قواعد في الممارسة السياسية (سلسلة أدوات القادة #6)

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬،‫א‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫"ﻭﻟﻭﻻ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻡ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺴﺩﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﷲ ﺫﻭ ﻓﻀل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻥ" )ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺭﺓ‪(251 :‬‬

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W. L. Twining/ D. Miers (1991): How to Do Things with Rules, 3rd edn., London, p. 131. 2 Roscoe Pound, 1 Jurisprudence 7 (West, 1959).

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:‫ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬1 - Popper, Karl: Die Logik der Sozialwissenschaften, in: Popper, Karl (2003): Auf der Suche nach einer besseren Welt. Vorträge und Aufsätze aus dreißig Jahren. 12. Auflage, München, Pipper Verlag. - Popper, Karl (1966): Logik der Forschung, Wien, zweite Auflage, Mohr Siebeck. - Hume, David (2007): A Treatise of Human Nature, USA, NuVision Publications. - Kuhn, Thomas S. (1996): The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, USA, 3 edition, University Of Chicago Press. - Imre, Lakatos/ Musgrave A. (1970): Criticisms and the growth of knowledge, University of Cambridge Press, (especially: Lakatos I., Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programs.) - Feyerabend, Paul (2007): Wider den Methodenzwang, Frankfurt am Main, 10. Auflag, Suhrkamp.

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Myers, I. (1962): Introduction to Type: A description of the theory and applications of the Myers-Briggs type indicator, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto Ca. :‫ﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺮﺟﻮع ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ - Plous, S. (1993): The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making, New York, McGraw-Hill. - Facione, P. and Facione, N. (2007): Thinking and Reasoning in Human Decision Making: The Method of Cognitive and Heuristic Analysis. - Wetterer, Eva-Christiane (2005): Die Kunst der richtigen Entscheidung. 40 Methoden die funktionieren. Hamburg, Murmann-Verlag.

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫‪ó@ ïbc@‡ÈaíÔ@Zßìÿa@âÕÜa‬‬ ‫‪óbïÜa@óÉïj @ßíy‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ :‬ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫‪@ @H1I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa‬‬ ‫ﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫"ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻴﲔ ﻣﺒﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻣﻨﺬﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺃﻧﺰﻝ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳊﻖ ﻟﻴﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﻭﺗﻮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﻐﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻬﺪﻯ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺁﻣﻨﻮﺍ ﳌﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺑﺈﺫﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﷲ ﻳﻬﺪﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺸﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺻﺮﺍﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ" )ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ‪(46 :‬‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(1‬‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻤﻭﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ‪/‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻭﻉ ‪/‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺩﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻻﺯﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺄ ﻋﻨﻪ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .1‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪ 1‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺗﺎ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺭﺓ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺿﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

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‫ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ )ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﻭﻥ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ )ﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ‪ /‬ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ‪ /‬ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﻭﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ )ﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ ‪ /‬ﻨﺎﻓﺩﺓ ‪ /‬ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ(‬

‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﻭﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬

‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺱ‬

‫)ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ( ﻭﻓﻕ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .2‬ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺪﺭﺓ‬

‫‪ 1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﲏ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﳊﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺗﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬ﻓﺴﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ "ﺃﻧﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﻠﻴﻨﻜﺎ" ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﳍﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻨﺎﻩ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺪﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﺎﻟﺜﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺯ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ‪ -‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‪:‬‬‫‪Pelinka, Anton (2000): Grundzüge der Politikwissenschaft, Wien, Böhlau, S21‬‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫@‬ ‫‪@ @H2I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa‬‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺪاﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ "ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﻓﻊ" ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫"ﻭﻟﻭﻻ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻡ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﻟﻬﺩﻤﺕ ﺼﻭﺍﻤﻊ ﻭﺒﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻠﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ" )ﺍﻟﺤﺞ‪(40 :‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

(2) ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ 1

‫ ﺘﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﻭﺘﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﺼﻔﺭﻱ‬:‫ﻴﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬

‫ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬

‫ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬‫ﻹ‬

‫ﻓﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ‬

‫ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻱ‬.3 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

:‫ﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬1 –175

2005 198

- Ziegenhagen, Eduard A. (1986): The Regulation of Political Conflict, New York, Praeger Publishers. - Coombs, Clyde H. / Avrunin, George S. (1988): The Structure of Conflict, Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. - Fisher, Erik A. (2004): The Art of Managing Everyday Conflict: Understanding Emotions and Power Struggles, Westport, CT, Praeger. (especially p. 29-40)

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Win _ win situation‬‬

‫‪Zero _ sum‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Game‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻳﻮﻗ ﻊ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﰲ ﻣﻄﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺗﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﺧـﺮ ﺻـﺮﺍﻋﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮﻳﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ﳚﺐ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﺧـﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﱐ ﺣﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﻭﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ 1‬ﻛﻞ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪" 2‬ﴰﺸﻮﻥ" ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ )ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺭﺍﺓ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﻗﺼﺘﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﱪﺍﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﻣﺴﺎﻙ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺠﺰﻭﺍ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻘﻮﺗﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺭﺳﻠﻮﺍ ﻟﻪ ﻓﺘﺎﺓ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ )ﺩﻟﻴﻠﺔ( ﻛﻲ ﻳ‪‬ﻐﺮﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﻭ‪‬ﻳﺪ‪‬ﻟﱠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻦ ﰲ ﺧﺼﻼﺕ ﺷﻌﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﻠﻘﺖ ﺫﻫﺒـﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻗﺼﺖ ﺷﻌﺮﻩ ﻓﻔﻘﺪ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺩﻭﻩ ﺇﺫﻻ ﹰﻻ ﻓﺄﻋﻤﻮﻩ ﺑﺜﻤﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮﻭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻫﺎﻧﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﻌﺮﻩ ﻗـﺪ ﻧﺒـﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺒﺪ ﳑﺘﻠﺌﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹸﺩﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻛﻲ ﻳﺘﺴﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳊﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ‪ ،‬ﻓﺪﻋﺎ ﴰﺸﻮﻥ ﺭﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻡ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺒﺪ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﻴﺴﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺍﳓﲎ ﺑﻘـﻮﺓ ﻓـﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﱯ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ "ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺋﻲ"‪.‬‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ؟‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬

‫ﺭﺅﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺑﲔ‬

‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .4‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‬

‫‪ 1‬أﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ‪ /‬هﺸﺎم ﻡﺮﺳﻲ‪ /‬واﺋﻞ ﻋﺎدل )‪ :(2007‬ﺣﺮب اﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‪ ..‬اﻟﺨﻴﺎر اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﺏﻴﺮوت‪ ،‬اﻟﺪار اﻟﻌﺮﺏﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم‪ /‬أآﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ص‬ ‫‪.66‬‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻫﻲ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻀﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻻﲣﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ‪ -‬ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ -‬ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻛﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﺇﻛﺲ ﺃﻭ‪ ,‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﺮ‪ ,‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﲣﻮﺽ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑـ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‪ ,‬ﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ,‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺃﺑﻮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﻐﺎﺭﻱ‪-‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ Neumann John von‬ﺟﻮﻥ ﻓﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﻮﻣﺎﻥ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻋﱪ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ )‪ ، (1930-1920‬ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳋﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺩ ﻭﺇﻳﻮﺍﺋﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺟﻴﺴﱵ ﻭﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻮﺍﺻﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﲔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﲣﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﻦ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻻﳘﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﲔ ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃ‪‬ﻢ ﳛﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﺎﻣﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﻢ ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﲡﻴﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃ‪‬ﻢ ﳛﺴﺒﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻜﻬﻨﻮﻥ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺪﺧﻠﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎ‪‬ﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﳚﺐ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﻟﲑﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﲡﻴﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻛ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﰒ ﻳﻘﺮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻜﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻼﻋﺒﲔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﲟﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﲔ ﻧﻮﺍﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻬﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮﻫﻢ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﻢ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﲟﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﺻﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﲔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﻏﲑ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪- Neumann, John von/ Morgenstern, Oscar (1944-2004): Theory of Games and‬‬ ‫‪Economic Behavior, Princeton NJ, University Press.‬‬ ‫‪- Rieck, Christian (2007): Spieltheorie - eine Einführung, Rieck, Eschborn.‬‬ ‫‪- Axelrod, Robert (2003): The Evolution of Cooperation, New York, Basic Books.‬‬ ‫‪- Dixit, Avinash K. / Nalebuff, Barry J. (1999): Thinking Strategically. The Competitive‬‬ ‫‪Edge in Business, Politics, and Everyday Life, New York, Norton.‬‬

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‫@‬ ‫‪@ @H3I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa‬‬ ‫ﺟﻮهﺮ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ واﻟﻤﻮارد ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳًﺎ‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(3‬‬ ‫ﺠﻭﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻭل ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻔـﺎﻅ ﺒﻬـﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻭﺫ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻤﻌ ﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .5‬ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﳉﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﲎ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﲝﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻐﲑ ﲝﻖ‪.‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

2 3 4

1

2

35

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

–

–

3

4

36

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫–‬

‫–‬

‫‪ 1‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻛﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﺳﻨﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻛﲔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺒـﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﺯﻟﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺎﺯﻟﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭﻗـﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﲢﺎﻟﻔﺎ‪‬ﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﳊﻈﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﳊﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ) ﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻻﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ‪ ( ..‬ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ )ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﻟﻔـﺎﻅ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺎﻭﺽ ﻭﳑﺎﺭﺳـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪..‬ﺇﱁ (‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﻬﻮ " ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ" ‪.‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

1

Leiserson, Avery. Parties and Politics: An Institutional and Behavioral Approach. 1st ed. New York: Knopf, 1958. 2

Lasswell, H, & N.Listes, Language of Politics: Studies in Quantitative Semantics, George W. Stewart Publisher Inc. N. Y. 1949. ‫ ﻓﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ "اﻟﻘﻮة" ﻡﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻡﺮآﺰي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺎهﺮة‬،ً‫ ﻡﻔﻬﻮم "اﻟﻘﻮة" ﻡﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﺎهﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺏﺪ أن ﻳﺤﻴﻂ ﺏﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ‬3 ‫ وهﻮ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ أهﻤﻴﺘﻪ وﻋﻤﻘﻪ وﺕﻌﻘﻴﺪﻩ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻜﺮة‬،‫ ﺏﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﻡﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻡﺼﻄﻠﺢ "اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ" ﻡﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻡﺮآﺰي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬،‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺥﺎﺹ ًﺔ وأن هﻨﺎك اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻡﻦ اﻷﺏﺤﺎث واﻟﺪراﺳﺎت‬،‫ وﻡﻦ ﺙﻢ ﻓﻼﺏﺪ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻡﻦ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻜﺮة اﻟﻘﻮة‬.‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ :‫ وﻡﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺮﺟﻮع إﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬،‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕﻌﺮﺽﺖ ﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ "اﻟﻘﻮة" ﻻﻟﺸﺮح واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬

- Arendt, Hannah (1995): Macht und Gewalt, 10. Auflage, München, Piper. - Cartwright, Dorwin (1959): Studies in Social Power, Ann Arbor, MI, University of Michigan. - Nowak, Leszek (1991): Power and Civil Society. Toward a Dynamic Theory of Real Socialism. Translated by Krzysztof Sawala, New York, Greenwood Press. - Bernd, Simon (2007): Macht. zwischen aktiver Gestaltung und Missbrauch, Wien, Göttingen. - Gostmann, Peter (2007): Macht und Herrschaft. Zur Revision zweier soziologischer Grundbegriffe, 1. Auflage, Vs Verlag. - Breuer, Stefan (1991): Max Webers Herrschaftssoziologie, Campus Verlag GmbH.

38

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫"ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﺩﺕ ﺃﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﳉﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﰲ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺎﺭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻷﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺣﱴ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺭﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ؛ ﺑﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳌﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺧﻄﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ"‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

40

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

41

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

42

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫@‬ ‫‪@ @H4I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa‬‬ ‫أدوات اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ‪Hard - Power‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ‪Soft - Power‬‬ ‫"ﻟﻮ أن ﺑﻴﻨﻲ وﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺷﻌﺮة ﻣﺎ اﻧﻘﻄﻌﺖ إن هﻢ ﺷﺪوهﺎ أرﺧﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وإن‬ ‫أرﺧﻮهﺎ ﺷﺪدﺗﻬﺎ" ﻣﻌﺎوﻳﺔ اﺑﻦ أﺑﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺎن‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(4‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻴﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .6‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Soft – Power‬‬

‫‪1‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣﺘﺨـﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﱪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

Hard – Power

1 2 3 4

@ @ @ @ @ @

:‫ ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ‬1 - Wartenberg, Thomas E. (1990): The Forms of Power. From Domination to Transformation, Philadelphia, Temple University Press.

45

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫@ @‬ ‫@ @‬

‫" ﺑﻌﺪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﰲ )ﺱ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﰲ ﳎﻠﺲ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳘﺶ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ ‪1988‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﰊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻭﺗﺄﻣﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﻛﺔ ﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻃﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﺼﺤﻔﻴﲔ ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﺗﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻌﻴﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﱯ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﲔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﺍﳉﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺠﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﻳﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﻫﺮ ﺃﻓﻠﺢ ﰲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺯﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1999‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﲣﺮﺝ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ !!؟ "‪.‬‬

‫‪i‬‬

‫‪46‬‬

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

ii

iii –

–

47

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﺣﻨﻒ ﺑﻦ ﻗﻴﺲ ﺷﻴﺦ ﲤﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﳋﻼﻓﺔ ﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻨﻒ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺎﺭﺏ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺻﻒ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ ﺃﰊ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻨﻒ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﺑﻼ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻉ‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﻚ ﻗﻠﻮ‪‬ﻢ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺃﺟـﺴﺎﺩﻫﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﺼﺮ ﻗﺎﻣﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻗﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﺝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﻌﻈﻤﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘـﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺃﺯﻫﻰ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﲔ ﻳﺪﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﺣﻨـﻒ ﺣـﱴ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﲝﺪﻳﺚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﻮﻡ ﻭﺗﻘﺮﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺬﻛﺮﹶﺍ ﺇﻳﺎﻩ ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻓﻪ ﺿﺪﻩ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺪ ﲤﻴﻢ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺎﻝ‪" :‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﷲ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺮﻫﻨﺎﻙ ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻔﻲ ﺻﺪﻭﺭﻧﺎ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﻮﻑ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺭﺑﻨﺎﻙ ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻔﻲ ﺃﻏﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﺄﺧﺘﺮ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻚ!!"‬ ‫ﻓﺒﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﻭﺃﻛﺮﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻭﻻﻃﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺧﺮﺝ ﺍﻷﺣﻨﻒ ﺑـﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺧﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻊ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻃﻠﺖ ﻭﺳﺄﻟﺖ ﺃﺧﺎﻫﺎ‪" :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ‪‬ﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ؟!!" ﻛﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﻜﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺧﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪" :‬ﻳﺎ ﺃﺧﺘﺎﻩ‪ ..‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑـﲏ ﲤـﻴﻢ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻏﻀﺐ ﻏﻀﺒﺖ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺳﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲏ ﲤﻴﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺄﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻏﻀﺐ"‪.‬‬

‫‪48‬‬

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

‫א‬

1

Dictionary of the social sciences (U_ N _ E _ S _ C _ O) P151.

49

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

50

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫‪‡@ ÈaíÔ@ZðäbrÜa@âÕÜa‬‬ ‫‪ðbïÜa@ÞÈbÑÝÜ@óïbc‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪51‬‬

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫‪Stats Man‬‬ ‫‪Stats Man‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪1‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﲔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ /‬ﲨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ(‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﺎ )ﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺗﻴﻜﺎﻥ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

•

•

–

–

–

•

1

Lasswell, H, & N.Listes, Language of Politics: Studies in Quantitative Semantics, George W. Stewart Publisher Inc. N. Y. 1949. ‫ﻡﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕﻨﺎوﻟﺖ ﻓﻜﺮة اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ آﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ وﻡﻦ ﺙﻢ ﺕﻨﺎوﻟﺖ ﻡﻮاﺹﻔﺎت رﺟﻞ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ واﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ آﺘﺎب ﻡﺎآﺲ ﻓﻴﺒﺮ‬

Weber, Max (1919): Politik als Beruf. Gekürzte Fassung, in: Münkler, Herfried (Hg.) (2002): Politisches Denken im 20. Jahrhundert. Ein Lesebuch, München, Piper. (especailly p. 22-34).

53

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

@ @ @H1I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬

54

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(1‬‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻌﺏ ﻭﺇﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﻭﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .7‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ‬

‫‪145‬‬

‫‪lbid., p. 107‬‬

‫‪55‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

‫א‬

‫א‬

1

–

2 –

3

56

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫–‬

‫–‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .8‬ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬

‫‪ 1‬ﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ‪ power‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﲏ ‪ Authority‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺧﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺭﻏﺎﻡ ﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﳝﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﱪ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ‪Influence‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﲟﻌﲎ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﻏﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫–‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .9‬ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪58‬‬

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

5 – –

59

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻛﻞ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‪ :‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻡ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺳﻠﻔﻨﺎ‪.‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

–

62

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

–

63

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

–

:‫ ﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ دور اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺮﺟﻮع إﻟﻰ‬1

Rotermundt, Dampfboot.

Rainer (1997): Staat

und

Politik, 1.

64

Auflage, Münster, Westfälisches

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

@ @ @H2I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

65

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(2‬‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺭ ﻭﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨﻼﺕ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻋﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻘﺮارات‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .10‬ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺇﻳﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬

‫‪1‬ﺻﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺩﺍﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺇﻳﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺟﱪﺍﻳﻞ ﺃﳌﻮﻧﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Easton, David (1965): A Systems Analysis of Political Life, New York, S. 32.‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ – ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ – ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺑﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‪-‬‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

@ @ @H3I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa ‫ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ رﺟﻞ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬

68

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(3‬‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬

‫‪Macro‬‬ ‫‪Economy‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫@‬ ‫‪@ @H4I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa‬‬ ‫رﺟﻞ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻐﺎﻣﺮة واﻟﻤﻘﺎﻣﺮة‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(4‬‬ ‫ﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻤﻐﺎﻤﺭ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻘﺎﻤﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬ﲤﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﲣﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﱪ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﻮﳍﺎ‪.‬‬‫ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺔ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ‪.‬‬‫ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺔ‪.‬‬‫ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪.‬‬‫ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬‫‪ -‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ‪ Action Plan‬ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪.‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫@‬ ‫‪@ @H5I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa‬‬ ‫رﺟﻞ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺴﻦ اﻟﻨﻴﺔ وﻓﻬﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(5‬‬ ‫ﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺠﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﺌﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺤﺴﻥ ﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﻭﺍﻋـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

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‫"‬

‫‪1‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻨﻘﻴﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻜﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪2002 ،‬‬ ‫‪2‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪.‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

@ @ @H6I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﺮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ آﻤﺎ هﻮ‬

78

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(6‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻤﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺍﻩ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﺨﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

@ @ @H7I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa ‫رﺟﻞ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺨﻴﻔﻪ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬

81

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(7‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺯﻭ ﺇﺨﻔﺎﻗﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬

‫–‬

‫–‬

‫ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﻌﻘﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻪ؛ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺒﺎﻨﻪ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻰ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺒل ﻴﺠـﺏ ﺇﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻪ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫@‬ ‫‪@ @H8I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa‬‬ ‫رﺟﻞ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻞ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻖ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(8‬‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺒﻤﻨﻁﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫@‬ ‫‪@ @H9I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa‬‬ ‫رﺟﻞ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ودﻗﺔ اﻟﻬﺪف وﺗﺪﺑﻴﺐ راس اﻟﺴﻬﻢ وﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺷﺮوط اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪:(9‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻨﻙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ " ﻻ ﻴﺘﺸﺘﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ "؛ ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻪ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫‪2‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫@‬ ‫‪@ @H10I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﻬﺸﺔ واﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(10‬‬ ‫ﻴﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﺸﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴل ﻤﻜﺎﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

1

A Force More Powerful (2000). York Zimmerman Inc./ WETA Washington, D.C. DVD, 180 Min., USA: YZI.

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫‪2000‬‬

‫‪1‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﺮﺣﻪ ﻛﹸﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ )ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻣﲔ( ﻭﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻴﻔﻀﻠﻮﻥ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ "‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ " ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﻝ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻓﺎﻹﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻋﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ " ﺧﺬ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﺳـﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺒـﺎﱄ‬ ‫ﲟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻫﲑ " ﺃﻭ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Bringing Down A Dictator (2000). York Zimmerman Inc./ WETA Washington, D.C.‬‬ ‫‪DVD, 180 Min., USA: YZI.‬‬

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‫‪1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﰊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﺮ‪2006 ،‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

15

.‫ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬1

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

ó@ ïbc@‡ÈaíÔ@ZsÜbrÜa@âÕÜa ðbïÜa@ÞáÉÝÜ

94

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

@ @ @H1I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺼﺮاع وأﻃﺮاﻓﻪ‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﻭﻨﻭﻋﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺃﻁﺭﺍﻓﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Zero –sum game‬‬ ‫‪Non –zero sum game‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

1

2

3

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

@ @ @H2I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺳﻠﻢ اﻷهﺪاف‬

99

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(2‬‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺴﻠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‪ ...‬ﻭﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻭﺍﻓﻊ‪.‬‬

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‫‪2‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

3

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

@ @ @H3I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa ‫اﻟﻄﺎوﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(3‬‬ ‫ﺤ ‪‬ﻤﻠﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﻤل ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺴ ﹸﺘﻨﻜﺴﺭ ﺤﺘﻤ ﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ُ‬

‫‪:‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

–

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻡ )ﺭﺒﻤﺎ (‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل ﺍﻷﻭل‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .11‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

@ @ @H4I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa ‫ﻓﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎورة‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻓﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪ ...‬ﻭﺭﺠل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤـل ﻤـﻊ ﻤﺨﺘﻠـﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﻀﻌﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻤﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﻯ‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

110

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

111

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﻓﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎورة " وآﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻡﻮاﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ "‬

‫اﻷﺽﻌﻒ‬

‫اﻷﻗـﻮى‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻄﺮف‬

‫اﻟﺪﻡﺞ ﺏﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻥﺘﺎﺋﺞ أﻓﻀﻞ‬

‫‪ .2‬اﻟﺘﻨﺎزﻻت‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎب‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺪﻡﺞ ﺏﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻥﺘﺎﺋﺞ أﻓﻀﻞ‬

‫‪ .1‬اﻹذﻋﺎن‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬اﻹزاﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬اﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻡﺒﺎﺵﺮة‬ ‫‪ .4‬اﻟﻤﻮاﺟﻬﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻡﺒﺎﺵﺮة‬ ‫‪ .5‬اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬اﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬اﻟﻤﻬﺎدﻥﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻏﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .6‬ﺕﺠﻨﺐ ﻗﻮة ﻡﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .7‬ﺕﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻃﺮف ﺁﺥﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .12‬ﻓﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

@ @ @H5I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa ‫ﻋﻘﺪة اﻟﺼﺮاع‬

113

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(5‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜل ﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﻋﻘﺩﺓ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ ..‬ﻓﻼ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻋﻘﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬

‫–‬

‫ﻁ ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺱ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺹ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﻟـ "ﺹ"‬ ‫‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ "ﺹ"‬

‫س‬

‫ص‬

‫ط‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .13‬ﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﳎﺴﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺎﺭﺳﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻭﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﻭﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‬

‫–‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

The Stick The Deal

The Kiss

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

2000

1

Bringing Down A Dictator (2000). York Zimmerman Inc./ WETA Washington, D.C. DVD, 180 Min., USA: YZI.

117

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫‪1‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺷﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻻ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﳛﺎﺕ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺻﺪﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳕﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﳉﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺣﻞ ﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘـﺸﺎﺑﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﻨـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻻ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﰲ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻨﺬﻛﺮ ﻫﻨﺎ ﳕﻮﺫﺟﲔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﳝﺎﺭﺱ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺗﺴﺎﻕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻵﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺇﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻄﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻭﻳﻄﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻠﻐﻠﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ =‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺸل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﻀﻪ ﺒﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺘﻜﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )ﻛﻮ‪‬ﻢ ﻛﻠﻬﻢ ﺃﺗﺮﺍﻙ (‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻄﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﳍﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻄﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺃ‪‬ﻢ ﻳﺒﻨﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﱐ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺍ‪‬ﻢ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻜﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﺴﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻳﺘﻀﺎﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺎ ﳓﻦ ﻧﺮﻯ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﲔ ﻭﺧﻄﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲣﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻃﻮﺭﻭﺍ ﺻﻮﺍﺭﳜﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻹﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺛﻘﻠﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺿﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺍﳜﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﻄﻮﺭﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺍ‪‬ﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳜﻄﻄﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﹰﺍ ﺭﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻨﻤﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

@ @ @H6I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﺨﻄﺎب اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

121

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(6‬‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﹶﺏ‬

‫‬‫‪-‬‬

‫‬‫‪-‬‬

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

2006

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òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

@ @ @H7I@ñ‡ÇbÔÛa ‫ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬

124

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪(7‬‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺸﺭﺍﺌﺢ‪ :‬ﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺒﺩﺀ ﻭﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬

‫ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .14‬ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬

‫‪1‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ "ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﻱ" ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

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‫‪1‬‬

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

126

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

‫א‬

127

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

– –

– –

–

128

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

129

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

130

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

‫א‬

‫א‬

131

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﻻﺯﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺄ ﻋﻨﻪ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .1‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ )ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﻭﻥ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ )ﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ ‪ /‬ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ‪ /‬ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﻭﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ )ﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ ‪ /‬ﻨﺎﻓﺩﺓ ‪ /‬ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ(‬

‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﻭﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬

‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺱ‬

‫)ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ( ﻭﻓﻕ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .2‬ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺪﺭﺓ‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬

‫ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬

‫ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﻓﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﻹ‪‬ﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .3‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺭﺅﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺑﲔ‬

‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .4‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .5‬ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .6‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

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‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .7‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .8‬ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬

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‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .9‬ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨﻼﺕ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻋﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .10‬ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺇﻳﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬

‫‪136‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﺮارات‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻡ )ﺭﺒﻤﺎ (‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل ﺍﻷﻭل‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .11‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬

‫ﻓﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎورة " وآﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻡﻮاﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ "‬

‫اﻷﺽﻌﻒ‬

‫اﻷﻗـﻮى‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻄﺮف‬

‫‪ .1‬اﻹزاﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬اﻹذﻋﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻡﺞ ﺏﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻥﺘﺎﺋﺞ أﻓﻀﻞ‬

‫اﻟﺪﻡﺞ ﺏﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻥﺘﺎﺋﺞ أﻓﻀﻞ‬

‫‪ .2‬اﻟﺘﻨﺎزﻻت‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬اﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻡﺒﺎﺵﺮة‬ ‫‪ .4‬اﻟﻤﻮاﺟﻬﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻡﺒﺎﺵﺮة‬ ‫‪ .5‬اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎب‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬اﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬اﻟﻤﻬﺎدﻥﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻏﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .6‬ﺕﺠﻨﺐ ﻗﻮة ﻡﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .12‬ﻓﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬

‫‪137‬‬

‫‪ .7‬ﺕﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻃﺮف ﺁﺥﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ‬‬

‫ﻁ ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺱ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺹ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﻟـ "ﺹ"‬ ‫‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ "ﺹ"‬

‫س‬

‫ص‬

‫ط‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .13‬ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺓ‬

‫ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬

‫ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .14‬ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬

‫‪138‬‬

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

‫א‬

‫א‬

139

òîbîÛa@òŠbà¾a@À ‡ÇaìÓ

‫א‬ /

‫א‬

/

‫א‬ 1

2007

/ 2 2005 3 2006 4

2002 ‫א‬ 5.

‫א‬

‫א‬

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Axelrod, Robert (2003): The Evolution of Cooperation, New York,

Basic Books. 8.

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Simon

(2007): Macht. zwischen

Missbrauch, Wien, Göttingen.

140

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Gestaltung

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9.

Breuer,

Stefan

(1991):

Max

Webers

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30. Popper, Karl (1966): Logik der Forschung, Wien, zweite Auflage, Mohr Siebeck. 31. Rieck, Christian (2007): Spieltheorie - eine Einführung, Rieck, Eschborn. 32. Roscoe Pound, 1 Jurisprudence 7 (West, 1959). 33. Rotermundt,

Rainer (1997): Staat

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Auflage, Münster, Westfälisches Dampfboot. 34. W. L. Twining/ D. Miers (1991): How to Do Things with Rules, 3rd edn., London, p. 131. 35. Wartenberg, Thomas E. (1990): The Forms of Power. From Domination to Transformation, Philadelphia, Temple University Press. 36. Weber, Max (1919): Politik als Beruf. Gekürzte Fassung, in: Münkler, Herfried (Hg.) (2002): Politisches Denken im 20. Jahrhundert. Ein Lesebuch, München, Piper. 37. Wetterer, Eva-Christiane (2005): Die Kunst der richtigen Entscheidung. 40 Methoden die funktionieren. Hamburg, Murmann-Verlag. 38. Wagner, Wolf (2005): Wie Politik funktioniert, München, deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. 39. Ziegenhagen, Eduard A. (1986): The Regulation of Political Conflict, New York, Praeger Publishers.

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