180-181. 253. The text of the Vita seems to imply thatCiriacoreturnedto Anconawith thefleet. Grantedthatthe is notarranged 'Itinerarium' chronologically(see Introduction),we need not attributeto this samejourney the circumnavigationof Sicily, the visit to Reggio Calabria,and the returnoverland throughApulia to Barlettaand Manfredoniaat the end of his southItaliantour,as the 'Itinerarium'seems to say (textcited in AppendixV, 1If.). A confirmationof this view may be foundin Ciriaco'sotherrecordof the visits to also fragmentary,which the text as publishedby Moroni,p. 37, froma lost MS BarlettaandManfredonia, (see Bodnar,1960, 45-49), datesto 1437,just beforehe set off for the Peloponnesusthatyear MCCCCXXXVII Ad X. K. lulii [22 June] venimus ManfredoniamApuliae Dauniae civitatem inter Sipum urbemet Garganimontispromontoriumsitam,in quanil memorabile [i.e. Sipontum]antiquam videturpraetermagnamex aeresquillam.Vidimuset Sipumdirutamcivitatem,quamSipatum vocant. MCCCCXXXVII Ad VIII K. lulias [24 June] venimus Baroletum,nobile Apuliae Dauniaeoppidum,secus Ionicummare,iuxtaSalpiascivitatemmaritimamatqueCanusiummediterraneum oppidum.In Baroleti maritimoforo vidimus colosseam Herculis imaginem aeneam magnam, quam Heraclemincolaevocant. It seems likely, therefore,thatCiriaco'svisit to Manfredoniaand Barlettaoccurredlater,in 1437. As we haveseen(noteto para. 165 adfin.), this last partof the Vitaseems fragmentaryandpatchedtogetherand it appearsratherto stop thanto come to a conclusion. Even when we re-dateparagraphs204-217 backto the year 1432, bringingScalamonti'saccountto an end with Ciriacostill in Genoa(para.203), followed by the one-sentencevaledictionto Lauro(para.218), the endingfeels abruptandunfinished.

165

APPENDIX I Letterof Ciriaco to Pietrodi Liberiode Bonarellis,Rimini1 15 March 1423 This is Ciriaco'searliestknownwork, writtenduringan otherwise undocumented journeyin 1423 fromAnconato Veniceby way of Fano and Rimini.2Init hejustifieshis attentionto paganauthorsby referenceto Dante, PurgatorioVI, 119-120, whereChristis calledGiove crocifisso? The literary form is that of an imagineddreamin which the debate takes place, with MercurypleadingCiriaco'scause.Thirteenyearslaterhe returnedto this form andrepeatedsomeof thesamephraseologyin a letterto LeonardoBruniof 30 January1436 in praiseof Caesar.4 The poetic cast of the languageand numerousgrammaticalerrors typical of the autodidactfully bearout Scalamonti'sreport(Vita, para.53) that Ciriacohad only recentlybegunto learnand writeLatinby close study and imitationof Virgil. Virgilianand Ovidianechoes are identifiedin the apparatus. themanyerrorsof spellingandgrammar,since this is of the Regarding workof a beginnerin Latinand the only extantcopy is not in Ciriaco'sown hand, we have tried in our edition to distinguishbetweenerrorsprobably committed by Ciriaco and those that seem attributableto the scribe of VL9. The latterwe have corrected,indicatingthe readingof the MS in the apparatus. As in oureditionof theVita,we haveemployedmodemcapitalization, andnumberedparagraphing. Abbreviationshave been expanded punctuation withoutuseof bracketsunlessthe expansionis an interpretation of the editor: In 1 below: clar.? is without whereas written brackets, clarissimo, e.g., para. thenextword,P<etro>,is a conjecturalexpansionof 'P'. followingMorici's suggestionthatP. de Bonol. is Pietrode Bonarellis.As in the text of the Vita, we have writtenae or oe insteadof the scribe'susuale wherethe diphthong is meant.

166

TEXT5 Kiriacusde PicenicollibusAnchonitanusviro clarissimoP<etro>de 1. Bon<ar>elaLiberiifilio Anchonitanosalutemplurimamdicit. iterhaberemet ad vetustissima 2. adurbemprofecturus CumVenetiarum Faunimoeniaventumb consisterem,huc ubi iam dies coelo concesseratalma,c occeanodcadentePhoebo,placidumper membrasoporemtacitaesub noctis curriculocarpereplacuit.eSedpauloantequamcristatusales vigili ore tepidum diem,fnecdumin luteisaurorafulgentebigisgastrafugaratOlympo, provocaret et ecceiamquein ipsa,ut videbatur,aulaFauniobtulitse mihi in sonnishante oculos insignis forma'et maiestatepuer pluribusundiquecomitatusclaris equestris iurisve consulti ordinum viris spectatissimis aliisque civibus omatissimis.Hicea fortetempestateadolescentulus,amissogenitore,huiusce praesul urbisconsidebat.At ego itaquedumtantorumcoetumdiu admirans

a

P. de Bonol, with a horizontalline throughthe '1.' Colin, 472, writes,de Bo[na]rel[li].

b

Construeas = <postquam>ventum<est>. Cf. e.g. Virgil,Aeneid 4.151: postquamaltos ventumin montisatqueinvia lustra,/ ecce feraeetc. c cf. Aen 10.215-216: Iamquedies caelo concesseratalmaquecurru/ noctivagoPhoebe mediumpulsabatOlympum. d

This spellingoccursin Ciriacanautographs.

ecf.Aen. fessasoporem/corpora 4.522-523, Nox erat,et placidumcarpebant perterras.. .; and 8.405-408, placidumquepetivit/ coniugis infususgremioper membrasoporem./ Indeubi primaquies medio iam noctis abactae/ curriculoexpuleratsomnum. f Cf. Ovid,Fasti 1.455-456: noctedeae Nocti cristatuscaediturales, / quod tepidumvigili provocetore diem. A favoriteallusionof Ciriaco's.It occurslater,in his 'Caesarean'letterto LeonardoBruni, 30 January,and in a relativelylate letterto GiovaniPedemontano,dated January1445 (Bodnarand Mitchell, 1976, p. 59, lines 1105-1106).

gbigiisMS. Unlessotherwisestated,the variantslistedin thisapparatus aretheactualreadings of the MS thathave been correctedin our text. h

frequentin Ciriacofor somnis

fromvariouspartsof theAeneid: 'TheVgfilianformulaiclanguagein thissentenceis bonrowed radiismare,et aethereab alto/ Aurorain roseisfulgebatluteabigis; 7.25-26, Iamquerubescebat 5.42-43, posteacumprimostellasOrientefugarat/ claradies ... ; 4.556-5 57, huic se forma dei vultu redeuntiseodem / obtulitin somnis ...; 2.270-271, in somnis, ecce, ante oculos maestissimus Hector/visus adesse mihi...; 5.295, Euryalusformainsignisviridiqueiuventa.

167

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

168

hominumperlegeremoculis,a vir ex his quidam eques ad me magna se gerens gravitate conversus, talibus me vehementer obiurgando dictis visus est: "Unde haecbtam caeca tamqueobscena, Kiriace, obumbrarisccaligine, qui Cristiano indutus habitu, sacris almae fidei nostrae amissisd codicibus, tanta cum tui frequentia et curiositate diu gentiles lectitare poetas insudando magno cum labore contendis, cum praesertim, ut sane intelligis, tam a nostra penitus religionealieni sint, ut Iovem ipsum Cretensem multum pollutum vitiis hominem et mortalem deum esse omnipotentem variis undique carminibus cecinere;e quin etiam innumeros e fide devios infandosve errores in suis ut patet operibus inserueref. 3.

4. "Sed quid plura?Quaerendotempus in verbis, deducemus quodgut de totius summa rei sententiam dicam. Quis neget maximush Latinorum ille poetarum, quem tu tam grandibus' excellere facis laudibus, Maro, in suo posuisse nobiliori volumine alios inter errores humanasjcorpore iam solutask animas iterum nova ad corpora redituras?Ut Lethaei ad fluminis undam per Anchisem filio sciscitantecanit: 'animae quibus altera fato corpora debentur.'

a

cf. Aen. 6.34: perlegerent oculis

b

Construe as = hac.

c obrumbaris d

amisis; Morici corrects to ommissis

eConstrue

as = ut...

cecinerint.

finserere g Construe as = quid. h

Construeas = maximum... illum ... Maronem... posuisse.

'grandis Jhumanos k solutus 'Aen. 6.713-714

APPENDIX I

169

Quantisque utiqueain locis Iovem ipsumvocet 'omnipotentemdivumpatrem ac hominumregem'praetereo."b Vix haec ubi tandemdictacconticuerat,cum omnesei simul ore fre5. mentesannuere.Ast ego ubiverbahaec tamtemerea rei quidditated dissentire accepi, moleste ferens, dumquemulta in pectorevolvensepluribusmunire suasionibusvocem, magnotuendimei vatis amoresummopereanimi vires excitare cogor. Sed cum tam maxima responsurustantorumin conspectu virorumingeniidiffidensvis et eloquentiaesubnubilusformidarem,Elyconeasf ubi ad auxiliumproposceregcoepi deas, ecce iamqueadventaremihi ex alto vidi, Uraniaconcitante,Caliopemet perdulcissimesuampulsantemhliram. Meam ocius in canturapuitmentemet coelum alte petens ad magni Iovis solium se supplicem'contulerat,quem lacteo sic ore coepit obsecrare:"O divumpateroptimeaetemequererumopifex, namqueomniapotes,jne, pater, absistepetentiauxiliumpraestaretuum.Disicektelo nephas.Nam vides in ipsa comigeri'aede indignosmnostrosab omnibuslacerarinvates." a

correctedin MS fromundique

b

pateromnipotensoccursnine times in the Aeneid:e.g., 1.60;divumpateratquehominum rex, fourtimes, e.g., 1.65. ccf. Aen.8.175, haecubidicta,dapesiubet... The full Virgilianexpressionis haec ubi dicta dedit (e.g., 2.790). d

quiditate

ecf. Aen. 1.305:at pius Aeneasper noctemplurimavolvens

fMoricireadsElyconas. g = poscere h

pulsante

'suplicem j cf. Aen. 10.18, o pater,o hominumrerumquepotestas;6.117, potes namqueomnia;and 8.39, ne absiste. k discice;Moricicorrectsto disice.

an epithetof Faunus,a play on the nameof the city, Fano:cf. above,para.2, andbelow, para.7. mMorici indigne "lacerare

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

170

6. Dixerat.At ille genitoraltesydereain sede obnixus,oculosa peromnia lustrans, qui nutu vibrantecoelum annueratprecantibdivae, protinus ad accitumsic alloquiturCilleneum:"Vade,nate,cape virgamet optimosnostri numinisauxiliarepraecones,Calliopemonstranteviam."' 7. Dixit.Tumille,magniparentisimperioparante,aureamunitisthalaria pedibusdet baculumegerentemanu,aethereumquetonantefcursumet littora radentegPiceni,hMusa duce, in praefataconsedit aulea Fauni. Huc vero Mercuriusubi me ex abdito'cava occuleratnube, suisque exuens divinis omamentismiraopevultuetkhabituinduerat' se meo. Hic autemprimummeae responsionis officium summenset ad praelibatosconversusviros, divino afflantespirituplacidosic pectorecoepit:t

a Construeas = oculis and see next note. b In

the 'Caesarean'letterlustransis changedto volvensandprecantito poscenti.

c cf. Aen. 10.2-3, conciliumvocat divumpateratquehominumrex / sidereamin sedem;

4.607, Sol, qui ... operaomnia lustras;9.106 and 10.115, adnuitet totumnutu tremefecit Olympum;7.752, intentosvolvens oculos; 4.222-223, tumsic Mercuriumadloquiturac talia mandat:'vade,age, nate,voca Zephyroset laberepennis;and 1.382,matredea monstrante. dcf. Aen. 4.239-240, dixerat.ille patrismagniparereparabat/ imperio;et primumpedibus talarianectit/ aurea...

e bacculum

fConstrueas = tonandoor tonans. gConstrueas = radendoor radens. h

Moricireadspicem andcorrectsto Piceni.

'Construeas = in abdito. Jcf. Aeneid 5.809-810: Aenean... / nubecava rapui k

etiam

'cf. Aen.684, falledolo et notospueripuerinduevultus;and 1.315,virginisos habitumque gerens m

cf. Aen. 1.521,maximusIlioneusplacidosic pectorecoepit

APPENDIX I

171

8. "Magnam quidem, o viri, ut accipio, tantorum oppinarea vatum dementiam temere praesumpsistis. Aspicite ergo namque omnem, quae nunc obducta tuentibus vobis mortales hebetat visus, nubem eripiam.bVidebitisc autem,viri boni, optimus ille magni numinis poeta Mantuanusdsuis nonnullis in divinis carminibus, quamquame sub Iovis nomine, veram aetemam ac omnium causarum causam deitatem divina cum mente intuendo, sublimare. Videtur autem multis in locis peroptime se nostrae conformaref religioni vetustaequeg primordialis Pentatheuci legi, ut in VI0 inquit per Anchisem: 'Principiocoelum ac terras camposque liquentes / lucentemque globum lunae thitaniaque astra / spiritus intus alit, totamque infusa per artus / mens agitat molem et magno se corpore miscet,' et continuo subdit: Inde hominum pecudumquegenus, vitaeque volantum, / et quae marmoreo fert monstra sub aequorepontus.'hPatet ergo sane divinus ille vatesi verum intellexisse deum, quemJa principio universarum opificem rerum omnem a se nutu condiderat mundum, quamvis ille pluries id nomen poetice Iovialiknomine cecinisset. "Quin etiam ut de varietate dei nominum diceret, ostendendo quem praedominareturdeum' in loco ubi rerum inclita Roma condenda fuerat,mper Evandrumait in VIII0: 'Hoc nemus, hunc,' inquit, 'frondoso vertice collem, / 9.

a

Construe as = opinari.

b

cf. Aen. 2.604-606:

aspice (namque omnem, quae nunc obducta tuenti / mortalis hebetat

visus tibi et umidacircum/ caligat,nubemeripiam. Moricicorrectsto videbitur. d Construe as = optimum ilium ... poetam Mantuanum. e Moricireads

quaquam.

f confirmare,correctedby Moricito conformare g vetustateque hAen. 6.724-729

'Construeas = divinumilium vatem. Construe as = qui. k

Iovialis

'Construeas = quis ... deus. mfierat

172

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

quis deus incertumest, habitatdeus; Archadesipsum / creduntase vidisse Iovem,cum saepetonantem/ aegidaconcuteretdextranymbosquecieret.'b 10. "Sed cur tantispercurramusin verbis, cum sacer maximusille fidei catholicaeprincepsAugustinusad nostrammaximetuendamreligionemsuos codiceshuiuscenostrivatis carminibusroboraresummoperelaboravit?cIdem fecere. HieronymusLactantiusque 11. "Videturan vobis satis manifestumperpulcrenostraefidei inhaerere poetam, quandoad beatos Elysii posueratsedes felices optimorumanimas omnicum gaudioaetemisfruiamoenissimoin loco bonis? 12. "Etprimo,ut martirum defmgeretur paritas,inquitin VI?praefati:'Hic manusob patriampugnandovulnerapassi, / quiquesacerdotescasti dumvita manebat,dquiquepii vates et Phoebo digna locuti,einventasaut qui vitam excoluereper artes,'fviros ut activarum rerum optimos repertores cultoresque

simularet. 13. "Alia vero ex partead impiaposuit Tartaramonstrainterimmania Thesiphonemsceleratas acerrimeferro lacerareanimas, necessariamqueg adiecit, ut nostrae magis conveniretse legi, iudice sub aequo scelerum confessionem. Nam inquit subinde per Sibillam Phoebi vatem canens: 'Gnoscius haec Radamantushabet durissimaregna/ castigatqueauditque dolossubigitquefateri/ quaequisapudsuperos,furtohlaetatusiinani,/ distulit in seramcommissapiaculamortem.'/ Et hic, ut severissimasad moerentem culpampoenas religiose tribuerat,immediatesubdiderat:'Continuosontes

a

creditur

b

Aen. 8.351-354. The received text reads nigrantem, not tonantem.

c corrected in MS from laudavit d

manebant

e Morici's addition of 'et deinde addit' at this point is not in the MS. fAen. 6.660-663 g necessariasque h

furtu

'laetatur

I APPENDIX

173

ultrix accinctaa flagello / Thelsiphone quatit insultans, torvosque sinistra / distentans angues vocat agmina saeva sororum.'b 14. "Sed quid enim divinus iste vates de divino ignoverat misterio, cum de adventusacratissimihumanae pientissimae culpae redemptoris mirifice suum per fatidicum carmen vaticinaturt canens suo in pastorali libello: 'Ultima Cumaeivenit iam carminis aetas. / Iam redit et virgo, redeunt Satumiadregna / iam nova progenies coelo demittiturealto.'f 15. "Praeterea vos dum obiicitis illi posuisse animas corporibus iterum redituras,hoc autem potissime videtur se nostrae conformareglegis opinioni, cum firmiter habetis in fide coelicolum animaeh novissimo in die inire corporibus glorificatis uniri. Quid enim aliud infert cum cecinerit inde: 'Has omnes, ubi mille rotamvolvere per annos, / Lethaeum ad fluviumi deus evocat agmine magno, / scilicet inmemores supera ut convexa revisant, / rursus et incipiant in corpora velle reverti?'j 16. "Quas ob res optimus ille vetustarum conmentator rerum Macrobius ad huiusce altissimi poetae de deorumreligione peritiam comprobandam, haec suis in Saturalibus verba conseruit dicens: 'Videtume vobis probatum sine divini ac humani iuris scientia non posse profunditatem Maronis intelligi?'k

a accinta b Aen. 6.566-572.

The receivedtext readsintentans.

c vaticinantur d redeuntet satumia e

demictitur

fVirgil,Ecl. 4.4, 6-7 g confirmare hConstrue as = animas.

'fluvitum 'Aen. 6.748-751 k Macrobius,

Saturnalia, Liber tertius, cap. IX, adfin.

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

174

"Sedut ne per taliaaomnedatumduceremustempus,finemfaciamet 17. solum pro rei summadicamquod ille utiquenosterbcatholicusMaronisque et matemieloquiicpoetaDantesdin suo Christianissimovoluminee imperator exclamavit summumIovem ut verumhumanigenerisredemptoremin terra crucifixumesse secundain partecarminis:f'Et se licito m'e, o summoJove, / chefusti in terrapernoi crucifixo,/ son li justi occhigtuoi revoltialtrove?'h "Patetnamquenesciamenshominumveri,cumsacratissimadivinarum 18. rerumarchanamisteriahonestissimosubvelaminefictionisab excellentissimis opertapoetis insanevariis incusando'calumniiselaborare.jProhkscelus!Hii quidamfuerequi, suis divinismomentisatqueoptimisinstitutis,hominibus, ad bene beatequevivendumlumen, doctrinam,et honestissimis moribus disciplinamdedere." Namhaecubicaduciferdictadedit,me apertanubead locumreferente 19. meum,divinamresummensformam,et magnocorruscantelumine,ubi mille Dei volantumvitae' gloriamalmae Trinitaticecinerant,in tenuemauram"

a

italia

bvester

eloghii d

Moriciwritesille utiquevestercatholicusMaro et imperatormatemieloquiipoetaDantes.

e correctedin MS from

poeta

fcanitis

h Dante, Purgatorio6.118-120. The receivedtext readssommo Giove,fosti, crucifisso, giusti,andrivolti.Sinclair,1961,ad loc.,reportsthe suggestionthatperhapsDantethoughtthat Jove andJehovahwere the same word.

'Construeas = ut incuset. JConstrue as = cum ... elaboret. k

Prho

'Cf. Aen. 6.728 (citedabove,para.8). m

auram: aulam

APPENDIX I

175

nostris ex oculis evolavit.a Eximb ego excutior e sonnoCmembra; tibique

optimo Pieridumcultori portentuosamhanc scriberevisionem ut dignum amicitiaenostraemunusexistimavi.d 20.

Tuque iam vale. Ex itineree apud Ariminum Idus Martias

MCCCCXXIII.

a Cf. et proculin tenuemex oculis evanuitauram:Aeneid 4.278 (of Mercury)and 9.658 (of Apollo). b

Thereis a dashover the 'm.' MoricireadsExinc.

c Cf. Aen.

2.302, excutiorsomno.

d In the 'Caesarean'letter,wherethese expressionsareused again,Trinitatiis changedto trininuminismaiestatiand dignumto praedignum. e

intinere

176

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

TRANSLATION 1. Greetings from Ciriacode' Pizzecolli of Ancona to the illustrious Pietrodi Liboriode Bonarellisof Ancona. 2. On my way to the city of Venice, I brokemy jourey at the ancient wallsof Fano.The fosteringday had alreadywithdrawnfromthe sky andthe sun was settinginto the sea whenI decidedto snatchpeacefulsleep beneath thechariotof the silentnight.But shortlybeforethe crestedcock arousedthe warmingday with its wakingcry, when Dawn in her saffron-coloredcarhad not yet put the stars to flight in the shining heavens, behold a boy, in beautyanddignity,appearedto me in a dream,in Fano'svery distinguished it palace, seemed,surrounded by a numerouscompanyof notableknightsand lawyersandotherprominentcitizens.This merelad chancedto be presiding at thetimeas headof this city in the absenceof his father.6As my eyes swept in wonderover this gatheringof greatmen, one of the knightsturnedto me, quiteseriousin his demeanor,anddeliveredthe following strongrebuke: 3. "Whyareyouovershadowed by thisdarkanddreadfulcloud,Ciriaco? in dressed Christian do you abandonthe sacredbooksof attire, Why,though our fostering faith to spend so much of your time strugglingwith eager attention,sweat, andtoil, to readpaganpoets,especiallysince, as you know well,theyareso utterlyforeignto ourreligion?Forinstance,theyproclaimed in poems of all differentkinds that the CretanJove, himself a mortalman much defiled by vices, is almighty God; and furthermore,they inserted numerousunspeakable errorsdivergentfromthe faith,as is evidentfromtheir works. 4. "Need I say more?In the interestof brevity,I shall lay out what I intendto say as my opinionon the whole matter.Who will denythatMaro,7 thegreatestof theLatinpoets,8whom you exalt with greatpraise,wrotein his mostimportant work,9amongothererrors,thathumansouls,'0once theyhave beenset freefromthebody,willcomebackagainto new bodies?Forinstance, in answerto Aeneas' inquiryat the bankof the riverLethe, sings throughAnchises:'the souls to whom fate owes otherbodies.' I pass over the numerouspassages in which he calls Juppiterhimself "the almightyfatherof gods andking of men.' 5. Barelyhad he lapsed into silence, when all expressednoisily their withhim. Butwhen I perceivedthatthesewordsdifferedradically agreement fromthe truth,takingit ill and all the while ponderingin my heartthe many ways to buttressmy speechwith persuasivearguments,greatlydesirousas I was to defend my poet, I was stronglycompelledto stir the powersof my

APPENDIX I

177

mind. But now that I was about to make such an importantreply in the presence of these gifted men, I was afraid,lackingconfidencein my innate powersand somewhatovershadowedin eloquence.As I beganto prayto the goddessesof Heliconfor help, at thatvery momentI beheldCalliopecoming to my aid fromon high at the urgingof Ouraniaandpluckingsweetly on her lyre.Swiftlyshecaughtup my petitionin song and,makingfor the heavenson high, betookherselfas a suppliantto the throneof mightyJove, whom she beganto implorewithmilk-whitelips: "O good fatherof the gods andeternal craftsmanof theuniverse,you can <do> all things:do not, father,fail to grant my petition.Destoy injusticewith your shaft. For you see our poets being attackedby everyonein the very templeof the hored god."'' Whenshewas finished,thefather<sat> steadfaston his starrythrone, 6. scanningeverythingwithhis eyes. He noddedto the prayinggoddesswith the nod that causes heaven to shake, and summoningthe Cyllenian one,'2 addressedhim as follows: "Go, son, take yourwand and help the excellent heraldsof ourdivinity.Calliopewill show you the way." 7. When<Jove> had finishedspeaking,then<Mercury>,as the power of his mightyfatherpreparedthe way, donnedhis goldenwingedsandalsand, wandin hand,thunderedhis way throughthe sky along the shoresof Piceno withtheMuseas his guide,andperchedin the aforesaidpalaceof Fano.Here Mercury secretly concealed me in a sheltering cloud, doffed his divine trappings,and,by virtueof his wondrouspower, assumedmy featuresand garb.He tookover my functionof responding,turnedto the men, inspected13 them,then,divinelyinspired,begancalmly as follows: 8. "Gentlemen,as I see it, you have rashly taken it on yourselvesto assumethathighlyaccomplishedbardsarequitemad.Well, look, for I shall removeall of thecloudthatis now drawnover yourgaze bluntingyourmortal vision. You will see, good men, that the excellent Mantuanpoet of great inspiration,in some of his divinepoems, thoughhe calls the godhead'Jove,' still, gazing at it with propheticvision, exalts it as the trueandeternalcause of all causes.Moreover,he is seen in manypassagesto conformperfectlyto ourreligionandto the primordialLaw of the Pentateuch.Forexample,in the sixthbook,'4he says: 'First,the spiritwithinnourishesheavenandearthand the flowing plains and the brightsphereof the moon and Titan star;'5and mind,spreadingthroughthelimbs,sets in motionthe entire massandmingleswith the vast frame;'andhe addsimmediately:'Fromthis comes the race of men andbeastsand the lives of birdsand the curiouscreaturesthatthe sea bearsbeneathits brightsurface.'Thus it is quiteclearthattheinspiredpoet,althoughhe sang frequently underthe nameof Jove, meantthe trueGod, the craftsmanof the universe, who16constructedthe whole worldby himself,with a nod.'

178

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

9. "Naymore,to speakof the varietyof the nameswe give to God, , showingwhat god prevailedin the place whereworld-famous Romewasto be founded,says throughEvander,'A god (whatgod we do not know)dwellsin this grove,this hill with its leafy crest;the Arcadiansbelieve they have seen Jove himself wheneverhe shakes with his right hand the boomingaegis andsummonsthe clouds.' 10. "But why should we run throughpassage after passage when the foremostchurchmanof the Catholicfaith, Augustine,to defendour religion mosteffectively,tookgreatpainsto reinforcehis workswith the poetryof this ourbard?JeromeandLactantiusdid the same. 11. "Isit not sufficientlyclearto you thatthe poet adheresmagnificently to our faith since at the blessed dwellings of Elysium he maintained thatthefortunatesoulsof thejust enjoy eternalgoodnessin a most beautifulplace? 12. "Andfirst,to giveequalstatusto the martyrs,he says in the aforesaid sixthbook: 'Thisgroup those who were woundedfightingfor their countryandpriestswho were unstainedthroughouttheirlives and the who were uprightanduttered<words>worthyof Phoebusor poets/prophets those who enhancedlife by discoveringnew skills.' so as to equate the greatpractitionersof practicalskills with the great inventorsof those skills. 13. "Fromanotherstandpoint,he wrotethatTisiphoneafflictsthe souls of sinnersmost harshlyin wickedTartarus,amongsavagemonsters;and,to be moreconsistentwithourLaw,he addeda requiredconfessionof sins before a fair judge. For he says rightafter,singingthroughPhoebus'prophet,the rulesthisharshrealmandreproves<sinners> Sibyl:'CnossianRhadamanthus andhearsabouttheirfalsehoodsandforceseach personto confess to whathe did in the world above, gloating over some vain deceit, while he put off for his sins untildeath,too late.' And here,when makingatonement has scrupulously assignedthe harshestpenaltiesto the sinnerwho is grieving for his sin, he immediatelyadds:'Withoutdelay,vengefulTisiphone,armed witha whip,makesthemwritheas she leaps uponthemand,holdingthe grim snakesin herleft hand,summonsher savagecompanyof sisters.' 14. "Butwhatdid thatdivinelyinspiredbardnot know aboutthe divine mystery,since, remarkably,he predictedin propheticsong the comingof the most holy redeemerof mankind'sfortunatefault?'7Forhe sings in his book of pastoralpoetry:'Thelastageof Cumaeanprophecyhas come. Now returns thevirgin,thereignof Saturnreturns;now a new offspringis being sentdown fromhighheaven!'

APPENDIXI

179

15. "Moreover,althoughyou fault him for writingthatsouls will return to again bodies, this especiallyseems to conformto the belief of ourLaw,since you firmlybelieve thatthe souls of the heaven-dwellersbegin to be unitedwith theirglorifiedbodies on the last day. Whatotherinference canbe drawnfromthe following lines? 'A god summonsall these <souls> in a greatcompanyto theriverLethewhen theyhave rolledthe wheel for a thousandyears,so that-forgetting ,of course-they may revisit the vault of heavenandbegin to wish to returnto bodies.' 16. "Forthese reasonsthatexcellent interpreterof antiquity,Macrobius, to prove this most exaltedpoet's knowledgeabilityregardingthe worshipof the gods, composedthese wordsin his Saturnalia, 'Does it seem provedto you thatwithouta knowledgeof divine andhumanlaw Maro'sdepthcannot be understood?' 17. "ButlestI use up all my allottedtime on suchmatters,I shallend my and speech sayonlyby way of summarythatourcatholicexperton Maroand poet of our mothertongue,'8Dante,in the secondpartof his most Christian work,criedoutthatsupremeJovewas crucifiedas trueredeemerof the human race on earth, <saying>: 'And if I may , supremeJove, who were crucifiedon earthfor us, areyourjust eyes turnedelsewhere?' 18. "For it is a mind clearly ignorantof the truthabouthumanitythat strivesin its madnessto attackwithvariedcalumniesthe best poets when they concealthesacred,secretmysteriesof the godheadbeneaththe legitimateveil of fiction.Howcriminal!These<poets>arethe ones whose inspiredinfluence andexcellentmoralteachings,a lightto a good andhappylife, have instructed andtrainedhumanityin honorablebehavior." When the wand-bearerfinished speaking, the cloud opened and 19. restoredme to myplacewhilehe resumedhis divine shape,and,as a multitude of God'sflyingcreaturessang glory to the fosteringTrinity,flew with a great flashof lightfromourpresenceintothinair.ThereuponI shookoff sleep from mylimbsanddecidedto writedown this portentousvision for you, excellent devoteeof the Pierides,as a gift worthyof ourfriendship. 20.

And now, farewell.Rimini, 15 March 1423, <while> en route
Venice>.'9

180

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

NOTES 1. Edited by Morici, 1899, from the unique MS, Vat. lat. 8750 (VL9), fols. 125v-128r. Transcribedfrom VL9 by G.B. De Rossi in Vat. lat. 10518 (VL10), fol. 312v. Additional bibliography:De Rossi, 1888, 357; Morici, 1896, 102, note 1; 1897; and 1898. French in Colin,1981,471-475.Thenameof the addressee(P. de Bonol. in the text) is read translation as 'Bonoli' by De Rossi; Morici suggests 'Bonarelli' or 'de Bonarellis' referringto G.F. Lancellottiin Colucci,AntichitaPicene, vol. 27, 289. See also Morici, 1897. 2. See note to our translationof the Vita,para.54 ad fin. An undatedevent in Fanorecalled manyyearslaterby AntonioCostanzimay haveoccurredat this time (ibid.). 3. See note to text ad loc. 4. Two draftsof the 'Caesarian'letterto Bruni exist Berol. gr. qu. 89 (B4), fols. 6r-18v draft,in Ciriaco'shand);andVat.lat. 13497 (VL12), fols. 10r-19v (completeletter, (unfinished in a hand similarto Ciriaco's,but probablynot his). Maas, 1915, 7-8, 11-13, published excerptsfromthetextin B4 (fols.6r-7v, 9v, 1 v) butdid not mentionthe versionin VL12. See Fava, 1944, 300, on VL12. 5. Oureditionis fromVL9 but we have consultedMorici'sthroughout. 6. The lad was SigismondoMalatesta,son of PandolfoMalatesta(+1427), lord of Fano. Sigismondo(b. 1417)was only six yearsold in 1423. 7. Virgil'scognomen 8. Colintranslates this obscurepassagefreelyas follows:Mais pourquoiinsister?Ne perdons pas le tempsen discours et retenons,pourporter unjugementglobal, que le plus grand des poetes latines ..., personnene peut le nier, etc. 9. the Aeneid 10. readinghumanosas a mistakefor humanas 11. Faunus.Cf. note to the Laltintext ad loc. 12. Mercury 13. praelibatos 14. of the Aeneid 15. the sun 16. quem = qui?

17. takingpientissimaeculpae in the sense of thefelix culpa of the Easterliturgy. 18.Morici's textwouldmean,"yourCatholic Virgilandmasterof ourmothertongue,thepoetDante." 19. See above,para.2.

APPENDIXII Correspondencewith LeonardoBruni,1431-1433 1.

Ciriacoto Bruni,Florence,13 December?1431, ?1432, ?1433.' Text2

LeonardoAretinoKiriacusAnconitanus.a

1.

litterasc Cum hisce diebus ad urbem,Leonardepraecelentissime,b 2. sive imperatoredSigismundocardinali quasdam ab inclito Pannoniaerege cuidam missas ee Senis legerem, in iis Romanum se regem inscribere forteminoremgimperatorish titulumcapescere'videretur.Ego animadverti,fut sedi enim verokmaius longe ambitiosiusve'nomen regium in Romanos sumpsisse videbarmquam imperatorium"Caesaremve aut augustale,

a

CiriacusAnconitanusLeonardoAretinosal. p. d. VI1

bpraecellentissimeV 11 literasV 1 dsive e

designato imperatoreV 11

e correctedfromesse V 11

f audividcorrectedto animadvertV22 gmaioremV 11 h imperatoreV 11 ' capessereV 11 Jsed: secundum?V 11 knon V11 ve repeated,thencrossedout V 11 m

videbaturV 1I

"Imp.V 1

181

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

182

quamquametenimamagiserrorebetcimperitiarerumRomanaruma suis iam diu praecessoribushoc in consuetudinemductumputarim,quamaniminova aliqua elatione aut insolentia.Qua quidemin re tuamvelimdhac in partee sententiamhabere. Valeex fluentinisscenisIdibusdecembribusf OlympiadisautemDLII

3.

anno 3?.g

2.

LeonardoBrunito Ciriaco,after31 May 1433.3 Text4 1.

LeonardusKyriacosalutem.h

2. Meliuserat,o Kyriace,non tantumsaperequantumsapis,siquidem te scientem aliorumerrata conturbant,quae ab ignorantenulla molestia Habet enim ignorantiamultis in' malis quiddamboni, quod praeterirentur. minusangiturquiaminussentit.Atque,ut adpostulataveniamtua,admiratum te dicisin hocnovoSigismundiprincipisadventuquod,qui antecoronationem se regemsciberetRomanorum, post coronationemvero, quasimaiusquiddam et digniusexprimerevolens,imperatoremse nuncupabat,nonJregem,quodtu

a

etenim V 11 et eum Ma3

berrorem Vi c d

1

V11 omits et. volumus corrected to velim V 11

e in hac

parte V11

fidibus decemb. 1433 V 11 g VI 1 omits Olympiadis ... 3?.

hFL8 and Mehus; Ma3 has Leonardus Aretinus Kyriaco responsiva. ' in

FL8, Mehus; Ma3 omits.

JMa3 omits non.

APPENDIXl / CORRESPONDENCE WITHLEONARDO BRUNI

183

perperamafactum arbitraria.Itaquete id reprehendisse ais et quaeris a me num idem sentiam quod tu, an contra putem. 3. Ego vero etbin hisCet in aliis permultis plurima quotidiedmihi videor errata cognoscere. Sed utor Democriti regula: rideo enim illa, non fleo. Quid enim mea referte quemadmodum barbari loquantur, quos neque corrigere possim, si velim,f neque magnopere velim si possim? De rege tamg et imperatore idem sentio quod tu, et iam pridem ridens barbariem istam, hoc ipsumhnotavi atque redargui. 4.

Tres enim gradus maiorum dignitatum apud Romanos, de quorum principe loquimur fuere: rex, dictator, imperator. Ex his suprema' omnium potestas rex est. Post regem vero secundum tenuit dignitatisjlocum dictatura. Post dictaturam imperium tertio gradu consequitur. Huiusce rei probatio est quod Octavianok imperatori, optime se gerenti, volens senatus populusque Romanusdignitatem augere, pro imperatore dictatorem eum' facere decrevit; quod ille non recepit,sed flexo genu recusavit quasi maioris fastus maiorisque invidiae dignitatem, existimans imperatoris nomen modicum ac populare, si ad dictatoris fastigium compararetur.Inferioris ergo dignitatis imperator est quam dictator, ut patet ex hoc.T Maiorem vero esse regiam potestatem quam

aperperam FL8, Mehus; Ma3 omits, leaving a blank space. b FL8

omits et.

c iis Ma3 d

quottidie Ma3

e refer Ma8

f vellem Ma3

FL8, Mehushave velim.

gMa3 omits tam. hMa3 omits hoc ipsum;FL8 andMehusincludeit. supprema Ma3, FL8 JFL8 omits dignitatis. k Octavio Ma3 Octaviano FL8, Mehus 'Ma3 and Mehus omit eum. m

ut patet ex hoc FL8, Mehus; ex hoc patet Ma3

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

184

ex eo potest intelligiquod Iulius Caesar,dictatorquumbesset, dictaturama affectavit regemfieri, cuius gratiainterfectusest, non ferentibuscivibus ut regiamassumeretpotestatem,sed dictaturam,utpoteminorem,caequisanimis in eo patientibus.d 5. Haecigiturquaeadhucdixi, etsi nullapenitusalia superadderentur,e se esse ipsaper vel sola probantabundegregiumnomenquamimperatorium nisi forte aut senatum dum dictatorem facere praestantius, pro imperatore rexfiericupiebat,non intellexissevim volebat,autCaesaremdumex dictatura istarumdignitatumexistimemus.hSed nolo his'esse contentus,praesertimad te scribens, cuius aures, novi, quam avidissimaesint vetustatis simul ac veritatis. Explicemus ergo singulorumnaturam,quaj cognita et inter se comparata,differentiamsui dilucideknobis ostendent.'Regem omnes sic accipiuntquasisupremam quaedamet absolutasit potestas,supraquemin suo nemo sed sit, regno ipsepraesitomnibus;ex quo fit ut rex nisi unusdumtaxat esse nonpossit.Pluresenimregessimul"eidemregnopraesidentessese mutuo impedirentnaturamqueperimerentregis, quae non omnibuspraeesset,sed haberetparitatem.

a

dictaturamFL8, Mehus;dictaturaFL8

b

quumFL8, Mehus;cum Ma3. Ciriacoin his autographsprefersquum.

c minoremMa3, Mehus;maioremFL8 dpacientibus Ma3

tamenMehus e aderenturMa3;superadderentur, f

probantMa3, Mehus;probabatFL8

g habunde Ma3 FL8

hexistimemusFL8, Mehus;existemusMa3 'his FL8, Mehus;iis Ma3 Jqua FL8, Mehus;quo Ma3 kdilucide FL8, Mehus;dillucideMa3 'ostendentFL8; ostendantMa3, Mehus m n

suppremaMa3

simulFL8;Ma3, Mehusomit.

WITHLEONARDO APPENDIX II / CORRESPONDENCE BRUNI

185

6. Patethoc in antiquismodemisqueregibus.Nequeenim Numaaneque Hostilius neque Ancusbneque alii deinceps Romanireges consortemaut sociumregnihabuere.De Romuloet Tatiocferunt,dsed alterSabinorum,alter rexerat,et inepropinquocollatirepugnantenaturasese passi non Romanorum sunt.Inmodemisfquoqueregibushoc idemgapparet;nequeenim Francorum nequeAnglorumpluressimulreges regnumguberant, sed unuset solus, cui fratres, cui patrui, cui propinquiomnes genua submittunt.hCessit' iam quandoqueapudhos filio pater,ac regiampotestatemsej vivo transferrein filiumkvoluit, ipse dimisit, quoniamduos simul regiampotestatemhabere contra naturamest huius dignitatis.At imperatoressimulpluressaepissime fuerunt.Non est' enim supremam potestas imperium,sed salva re publica, salvanauctoritatesenatus,et populi salva libertate,imperatorcreabatur.Est ad tutandamaugendamquerem enim?imperiumarmorumexercituumqueP

anummaFL8 bAntusMa3 anousFL8 TatioMa3;tacioFL8, Mehus d feruntFL8, Mehus;ferutMa3

in Ma3, Mehus;FL8 omits. fin moderis FL8, Mehus;inodemisMa3

gregibushoc idem Ma3;FL8, Mehusomit hoc. hsubmictuntMa3 FL8 CessitFL8, Mehus;Cessis Ma3 si Ma3 k

filiumFL8, Mehus;flio Ma3

'est FL8, Mehus;Ma3 omits. m suppremaMa3 FL8 salvare publicasalvaMehus;salvarei publicaesalvaMa3;rei publicaesalvaomittedby FL8 ?est enim FL8, Mehus;et enim Ma3 PexercituumqueMa3, Mehus;exercitumqueFL8

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

186

publicam commissa auctoritas. Itaque imperatore existente, nihilominusa consules praetoresque ac ceteri magistratus in re publica manebant,brege autemexistente manerenon poterant, quod patet ex dictatura.Illa enim, quod vim quandamregiae potestatishabere videbatur, simul atque inducta fuerat in rem publicam, ceteri magistratusc interibant, et abrogati per creationem dictatoris censebanturd praeter tribunos plebis. Et in hoc differebatedictator a rege quod dictatore existente plebs plebeique magistratus vim auctoritatemquesuamf retinebant;rege autem existente, tribuniciagpotestash plebisque auctoritasomnis omnino solvebatur.At enim cum' imperatorecuncti simul magistratus in re publica perstabant,jet auctoritas vigebat senatus, et populi libertas servabatur.kEx quo apparet imperatorem non esse dominum sed legitimam1potestatem, nisi forsanmCrispum Sallustiumn ignorasse vim dignitatemque?imperatoriinominis arbitremur,Pqui inquit: nam cum tute per

a

nihilominusMa3;nichilomenusMehus;nihil hominumFL8

b

manebantFL8, Mehus;erantMa3

c magistratusomnesMa3, Mehus d

censsabantur Ma3

e differebatMa3, Mehus;differebantFL8

f suam Ma3, Mehus;FL8 omits. g tribunitia FL8 h potestasMa3, Mehus;FL8 omits.

'cum Ma3, Mehus;cui FL8 perstabantMa3, Mehus;praestabantFL8 k

servebatur Ma3

' legiptimamMa3FL8 mforsan FL8, Mehus;forsitanMa3 "SallustiumFL8;SalustiumMa3, Mehus 0 vim

potestatemqueMehus

ParbitremusFL8, Mehus;arbramur FL8

APPENDIX II / CORRESPONDENCE BRUNI WITHLEONARDO

187

mollitiemagasaexercitumsuppliciocogere,idembdominumnon imperatorem esse. 7. Volo insuper unam vel alteramrationem inducere, quo maioris dignitatis regium nomen essec ostendam. Imperium enim quibusdam exercentac magistratibusrecte tribuimus.Nam omnes, qui iurisdictionemd haberedicimus.At regnumhabereillos possunt,fimperium punireet coerceree nunquamdiceremus,quoniamnomenimperiilegitimamg potestatemsignificat; regnumautemhaberesupraleges esset. 8. Praetereaquae Deo tribuimusvocabula, ea praestantissimasunt Cumenim Deus ineffabiliterexcellat,nec ulla humanareperiri' existimanda.h eius maiestate,illa Deo tribuimus,quaeapudnos suntmaxima,j dignapossint maiora tribuerenon habemus.Dum autemregemnuncupamusac quoniam regnumcaelorumdicimus,ut sacraelitteraepoetaequetestantur.Imperatorem vero qui deum vocaret, vix quisquamreperiretur,k propterea'quodmrex absolutamquesignificat;imperatorvero longe inferior potestatemsupremamn est.? Ex his omnibus luce clarius apparet,qui imperatoriumnomen regio nominianteferunt,eos in maximaignorationeversari. a

agas Ma3, Mehus

b

idem Ma3;idest FL8, Mehus

c esse FL8, Mehus;Ma3 omits. d

iurisdictionemFL8, Mehus;iurisditionemMa3

e coercere FL8;cohercereMa3, Mehus f

possuntFL8, Mehus;possentMa3

glegiptimamMa3 FL8 h ea...

existimandaMa3, Mehus;FL8 omits.

'repeririMa3, Mehus;imperiiFL8 JsuntmaximaFL8, Mehus;maximasuntMa3 k

repiriturMehus praetereaFL8;proptereaMehus;poptereaMa3

m

quia Mehus

suppremamMa3 FL8 "inferiorest FL8; inferioremMa3, Mehus

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

188

9. Sed heus! Tu qui hunc erroremnotasti, cur alium huic annexuma tacitusbpraeteristi?Coronarienim imperatoremubinamgentiummos fuit? Quis imperatoremRomanumantiquis illis temporibuscoronatumfuissec unquamaudivitautlegit?Non Augustum,non Tiberium,non Caligulam,dnon Neronem(cumpraesertimhi duo extremiintolerandaee superbiaeacfluxuriae non Antoninum;'nemo, inquam, forent): non Traianum,gnon Hadrianum,h istorumcoronamimperiiunquamsuscepitaut habuitaut usus est, nisi forte autrostratamquod classemhostiumcepisset, lauream,quumjtriumphassetk duae coronae non quae imperatorumerant magis quam quorumcunque triumphantium'aut vincentium. An ergo, quod illi tantam imperii magnitudinemhabentes non faciebant, hi quatuor iugerum possessores coronabuntur?Enim vero, non ut imperatores,sed ut reges, Romani coronantur.Curergo se post coronationemimperatoresscribunt,non reges? Deindetotumhoc ignorantiaem est, cum ne reges quidemnRomanosunquam

a

annexumFL8, Mehus;anexumMa3

b

tacitusFL8, Mehus;Ma3 omits. coronatumfuisse FL8, Mehus;Ma3 omits.

d

CaligulamFL8, Mehus;GallicolamMa3

e intolerandae Ma3, Mehus;intollerandaeFL8

f ac

FL8;aut Mehus

gTraianumFL8, Mehus;TayanumMa3 h

AdrianumFL8, Mehus;HadrianumMa3

'AntoninumMehus;AntoniumMa3FL8 i quumFL8; cum Ma3, Mehus k

triumphassetFL8, Mehus;triumphasetMa3 FL8 Ma3, Mehus;trihumphantium triumphantium

m

n

ignorantiaeMa3, Mehus;ignorationeFL8 quidemFL8, Mehus;Ma3 omits.

APPENDIX II/ CORRESPONDENCE WITH LEONARDO BRUNI

189

coronari mosa fuerit. Romulus enim et hib qui post eumc fueruntreges numquam coronamreceperuntdaut gestaruntaut usi sunt. Idem quoque observatum est a Tuscorumregibus,ut numquamcoronauterentur,sed trabea dumtaxateet palmataftunica. Quare hanc barbariem,quaeso, cum sua ignorantiavalere sinamus,et nos antiquisdoctissimorumvirorumscriptis, quod unicum est refugium,oblectemur,non curiosi quid agant isti aut quemadmodum loquantur.Vale.g NOTES 1.Thisletteroccursin two manuscripts:(1) Milan,Ambros.R 21 sup., saec. XV? (Ma3),fol. 174r.;paper,in 4to, except for parchmentleaves at beginningandend. This is a miscellanyof by GiacomoMorelli,who took this letterfromMS 257, saec. XV, fromthe library transcripts of St. Giovanniin Verdara,Padua. (2) Venice, Marc.lat. 14, 221 (4632), paper,in 4to, saec. XVIII (V 11),fol. 174v, "Ex cod. ms. sec. xv. n?. 257 in BibliothecaPatavinaS. Joannisin Viridario." The MS is a miscellanyof Epistolae,carmina,et orationes variorumauctorumex codicibusMS exscriptisa Jacobo Morellio,maiori ex parte inedita. BibliographyThe firstpublicationof this letterwas by Luiso, Studisu l'epistolario di Bruni; see also De Rossi, 1888, 358b, note 6; Gill, 1961, 48; G. Mercati,1894, 337-338 (=1937, 126-127). Thedate:De RossiknewtheletteronlyfromV 11, which gives the yearas 1433. But sinceSigismundwas no longeremperordesignatusin December 1433, havingbeen crowned in Rome on the previous31 May, De Rossi arguedthatthe date of the lettermust be 1432, when Ciriacowas in Siena with two papalambassadorsto meet the emperor-designate (Vita, para. 97-98). Mercatiarguesfrom Ma3 that the yeargiven therefor the letter(Olympiadis autemdLijanno3?)is 1431,butthatthis also is wrong;thatBruni'sreply(see next letter)was writtenafter the coronationand presupposesthat Ciriaco'sletterwas also writtenafter the coronation.He places great weight on Bruni's expression,imperatoremse nuncupatnon regem. Thedifferentdatingsin the two MSS and the readingdesignato in V 11 indicatethat the two texts derive from separateversionsof the letter.Bruni's reply [below] summarizes Ciriaco's argumentandmakesclearthatSigismund'scoronationas emperorin Rome on 31 May 1433precededCiriaco'sletter.The dategiven in V 11can thereforebe takenas correctonly if designatois translated'elected.'For the difficultyof makingout the meaningof Olympiadsin

amos b

FL8, Mehus;mox Ma3

hi FL8, Mehus;hii Ma3

c eum FL8, Mehus;RomulumMa3 d

receperuntFL8, Mehus;ceperuntMa3

e dumtaxat FL8, Mehus;Ma3 omits. f

palmataFL8, Mehus;paliataMa3

g Vale FL8, Mehus;Ma3 omits.

190

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

fifteenthcenturyFlorencecf. R. andT. Krautheimer,1970, vol. 2, 353-358. 2. The basic text used hereis thatof Ma3, with variantsfrom V1 1 notedin the apparatus. 3. Mercatiet aLassume-from itspositionin Ma3-that this is Bruni'sreplyto letter#1, above. It is found in threeMSS:(1) Florence,Laur.Gaddian.lat. 90 sup. 55 (FL8),a miscellanyof humanistletters,etc. (Bandini,1776, 635-639), fols. 52v-55r, (2) Milan,Ambros.R 21 sup. (Ma3), fols. 174r-177r, and (3) Turin,Bibl. NazionaleJ III 13 (To), vellum,misc., XVI C., fols. 400r-401v (not seen). Baron,1928.210-211; Bruni,L., Epistolae,ed. Mehus, 1741,II, Lib. Bibliography: VI, Ep. IX, pp. 57-61; Luiso, 1898-1903; Mercati, 1894, 337-338, (- 1937, 126-127) The date:Since the wordingof the text assumes the coronationof Sigismundas emperorhastakenplace,itmustbe datedafter31 May 1433. Barondatesit 13 December 1433 / beginningof 1434,relyingon Luiso's argumentagainstBeck'sdateof summer1433. 4. The basic text used here is that of Ma3, with variantsfrom FL8 and Mehus noted in Ina few cases, wherethe readingof Ma3 is clearlywrong,we have replacedit with apparatus. a readingfromV 11 or FL8, indicatingthatin the apparatus. 5. Mehus follows the greetingwith a summaryof the letter'sargument:Regis nomenmaius esse, quamDictatoris.DictatorisautempraestantiusImperatorisnominefuisse docet.

APPENDIXIII Lettersof FrancescoFilelfo writtento or about Ciriaco, 1427-1434 1. FromVenice, 21 December14271 Singularemtuum erga me amorem,si non vehementer amem, ingratus

sim.Amote, inquam,mi Kyriace,cum ob tuamin me benivolentiam,tumob eam inquisitionematque diligentiam,qua uteris maxima,in earumrerum inventione,quaevel nimiavetustatevel patrumnostrorumnegligentiaapud nos perierant. Incumbeigitur,ut facis, in tamliberaletamquelaudabilemunus renovandae vetustatis,vel ab interitupotiusvendicandae.Non enim parumet voluptatiset commodi,praese feruntistiusmodieulogia,atqueepigrammata, quae tantocum studioet labore,undiqueex universopropeorbe, in Italiam advehis:et horumquidemgratia,non solumvivos tibi concilias,sed mortuos quoquetibireddisobstrictosbeneficiosempitero. Et hac de re satis ac super. Petis a me ut tibi declaremquae Publij Virgilij Maronissententia fuerit in scribendaAeneide. Nam communemillam opinionemquam ludi magistriafferunt,voluisseVirgiliumet imitariHomerumet laudareAugustum tibi admodumprobari.Non mediocremprofectorempetis neque nequaquam brevis orationisopus, a me praesertim,qui hoc temporeotiosus non sum et angoraniminoniniuria,cumob hancpestilentiaeacerbitatem,quame Venetiis obsessumintueor,tumquiahic inutilitertempustero,ab ijs delususa quibus minime conveniebat.Sed ne me difficilem voces aut in amoretibi minus respondentem,dicambreviquodsentio. of the Aeneid.2The letter [The rest of the letteris his interpretation ends:] ? . . Et haec sunt quae mihi ad tuas litteras in hac temporum difficultate

Vale. respondendaoccurrrerunt. Ex Venetijs,xii. Kal. Ianuarias.M.cccc.xxvii. 2.

Filelfo to Ciriaco,fromVenice, 28 January14283 FranciscusPhilelfusKyriacoAnconitanoSal(utem)dicit. Placuisse tibi litteras meas et quae de Virgilii Maronissententia scripsimusin Aeneida, gaudeo.Quod autempetis qua rationeNeptunusab Ovidio Nasone cognominatussit Amphitriteset fortunaRhamnusia,paucis accipe.Rhamnusiaquidemnon est fortuna,ut vulgo exponuntmagistriludi, sed indignationisdea, qua graecitui vCaEOtV (nemesin)vocant. Nam cum Narcisusformaebonitateabuteretursuperbius,recte fingitureiusmodidea 191

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

192

adversusillumindignataiustisprecibusassensisse.Est enim indignatioanimi aegritudoadversuseum, qui bonis praesentibussit indignus,nemesisinquam significat.Rhamnusiavero dictaest a Rhamnus,qui est atticae indignationem Cuiusquidemdeaesimulachrum eo in loco pulcherrimum vicus,ubicolebatur. fuisse tradunt,factum a Phidiaulnarumin altitudinem decem illudque marmo-

reum.Neptunusautemnequaquamest Amphitritescognominatus.Dictio illa est apudOvidiumlibrariorum inscientia.Est enim foemininigeneris depravata declinaturquemore graeco. NominativoAmphitrite,Gentivo Amphitrites. Fingitur autem a poetis esse Neptuni uxor. Unde Claudianusde raptu Proserpinaeita cecinit:Etiam"Nereiaglauco,/ NeptunumgremiocomplectiturAmphitrite.'NamAmphitritemaresignificatdictailla quidemab apl)i (amphi), circum,et Tpeiv (trin), terrere.Mare enim circumse navigantes pereunditerroreinsequitur.Ex Amphitriteautemet Neptuno,Tritonnatus fingitura poetis. Si quidest quodaliuda me velis, nunquamfrustrarequires officiummeum.Vale ex Venetiisquintokal. Februarias.M.cccc.xxviii. 3. FromBologna,7 July 19284 1.

Franciscus Philelfus Kyriaco Anconitano S.

2.

Vix profectocrediqueatet praecipueab indoctisquamipse tuis his

delectatusquaeex Aegyptoin Italiamreportaraset in praesentia epigrammatis dedistiad me ... Ex Bononianonis iuliis MCCCCXXVIII.

4. FromFlorence,7 March1431.5 6OtiX4.>oq ODpcyKiOKOC KuptaKcb xoaipeIv.

1.

a

Claudian,De RaptuProserpinae 1.103-104.

bKupiaKt Legrand

APPENDIX TOCIRIACO Im/ FILELFO

193

2. tdc alt ['E]Yca3 ooo TTiv zitpi O.6yovu6fivatpiv Kai eaupda(ov, vvv O1K CX'6TX) &v TOTO6paoaotipltb poO6KOVTO; OiTO pEc 6TOV oGv AtolTXOGv Ux7LVIKjV yEypap KavraTrTv 4)ov)v ee71XA.rlE pCvov Kadlo?, Kai oE oiK ?v zTfKovo:av:Tivou [?7i;6).et] Tto: TOi 6Oyouv &aU' v 'A0vnvat? ?CKEiValt n7EpltIav)I ?prvuVUEV. f1 yap paeeiv, evoCOa 001 Xdpt? ToaEYEItv, CKEiOEV. 3. opat Tv qOv pouoOv 7;poSrTlv,EiVIep&v airTn CY? pV OVolpav opaTtKO

DuvpavUtVEV SVTVXueVo00, 6tanopEVpevT1v

TE KaVc ou TqO

C7aX0466tov T6v A.6y(v OaipdCouioav, T6 6plpt'nplv kKEivo epo0eat Ti

oO60ev esI av6p6v; 7t60OtTOt n6.Xt? i16e TOKTle?;

' 60 OvT Kai yap Cp) &yro ' iXYn ' iXo' vx 0oO Tooov E OeV ov Tiaoaov e:pTarcoG.e vtKopalt

4.

uytcatVef rotyapo6v

TOcdob 6x a&vfpa& TE Kai

TpbO Tzv o?fv

oo capeTrlv Pipv 6poito 6ttaKetp?vouD, Tzi OE6OvEvo65on e6ipouoGa TO TOD Kai p&aUov E64PpaivEtv Kai 6O 00ot1 TOUToti yO 7c1 X EXo01t Toi[ KaO' 5( oi p6vov oo0()4a, x1i NEoTopoC y?ipa:?EXVEUXopat, ipa&? &aXl'ij6' Kai Tzoi Td:aXit6taTpYtlgaol,opr16' Oit:oobv zTv Tp1o)TE)ov napaXop)pqoavTt. T6V pouOOV TCpEVO; (?), Kai TO6voOv ODXt,q()ov 4l6XEt, p XLotToj (i( EtG)O6a,06 uicp oou) Kai TOV 0oo01OVOtIOVTO V KiaV en To6Tov X6you lipo06pG().

5.

?ppOOo,

a The

capitalE is omitted,with a small e writtenin the margin,indicatingthatthe space was to havebeenfilled by an artistor calligrapheras an illuminatedinitial. b6paotipi Legrand c Ki d e

Legrand

EXEI Legrand u:EpTcaTrl

Legrand

fl yiavIt Legrand g 6tatxpiraCotLegrand hU6cip ro6Legrand

'oot Legrand J AXovroLegrand

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

194

7.

rati vOvaC papz0iou ua' (DoA)pEvCia0Ev, C;EI a0

)Xv d a

Io

XplOTO yEvv'axOEC. 5.

Filelfo to Panormita,1433 or 14346 FranciscusPhilelphusAntonio Panormitae,&vbpi &piozro Kat Kaij c -iotlrl

io:tob salutem dicit.

Salve, dimidiumanimaemeae. Si vales, ita est ut opto. Ego autem perbellevaleo. KiriaciAnconitanisingularestudiumin revocandisad vitam mortuis non te latet; quare, etsi minime sum ignarus quanti hominem facis-facis enimplurimi,--velimtamenmeaetiamcausaeum tibi carissimum fieri.

a auA& Legrand bThe scribeof Rc omits the Greekbutwritesgrecumest, afterPanormitae;thenhe writes

anderasesanimaedimidiummeae si beforeSal. d. Salve, andwritesthemin their prematurely propersequence,directlyafterSalve. N5 omitsthe Greekentirely.

APPENDIXIlm/ FILELFOTO CIRIACO

195

NOTES 1. Our text is fromV.R. Giustiniani,1980, 37-42; we have not seen the MSS, which he lists there:(1) Milan,BibliotcaTrivllziana,873; (2) Paris,Bibl. Nationale,Cod. Par. lat. 4842; (3) Cod. Monac. lat. 18801. Munich,BayerischeStaatsbibliothek, Flelfo,Ep. Fam., 1502ed., fols. 2-2v; V.R. Giustiniani1980, 33-44, Bibliography: a new criticaleditionof the entiretext of this letter,basedprimarilyon MS Trivulzianus873; Robin,1991, 53, note 141 (excerptonly, fromGiustiniani),55, note 143, 75, and 155;Colin, 1981, 393-394, 2nd 475-476 (portionstranslatedinto French). 2. See Robin,53. 3. Filelfo,Ep. Fam., 1502, fol. 3v. 4. Not seen. The portionof text reproducedhere is fromColin, 1981, 394. 5. Milan,BibliotecaTrivulzio,873 (83,7), editedand translatedby Legrand,1896, no. 8, pp. 17-18. Paraphraseon p. 18. 6. Manuscripts: (1) T, foL164v;(2) Naples,Bibl. NazionaleV.E.64 (N5), fol. 3r.;Rome, Bibl. Casanatense,3636 (Rc), fol. 122v.Publishedby Olivieri,63, froma MS now lost. Date: The letteris undated.The date given here is based on the suppositionthat Ciriaco'sfirst encounterwith Panormita,which this letterof recommendationwould have preceded,wason theoccasionof his visitto Milanat this time.Panormitaleft the Visconticourt in 1434 to join the courtof Alfonso V of Naples:see Vita,translation,note to para. 112.

APPENDIXIV Letterof AntonioLeonardito Felice Feliciano 5 October1457

LatinTexta IMM.DEO. 1. AntoniusLeonardiFelici Felicianoamico suo salutemdicit.Litterae tuaeapudnos perlectaenobismaximamattuleruntlaetitiamquia amatoremac restauratoremoblitarumantiquitatumhis nostrisperditisdiebusreperimus. Quumadeorariac perditisintutvix intermortalespauciinveniantur,maxime es, quumex infinitohominumgrege quasisolus igiturpenesomnislaudandus supersis. 2. Multain tuislitterisde KiriaconostroAnconitanoscribis:qui utinam annisnaturavitae suae finem fecit. Habeas extaret,namsuperioribus vir ille interantiquosantiquissimusfuisset,benequein variisrebuseruditus, litteris praesertimGraecis atque Latinis;nam opuscula ab eo edita quae vaganturtestes sunt <de eo> qui, ne longius quam statui sim, totumferme peragravitmundum.Nam aedificia, templa deorum marmorea,bstatuas,c epigrammata, antiquitatesomneshic propriisoculis conspectusest; nec huic nocuit itineris asperitas, nec pelagi saevitia neque longae unquam peregrinationislassitudo; omnia ob virtutem,ob antiquitatesinveniendas facillima,suavia,iucundaquefuerunt. 3. Sed inter alia haec tibi narrarede patientiahuius viri libet. Quum provintiam quandamGraeciae perscruptasset,postea sarcinullaenavim impositaeac veladventis dedissent,quumper XXC miliaepassuumabesset, ab amicosuo audivitepigramma quoddamvidisse post moeniacivitatisnuper a

T, fols. 198v-20lr. For a translationof this lettersee the Introduction.

bmarmorae

c statuae d vella

millia

196

197

APPENDIX IV

ab eis relictae,Kiriacusob hoc summo affectus dolore, postquamterram applicuit, relicta trireme,redivit ut epigrammavideret ac pemotaret,qui minime,ut dixi, longioremviam metuit. 4. Ipseetiamapudomnesfermenationesnotuscarusquefuit. Nam apud Theucrosplurimumclaruit,undegenitorahuiusqui Byzantiumnuperdelevit suo signatumnomineoptumoKiriacodonavit,qui tutusper cheirographumb civitates,oppida,loca, ac villas sine offensione,vectigale,et ulla laesioneire posset ac si unusex familiasuae domusesset. 5. Quapropterhaec paucaex multisad te scriberehaudingratumfuit, quum vestigia huius hominis te approbarevidear,quae erga omnes virtuti deditosprobandaamplexandaquesunt. 6. IgiturhuiusKiriacinostriclarissimifactalauda,inquire,dilige, ama, nec ignobilemaut obscurumaemulaverishominemsed clarum cole, atque sanguine,posteaclarioremvirtute. 7. Postremosi quidhumanitatiscapudnos dignumfore aspicies,petas amiceatqueillicoobtinebis.Vale, antiquitatumamatordecusque.Ex Venetiis 1111? NonasOctobrisMCCCCLVII. Et quia,uthominemeruditumdecet, antiquitatisdelectationeteneris, 8. Torcellirepertanec non Muriani.Hac in re iudicium mittoadte epigrammata tuumexpecto: TorcelliapudVenetias. LOGIVS.PATROCLVS SECVTVS.PIETATEM COLegaCENTUionum.HORTOS CVM.AEDIFICIO HVIC.SEPUUure.IVNCTO

VIVOS.DONAVIT.VT EX.REDITV.EORUm

LARGIVS.ROSAE.ET ESCE.PATRONO.SVO ET. QVANDOQ.SIBI PONERENTVR a

SenitorColucci

b

cyrographum

humanitatiColucci

[Not foundin CILV]

198

VITA KYRIACI ANCONITANI

Venetiis .L. HERENNIVS

AESOPVS CARVS.AMICIS

[CILV, 2234]

MurianiapudVenetias

VIVI.FECE.

.L. PLOTIVS.GEMINIAN.

HERMES Q. MVRTIVS ET.M.TERENTIVS VARIANVS AMICI.INTER.SE.REDATVR PARTIERVNT.INFRO"'e.P". LX. REro.pes. LX.

.D. M.

[CILV, 2258]

APPENDIX V Ciriaco's 'Itinerarium' Gatheredherearethepassagesin the 'Itinerarium'(Vo4, fols. lr-21v, ed. Mehus, 1742, pp. 1-52) that arerelatedto similarpassagesin the Vita. Wherethewordingof the 'Itinerarium'coincideswith thatof the Vita,these expressions are italicized. Texts are from the unique manuscriptof the 'Itinerarium'(Vo4),correctedonlywherenecessary,with the readingsof Vo4 reported in the apparatusalong with the variants(usually,corrections),in Mehus'edition.They arearrangedin the orderin whichthe parallelpassages occurin the Vita. 1. Egypt (Vita,para.17; Vo4, fol. 20r-v, ed. Mehus48-50). "inc etenimaego rei nostraegratia,et magno utiqueet innato visendi orbis desiderioprimumItaliaeposthabitisurbibusAegyptumpetens et MemphiticamBabylona,navim BenvenutoAnconitanoScoctigolo [sic] ductitante praefecto conscendi,b et nostrum tandem per Adriaticum Illyricumque et altum per Ionium Ceraunia promontoriabonis Euris transfretantes Libureis Dalmaticisquenec non EpiriPhaeacibusLaertiaque peraequoraOdisseaveCephaloneisZacinteisquevisis et absconditisinsulis, Cretammagni Iovis insulam superavimuset inde Lybicumper immensum AlexandriamdeniquenobilissimamAegypti venimus urbem,ubi primum antiquiPhariipraecelsi vestigia vidimuset eximiaeurbismoeniaportasque ingenteset vetustatumc egregiaplurimaextraintusqueconspeximus.Sed inter potiora ad ipsa Ptholomeiaregia immanem illum Numidicumolim exd Philadelpho e Thebisadvectumobeliscumvidimuset extracivitatismuros pipereampropeportamvidimusmaximamillam columnam,quamincertum vulgus hodie Pompeianam appellat, et nos veroe Alexandricam regis. Dinocratemf nobilemarchitectumeximiamperbasimantiquoex epigrammate novimuserexisse."

a

Mehusomits etenim.

b

consendi Vo4

c

vetustarumVo4

d

Mehuscorrectsto a.

e veriusMehus

f

regis,quam DinocratemMehus

199

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

200

2. Ancona. (Vita, para. 47; Vo4, fols. 14v-15r, ed. Mehus 38): (a) Exinde vero concedens Anconitanam civitatem tuam, nostram et dulcem patriam revisi. Nam et tuam merito civitatem dixi, quam et a te bis denos ante annospro Martino Pontifice Legato dignissima in parte restitutam cognovimus.Quodaet quem Traianusolim optimus et prudentissimus princeps condiderat portum, tu, Pater piisime, Brincio concive necessarioque nostro curante praefecto meque ratiocinanteb quaestore ruinam magna ex parte minantemreparasti, ac magno studio, sollertia diligentiaque tua terra marique omni cum omatu cultuque ad pristinam fere sui formam splendoremque restituisti. (Vita, para. 54; Vo4, fol. 18r-v, ed. Mehus, 44-46).c (b) Huiusce quidem rei nobile testimonium in hodierum extat insignem apud eiusdem civitatis portum marmoreus et mirabilis arcus quem desuper inclytus olim ille .S.P.Q.R. huic optimo Principi et eiusdem celeberrimi portus conditori auream equestrem statuam conspicuas inter Divae Martianae sororis Plotinaeque iucundissimae coniugis imagines miro quidem architectoris opere dicarat hoc nobilissimo suo testante aureis litteris epigrammate [CIL IX, 5894]: [Between the short inscription on the left and the central, main, inscription Vo4 has the drawing of a Doric column on which the words PORTUS ANCONIS are inscribed vertically.] Imp.Caes.Divi Nervae f.Nervae Traiano Divae Plotinae opt0 Aug.Germanic.Dacico pont.maxod Martianae tr Pot.XVIIII Imp IXIe Cos.VI.pp.provi Aug. dentiss principi S.P.Q.R.Quod acces Coniugi Aug. Soro sum Italiae.hoc etiam addito ex pecunia Aug. ri Aug. sua portu Tutiorem navigantibus Reddiderit. Ipse etiam Princeps inclytus auream eiusdem statuae atque praeclaram imaginemhuic tam egregiae civitati civibusque omne per aevum honorabile signum gestare regia liberalitate donavit. Cuiusce vero splendentem iconis a

MehusomitsQuod.

bratiotinanteVo4 For a comparisonof this passage with the nearly identicalparalleltext of Ciriaco's AnconitanaIllyricaquelaus et AnconitanorumRaguseorumquefoedus see Campana,1959, 495. Campana's fromthispassageforthedependenceof the Vitaon the 'Itinerarium' argument is rejectedimplicitlyin ourIntroduction. d

MAX. Mehus

e

Mehuscorrectsto IX, butCiriacoalways (mistakenly)readsIXI.

V / PARALLEL APPENDIX PASSAGESINTHE'ITINERARIUM'

201

effigiemper publica nostraecivitatis loca purpureaquepretoriana vexilla tea saepe per Latium et Ausonias urbes enitescere b non dubito.

3. Nicosia, Cyprus (Vita, para. 68; Vo4, fol. 20v, ed. Mehus 50 [from Ciriaco's descriptionof his visit to Egypt, where he saw the capturedarmor of King Janus displayed]): Equidem inde Icaream amplissimam civitatem petens amoenam per TraianamNilei fluminisfossam barbaramgeruneamqueccymbam amplum ad Nilum venimus et adverso quinosd per dies amne superato regiam illam magnam Soltanei principis venimus. Sed quisnam diceret quam ingentem domorum multitudine confertam populosam et barbarica omnigenum ope copiosissimam vidimus urbem immaniaque et lapidum peromata foedae illius et temerataedeum opinionis delubra?Sed quid memorem nostrae ob incuriam gentis dedecus in foro pendentia alto in vestibulo templi Cyprii regis pientissimi Iani spolia, insignem galeam clipeumque? Quod et forte saepius meminisse iuvabit.e 4. Kardhamyla, on the island of Chios (Vita, para. 74; similar language apropos of a visit to the Paduan country estate of his relative and patron, Zaccharia Contarini of Venice [Vo4, fol. lOv, ed. Mehus, 29]): Inde vero Cenomanosf per campos et Euganeos colles Patavinum ad Conterraneum necessarium nostrum sua rura colentem Zachariamg agrum convenimus, ubi postquam homines inter agrestes inculta sylvarum una et agrorumculta lustravimus,alii per dumos pictas quaeritanthavibus aves, alii quidem escatis sub unda hamis varigenos' laqueare pisces sua pro voluptate

a

Mehusomits te.

b

suppliedfromVita,para.59: enitescerevidentur

cMehus readsgeruntamque. d

Mehuschangesto novenos.

e cf.

Virgil,Aen. 1.203

fZenomanosVo4 gZacheriamVo4 h Mehuschangesto quaeritabant.

' variginosVo4

ANCONITANI VITAKYRIACI

202

curabant. Nempe animi praestantioris alii ad altos per invia lustra collesa orthoceros insectari cervos aprosve setigeros plerique venabulis armis canibusquepercurrunt.bEgo sed enim interea ut non omnes diei horas omni ex parte vacuas amitterem,c utque non me meis totum et inexpertem curis viderem, dum graeca librorum fragmenta, quae aliqua nuper Italiae sub insula Phaeacum advexeram, lectitarem, in eum incidi libellum, quem brevissimumde virtuteconscripserat Aristoteles ille philosophorum egregius. At et cumdis [eum]etam paucis exarareflitteris conspectareturea de inclyta re, quae tam divinarumquamhumanarumrerumomnium summa est ut Latiis non foret ignotus, praedigne Paulo Pergulensi viro philosophicog optimo transducendum,latineque transmittendumcuravi .... 5. Rome (Vita, para. 99; Vo4, fols. 7r-8r, ed. Mehus 21-22), where there is a most striking, verbatim agreement between the texts of the Vita and the 'Itinerarium': Quid et magnis de principibus dicendum? Quod cumh Romae te pontifice ad Sigismundum caesarem me tui suique gratia contulissem, postquam de rebus agendis meaque de potissima rerum indagandarumcura maiestati suae quae pro re digna visa sunt detexi, dum saepe tanto cum principe vetustatumreliquias undiqueper urbem disiectas inspectamus, talia et sibi Romanorum priscorum afflatus numine dixi: N(on)' equidem parum putabam optimi Augusti caesarei principis animumlacessere quod qui nunc vitam agunt Romana inter moenia homines

a colle

Vo4

bSee the parallelpassage in Ciriaco's letter to Francesco and Crasso, dated die IIII. K (alendas)Jan(uarias)1435:Namaliiper dumospictas quaeritantavibusaves, alii quidem sub undas hamis varigenos laqueare pisces amabant. Sed animi praestantiores[Mehus praestantioris]alii ad altos per invia lustramontesorthocerosinsectare[Mehusinsectari] cervospleriquevenalibus[Mehusvenabulis]armiscanibusquecucurrunt.(Vo4, fol. 30v, ed. Mehus,60). c admitteremVo4 d

Mehuschangesto quum.

e is eum Vo4 f Mehuscorrectsto exarasse.

gphilosogicoV04 h Mehuschangesto

'N equidemVo4

quum.

APPENDIX V / PARALLEL PASSAGESINTHE'ITINERARIUM'

203

marmorea ingentia atque ornatissima undique per urbem aedificia, statuas insignes, et columnas tantis olim sumptibus, tanta maiestate, tantaque fabrum et architectorum arte conspicuas, ita ignave, turpiter et obscoene' in dies ad albam tenuemque convertunt cinerem, ut eorum nullamb brevi tempore speciem vestigiumve posteris apparebit. Proh scelus! et wf vos inclytae Romuleae gentis manes, aspicite haec meritumque malis advertite numen.d Hic cum bonuse ille princeps tanta de hominum incuria rerumque calamitate indoluit, meum deinde tam dignae rei desiderium laudavit, et Matheo illo nobili praefecto suo curante sua me caesarea familiaritate decoravit.f 6. Modena (Vita, para. 105, 183; Vo4, fol. lOr, ed. Mehus 27): Ac deindeper Bononiam ad Liguras me iterum et Cenomanas urbes converti, et primum Togatam apud Galliam Mutinensia egregia monumenta Scipionis eiusdem urbis optimi pontificis gratia conspectareg litterisque mandare malui. 7. Milan (Vita, para. 112-113, 151, 190; Vo4, fol. 8r, ed. Mehus 22-23): Exinde vero apud Mediolanum nobilissimam Insubrum civitatem Philippus ille insignis Ligurum dux, cum meam epistolis curam intelligeret, ipsam haud asperandam duxit. Sed Urbano lacob(o)h optimo suo illo intercurante secretario, sua quaeque civitatis egregia et extra Ticinianae arcis copiosa ab antiquae gentis origine monumenta hortosque' regios et ingentia ferarum claustra, nobile sui magnificentissimi principis opus, vidimus late, nec non eo iubenteInsubrumquicquid nobile reliquum vetustatis extat inspeximus, Beatissime Pater.

a

Mehus corrects to obscene.

b

ullam Vo4 Mehus also corrects to nullam.

c o Mehus d

Cf. Virgil, Aen. 4.611: accipite haec meritumque malis advertite numen

e

Mehus corrects Hic cum to Heic primum, omitting bonus.

fCf. Vita, para. 98 adfin. g Mehus changes to inspectare. h Iacob

Vo4

'hortusque Vo4

VITAKYRIACIANCONITANI

204

8. Verona (Vita, para. 165-167; Vo4, fol. 1Or-v, ed. Mehus 28-29): Et his demum exactis Veronam venimus, alteram et praeclaram Cenomanae regionis urbem, Catulli Pliniique Secundi inclytis nominibus claram et aevo utique nostro apprime Guarini rhetoris cl(arissimi)a peroratam, ubi et insignia vetustatum plurima vidimus et Harenarumb Augusta et L. Vitruvio nobilissimo architecto theatra, antiqua deinde moenia portasque regias, et veterem abbatiae Sanctissimic Zenonis bibliothecam. 9. Mantua (Vita, no. 191, 194; Vo4, fol. 1Or,ed. Mehus 27-28): Exin magno videndi patriam mei vatis amore Mantuam antiquam venimus Cenomanamet fortunatamtantinominis urbem, ubi Ioanne Francisco clarissimo principe favitante et Victorino Feltrensi natorum eius optimo praeceptore viroque apprime docto magnopere intercurante,Pietolam ipsius vatigenamMaronis villam, eiusque tuguriadet memorabile solum contigimus: ac ipsa in civitte marmoreumtam sanctissimi poetae simulachrumesuo cum dignissimo epigrammate laete iocundeque conspeximus. 10. Genoa (Vita, no. 203; Vo4, fol. 6r-v, ed. Mehus 16-18): Sed quos alios illa de inclyta Genuensium urbe praeclaros aetate nostraviros praeteream,quos peregregie meam cognovimus exomasse curam, ut vel in primis BaptistenCicadam'praestantissimum equitem Senis et ipsa in urbe apud Sigismundum Caesarem, Andream Imperialem Mediolani apud Philippumducem et exinde, dum Genuam ipsam peterem, ad Paulum fratrem et lacobum Bracellum egregium publicae rei scribam elegantissimum epistolas ad me dantem. Omittamne et ipsa in civitate nobiles illos cives Franciscum Spinulam, loannem Grillum, Benedictumque Nigronem, qui et duce Philippo mei gratia moniti me postquam humane susceperant, omnia mihi civitatis insignia ostentantes nobilem illumg preciosissimoh de smaragdo cratera lubentissime vidimus et praetentavimus manu.

a

CL. Vo4; MehuswritesClariss.

b

Mehuscorrectsto Arenarum. SS Vo4; MehuswritesS. (= sancti).

d

tiguriaVo4

e Mehuscorrectsto simulacrum. f cicalamVo4; Mehusalso correctsto Cicadam. gnobileillud Vp4;Mehusalso correctsto nobilemillum. h

preciosissimaVo4; Mehusalso correctsto preciosissimo.

APPENDIX V / PARALLELPASSAGES IN THE 'ITINERARIUM'

205

11. Southern Italy (Vita. no. 206 ff.; Vo4, fols. 8r-9v, immediately after the account of the visit to Milan [expl. Beatissime Pater: see above, no. 7],a ed. Mehus 23-25). The text goes on: (a) Liternum, Terraccina (Vita, para.207,206; Vo4, fol. 8v, ed. Mehus 24): Exinde, Christophoro iuvante Caietano, Linternea Scipionis monumenta et Terrecinarumb marmorea Aug(usti) Caes(aris)c templa vidimus et ingentia silicum strata viarum. (b) Naples (Vita, para. 209; Vo4, fol. 8r-v, ed. Mehus 23): Exinde vero concedens apud Neapolim Parthenopeam illam nobilem Campaniae civitatem me quam avidissime contuli, loanna muliere illa sereniss(ima) Karoli filia et Ladislai sorore regis nobiliss(imi) regnante regina,quae me postquamKiriaciSylvatici illius egregii olim familiaris regiae maiestatis patriae nepotem cognoverat, me perbenigne suscepit, Ioanne Caraciolodviro nobilissimo equite et b(ene) m(erente) praefecto suo curante favitanteque. At ibi postquammarmoreumCastoris et Pollucis vetustissimum templumGraeco cum epigrammate et alia egregia vetustatis vidimus, nostris et adiecimus commentariis. (c) Pozzuoli, Virgilian Sites (Sibyl's Temple, Lake Avernus, Capo Miseno, Cumae), Baiae (Vita, para. 210; Vo4, fol. 8v, ed. Mehus 23-24): Iussus ab iise Hercules Putheolanusf pr(aetore)g me Puteolos usque comitatus est, quo duce vetusta Sybillae templa, Averni lacus et usque Misenum ad celebrem montem omnia Cumarum Baiarumque monumenta inspexi, ubi Luculliana Neronianaque magnifica operahplurima nostram ad diem vestigia prospectantur.

a

For the chronologicalproblemscreatedby this section see the Notes to the Translation, para. 206 ff. For the 'unreliable chronology' of the 'Itinerarium' in general, see the Introduction. b

Mehus corrects to Tarracinarum.

cAVG. CAES. Vo4 d

Mehus corrects to Caracciolo. Mehus changes to his.

f Mehus corrects to Puteolanus.

g PR. Vo4; Mehus expands to Praefectus. h

Mehus corrects to Lucullianorum Neronianorumque magnificorum operum.

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

206

(d) Benevento (Vita,para.211; Vo4, fol. 8v, ed. Mehus24): Et inde apud Sannitesaad egregiamillam Beneventanamurbem nobilesvetustatum reliquiastheatraet insignemdivi TraianiCaesaris arcum inspeximus.

(e) Gaeta, Capua, Sessa (Vita,para.207,208; Vo4, fol. 9r, ed. Mehus24): Et indepariterCaietanisCapuanisbSuessanisquevisis munimentis,c (f) Voyage to Messina, Circumnavigationof Sicily (Vita,para.215-216 and32; Vo4, fol. 9r-v, ed. Mehus24-25): demummariaAnconitananavi transfretantes unatuis cum Tyrrhena Daniele Parentinopontifice et loanne Bosculo, ad Alphonsuminclytum Taraconensiumd regem oratoribus, Siciliam venimus, Lipareis Vulcaneisque

fumantibusinsulisproculinspectiset Pachinoeper Scylleafpemitiosavada superato. Sed et Trinacriaetriailla nobiliavidimuspromontoria,Pelorum, et egregiasmaritimasurbesMessanam,Panhormumg PachinumLylibeumque, et arduum Taurominiumoppidum, Aethneumhcelsum Drepanumque, montem curavimus;et inde implacabilemper fumiferumque suspicere Carybdim'AusonicumLeucopetraeadivimus promontoriumet antiquam Rhegiumcivitatem;et tandemperLucaniame CalabrisApuliamvenimus,ubi Sfortiano illo Franciscocomite illustrissimofavitantesua quoquevidimus loca, Manfredoniamqueinter dirutam Sipontum et Gargani montis sitam. Sed anteaexitiales apudCannasBaroletumvidimus promuntoriumj

a

Mehuscorrectsto Samnites.

b Mehusomits

Capuanis.

c Mehuscorrectsto monumentis. d

Mehuscorrectsto Tarraconensium.

e Mehuscorrectsto Pachyno,here,andPachynum,below.

fSyllea Vo4 gMehuscorrectsto Panormum. h

Mehuscorrectsto Aetneumque.

'Mehus correctsto Charybdim. JMehuscorrectsto promontorium.

APPENDIX V / PARALLELPASSAGES IN THE 'ITINERARIUM'

207

quod Heraclemsanctum oppidum ac ingens in eo ex aere simulachrum,a incertumvulgusappellareconsueverat.b 12. Return to Piceno (Vita,para.217; Vo4, fol. 9v, ed. Mehus,25). Inde vero me nostramad Picenamprovinciamverti et Firmianae coloniaevidimusaugustamGirofulcaneamqu arcempraecelsam.

a

Mehuscorrectsto simulacrum.

b ForsimilarlanguagedescribingCiriaco'svisit to Manfredoniaand Barlettain 1437 see Moroni,Epigrammata,p. 37 (Bodnar,1960, 45).

APPENDIX VI Ciriaco's Drawings of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.1 It is impossibleto determine theactualdateon whichCiriacomadethe of original drawings Hagia Sophia (he visited Constantinopleoften in his travels-in 1418-1419, 1428, 1431, and several times in the years 1444-1447: for the first three visits, see the Introduction,'Chronology.' Althoughthe only lengthyverbaldescriptionof Constantinople'santiquities attributableto Ciriacooccursin the Vita in connectionwith his earliestvisit in 1418, it is unlikelythatCiriacoknewenoughLatinat thattime to be able to writeeitherthedetaileddescription reportedin the Vita (para.38-43) or the to the of headings drawings HagiaSophiarecordedhere(see Vita, translation, note to para. 40). Nevertheless,we includethe headingshere on the good chance that they are contemporaneous with the descriptionin Ciriaco'slost diaryon whichpara.38-43 arebased,wheneverthatmay have been written.2 Descriptionof ParmaMS 1191 (Pp), fols. 61-66: fol. 61r:blank fol. 61v: [Introductory paragraph]: Almae Sophiae sapientiaeve sacrum in Bizantio a lustiniano Caesare Templummaximum et CIIII porfireis serpentinis ac marmoreis columnis diversorumque nobilium et conspicuum lapidum insigne, Anthemio Tralleo et Isidoro Milesio nobilibus architectorumprincipibus.3 [Headingfor drawingno. 1]: Ab externatempliet occiduapartefigura a quaprimumvestibulum atqueingressumhabuissevidetur:cuiusamplitudoper lat(itudinem) cubito(rum)C et L, altitudovero cubi(torum)CXXmetita est.4 [The rest of the page was left blank, presumablyin order to accommodatethe drawingof the church'sexteriorfrom the west, showingalso the frontof the atrium.This is one of the two drawings reproducedby Giulianoda Sangalloin his 'sketchbook,'Vb2, fol. 28r.]5 fol. 62r: [Headingfor drawingno. 2]: PronaonPentapilonBizantianimaximiSophiaesapientiaevedelubri nobile.Longitudocubi(torum) XC, la(titudo)X, alt(itudo)p(edum?) XX.6

[The rest of the page is blank, to leave room for a drawing, presumablyof the firstnarthex,or vestibule.]

208

APPENDIX VI / CIRIACO'S OFHAGIASOFIA DRAWINGS

209

fol. 62v: [Headingfor drawingno. 3]: Propylea templiIXportarumdiversorumqueconspicuumlapidum et aurea testudineinsigne. Lon(gitudo)cu(bitorum)XC, lat(itudo) XV, altitudocub(itorum)XXV.7 [The rest of the page is left blankfor a drawing,presumablyof the secondnarthex,whose measurementsareaboutthe same as those of the first.] fol. 63r: [Drawingno. 4] Opus inimitabile [Ms: in imitabile] tempus minatur destruere. Prohibeturautemnostramper curam.Sed,o rex excelse, aperi nobis domumquamtempusnon tangit.8 [Nota caption,but"Ciriaco'sLatinversionof an inscriptiononce in the north tympanumof Hagia Sophia."9The rest of the page is left blankfora drawing,probablynot of the northwall, as the inscription mightleadus to expect,but"ageneral,perspectiveview of the interior lookingtowardthe apse."]10 fol. 63v: [Headingfor drawingno. 5]: Ad alta templiab interioriparte deambulatoriaquae catacumina vocitantin medioprimariaepartis pavimento.1 [Therestof this page is left blankfor a drawingof the interiorof the westfacade,i.e., thewholefrontthirdof the churchviewed fromunder the dome lookingwest, includingthe two westernpiers that support thedome,whichin thedrawing-also copiedby Sangalloin Vb2, fol. 28r-are madeto appearas if they were on the same plane with the twopierson eitherside of the entrance.'2The drawingalso shows the mentionedin "high ambulatories,called galleries"(KaTX'qlo5pEva) thisheadingand,in thegalleries,the "porphyryandserpentinemarble columns"of theintroductory (andthe Vita,para.40), which paragraph eitherCiriacoor Sangallo misinterpretedas "twistedporphyryand marblecolumns."]'3 fol. 64r: [Headingfor drawingno. 6] mediatestudinetempliDC marmoreisexpolitis tabulis Pavimentum et suacte natura.'4 insigne the [Therestof pageis left blankfor a drawing,perhapsof a detailof the pavementunder the dome, perhaps as seen from the gallery, "thegroundplanreproducedon fol. thoughmorelikelyit accompanied 44r of the BarberiniCodex."]'5 fol. 64v: [Spacefor drawingno. 7]: Blank,except at the bottom.

210

VITAKYRIACI ANCONITANI

[The whole page is left blank,probablyfor a drawingshowingthe elevationfrom the top of the dome to the floor, i.e., a longitudinal sectionthroughthebuilding,includingthenave arcadeandthe dome,16 with the following subscriptat the bottom:] A summotestudinisculminead pavimentumcubitorumC, lat(itudo) p(edum?)LX,diametrump(edum)IIII.'7 fol. 65r blank fol. 65v: [Headingsfor two inscriptions,side by side]:'8 Ad magnamde marmorebasimad marmoreamcolumnam'9 Latinis litteris inscriptio:in NeronemCaesaremepigramma20 [Therestof pageis leftblank,presumablyfor two Greekinscriptions, writtenside-by-side,in columns.] fol. 66r: [Headingfor drawingno. 8?]:21 Latitudo cubitorumC et similiter ad summumtestudinis culmen altitudocubi(torum)C. Ab interioreparte.22 [This looks like the headingfor an eighthdrawingof HagiaSophia showing, perhaps,a view up into the dome from floor level; or would possibly,thehalf-domeoverthe apse. This latterinterpretation the one element from the the eastern description: supply missing interiorwall with its apse andaltar-table.Otherwise,we may have to saythathe consideredthe east interiorwall too muchlike the western one, whichhe did represent,to repeat.] NOTES 1. The Manuscripts:(1) Parma,BibliotecaPalatina,1191 (Pp). Paper,thirdquarterof the fifteenthcentury:headingsfor eight separatedrawingsof the church of Hagia Sophia in occuron fols. 61-66. Space is left on each page for the drawings,which were Constantinople never executed. (2) Vatican City, Biblioteca Vaticana, Vat Barb. Lat. 4424 (Vb2): 'sketchbook'of Giulianoda Sangallo,which includes,on fols 28r and 44v, two drawingsof HagiaSophia,with the sameheadingsas two of the eight headingsin Pp. Bibliography:Bodnar,1960, 106-114, 227 (with bibliographypriorto 1958);Brownand Kleiner,1983(onGiulianodaSangallo'suse of Ciriaco'sdrawings);Huelsen, 1910, I (fasimile of theSangallo'sketchbook'[Vb2]);Mitchell, 1974 (for Sangallo'scopy of Ciriaco'sdrawing of the headings). of the Parthenon);C. Smith, 1987 (interpretation 2. Smith,27, datesit in the late 1440s, afterCiriacohas seen Brunelleschi'sdome in Florence andafterhe has becomeacquaintedwith Alberti'sDe Re Aedificatoria,which was composed of these headings,which we duringthe 1440s.This datingis dependenton her interpretations havefollowedhere,namelythatthismannerof describinga building,i.e., a walk-throughof the building,with detailedarchitectural plans,showing,not the most importantelementsfirst(the medievalhierarchical approach),but the partsof the buildingas the spectatorexperiencesit, is veryearlyin thehistoryof modemarchitectural description.Literarily,this "newconceptionof the taskof architectural drawing"was inspired,Smiththinks,by Alberti'sbook, althoughits formulationstartswith ManuelChrysoloras'Compendiumof Old and New Rome,writtenin Romeca. 1410/11andmediatedto Italianhumanistsby Guarino,who hada copy. It is thought

VI / CIRIACO'S APPENDIX OFHAGIASOFIA DRAWINGS

211

that Albertialso owneda copy. Smith'stranslationsare includedin theseNotes. 3. 'The greattemplededicatedto HagiaSophia,i.e., wisdom, in Byzantium[founded]by Caesar Justinian. Notable for 104 Porphyry,sepentine,and marblecolumns of variousnoble and remarkablestones. Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus, noble princes among architects."Smith, 17. 4. "Afigurefromtheexteriorandwesternpartof the temple,fromwhich it is seen to have first had a vestibuleandentrance:the dimensionis 150 cubitswide and 110 or 120 cubitshigh." Smith, 18. 5. See Smith's lengthydiscussionof this drawing,pp. 18-21. Her conclusionis thatCiriaco attemptshere to render,not the fifteenth-centurywest faqadeof the church,but its original, Justinianicfacade,"excisingthe corruptionsandadditionsinflictedby time andreconstituting in a wayanalogousto the humanists'attemptto reconstitutetexts in their it in itsoriginalpurity" forms. original 6. "The noble five-dooredvestibule of the greatestByzantinetemple of divine Sophia, or wisdom.Length90 cubits,breadth10, height20 p." Smith,21. 7. "Thenarthex[literally,monumentalentrance],of the temple,of nine doorwaysanddiverse, noteworthystonesandremarkablefor its goldenceiling. Length90 cubits,breadth15, height 25 cubits."Smith,21-22. to destroythe inimitablework.This we preventthroughourefforts.But, O 8. "Timethreatens most-highking,open to us a mansionwhich timedoes not touch."Smith,22. 9. Smith, 22, who gives the text of the Greekinscriptionand commentsthat"of the many inscriptionsin HagiaSophiaCyriacuschose the one thataptlyexpressedhis own concernsas an antiquarian,andheightenedits relevanceby changingthe tense frompastto presentin his translation." 10. Smith,23. 11. "Towardsthe high ambulatories,called catacumina,fromthe interiorof the templein the middleof the pavementof the most importantpart."Smith,23. 12. This 'flatteningout' (Smithcalls it a 'non-perspectival drawing')of the view west from underthedomewaspointedoutto us byRobertVanNice, directorof the HaghiaSophiaproject of the DumbartonOaksCenterfor ByzantineStudies. 13.Smith,23, thinksit was Sangallowhomisunderstood serpentinis(a kindof marble)to mean 'twisted,'"thinkingof the late Gothicformsof FlorenceCathedral." 14. "The pavement[beneath]the temple'scentraldome [literally,ceiling]:noteworthyfor its dressedmarbleslabs andits singularcharacter."Smith,23. 15. Smith,23, was the firstto recognizethis groundplanas derived"fromthe same Cyriacan source." 16. Smith,24.

212

VrrA KYRIACI ANCONITANI

17."Fromthe very top of the dome to the pavement100 cubits,breadth60 p., diameter4 p." Smith,24. 18. Not includedby Smith. 19. "Ona largemarblebase by a marblecolumn." 20. "A Latininscriptionin honorof Nero Caesar." 21. Not includedby Smith. 22. "Width,100cubits.Similarly, theheightto the top of the dome is 100 cubits.Interiorview."

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Recent Work on Ciriaco I. Papers read at the internationalconference, "Ciriacod'Ancona e la Cultura dell'Umanesimoin Occasionedel VI Centenariodella Nascita,Ancona," Antiquaria Ancona,5-7 February1992.:a Beschi,Luigi. "Idisegniateniesidi Ciriaco:analisidi una tradizione." Bodnar,Edward."Ciriacod'Ancona:the CycladicDiary." Bossi, Patrizia."Vicendeeditorialidella 'Vita Cyriaci'di F. Scalamonti." Campana,Augusto."Ciriacod'Anconae l'elefantemalatestiano." Cappelletto,Rita."Ciriaconel ricordodi PietroRansano." Catani,Enzo. "Ciriacoe l'iscrizionefermana(CILIX 540*)." Di Benedetto,Filippo."I1puntosu alcunequestioniriguardantiCiriaco." Landolfi,Maurizio."Ciriacoe il collezionismodi antichitagrechenel Piceno." Luni,Mario."Ciriacoe la riscopertadell'anticonel Ducatodi Urbino." Marchi,GianPaolo."Ciriaconegli studiepigraficidi ScipioneMaffei." Mayer,Marc."Ciriacode Anconay Anio de Viterboy la historigrafiahispanica." Neuhausen,KarlAugust."DominicusquidamCylleniusGraecusquo loco quatenus CyriacumAnconitanumsit imitatusinsignemMercuriidei cultorem." Parroni,Piergiorio."I1latinodi Ciriaco." Pascual,HelenaJimeno."El despertarde la cienciaepigraficaen Espaia: Ciriacode AnconagUn modeloparalos primeroscompiladoresespafioles?" Pontani,Anna."I1greco di Ciriaco:linguae scrittura." Quaquarelli,Leonardo."FeliceFelicianoe FrancescoScalamonti'iunior."' Sabia,LilianaMonti."Duenuovi codici della 'NaumachiaRegia' di Ciriaco." Sconocchia,Sergio."Ciriacoe i prosatorilatini." Vagenheim, Ginette."Gli studi di G.B. De Rossi su Ciriaconel carteggiocon Th. Mommsen."

aThe

of theconference's Attiis inpress(asof February 1996). publication

230

ANCONITANI VITA KYRIACI

II. Relevantpapers read at the internationalconference,"L"Antiquario'Felice e Artidel Libro,"Verona,3-4 FelicianoVeronesetraEpigrafiaAntica,Letteratura June 1993. Avesani,Rino. "FeliceFelicanotramito e realti." Campana,Augusto."IIcodice epigraficodi Faenza,Bibl. Com. 7." Di Benedetto,Filippo."Precisazionisul codice 1,138della Capitolaredi Treviso." Fattori,Daniela."Perla biografiadel Feliciano." Marcon,Susy. "Aspettidecoratividei manoscritidel Feliciano." Montecchi,Giorgio."Lo spaziodel testo scrittonella paginadel Feliciano."

INDEXES1 I. Index of Personal Names A. Mythological,Ancient, and Early MedievalNames Abdon, judge of Israel 193 Abimelech, judge of Israel 193 Abraham,birthdate of 193; contemporaryof Janus 199 Achilles 9, 39 'Aemilius Paulus,' arch of, in Salonica 77 Aeneas 58 Alexanderthe Greatof Macedon17, 76, 89 Amphion29 Ananias, house of, in Damascus65 Anchises 21, App. I, 4, 8 Antoninus, emperor44, 58 Apollo 26, 29, 30, 37, 49, 70; Rhodian coin depicting the head of the colossal Apollo at Naxos 165n Arcadians,App. I, 9 Arcadius,emperor,spiralcolumn of, in Constantinople42n 'Aristotle,' De Virtute, translated by Ciriaco 74n, App. V,4 Augustine, St., memorial of, in Pavia 112; City of God, on the date of Abraham'sbirth 193; cited Virgil in writings, App. I, 10 Augustus166; templeof, in Alexandria 17n; Augusteion in Constantinople 40n; gold coin of, given by Petrarch to Charles IV of Bohemia 97n; temple of, in Terracina206, App. V, la; and Rome, App. V,5

foundingof Genoa201 Bellovas[i]us, leader of Gauls, as founderof Genoa201 Bianor = Ocnus(Ocius, Obnus), son of Tiberis andManto 192 Blessed Virgin, image of, set up in Varanoas thanksfor salvationfrom the plague 46n; cathedral church of, in Orvieto60; cathedralchurch of, in Parma 111 Boethius, Severinus, memorial of, in Pavia 112 Bucephalus,Alexander'shorse, 'manger'of, near Philippi76

Bacchus, lost drawingof 64n Bede, the Venerable, his date for the

Diana 49; 'temple' of, in Salonica 77; temple of, in Brescia 155n

Caesar: see Julius Caliope, muse, App. 1.5 CastorandPollux, temple of, in Naples App. V, llb Catullusand Verona, App. V,8 Cicero, Epistolae ad Familiares 3n ClaudiusGothicus,emperor,gate of, in Nicaea 84n Constantine,emperor, and the Plataea monument41n Constantius,emperor,and the tetrastyle arch at Mitylene 86 Constantiusand Sebastian,Sts., images of, set up in Varano46n Daphne26, 49 Demetrius, St., church of, in Salonica 77

1. Referencenumbersare to the numberedparagraphsof the text and translation,not to pages. A numberfollowed by 'n' (e.g. '49n') indicatesthat the term is found only in one of the notes attachedto the paragraphof that number. If a term occurs in both the paragraphand one of its notes, only the numberof the paragraphis given.

231

232

VITA KYRIACI ANCONITANI

Dinocrates, architect,in Alexandria17 Diocletianus,FlaviusValerius,emperor and the tetrastyle arch at Mitylene 86 Diomedes, mythical founder of Benevento and Arpi 214; founder of Diomedis in Apulia 214 Eteocles, son of Oedipus 193 Euripides, tragedies, manuscriptof 71; life of, translatedby Ciriaco74 Eusebius, his chronicles 193 Fabii, the 58 Galerius, archof, in Salonica77n Hadrian, emperor 2; 'temple of,' in Cyzicus 81, 83; gardens of, at Tivoli 93 Harpies, Strophadesas home of, 37 Heraclius, emperor, equestrian statue of, in Constantinople40; colossal bronze statue of, in Barletta217n, App. V,llf Hercules 'Saxonus' (= Saxanus), temple of, at Tivoli 94 Hesiod Worksand Days expounded75; contemporaryof Homer77; Cumae as birthplaceof 88 Homer, poems of, Ciriaco learnsGreek in order to read 53, 61; Smyrnaas birthplace of 88; manuscriptsof, purchased in Cyprus 71, 75; contemporaryof Hesiod 77; Hyperion30 Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae 192 Janus, the god 59 Janus, mythical founder of Janicula (Genoa) 59, 199, 201 Janus,survivorof the fall of Troy, king of Genoa200 JanusII, king of Genoa200 Jerome,St., his datefor the fall of Troy 193; his date for the founding of

Genoa201; his date for the foundation of Benevento 214; cited Virgil in his writings, App. I, 10 Jesus Christ, mosaic of, in the church of the Martorana,Sicily 32n; as 'Joveincarnate'59, App. I, 17; his death'avenged'by Vespasian97n St. Johnthe Baptist,baptisterydedicated to, in Florence 101; story of, subjectof southdoor of baptistery, 101n JohnDamascene, St. churchof, in Damascus65 Julius Caesar, Bellum Civile 15n; deified 58; and Philippi76 Juppiter (Jove), Cretan 17, App. I, 3; and Aeneas 58, App. I, 8; incarnate as Jesus 59, App. I, 17; equivalentof God the creator,App. I, 8; 'temple of,' in Cyzicus 83; inhabited the prehistoric site of Rome, App. I, 9 Justinian,founderof Hagia Sophia 40; equestrianstatueof, 40n Largus, Cyriacus, and Smaragdus,Sts, monumentof, in Parma 111 Livy on the captureof Genoa by Mago the Carthaginian general,its capture its rebuildingby and Marcellus, by the generalLucretius202 Lucan, Pharsalia, 165 Lucanus,bridge of, at Tivoli 93 Lucretius, Roman general, rebuilderof Genoa202 Lucullus,buildingsof, at Cumae, Baiae, and the peninsula of Miseno 210, App. V,llc Lysimachus, as builder of Salonica's walls 77; gold coin of 89 Macrobius, monument of, in Parma 111; cited in defense of Virgil, App. I, 16 Manto, daughter of Tiresias, mythical foundressof Mantua192-193 Marcelli, the 58

INDEXES

233

Marcellus, captorof Milan in 230 B.C. 202 Marciana, sister of Emperor Trajan, inscription of at Ancona 54, App. V,2b Marcus AntoniusAntil., Prefect, tomb of near Rome 95 Marcus Plautius, triumphalmonument of, at Tivoli 93 Marius, Gaius, marblebust of in Genoa 203 Mars 49; and Rome 58; 'temple' of = Florence baptistry101 Maximianus,emperor,andthe tetrastyle arch at Mitylene 86 Mercuryas Ciriaco's genius 14; statue of in Florence 102; spokesmanfor Ciriaco, App. I, 7 Methodius, his date for the foundingof Genoa201 Miletus, chonicles of, on the founding of Mantua 193; on the date of the foundationof Benevento214 Minerva49 Moses, contemporary of Janus the founderof Genoa 199, 201 Muses 3, 24, 49; inscriptionon a tripod of, in Salonica 77; App. I, 5, (Pierides) 19

river 165;on Benevento,previously called Samnium214 Paul, St., memorialsof, in Damascus65 Paul the Deacon, Historia Langobardorum, on the province of Liguria 198 Paul the Lombard192 Peter, Saint 58 Phaeacians,App. V, 1 Pheidias, sculptureson Golden Gate in Constantinople attributed to 39; statue of Venus attributedto him, owned by Ciriaco 73n Philip, king of Macedon,gold coin of 89 Pliny, NaturalHistory, on the temple at Cyzicus 83; on the location of Genoa 198; andVerona, App. V,8 Plotina, wife of EmperorTrajan, inscriptionof in Ancona 54, App. V,2b Polinices, son of Oedipus 193 Proculus, architect, and the Egyptian obelisk erected in the hippodrome of Constantinople41 Ptolemy, Claudius, geographer 2; manuscriptof, purchased75 PtolemyPhiladelphus,as book-collector 102, App. V,1 Pyrgoteles, gem-carver 102

Neptune, statueof, at Cyzicus 83 Nero, buildings of, at Cumae, Baiae, and Cape Miseno 210, App. V, lc

Quirinus3

Ocnus (Obius, Obnus), son of Tiberis and Manto, = Bianor 192 Octavian: see Augustus Odysseus, App. V,1 Oedipus, king of Thebes 193 Orosius,HistoriaadversusPaganos, his date for the foundationof Rome 193 Orpheus29 quotation from Ovid, Fasti 76; regardingNaxos 165n Papias, De LinguaeLatinae Vocabulis, on the ancient name of the Adige

SalviaPostum[i]a,daughterof the aedile Sergius, gates of, in Pola 44 Saturn,founderof Saturnia199; age of, App. I, 14 Scipio, Publius Cornelius, consul 318 B.C., younger brother of Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, resists Hannibalwith a fleet off Genoa202 Scipio the Younger,image of, carved on an onyx 89n Scipio Africanus Maior, country seat, marblestatue,andamphitheaterof, at Liternum207 Scipios, the 58 Scylla and Charybdis,straitsof 19

234

VITA KYRIACI ANCONITANI

Severus, emperor, Septimius amphitheaterin Pola dedicated to, 44; arch of, in Rome 57-58 Sergius, aedile, gates in honor of his daughter,SalviaPostum[i]a.in Pola 44 Servius, commentary on Virgil, on Ocnus and Bianor 192n Sibyl, Tiburtine,bust of, 95 Solinus, CollectaneaRerum Memorabilium, quotation from aboutNaxos 165n; on the founding of Genoa 199, 201; on the foundation of Benevento and Arpi 214 Statius, Thebaid192 Sybil, templeof, at Cumae,App. V, 1lc Terpsichore49 TheodosiusI, emperor,medallionof 4n; and the obelisk in the hippodrome of, in Constantinople41; spiral marblecolumnof, in Constantinople 42 TheodosiusII, emperor,and the Golden Gate in Constantinople39 Theodosius, grammarianof Alexandria 71 Thetis, mother of Achilles: city of 9; arms wroughtfor by Vulcan 39 Tiberis, husbandof Manto 192 'Tiberius Claudius Germanicus,' gate

of, at Nicaea 84 Tiresias 192-193 Tisiphone, App. I, 13 Trajan,emperor: column of, in Rome 42n; arch of, in Ancona 54, App. V,2ab; tower of, in Nicaea 84; shipyardof, in Ostia 96; gold coin of, bestowed on Emperor-elect Sigismundin Siena 97; arch of, in Benevento.211, App. V, ld Urania, muse App. I, 5 Valens, emperor, aqueductof, in Constantinople42n Venus (Citharea)49, 58 Vespasian, emperor, lost drawing of 64n; coin of, given by Ciriaco to Raffaelle Castiglione97n Virgil, influence of on Ciriaco's Latin 53, App. I; quotations from, or reminiscences of, in Ciriaco's writings: 37, 165n, 192, App. I; born in Mantua 192; inscription bearing the name 'Vergilius' 194; landmarks of, near the 'imperial cavern' 210 Vitruvius, architectof the amphitheater in Verona, App. 5,8 Vulcan, makerof arms for Achilles 39

B. Late Medieval and Renaissance Names2 Abu Faris 'Azzuz, king of Tunisia215n Agnesi, Astorgio, bishop of Ancona 92 Alberti, Leon Battista73n Alberto of Fabriano,poet 26 Albornoz, Gil (Ital. Egidio) Alvarez Carillo de, cardinal47 Alfieri, Filippo degli, Ciriaco's kinsman, consul of Ancona in Constantinople38

Alfieri, ship-owner/captain16 Alfieri, Niccolb, kinsmanof Ciriaco 64 Alfonso of Aragon,king of Naples 13n, 32n, 215, App. V,1 lf Alife, CountGeoffredo, grand chamberlainof Naples 9 Amandulani,Bertucciodegli, regolatore of Ancona75n Andrea of Constantinople,Dominican

2. Thetermpatronuscanmeaneithertheownerof a shipor its captainor its ownerwhois also its captain.

INDEXES theologian59 Antonio, prince of Salerno57 Aretino, Carlo: see Marsuppini Aretino, Leonardo: see Bruni Astorgio: see Agnesi Athemirbey, Persianking 65 Baduario,Giacopo, of Venice 57n Baduario,Pietro, Ciriaco's kinsman57 Bandinoof Rhodes (=Sir Badinde Nores?) 97n Barbavara, Francesco, lord of Gravellona203 Barsbay, sultanof Egypt 215n Bartolomeo,Ciriaco'sbrother-in-law73 Beccadelli, Antonio ('Panormita') 105n, 112 Begna, Giorgio, of Zara78 Bembo, Bernardo78n Berardino, Pietro, agent for Zaccaria and Pietro Contariniin Cyprus69 Bernardinoof Camerino97 Bessarion, cardinalisNicenus 47n Biagio, Tommasodi, ship owner/captain(patronus)76, 204206, 216 Biondo, Flavio 11 n Bisticci, Vespasianoda 102n Boccaccio 23 Boezio of Tolentino, bishop of Rhodes 73 Bojardo,bishop of Modena 105n Boles, Lio, grammarian75 Bonarelli, Niccolo di Leonardo de, regolatore of Ancona 75n Bonarellis, Pietro de 53n, 54n, App. I Boniface IX, pope 12 Bosculo, Giovanni, of Florence, papal ambassador206n, 215, App. V,llf Bossio, Francesco, bishop of Como 97 Bracciolini, Poggio 105n Bracello, Iacobo, secretary of Genoa 203, App. V, 10 Brincio, kinsmanof Ciriaco, App. V,2a Brondello, Bartolomeo di Liborio, Ciriaco's brother-in-law22 Brunelleschi, Filippo 101

235

Brunelli, Lucinio 31 Bruni, Leonardo, of Arezzo 78, 98n, lOn, 102, 103, App. II Buondelmonti,Cristoforo73n Caetani(Gaetani),Cristoforo,App. V, lla Camerina (?Camerano), Tommaso, knownas 'Seneca' 53 Camulio, Niccolo, secretary of Genoa 203 Canuzabey, governorof Bithynia81 Carillo, Alfonso, cardinal48n Caracciolo,Giovanni209n, 215n, App. V, llb Carrara,Francesco, lord of Padua7 Castiglione, Raffaelle 97n Ceba, Niccolo 75n Cesarini, Giuliano cardinalis Sancti Angeli 47n Charles III of Durazzo, king of Naples 9, App. V, lb CharlesIV of Bohemia,emperor,father of Sigismund97n, App. V,1 lb Cicala,Battista,of Genoa, councillor of EmperorSigismund97, App. V,10 Clara, Epirote slave boughtby Ciriaco 76 ClementVI, pope 47n ClementVII, pope 73n Colonna, Agabito 57 Colonna, Gaspar,archbishopof Benevento214n Condulmaro,Condulmer,Condulmieri: see EugeniusIV Contarini, Andrea, Venetian governor of Pola 44 Contarini, Pietro, kinsman of Ciriaco 61, 62, 67 Contarini,Zaccaria,kinsmanof Ciriaco, brother of Pietro 61, 62, 67, 68, 69, 74n, 84, App. V,3 Conti, Lucio, cardinal97 Corario(Correr),Lodovico, Vice-Bailie of Venetiansin Nicosia 69 Corsedacio,Niccolo 62 Cossi. Niccolo. of Florence. accountant

236

VITA KYRIACI ANCONITANI

46 Costanzi, Antonio 54n Crasso,citizenof Ancona24, 74n, App. V,4n Daniel, a priest 80n Dante 23, 50, 53, lOn; App. I, 17 Donatello 103 Donato,Ermolao,Venetianmerchant64 Donato, Niccolo, Venetianship-captain (praefectus)34 Egidio, cardinal:see Albornoz Emcaprareo,Bernardo33 Enghien,Mariad', queenof Sicily 217n Ercole, podestd of Pozzuoli 210, App. V,llc Eugenius IV: as Cardinal Gabriele, papal legate, rectorof the province of Piceno (Ancona) 47, 53; of Flaminia (Bologna) 53; in Rome 55; as pope 61n, 78, 92, 97, 98, 204n, 206n, 215n; letter to, App. V

Faraj, Mamluksoldanof Egypt 17n Fatati, Stefano di Tommaso de, regolatore of Ancona75n Feliciano, Felice 54n, 156n, 167n, 177n, 209n, Intro. passim Feltre, Vittorinoda, humanist,schoolmasterat the court of the Gonzagas in Mantua,App. V,9 Ferretti, Francesco63 Filelfo, Francesco 68n, 73n, 75n, 102, 112n, App. III Fioroflaviano,Niccol6 113 Foroflaviniano,Trintio33 Frangipani(?), Bartolomeo98 Frangipani(?), Stefano 98 Freducio, Lelio, merchantin Gallipoli, 37, 76 Gaietani,Pietro, Anconitanconsul in Messina 216 Gaspar: see Schlich Gattilusio, Dorino I, lord of Lesbos

86n; lord of Foglia Vecchia 89n Gattilusio, Giorgio, praeses of Lesbos 86, 87 Gattilusio,Jacopo, lord of Lesbos 86n Gazario,Memmio, lawyerpoet of Siena 48 Ghiberti,Lorenzo ('Nencio') 101, 103 Giuliano, Paulo, general treasurer of Ancona47 Giustiniani,Leonardo,Venetian patrician27, 28,29 Giustiniani-Banca,Andreolo, of Chios 63, 77, 90, 91, 203n Giustiniani-Banca,Clarentia(= Clarissa?),wife of Andreolo 89n Giustiniani-Longo,Errico Simone (= Federigo?),father-in-lawof Andrea Giustiniani-Banca89n Giustiniani-?Longo, Federigo (= Errico?), lessee of the alum mines of Foglia Nuova, father-in-lawof AndreoloGiustiniani-Banca,89 Gonzaga, Francesco II, marchese of Mantua73n Gonzaga,Francesco,cardinalof Mantua 73n Gonzaga,GianfrancescoI, marcheseof Mantua,App. V,9 Gonzaga, Lodovico, marchese of Mantua73n Gonzaga, Sigismondo, cardinal of Mantua73n Grillo, Giovanni203, App. V,10 Grimaldifamily 75n Guarinoof Verona 105n, App. V,8 Guglielmo, Normanking of Sicily, see William II Hamzabey 81n Iacobo, Urbano, secretary of duke Filippo Visconti in Milan 113 Iacopo, Pietro di, patronof Ciriaco 14, 23, 31, 46 Iacopo, physician 14 Imperiale,Andrea, App. V, 10 Imperiale,Paolo 203, App. V,10

INDEXES InnocentVI, pope 47n Janus, king of Cyprus: see Lusignan JoannaII, queen of Naples 206n, 209, App. V, Ilb Ladislao,King of Naples 8, 217n, App. V,llb Leonello, agent for Zaccariaand Pietro Contariniin Cyprus69 Loredan, Pietro, Venetian representativein Zara 35 Luca, Giovanni di, of Tolentino, merchant46 Lucius II, pope 32n Lusignan,Janus,king of Cyprus61, 6872, App. V,3 Luttarelli,Niccolo 47 Maffei, Scipione 167n Giovanni, Magnimperi, shipowner/captain34 Mainenti, Scipione, of Ferrara,bishop of Modena 105, App. V,7 Maitani, architect60n Malatesta,Galeazzo,of Pesaro23n, 61n Mantegna,Andrea38n, 73n Marcanova,Giovanni 177n Marco of Pistoia, secretaryof Ancona 53 Marsuppini,Carlo 102 Martin V, pope 35, 47, 48, 55, 57, 58, 59, 78, 95 Maruffo, Baldassare,podesta of Galata 43n Marzano,Robertodi, countof Squillace 9 Marzano, Giacomodi, duke of Sessa 9 Marzano, GiovanniAntonio di, son of Giacomo 13 Matteo, prefect of EmperorSigismund 98, App. V,5 Medici, Cosimo de' 102 Memnon, bastardson of Carlo I Tocco 80, 81, 84, 92 Michiel, Giovanni,of Venice, Merchant 2

237

Mocenigo, Andrea, Venetian warship commander91 Muayyad, Sheik al, Mamluk soldan of Egypt 17n Mucciarelli, Pasqualino, Ciriaco's kinsman, ship owner/captain 37, 85n, 90 MuradII, Ottomansultan75, 80n, 81n Negrone, Benedetto203, App. V,10 Nencio: see Ghiberti Niccoli, Niccolo 89n, 97n, 102 Niccolino, Ciriaco's manservant76, 90 Nores, Sir Badinde, marshallof Jerusalem,counsellorto king Janus of Cyprus 68; (= Bandino of Rhodes?97n) Orsini, Giordano,cardinal78, 95 Orsini, Giovannantonio del Balzo, prince of Taranto, son of Maria d'Enghien, 217n Orsini, Raimondodel Balzo, consort of Mariad'Enghien217n Palavicini,Babilano,Genoesenobleman 81, 84 Paleologus, JohnVIII, emperor79n Paleologus, ManuelII, emperor38 Palfo of Squillace 11 Panormita: see above s.v. Beccadelli Pasqualino: see Mucciarelli Pedemontano,Giovanni53n Pelacini,Biagio, philosopher,of Parma 11ln Pergola, Paolo da 74n, App. V,4 Petrarch23, 50, 97n Petrelli, Niccol6, clerk 205 Phrygipenates: see Frangipani98n Pisanelli, Pagliaresio di Simone de, regolatoreof Ancona 61n, 75n Pisanelli, Pagliaresio di Simolo de, Anconitan ship-captain, 61, 204, 216 Pisanello, Antonio Pisano 73n Pisano, Andrea, sculptor, in Florence 101n

238

VITA KYRIACIANCONITANI

Pizinga, Iacopo, noble of Palermo 32 Pizzecolli, Ciucio de', Ciriaco's cousin 16, 76 Pizzecolli, Filippo de', Ciriaco's father 5n Pizzecolli, Nicolosa de', Ciriaco's sister 5n, 22 Polidori, Pietro Simone, Anconitan merchant75 Polidori, Paolo di Onofrio de, regolatore of Ancona75n Quirini, Lauro 1-4, 105n, 192n, 218; Introduction,passim Quirini, Fantino, Knightof Rhodes73 Quirini,Stefano,patricianof Venice 18 Rampi,Daniele de', bishop of Parenzo, papal ambassador206n, 215, App. V,llf Rimatres, Juan of Tarragona, royal factor in Adrianople75 Roger, king of Sicily 32n Sangallo, Giulianoda 40n Sarayna,Torellus 166n Sarteano,B. Alberto da 105n Scala, Brunorodella 97 Scalamonti, Francesco 1-4, 24n, 32n, 38n, 65n, 73n, 74n, 86n, 105n, 165n, 166n, 191n, 184n, 206n, 209n, 214n, 215n; App. V,4n; Introduction,passim Schlich, Gaspar, chancellor to the bishop of Como 97 Scotigolo, Benvenuto (di Filippo?), ship-captain63, App. V, 1 Scotivoli, Filippo 63n Selvatico, Massiella, Ciriaco's mother 3n, 5n, 76, 112n

Selvatico, Ciriaco, grandfather of Ciriaco 5, 11, 12, 14, 209n, App. V,llb 'Seneca': see above, s.v. Camerino Serafinoof Urbino48, 50, 52 Sforza, Francesco, condottiere in Apulia, App. V,1 lf Sigismund, king of Hungary, emperor 97-99, App. V,5,10 Spatafora,Ruggiero, knightof Palermo 32 Spinola, Francesco203, App. V,10 Steno, Michele 6 Strozzi, Palla 102 Tocco, Carlo I, duke of Cephalonia80 Tocco, Carlo II, nephewof Carlo I 80n TorellianoMarcone 12 Traversari,Ambrogio 89n, 97n UrbanVI, pope 47n Urbano, Iacobo, secretary of Filippo MariaVisconti, App. V,7 Uzzano, Niccolo 102 Venier, Santo, Venetianknight35 Ventimiglia, Giovannida, Count32 Verme, Luigi dal, condottiere57 Visconti, Filippo Maria, duke of Milan 113, App. V,7,10 Visconti, Antonia,wife of Giangaleazzo 203n Visconti, Giangaleazzo, father of Filippo 112n, 151, 203n William II, Normanking of Sicily 33 Zampetta,Francesco8 Zeno, Iacopo, 79n Ziba (=Ceba?), Niccolo 75, 78, 79

II. Index of Geographical Names and Locations Acarnania80n Acroceraunia, promontory 37, App. V,1

Adige (Athesis, Athax) river 165 Adrianople75, 76, 78 AdriaticSea 26, App. V,

INDEXES Aegean islands 64, 102 Aegean Sea 74, 85 Aeolian islands21 Albania76n Albarium200 Albona in Liburnia45 Alcamo? (Alcimon) 33 Alexandria 17, 18, 21, 38n, 102 Amacosta: see Famagusta Amalfi 11 Ancona 1, 2, 12, 14-17, 22-31, 36-37, 38, 44, 45, 46-54, 61, 62, 63n, 66, 68n, 73, 75n, 78, 85, 91, 167n, 204, 215n 217, App. V,2 Anterium62 Apulia 9, 61, 62, 214, 217n, App. V,llf ArabiaFelix 65 Aragon, Alfonso of 32n Arcadia 37 Arpi 214 Athens 26 Avernus, lake of 210, App. V, 1lc Aversa 206n, 209 Avignon 47n Babylon, Memphitic: see Memphis Baiae 210, App. V, lc Bapho: see Paphos Bari 62 Barletta206n, 217n, App. V,llf Basel 98 Beirut 19, 64, 66, 75n Benevento 206n, 211-214, 215, App. V,lld Bithynia, Turkishprovince of 80, 81 Bitonto, signore of 32n Bobbio, monasteryof 198 Bologna (Bononia)48, 105, App. V,6 Bosporus 37 Brescia 152-164 Bruttium9 Buda 9n Bursa in Bithynia80, 81, 82, 84 Byzantium: see Constantinople Caesareain Syria 203n

239

Cairo 68n Calabria10-12, 31, App. V,l lf Camerino53 Campania9, 20, 214 Canosa(Canusium)217n Cannae,App. V,1 lf Capitoliumin Rome 57 Capua206n, 208, App. V, lie Cardamyla74, 75, App. V,4 Caria 19 CaspianSea 75 Cassiopeon Corfu 91 Castellamare20 Cenchreae79n Cenomani,territoryof the, App. V,4,8,9 Cephalonia37, 80, App. V,1 Chalcedon85 Chiaravallein Sicily 33 Chiaravallenear Pavia 151 Chios 18, 45, 63, 74, 75n, 76n, 77, 85, 90, 91, 203n, App. V,4 Chrysopolis(Aeolian Cumae)88 Cilicia 19 Como 97 Concordia215n Constance,Council of 35 Constantinople37-43, 45, 62, 75n, 84, 85, 90, App. VI Cordoba26 Corfu 91, App. V,4 Corfu 37, App. V,3 Crete 17, App. V,1 Cuenca, Spain47n Cumae, Aeolian (Chrysopolis)88 Cumae, near Naples 210, App. V, 1lc Cyclades 37, 65n Cyprus 19, 61, 62, 66-73, 75n, App. V,3 Cyrenum: see Kirini Cythera37 Cyzicus 81, 82-83, 102 Dalmatia35, 98 DalmatianIslands37, App. V,1 Damascus64-66, 75n Daunia217n

240

VITA KYRIACI ANCONITANI

Delos 37; Mt. Kynthoson, 70 Delphi 26, 41n Dertona 144, 150, 198 Diomedis, city in Apulia 214 Djerba, island of 32n, 215 Drepanum: see Trapani Dubrovnik: see Ragusa Durazzo 9n Egypt 17, 18, 21, 63n, 76n, 102n, 215n, App. V,1,3 Epidaurus22 Epirus76n, App. V,1 Ethiopia66 Etna, Mt. 32, App. V, llf Euganei, hills of, App. V,4 Famagusta(Amacosta) 19, 66, 73 Fano 54n Fermo (Firmum),App. V,12 Ferrara98n Fiesole 104 Fiume: see Rijeka Fiumescino, castle of 61n Flaminiaprovince48 Florence 2, 14, 97n, 101-103, 204n Foca (Foglia Vecchia): see Phocaea see Foglia Nuova (Yeni Foca): Phocaea, New Forum of Arcadius in Constantinople 42n ForumTauriin Constantinople42 Gaeta 19, 20, 204-207, 215n, App. V,lle Galata/Pera43, 85 Galiganum200 Gallia Togata 105, App. V,6 Gallia Cisalpina 166n, 191 Gallipoli in the Gulf of Taranto216 Gallipoli in the ThracianChersonesus 37, 45, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80, 90 Gargano,Mt. 214, 217n, App. V, lf Gedrosia65 Genoa 63n, 76n, 97, 198-203, 214n, 217n, App. V,10 Gerace 32n

Gravellona203n Greekmainland,visits to 65n Helicon, Mt. 26, 77 Hellespont37, 75, 76, 80 Hungary9n, 97n Icaria 18 Illyrian Gulf 37, 44, 204, 216, App. V,1 India66 Ioannina76n, 80n IonianIslands 102 IonianSea 7, App. V,1 Istria44 Izmir: see Smyrna Iznik: see Nicaea Janicula: see Genoa Kadikoy85n Keryniaon Cyprus66n Khirikitiaon Cyprus68n Kirini (Cyrenum)19 Laconia 11 Laon 165 Latium54, App. V,2b Lesbos 37, 86-87 Leukas37 Leucopetra,Promontoryof, App. V,1 lf Leucosia: see Nicosia Liburnianislands, App. V,1 Liguria(Ligustia) 166, 198, 203 Lilybaeum,promontory,App. V, 1 f Lipariislands21, App. V,1 lf Liternum206n, 207, App. V,1 la Lombardy198 Lucania9, App. V,llf Lycia 70 Macedonia76 Macra(?) river 198 Maida 10, 11 Mallia, Cape 37 Manfredonia206n, 217n, App. V,1 lf

INDEXES Mantua 26, 73n, 97n, 165n, 191-197, 214n, App. V,9 Maurucini,countryof 9 Mediolanum: see Milan Memphis in Egypt, App. V, 1lf Merula (?) river 198 Messina 20, 32, 206n, 216 Methymna(Molivos) on Lesbos 87 Milan 7n, 105, 112-151, 190, 206n, App. V,7,10,11 Miletus 18 Mincio river 194 Miseno, promontory of 210, App. V,llc Mistra 79n Modena 105-110, App. V,6 Molivos (Methymna)87n Monopoli 62 Monreale33 Monsanvito, castle of 61n Monteserico 32n Mundanya81 Myconos 37 Mytilene 86 Naples, kingdomof 9-13, App. V,11 Naples, city of 7n, 10, 12, 36, 112n, 206, 207, 209, 211, 215, 217n, App. V, lb Nicaea (Iznik) 84 Nicosia (Leucosia)19, 68-73, App. V,3 Nile river, App. V,3 Olympus, Mt. in Bithynia80, 81 Orvieto 60 Ostia 96, 215n Otranto216 Pachynum,promontory,App. V, lf Padua7, 74n, App. V,4 Paestum 11 Palermo(Panhormus)32, 33, 34, 112n, App. V,llf Papal States 47n Paphos (Bapho) 19 Parenzo206n, 215 Parma 111, 112

241

Parnassus26 Parthia75 Patras79n Pavia (Ticinum) 112, 151, App. V,7 Pella, headlandin Sicily 32 Peloponnese37, 79n, 217n Pelorus, promontory,App. V, lf Pera: see Galata Pergamum87 Persia 75, 79 Perugia 14 Pesaro23n, 61n Peyre: see Galata Phaeacians'island: see Corfu Philippi76 Phocaea,Old (Foca, Foglia Vecchia) 89 Phocaea, New (Yeni Foca, Foglia Nuova) 89 Piacenza 112 Piceno, province of 46n, 47, 61, 78, 214, App. V,12 Pietoli 194, App. V,9 Pisa 100 Plataea41n Po river 194 Pola in Istria44 Ponza, battle of 13n, 32n, 203n, 215n, 217n Portus96n Pozzuoli 12n, 206n, 210, App. V, lc Proconnesus,islandin the Propontis37, 82 Propontis37, 82, 83 Pulcivere (?) river 198 Pydna77n Pyrraon Lesbos 87 Ragusa(Dubrovnik)22, 61n, 75n Reggio (Rhegium)in Calabria19, 206n, 217n, App. V,llf Reggio in Emilia 111 Rheims 165 Rhine river 165 Rhodes 18, 64, 73 Rijeka(Tharsaticum)31 Rimini 54n Rome 47n, 54, 55-59, 61n, 63n, 78n,

VITA KYRIACI ANCONITANI

242

79, 92, 97-99, 193, 201, 204, 206, 214, App. V,5 Saba 65, 66 Saevia 31 Salamis41n Salentini, countryof 9 Salerno 10 Salonica75, 76n, 77, 80n, 90 Salpiae, city on the Adriatic coast of SouthernItaly 217n Samnis, city in Samnium214 Samnium,province in Apulia 9, 214 Samos 18 Saona 198 Scilla in Calabria31 Scutari(Uskudar)85 Scylla and Charybdis,Straitsof 19, 21, 32, App. V,llf Serzanum200 Sessa Arunca 9, 13, 206n, 208, App. V,lle Sestos 37 Sestri (?) 198 Sicily 20, 31, 32-34, 206n, 215, 216, 217n, App. V,l lf Sidon 65 Siena 47, 48, 78, 97, App. V,10 Sipontum217n, App. V,llf Smyrna(Izmir)26, 88 Squillace 9n, 11 StrophadesIslands37 Suasna37 Sulmona26 Sutri 60 Syracuse in Sicily 216 Syria 19, 62, 63, 64 Taormina32, App. V,1 lf Taranto,city of 217n Taranto,Gulf of 216 Tarragona75 Tartaroriver 194

Teano 9 Tenedos 37, 75 Terracina206, App. V,1 la Tharsaticum:see Rijeka Thebes in Egypt, App. V, 1 Thessalonica: see Salonica Thrace37, 74, 75, 83 Ticinum: see Pavia Ticinus river 165 Tinos 37 Tivoli 93-95, 215n Toledo 47n Tolentino46, 73 Torpea 11 Tradate146, 147 Trapani(Drepanum)21, App. V,llf Tripoli 66 Tunisia215n Turkey66n TyrrhenianSea 12, 20, 21, App. V,1 lf Urbino48 Uskudar(Scutari)85n Ustica, islandof 21 Varano46n Venice 1, 5, 14, 18, 22, 34, 36, 54n, 57n, 61, 66, 68, 89n, 97n Ventimiglia 198 Verona 97, 165-190, App. V,8 Via Tiburtina93 Viterbo47n, 60 Viterbo60 Vulcano, islandof 21, App. V,1 lf Xerolophoshill in Constantinople42 Yeni Foca (FogliaNuova): see Phocaea, New Zante (Zakynthos)37, App. V,1 Zara in Dalmatia35, 78

III. Index of Ancient, Medieval, and Renaissance Monuments and Artifacts Amphitheaters: in Pola 44; in Verona 166, App. V,8; in Cyzicus 83; in Liternum 207; of Capua 208; of Benevento211 Aqueducts: of Valens in Constantinople 42n; (unspecified) in Rome 55; on Lesbos 87; of GermanicusCaesarnear Tivoli 95 Arches: of Trajanin Ancona 54, App. V,2b; of Augustusin Fano 54n, App. I, App. V, 12; (unspecified)in Rome 55; of Septimius Severus and Antoninusin Rome 57; of 'Aemilius Paulus' (= Galerius) in Salonica 77; tetrastyle, of and Diocletian, Constantius, Maximianus in Mytilene 86; of Trajan in Benevento211, App. V, 1ld

Monreale 33; Hagia Sophia in Constantinople40, App. VI; of Galata 43; SanLorenzoin Damasoin Rome 55; cathedral of the Blessed Virgin in Orvieto60; of St. Demetriusin Salonica 77; basilica of Hagia Sophia in Nicaea 84; St. Peter's in Rome 92, 97n; cathedralandCampoSanto of Pisa 100; of St. Reparata, campanile, and baptistery of St. John the Baptist (= 'temple of Mars') in Florence 101; cathedralof the Blessed Virgin in Parma 111; of SanLorenzoin Genoa 203n; see also below s.v. 'Inscriptionslocated by churches.' Coins: gold, of Philip, Alexander,and Lysimachus,seen in Foglia Nuova 89; gold, of Trajanpresentedby Ciriaco to emperor-elect Sigismund in Siena 97; gold and silver, of Augustus, presented by Petrarchto emperor-electCharlesIV of Bohemia in Mantua 97n; silver, of Vespasian, presented by Ciriaco to Raffaelle Castiglione 97n; Rhodian, depictinghead of the colossal Apollo of Delos 165n

Armor: 'armsof Achilles' at the Golden Gate in Constantinople39 Baths: (unspecified)seen in Rome 55 Bridges: (unspecified) in Rome 55; 'Salemian' (=Aurelian? 57n) in Rome 57; of Lucanus at Tivoli 93; Cimbrian/Salarian at Tivoli 95; of Florence 101

Columns, monumental: of'Pompey' (= of Diocletian) in Alexandria 17, App. V, 1; spiral,of Theodosius and Arcadius in Constantinople42; othermarbleand porphyrycolumnsin Constantinople42; of Trajan in Rome 42n; others (unspecified) in Rome 55; spiral, in Smyrna88

Caged Animals: lions, in Florence 101; menagerie, in the castle of Pavia 151, App. V,7 Castle of Pavia, built by Giangaleazzo Visconti 112n, 151 Churches: of the Annunciatain Trapani 21; of the Martorana(= S. Maria dell' Ammiraglio) in Palermo 32n; Palatine Chapel of St. Peter in Palermo, 32n; cathedral of the Blessed Virgin in 243

Columns of ruined buildings: on Rhodes 73; of temple of 'Jupiter'in Cyzicus 83; in Mytilene 86; in Rome App. V,5 Domestic buildings: house of Ananias

244

VITA KYRIACI ANCONITANI

in Damascus 65; houses of leading citizens in Florence 101; houses of and Ghiberti 103; Donatello subterraneanremainsof ancienthouses in Capua208; villas nearCumae,Baiae, and Cape Miseno 210 Forums: of Arcadiusin Constantinople 42n; 'Tauri' in Constantinople 42; ancient,of Salonica 77n Fountains in Constantinople42 Gardens: of Hadrianat Tivoli 93; royal gardens of the Visconti in Pavia 151, App. V,7 Gates: 'royal gates' in Alexandria 17; 'Pepper'Gate in AlexandriaApp. V,1; Golden Gate in Constantinople39; of SalviaPostumiain Pola (inscription)44; huge marblegates of Cyzicus 83; south gate (Yenishehir)of'Tiberius Claudius Germanicus,'(= Claudius Gothicus) in Nicaea 84; of Florence101;BorsariGate in Verona 167; 'royal'gates of Verona App. V,8; ancientgates of Capua208 Gems: carved onyx of Scipio the Younger 89n; carved, attributed to Pyrgoteles, seen in Florence 102; Ghiberti's carved cornelian of Apollo and Marsyasin Florence 102n Halls: 'Saladei Giganti'in Padua7 Harbors: of Ancona 47, 54, App. V,2; of Smyrna88; Ostia 96; of Genoa 203; of Terracina206

(tombs, etc): bronzeserpentinecolumn (PlataeaMonument)from Delphi, in the hippodromeof Constantinople41; stone tombs in Pola 44; arch of Trajan in Ancona54, App. V,2b tombsof princes and soldiers in Philippi 76; 'mangerof Bucephalus,'nearPhilippi76; triumphal monumentof MarcusPlautiusin Tivoli 93; tomb of Marcus Antonius Antil(ochus?), Prefect, near Rome 95; monument composed of four single marble blocks near Rome 95; tomb of Sts. Largus,Cyriacus,and Smaragdus, Macrobiusin Parma111; monumentof Sts. Augustine and Monica and sepulchre of Boethius in Pavia 112; tomb of Virgil in MantuaApp. V,9 Inscriptions located by churches: Brescia: St. Agatha 162-164; St. Andrew 154n; St. Bartholomew 157; Sts. Faustinus and Lovita 156n; St. Francis 161; St. George 159n; St. Julia 153;St. Sandro158. Dertona:the larger church 150; Mantua:St. Sylvester 197. Milan: St. Amabilis 130; St. Barthomew 140, 141; St. Dionysius 128; St. Donino 138; St. Francis120; St. George 132; St. Henry Panigarola 115; St. Mark 116, 131, 143; St. Mary 134; St. Nazarius 121, 136; St. Peter129; St. Simplicianus 125; St. Simplicius 148; St. Stephen 133; St. Thecla 114; St. Victor 135; Modena bell-tower 109; Parma: cathedralof the Blessed Virgin in Parma 111; Verona: St. Andrew Antiquus 173n;St. Firmus172; 'themajorchurch' 175; St. Michael 189n;St. Nicholas 171; St. Proculus 179-181; St. Stephen, protomartyr176; St. Zeno 183-184

Hippodrome in Constantinople41 Inscribed bases: in Constantinople42; in Rome 55; on Rhodes 73; in Mytilene 86 Inscribed

memorial

monuments

geographical by Inscriptions locations: Alexandria 102n;Benevento 211-213; Brescia 152-164; Chios 63; Constantinople 42; Cyzicus, on the temple of 'Jupiter'83; others in, 83; Mantua 194-197; Milan and environs

INDEXES (Dertona, Tradate) 113-150; Modena 105-110;Mytilene,on the tetrastylearch 86; Naples 209, App. V,1 Ib; Nicaea, on the southgate andon the towerof Trajan 84; NorthernItaly 105n;Pergamum87; Philippi 76; Rhodes 73; Rome 55; Salonica 'on a tripod of the Muses' 77; Smyrna,inscriptionclaiming Smyrnato be the birthplace of Homer 88; Syria 64n; Verona 167-189 Libraries: of monasteries in Constantinople42; ofNiccol6 Niccoli in Florence102; of San Marcoin Florence 102n Lighthouse: Pharos at Alexandria 17, App.V,1 Greek, illuminated, Manuscripts: in monastic librariesof Constantinople 42; of Roman Law, studied in Famagusta67; of the Iliad and Odyssey, of Euripides' tragedies, and of Theodosiusthe Grammarian, acquiredin a of Life Euripides Cyprus71, including 74; of Ciriaco's translation of the Pseudo-Aristotelian De Virtute 74n, App.V,4; of Claudius Ptolemy, geographer,purchasedin Adrianople75; of Ovid's Fasti copied by Ciriaco 76n; ecclesiastical and secular, bought by Ciriaco in Salonica 77; of the Pandects in Florence 103; of Josephus'sJewish Antiquities 103; in Berlin, Ciriaco's autographcommonplacebook 165n; in Modena, by Felice Feliciano, with a drawing of the Borsari Gate in Verona 167n; in Faenza,by Felice Feliciano, = of Veronese Ciriaco's sylloge inscriptions167n Monasteries: of S. Martinodelle Scale in Chiaravalle, Sicily 33; Carthusian, outsidethe walls of Florence 103; of St. Martianus in Dertona 144; abbey of ChiaravallenearPavia 151; Carthusian,

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in Pavia 151; abbey of St. Zeno in Verona 183-184, App. V,8; of Bobbie 198 Mound Tomb in Pergamum87 Nymphaea: in Constantinople42 Obelisks: 'of King Philadelphus' in Alexandria 17, App. V, 1; of the Augusteumand Serapeumin Alexandria 17n; from Heliopolis, set up in the hippodrome of Constantinople 41; (unspecified)seen in Rome 55 Palaces: of the Grand admiral Chiaramontein Palermo32; of Genoese merchantsin Galata 43; (unspecified) seen in Rome 55; of the city magistrates in Florence 101; Palazzo Vecchio in Florence 103 Porticoes: of the Tocci in Palermo32; the Las Incantadas portico in Salonica 77n; publicandprivate,in Florence 101 Pottery: vases inlaid with gold and silverpurchasedin Damascus65; Indian porcelainewers presentedby Ciriacoto the pope 92; bowl of precious green stone seen in Genoa203, App. V, 10 Relics: the headof St. JohnChrysostom 103 Sculpture: marblebust of Achilles in the 'city of Thetis') 9; reliefs? by 'Pheidias' on the Golden Gate of Constantinople 39; bronze equestrian statue of 'Heraclius' (= Justinian) in Constantinople40; (unspecified)statues 'of bronzeandvariouskinds of stone' in Constantinople42; (unspecified)statues seen in Rome 55, App. V,5; sculptured facade,carvedchoir-stalls,andstatuesof the Virgin and angels above the bronze portals of the cathedralin Orvieto 60;

246

VITA KYRIACI ANCONITANI

marble busts of plebeian priest and of Bacchus and statueof Venus purchased on Rhodes73; of gods on the architraves of the 'templeof Diana'in Salonica 77; statue of Neptune in Cyzicus 83; (unspecified) in Mytilene 86; colossal statues of gods and famous men in Pergamum87; bustof TiburtineSibyl in Tivoli 95; the bronze doors of the Florence baptistery,101, 105n; bronze statue of Mercury in Florence 102; bronze and marblestatues,antiqueand modem, seen in the houses of Donatello and Ghibertiin Florence 103; colossal statue of Apollo at Delos depicted on Rhodian coin 165n; marble bust of Gaius Marius in Genoa 203; marble statuethe great Scipio in Litemum207; colossal statue of Heraclius in Barletta 217n, App. V, 1lf Shipyards: of Naples 10; of Trajanat Ostia 96; of Genoa 203 Streets, ancient: 'Strait street in Damascus 65; roads near Terracina App.V, 1la Temples and Sanctuaries:of Augustus in Alexandria 17n; of Serapis in Alexandria 17n; Augusteion in Constantinople)40n; (unspecified)seen in Rome 55; temple. (=mosque?) in Cairo 68n App. V,3; 'of Diana' Las

Incantadas portico) in Salonica 77; of 'Jupiter'(= Hadrian)in Cyzicus 81, 83; Asclepieion in Pergamum 87n; of Hercules'Saxonus'(= Saxanus)in Tivoli 94; of Diana in Brescia 155n; of Augustusin Terracina206, App. V, 11a; Sybilline,at Pozzuoli210, App. V, 1Ic; of Castor and Pollux in Naples 209n, App.V, llb Theaters: of Miletus 18; (unspecified) in Rome 55; of Philippi76; of Mytilene 86; of Pergamum87; of Fiesole 104 Towers: of Trajanin city wall of Nicaea 84, of Palatain Brescia 160 Walls: of Constantinople39; of Galata 43; of Damascus'citadel 65; of Rhodes 73; of Philippi 76; turreted, of 'Lysimachus,'at Salonica77; of Cyzicus 82; of Nicaea (Iznik) 84; of Pyrraand Methymna on Lesbos 87; of Florence 101; of Fiesole 104; of Milan and environs 117-119, 142, 145; of Alexandria App. V, 1; of Rome App. V,5; of VeronaApp. V,8 War-engines: in castle of Pavia 112n, 151 Warehouses:of merchantsin Galata43n