Методические указания по английскому языку для студентов I курса всех факультетов. Часть 1

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РФ ПЕНЗЕНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ по английскому языку для студентов I курса всех факультетов (часть 1)

Пенза 1997

Методические указания предназначены для студентов I курса всех специальностей. Предлагается материал по темам «Образование в России и за рубежом», «Ученые и их вклад в мировую науку», «Изобретения и изобретатели», «Научно-технический прогресс», «Экология». Материал организован циклами. В состав каждого цикла входят словарь активной лексики, тексты, упражнения на отработку грамматического и лексического материала, задания для работы над текстом. Тексты и упражнения способствуют развитию навыков зрелого чтения и умения обсуждать прочитанное. Методические указания составлены на кафедре «Иностранные языки» ПГТУ.

Составители: Т.В.Сергееева, Т.Н.Кондрашина, Г.В.Барышникова, А.И.Жолнерик, О.П.Миханова Рецензент: Е.У.Шадрина, канд. филолог. наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков Пензенского гос. пед. ун-та

Unit 1 HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA. Грамматика Система времен. Порядок слов в английском предложении. Вопросительные предложения. Тексты 1A. Penza State University 1В. Higher School and Ways to Science 1С. Moscow University its Past and Present 1D. Higher Education in Russia

Словарь активной лексики 1. academic year – учебный год 2. associate [ə’souʃiit] professor – доцент 3. author [‘ɔ:Ɵə] – автор co-author [‘kou’ɔ:Ɵə] – соавтор 4. to carry out – выполнять, проводить 5. to design [di’zain]– конструировать 6. dormitory [‘dɔ:mitri] – общежитие syn. hall of residence 7. education – образование, обучение full-time education – очное обучение extra-mural education – заочное обучение 8. to enter – поступать (в учебное заведение) 9. to equip [i’kwip] – оборудовать 10. facilities [fə’silitiz] – благоприятные условия, оборудование 11. to graduate from [‘grædjueit] – оканчивать учебное заведение graduate [‘grædjuit] – выпускник undergraduate [ʌndə’grædjuit] – студент последнего курса post-graduate [‘pəust’grædjuit] – аспирант 12. humanities [hju’mænitiz] – гуманитарные дисциплины 13. to investigate [in’vestigeit] – исследовать investigation – исследование syn. research 3

14. machine-tool [mə’ʃi:ntu:l] – станок 15. necessary [‘nesisəri] – необходимый 16. polytechnic [,pɔli’teknik] – политехнический институт 17. scholarship [‘skɔləʃip] – стипендия 18. science [‘saiəns] – наука 19. society [sə’saiəti] – общество 20. student [‘stju:dənt] – студент 21. to study [ʼstʌdi] – учиться 22. subject – учебный предмет 23. successful [sək’sesful] – успешный 24. technique [tek’ni:k] – техника, технический прием, способ 25. term – семестр 26. thesis (-es) [‘Ɵi:sis] (-i:z) – диссертация (ии) 27. training appliance [‘treiniɳ ə’plaiəns] – учебное пособие 28. university [,ju:ni’və:siti] – университет 29. workshop [‘wə:kʃop] – мастерская I. а). Прочитайте интернациональные слова, догадайтесь об их значении. audio-visual [‘ɔ:diou ‘vizjuəl]; automation [‘ɔtə’meiʃən]; bureau [bjuə’rou]; candidate [‘kændidit]; career [kə’riə]; centre [‘sentə]; certificate [sə’tifikit]; computer [kəm’pju:tə]; consultation [,kɔnsəl’teiʃn]; course [‘kɔ:s]; culture [‘kʌltʃə]; department [di’pa:tmənt]; diploma [di’ploumə]; economics [,i:kə’nɔmiks]; experimental [eks,peri’mentl]; faculty [‘fækəlti]; final [ʼfainl]; information [,infə’meiʃən]; institute [‘institju:t]; laboratory [lə’bɔrətəri]; lecture [‘lektʃə]; management [‘mænidʒmənt], problem [‘prɔbləm]; project [‘prɔdʒekt]; qualified [‘kwɔlifaid]; region [‘ri:dʒən]; seminar [‘semina:]; specialist [‘speʃəlist]; status [‘steitəs]; technical [‘teknikəl] б). Обратите внимание на произношение и значение следующих слов: activity design engineering instrument

[æk’tiviti] [di’zain] [,endʒi’niəriɳ] [‘instrumənt]

– деятельность – конструировать – техника – прибор

II. Прочитайте и переведите группы однокоренных слов: 4

design – designer – designing; educate – education – educational equip – equipment; experiment – experimentalize – experimentally – experimentation – experimenter; graduate – graduation; investigate – investigation – investigator – investigative; manage – manager – management; practice – practical – practically – practise; science – scientific – scientist; success – successful – succeed; supervise – supervisor – supervision. III. Прочитайте и переведите словосочетания на русский язык: higher school, full university status, candidate of science, doctor of science, lecture-hall, winter term, spring term, final term, general engineering subject, special subject, graduation project, graduation diploma, post-graduate course, full-time student, extra-mural student, field of science, leading scientist, scientific research work, scientific investigation, scientific conference, Students’ Scientific Society, research methods. IV. Соедините слова в логические словосочетания и пере-ведите их: a) carry out, design, enter, equip, investigate; b) instruments, laboratories, problems, research, a university. V. Прочитайте и переведите предложения. Преобразуйте их в вопросительные и отрицательные по образцу. Model These students study well. Do these students study well? These students do not study well. 1. I study English and French. 2. They attend English classes regularly. 3. Bob and Mike often miss lectures. 4. These students make reports at scientific conferences every year. 5. We study at the instrument-making faculty.

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Model He studies German at the University. Does he study German at the University? He does not study German at the University.

1. She shows brilliant progress in her studies. 2. Professor Ivanov works at our University. 3. He makes a lot of experiments. 4. Roger likes philosophy very much. 5. Helen makes reports at students’ scientific conferences every year. Model She studied English at school. Did she study English at school? She did not study English at school.

1. They entered the University three years ago. 2. He defended his thesis for a scientific degree last month. 3. She failed her English exam yesterday. 4. They began to study English at the University. 5. Our descriptive geometry teacher gave a consultation to our group yesterday. I went to the library the day before yesterday. Model They will have two lectures tomorrow. Will they have two lectures tomorrow? They will not have two lectures tomorrow. 1. He will take a post-graduate course after graduating from the University. 2. The academic year will finish at the end of June. 3. We shall discuss this question at our seminar tomorrow. 4. Extra-mural students will study on Sunday. 5. I shall finish this work next week. Model They are taking their mathematics exam now. Are they taking exercises their mathematics Theyatare taking at 1. We are doing grammar now. 2. exam He is now? working thisnot problem examexercise. now. present. 3. Itheir am mathematics doing a grammar 4. Sam was writing down the data during the experiment. 5. They were working at 6 o’clock yesterday. 6. She will be working at her graduation project the whole evening tomorrow. 7. They will 6

be analysing the results of the experiment after they finish their work. Model They have translated the text. Have they translated the text? The have not translated the text. 1. He has done all his homework. 2. We have finished discussing the problem. 3. The conference had begun by the time we came. 4. They had arranged everything for the experiment by 2 o’clock yesterday. 5. Ann will have finished her work by 5 o’clock tomorrow. VI. Определите время сказуемого и переведите предложения. 1. She failed her exams and will take them again. 2. She is studying to become an engineer. 3. He has always wanted to apply for Moscow State University. 4. In Britain the academic year runs from October to July. 5. When we came to the laboratory the experiment had already started. 6. What were you doing at 5 o’clock yesterday? – I was writing my course paper. 7. We’ll be discussing this question at our seminar tomorrow morning. 8. Professor Brown is delivering a lecture to the undergraduate students now. 9. By the beginning of the academic year all the class-rooms, lecture-halls, laboratories and workshops will have been repaired. 10. I have carried out my laboratory work and now I am going home. 11. She went to the library yesterday. 12. Last night he completed the experiment which he had begun some months before. 13. I was reading when you rang me up. I was reading a difficult English text then. 14. Students who are interested in science join the Students’ Scientific Society. 15. Will they publish the results of their researches? VII. Определите глагольную форму. Добавьте возможное обстоятельство времени из предложенных ниже. 1. ... he comes to the University in time. 2. I have not seen him at the University ... . 3. Where is Helen? – She is working in the library ... . 4. The lecture had been over ... . 5. They had no lessons ... . 6. He will be taking his mathematics exam again ... . 7. ... he works much at his thesis. ... he worked 10 hours a day. Now he has an interval in his work. ... he will continue his work. usually: now; as a rule; for the last few days; by 3 o’clock yesterday; last week; yesterday; when I met you; in some days, at 3 o’clock tomorrow. VIII. Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в нужном времени. 7

1. He (attend) all lectures regularly. 2. We already (decide) to join the Students’ Scientific Society of our University. 3. The students of our group (carry out) a laboratory test now. 4. I left the library after I (finish) reading the book. 5. They (write) a test in English next week. 6. The lessons at our University (begin) at 8 a.m. 7. By the end of the year they (graduate) from the University. 8. All my friends (pass) their examinations well last week. 9. When we came to the dormitory to visit our friends, Irene (translate) a text and Ann (write) a letter to her parents. IX. Перестройте русские предложения в соответствии со строгим порядком слов в английском предложении. 1. Для меня очень трудны эти упражнения. 2. Завтра на научной студенческой конференции доклад будет делать мой друг. 3. Экзамены студенты сдают в конце каждого семестра. 4. Над английским он должен много работать. 5. Эту статью она вчера начала переводить на английский язык. X. Составьте предложения из заданных слов. Полученные предложения переведите. 1. 2. 3. 4.

year; has; new; the; begun; academic. begins; year; the; in; usually; third; specialization. present; 8.300; at; our; study; university; at; about; students. is; university; a; he; the; at; student; full-time. XI. Задайте все возможные вопросы к следующим предложениям.

1. Paul attends lectures at the Institute every day. 2. They have always passed examinations successfully. 3. Peter is translating a new text. 4. They took the books from the library of our University. 5. Our lectures begin at 8 o’clock in the morning. 6. I shall have an English class tomorrow. 7. She has entered the Institute this year. 8. We are listening to the teacher.

TEXT 1A Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. PENZA STATE UNIVERSITY

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Penza State University is one of the greatest and prestigious higher schools in the Volga region. The history of Penza State University dates back to 1943, when, during the Great Patriotic War, Odessa Industrial Institute was evacuated to Penza. So the University was founded as a polytechnic on the basis of the Odessa Industrial Institute. Since that time the University has grown into the centre of education, culture and science. Full University status was awarded in 1993. At present about 10.000 students study at the University, more than 600 teachers, associate professors and professors are on its staff. 360 of them are candidates and doctors of science. The University is housed in 10 buildings. The class-rooms and lecturehalls, the laboratories and workshops are equipped with up-to-date instruments, computers, machine-tools, audio-visuals and other training appliances. There is a rich library, 4 reading-rooms, a dining hall, 5 dormitories and a sports complex at the disposal of students. So the University has all the facilities necessary for successful studies and rest. Today Penza State University is made up of 11 main faculties: machinebuilding automation, instrument-making, radio-electronics, computer science, automation and information technology, economics and management and others. The University has also an extra-mural department, a preparatory course department and continuing education courses. The course of training includes various activities. During the academic year students attend lectures and seminars, carry out laboratory tests and get consultations from the teachers. At the end of each term they take examinations. The students who make good progress in their studies are entitled to scholarships. The course is divided into two stages. In the first and second years students study general engineering subjects (mathematics, physics, descriptive geometry) and some humanities (history, philosophy, foreign languages). It gives a solid basis of general education to future specialists. Special subjects are taught in senior courses. Much attention is paid to practical instruction. Students gain practical experience at plants, research institutes and design bureaus of the city. During the final term undergraduates carry out their graduation projects. They defend them before an examination board and become graduates. At the end of the university course they receive graduation diplomas and go to work to different branches of engineering. II Those graduates who wish to make scientific careers may stay at the University and apply for post-graduate courses. The University has both full9

time and extra-mural courses of post-graduate training where they carry on scientific research. Their supervisors are Doctors of Sciences. On completing their work they submit theses for a scientific degree. Penza State University is a famous centre of science. The major part of scientific research work is done by the teaching staff. Students may also take part in scientific investigation. Many of the University's leading scientists try to attract as many students as possible to their own field of science. Students may join the Students' Scientific Society to investigate scientific problems, carry on research in experimental laboratories, design up-to-date instruments, learn modern research methods. Once a year the Students' Scientific Society members make reports at scientific conferences. Some students take part in the competition "For the Best Scientific Work of Students” and win diplomas, medals and prizes there. Quite often our students become co-authors of inventions made by the University scientists and get author's certificates. Since its foundation, the University has trained lots of highly-qualified professionals able to work is various fields of science and engineering. Задание 2. Найдите в тексте 1A английские эквиваленты для следующих слов и словосочетаний: 1. аудитория, современные приборы, в распоряжении студентов, подготовительные курсы, курсы повышения квалификации, показывать хорошие результаты в учебе, прочная основа общего образования, старшие курсы, практическая подготовка, приобретать опыт. 2. научная карьера, научный руководитель, принимать участие в научных исследованиях, привлечь как можно больше студентов, вступить в научное студенческое общество, члены научного студенческого общества, высококвалифицированные профессионалы. Задание 3. а). Прочитайте и переведите толкование некоторых слов по теме "Education": 1) educational certificate of proficiency; 2) talk for the purpose of teaching; 3) testing of knowledge or ability; 4) payment of money to a student; 5) person who is studying at a college, institute, polytechnic or university; 6) theory put forward and supported by arguments submitted for a scientific degree; 7) group studying a problem and meeting for discussion with a teacher; 8) institution for advanced teaching, conferring degrees and engaging in academic research. 10

б). Подберите к каждому толкованию соответствующее слово из предложенного списка: university, student, scholarship, lecture, seminar, examination, diploma, thesis. Задание 4. Опираясь на содержание первой части текста 1A, заполните пропуски необходимыми по смыслу словами и словосочетаниями. 1) Penza State University is one of the famous ... ... in the Volga region. 2) The University trains highly qualified ... for various fields of science and technology. 3) During the ... year students attend ... and ..., get consultations, ... laboratory tests. 4) Students take examinations at the end of each ... . 5) In the first and second years students study general engineering ... and ... . 6) In the senior courses students study ... subjects. 7) Students gain practical ... at industrial enterprises of the city. 8) Undergraduates carry out their ... ... during the final term. 9) At the end of the University course ... receive graduation diplomas. Задание 5. Опираясь на содержание второй части текста 1A, соедините части А и В в предложения и переведите их, составьте все возможные варианты предложений.

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A

B

1. The students who are interested in science

a) b) c) d)

are the supervisors of post-graduates. may apply for post-graduate courses. learn modern research methods. may take part in scientific investigation. e) become co-authors of inventions and get author's certificates. f) submit their theses for a scientific degree. g) carry on scientific research. h) join the Students' Scientific Society. i) attract students to their field of science. j) design up-to-date instruments. k) make reports at scientific conferences.

2. Students’ Scientific Society Members 3. Doctors of Science 4. Graduates who wish to make scientific careers 5. Post-graduates 6. Talented scientists

Задание 6. Восстановите вопросы по ответам. 1) Yes, it is. Our University is rather prestigious and students from many parts of our country come to study there. 2) About 10.000 students study at the University. 3) The main faculties of our University are: machine-building automation, instrument-making, radioelectronics, computer science, automation and information technology, economics and management and others. 4) Yes, they do. During the academic year students work hard. 5) Examinations take place at the end of each term. 6) They have practice at plants, research institutes and design bureaus. 7) Students who are interested in science do. They join the Students' Scientific Society of our University. Задание 7. Выразите свое согласие, несогласие или сомнение в справедливости следующих высказываний. Используйте речевые модели. I think so. – Думаю, что да. Most likely. – Весьма вероятно. 12

Of course not: – Конечно нет. I doubt it. – Я сомневаюсь в этом. Hard to say. – Трудно сказать. Model. – Penza State University is one of the greatest higher schools in the Volga region. – Hard to say. I've got no information about all the Universities established in the Volga region. 1) Penza State University is one of the greatest and prestigious higher schools in the Volga region. 2) Penza State University has all the facilities necessary for successful studies and rest. 3) The academic year is divided into three terms. 4) During the academic year students must work hard. 5) Once a year students take exams. 6) Each student of the University goes through industry practice. 7) Penza State University is a famous centre of science. 8) The University trains highly-qualified professionals. Задание 8. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста 1A. 1) What role does Penza State University play in education, science and culture in the Volga region? 2) When was the University founded? 3) When was the full university status awarded? 4) What are the facilities for studies and rest at the University? 5) How many faculties are there at the University? 6) What does the academic work of the University include? 7) What subjects are taught in the first and second years? (in senior courses?) 8) Where do students gain practical skills? 9) What do undergraduates do during the final term? 10) What is a post-graduate course? How is the process of training organized there? 11) Who carries on the major part of scientific work of the University? 12) How are students engaged in scientific research? Задание 9. На основе информации текста 1A подготовьте сообщения по темам. 1. Penza State University as one of the greatest higher schools in the region. 2. The academic work of the University. 3. The scientific work of the University. 13

TEXT 1B Задание 1. Ознакомьтесь с новыми словосочетаниями. Не читая текста, скажите, о чем может идти в нем речь. Conduct investigations – проводить исследования, contest – конкурс, draw students into research work – привлекать студентов к исследовательской работе, handle equipment – управлять оборудованием, improve knowledge – углублять знания, master techniques – овладевать методами, realize value of knowledge – осознать ценность знаний, term paper – курсовая работа.

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Задание 2. Прочитайте предложения, выражающие основные положения текста 1B. Проверьте правильность своих прогнозов. 1. Students who take part in research work become highly-qualified specialists. 2. Student research is of great importance for writing term papers and graduation projects. 3. One of the most effective methods for training qualified specialists is student participation in research. 4. Students' Scientific Society is one of the forms of student participation in research. Задание 3. Прочитайте текст 1B, расположите основные поло-жения текста (задание 2) в порядке их следования. Дополните их информацией из текста. HIGHER SCHOOL AND WAYS TO SCIENCE Institutes and Universities draw students into research work from the very beginning of their studies. Student participation in research is one of the most effective methods for training highly-qualified professionals. Conducting research1 students improve their knowledge and put into practical use the things they learn at lectures, seminars and laboratories. It helps them realize the practical value of their knowledge, to master the basic experimental techniques, to learn how to handle the modern equipment and analyse the results of the experiment. Such students graduate as highly-qualified specialists. And this is one of the most important tasks facing higher schools. Great attention is paid to the work of Students' Scientific Societies. Contests, competitions and exhibitions, based on students' researches have become a tradition. Every year student contests are held for the best research project. The winners get medals and diplomas. As a rule, students write their term papers and graduation projects on the problems of their research work. They handle experimental equipment, conduct theoretical investigations, read scientific literature. Term papers, research works, graduation projects of practical important2 to industry are the stages of making students highly-qualified thinking specialists ready for independent work even before they get their diplomas. Notes to the text: 1

Conducting research – проводя исследования ... 15

2

... projects of practical importance ... – проекты, представляющие практический интерес ...

Задание 4. Объясните заглавие текста 1В. Придумайте заглавие, которое более точно отражает основное содержание текста. Задание 5. Выпишите из текста 1B слова и словосочетания для сообщения на тему "Scientific Work of Students". Задание 6. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста 1B. 1) Why do higher schools draw students into research work? 2) What traditions do Students' Scientific Societies uphold? 3) How does scientific research help students in writing their term papers and carrying out graduation projects? 4) What are the stages of making students highly-qualified professionals? Задание 7. Расширьте свое сообщение на тему "Scientific Work of the University" по тексту 1A, используя информацию текста 1B.

TEXT 1C Задание 1. Выполните письменный перевод текста 1C. MOSCOW UNIVERSITY, ITS PAST AND PRESENT The most famous and prestigious Moscow State University was founded by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1755. At first the University had three faculties – philosophy, medicine and law. Later new faculties were organized including the first department of agronomical sciences in the world. The University grew and the so-called "new" buildings were built in the XIX century. However, they, too, proved inadequate to house the rapidly growing faculties. Therefore, the main building, 36 stories high, and the complex of buildings for faculties of natural sciences, students' dormitories and teachers' flats were all built in Lenin (now Vorobyovy) Hills in 1950s.

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The main University building is unique. The departments and faculties, libraries, assembly halls, museums are all in the central tall structure. The teachers' apartments and students' rooms are in the wings. The University campus is a large students' town with its own shops, all kinds of services, several gymnasia and swimming facilities. Today 21 faculties of the University have 50.000 students. The University has a lot of laboratories, research centres, museums, botanical gardens and observatories. Many famous people studied at Moscow University. Among its graduates are Griboyedov, Lermontov, Pirogov, Sechenov and many others. Задание 2. Переведите текст письменно без словаря. HIGHER SCHOOL There are some types of Higher Educational Schools in our country – Institutes, Universities and Academies. The usual faculties at Universities are: Physics and Mathematics, Philology (language and literature), History, Biology and Chemistry. The second group of Higher Schools includes Engineering, Agricultural, Medical, Educational, Economic and other Institutes. School-leavers become students after passing entrance examinations. All candidates must pass an examination in Russian and literature and two more exams depending on1 the type of higher school. The academic year has two terms. During the terms students spend much time working: it is necessary to attend lectures and seminars, carry out laboratory tests, work hard in libraries, at home. Examinations take place at the end of each term. The curriculum2 of the specialized higher institutions may be divided into three parts: the Humanities, General education and Specialized subjects. The subjects of the first two groups give a solid basis of general education to future specialists, specialized subjects help students develop the necessary practical skills3. Specialization usually begins in the third course. After graduating from higher schools young specialists may work in various spheres of industry and science. Notes to the text: 1

depending on – в зависимости от curriculum – учебный план 3 skills – навыки 2

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TEXT 1D Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст 1D. Выполните следующие за ним задания. HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA The new academic year has begun. Entrance examinations are over in the 894 higher schools of this country. More than a million new students were enrolled into universities and institutes. About 60 per cent of them entered technological institutes. In the last several years the number of students in technological institutes has risen by more than one million bringing the total enrolment to over three million. This means that young people are interested in the specialities connected with new branches of science and technology. At present engineers and technical specialists constitute 40 per cent of graduates from institutes of higher learning while humanities, natural sciences and pedagogy account for 45 per cent. Today a student must assimilate large amounts of new information and it is growing all the time. Class-rooms are now equipped with TV sets, computers, video tape-recorders and other training appliances. Lectures and seminars alternate with laboratory works, discussions, research work and students' selftraining. A large part of study time is devoted to basic subjects. This enables future specialists to attain greater professional knowledge and assimilate modern methods of research, advanced production technology, its organization and management. This provides a basis for the study of special subjects and the organization of practice. The present academic year is marked by expansion of new forms of technical specialization. Specialization plays a major part in planning the curricula. Usually specialization begins in the third year. The state spends large sums on higher education. About 75 per cent of students receive scholarships and 10 per cent get allowances from enterprises that sponsored their application. Education plays an important part in the life of any country as it provides the country with highly-qualified specialists for its future development and progress. Top priority is given to improving the standards of higher education – especially in science and technology. At the same time some institutes of 18

technology have developed into technical universities and devote many more hours to the humanities. The higher school today considers education not only as collection of useful facts and theories but also as the process which trains a person to analyse and interrelate various ideas as well as1 make decisions. Today's young people will be the specialists of tomorrow in the society with new technology. Their qualification will determine the scientific and technological progress of the country. Besides, specialists in all fields should2 have a general education to supplement their specialized knowledge and enable them to use it most effectively. Notes to the text: 1

as well as – а также should – должны

2

Задание 2. Догадайтесь о значении интернациональных слов и переведите слова и словосочетания на русский язык. Значения подчеркнутых слов проверьте по словарю. Technological institute, technical specialist, natural sciences, assimilate information, modern methods, production technology, management, expansion of new forms, collection of facts and theories, general education. Задание 3. Найдите в тексте 1D английские эквиваленты для следующих русских слов и словосочетаний: вступительные экзамены, общее количество поступивших (в вузы), усваивать информацию, самостоятельная работа (само-подготовка), передовая технология, расширение форм техни-ческой специализации, предприятие, дальнейшее развитие, огромное значение, соотносить различные точки зрения. Задание 4. Соедините слова в логические словосочетания, найдите предложения с полученными словосочетаниями в тексте 1D, предложения переведите. a) analyse, assimilate, attain, enter, make. b) decision, ideas, information, institutes, knowledge. Задание 5. Найдите пары слов, близкие по значению и предложения с этими словами в тексте 1D. Найденные предложения переведите. 19

To account for, field, to enter, allowance, branch, to be enrolled, scholarship, to constitute. Задание 6. Выпишите из словаря все значения существительного "part", определите, в каких значениях оно употреблено в тексте 1D, предложения переведите. Задание 7. Прокомментируйте все цифровые данные, приведенные в тексте 1D. Задание 8. а). Разделите текст 1D на смысловые части, подберите заглавие к каждой из них. б). Найдите в каждой части по одному предложению, передающему основную мысль этой части. Задание 9. Опираясь на информацию текста, прокомментируйте следующие высказывания, используя известные вам речевые модели (см. задание 7 к тексту 1A). 1) The number of technical students has risen in the last years. 2) Engineering profession is not so popular with young people as humanities and natural sciences. 3) Students now have necessary training appliances to assimilate growing amounts of information. 4) Basic subjects play an important part in the education of future specialists. 5) Planning their curricula higher schools pay great attention to specialization. 6) Nearly all the students get scholarships. 7) Technical universities devote less hours to the humanities than institutes of technology. Задание 10. Объясните, используя информацию текста 1D. 1) Explain why the number of technical students has risen in last several years. 2) Explain why so much study time is devoted to basic subjects. Is it justified? 3) Explain why new forms of specialization expand. 4) Explain what is the role of education for our country. 5) Explain what is a higher education, the way you see it.

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Unit 2 HIGHER EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IN THE USA Грамматика Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий, сравнительные конструкции. Простые формы причастий. Функции “it”, “one” в предложении. Тексты 2A. About Higher Education in Great Britain 2B. Text 2C. Higher Education in the USA 2D. Cambridge Словарь активной лексики 1. admission(of students) –прием (студентов) 2. application for (admission) - заявление о (приеме) 3. authorities (pl.) – власти local authorities – органы местного управления, местные власти 4. to award – присуждать, присваивать 5. body – орган, учреждение, организация 6. council – совет 7. course – курс обучения degree course – курс обучения по программе, ведущей к получению степени “sandwich” courses – курсы “сэндвич”(комбинированное обучение, чередующее периоды теоретического и практического обучения) 8. curriculum (-la) – учебный план(-ы) 9. degree – степень Bachelor degree – степень бакалавра(низшая ученая степень) Bachelor of Arts – бакалавр искусств или гуманитарных наук Bachelor of Science – бакалавр естественных или технических наук Master degree –степень магистра наук 10. department – факультет, кафедра, отделение, министерство 11. to describe – описывать, характеризовать 21

12. Doctor of Philosophy – доктор философии(высшая ученая степень по любой отрасли науки) 13. to fund (syn. to finance) – финансировать funds – фонды, денежные средства 14. grant – субсидия, стипендия, пособие студентам 15. to locate – располагать 16. to maintain – поддерживать 17. to provide – обеспечивать, снабжать 18. qualification – квалификация academic qualification – учебная квалификация teaching qualification – педагогическая квалификация 19. regulation – правило 20. route – путь 21. self-governing – самоуправляющийся (-емый) 22. to submit – представлять(на рассмотрение) 23. support – поддержка СТЕПЕНИ СРАВНЕНИЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ И НАРЕЧИЙ Положительная

Сравнительная

Превосходная

1.

long easy

longer easier

the longest the easiest

2.

interesting difficult

more interesting more difficult

the most interesting the most difficult

3.

good, well, bad, badly much, many little far

better worse more less farther, further

the best the worst the most the least the farthest, the furthest

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I. Найдите в каждом ряду прилагательное: а) в сравнительной степени teacher, taller, thermometer, thinker; eater, engineer, easier, easter; builder, butter, best, bigger; worker, weather, worse, writer; bitter, brother, better, barometer; father, farther, future, further; meter, motor, mother, more; б) в превосходной степени list, lightness, least, linguist; forest, furthest, formalist, first; horse, host, hostel, highest; disease, digest, dentist, darkest; must, much, most, month; wrist, worth, worst, world; besides, boss, boxer, best. II. Раскройте скобки и поставьте прилагательные в следующих предложениях в сравнительную или превосходную степень. Предложения переведите. 1. Moscow University is the (large) university in Europe. 2. The University is one of the (high) buildings in Moscow. 3. Moscow University is the (good) higher educational establishment in our country. 4. Penza State University is (young) than Moscow University. 5. The new building of Penza State University is (comfortable) than the old one. 6. Entrance examinations to Moscow University are (difficult) than to Penza Universities. III. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод сравнительных союзов: as ... as – так же (такой же) ....как not so ... as – не так(не такой) ...как the ...the ... – чем ... тем... 1. English is as difficult as German and French. 2. The old dictionary is not so good as the new one. 3. The more we study the more we know. 23

The more we know the more we forget. The more we forget the less we know. The less we know the less we forget. The less we forget the more we know. So why study? IV. Подберите русские эквиваленты для следующих пословиц. Определите степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий в них. 1. Years teach more than books. 2. He laughs best who laughs last. 3. Easier said than done. 4. Actions speak louder than words. 5. False friends are worse than open enemies. 6. The greatest talkers are the least doers. 7. A man is as old as he feels and a woman is as old as she looks. ПРИЧАСТИЕ Participle I (Ving1)

Participle 2 (Ved2 or V3)

Perfect Participle

Active writing

–

having written

Passive being written

Переводится 1) причастие с суффиксами -ущ,-ющ, -ащ, -ящ, -вш, -ш; 2) деепричастием с суффиксами -а, -я, -ав, -ив; 3) глаголом в личной форме в придаточном определительном или обстоятельственном предложении; 4) «при»+ существительное.

written

1) причастием страдательного залога с суффиксами -нн, -м, -т, -ш, -вш; 2) глаголом в личной форме в обстоятельственном придаточном предложении; 3) «при» + существительное. 1) деепричастием совершенного вида; 2) глаголом в личной форме в обстоятельственном придаточном предложении.

having been written

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V. Сравните формы и перевод причастий I и II в разных функциях: а) определения, стоящего перед определяемым словом: (the) examining student (the) increasing number of students (the) training specialists (the) degree-awarding body (the) qualifying exam

(the)examined student (the) increased number of students (the) trained specialists (the) awarded qualification (the) qualified teacher

б) определения, стоящего после определяемого слова: 1. First students studying English can speak it rather well. 2. The student defending graduation project is my friend. 3. The students translating this article use dictionaries.

1. Do you remember the texts studied last year? 2. The thesis defended by the postgraduate is of great importance for our work. 3. The article translated by this student is very difficult.

в) обстоятельства: 1. Translated in a hurry the article 1. Translating the article in a hurry I made mistakes. contained many mistakes. 2. (When) training students from 2. (When) trained in our country developing countries we help them foreign students get high to rise their economy. qualification. 3. Having finished the test he put down 3. Having been translated the article the results. may be used for our report. г) части сказуемого: 1. The students were taking the exams for a month. 2. She will be working at her article all day long tomorrow.

1. They had passed the exams by the end of June and were given a rest.

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VI. Переведите предложения с местоимением «it» в разных функциях. Определите, является ли оно: а) личным местоимением, б) указательным местоимением «это», в) формальным подлежащим, г) частью усилительной конструкции “It is (was) ... that (who, when) ... ”, переводимой словами: «Именно ... », «Это ... », «Только ... », «Как раз ... » 1. It is a new subject. It is very important for our speciality. We shall study it for two years. 2. What is it? – It is the article that you asked me to bring. – Is it easy? – No, it isn’t. It is difficult to translate it into Russian without a dictionary. 3. It was in Shakespeare’s time when English was not so widely spread. 4. It seems that he will pass the entrance exams well. 5. It was important to solve this problem. It occupied our thoughts for hours. 6. It was D.I.Mendeleyev who published the Periodic Law. 7. It is with the help of radio and TV that we receive most of information. 8. It is never too late to learn (proverb). 9. It is easy to be wise after the event (proverb). VII. Переведите предложения со словом «one» в разных функциях. Определите, является ли оно в следующих предложениях: а) числительным «один», б) местоимением в качестве слова-заместителя, в) местоимением в качестве формального подлежащего. 1. When one doesn’t know grammar, one often makes mistakes. 2. These new text-books are better than the old ones. 3. The first exercise was easy, but the one you are doing now is very difficult. 4. One man doesn’t make a team (proverb). 5. One today is worth two tomorrows (proverb).

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TEXT 2A Задание 1. Переведите следующие однокоренные слова. a) глагол +

-ment -tion -sion

= существительное

Model: to examine – проверять, экзаменовать examination – экзамен to admit – admission; to apply – application; to submit – submission; to select – selection; to regulate – regulation; to qualify– qualification. b) существительное + al

= прилагательное

Model: tradition – традиция traditional – традиционный profession – professional; office – official; finance – financial. c) прилагательное + ly

= наречие

Model: scientific – научный scientifically – научно high – highly; professional – professionally; different – differently. Задание 2. Прочтите и переведите слова, сходные по звучанию, но имеющие разные значения: universe/university; institute/institution; science/since; to found/to fund; course/coarse; thesis/this is; academic/academy/academician/academe/academicial. Задание 3. Прочитайте и запомните произношения следующих слов: authorities [ɔ:’Ɵɔritiz], alternate [‘ɔ:ltə:neit], budget [‘bʌdʒit], council [kaunsl], existence [iɡ’zistəns], maintain [men’tein], civic [‘sivik], financial [fai’nænʃəl], although [ɔ:l’ðou], per cent [pə’sent], self-governing [self’ɡʌvəniɳ], qualification [,kwɔlifi’keiʃn], curriculum [kə’rikjuləm], bachelor [‘bætʃələ], master [‘ma:stə], award [ə’wɔ:d], further [‘fə:ðə], regulation [,reɡju’leiʃn].

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Задание 4. Найдите в списке В русские эквиваленты английских слов из списка А: A. Institution, source, admission, selection, application, to submit, selfgoverning, regulation, curriculum, degree, to award, to fund, council, to alternate, employment, body, to maintain, to describe, polytechnic. В. Источник, поддерживать, прием (в учебное заведение), самоуправляющийся(-емый), правило, политехнический институт, описывать (характеризовать), степень, работа (служба), финансировать, чередовать, орган (учреждение), совет, присуж-дать, отбор, представлять (на рассмотрение), заявление, учебный план, учреждение. Задание 5. Переведите следующие словосочетания: higher educational institution, institute of higher education; come into existence; application for admission; independent and self-governing institution; teachertraining college; degree course; “sandwich” course; submission of a thesis; to be funded by the state; higher education sector; full-time employment. ABOUT HIGHER EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN The structure of higher education in Great Britain is very complex. The main sources of higher educational institutions are: universities (including the Open University1), teacher-training colleges and polytechnics. British universities come in all ages, sizes and shapes. The oldest of them, Oxford and Cambridge, founded in the 12-th and 13-th centuries took the students from all over the country. The younger civic2 or “Redbrick” universities3 serving the needs of their cities were organized in the 19-th century. The newest “Whitebrick” universities4 came into existence during the 1960s. Admission to universities is by examination or selection in the form of interviews. Applications from candidates for admission to nearly all universities are submitted to the Universities’ Central Council on Admissions (UCCA)5. It is the UCCA that sends the copies to different universities and each university selects its own students. British universities are independent, self-governing institutions. Although they all receive financial support from the state (about 79 per cent), the Department of Education and Science6 has no control over their regulations, curriculum, examinations and the way in which the money is spent. Teacher education includes all forms of education provided mostly by teacher-training colleges which receive their grants directly from the Department of Education and Science. The great majority of colleges are maintained by the 28

Local Education Authorities7. The most usual route to a teaching qualification is by way of three or four year course, leading to the Bachelor of Education Degree. The universities and teacher-training colleges are classed as higher educational institutions because they award degrees. The normal duration of a first degree course is three of four years. At the end a Bachelor Degree is awarded on the results of examinations. A Master Degree is usually awarded after a further year or two years of studies. The highest degree is the Doctor of Philosophy. It is awarded for research and submission of a thesis-normally after Bachelor and Master Degrees. Apart from the Universities and teacher-training colleges there are 30 polytechnics in England and Wales and 14 Scottish central institutions. The work of the Polytechnics is of university level. But the universities, funded directly by the state, are less controlled than the Polytechnics. Local Education Authorities are responsible for the budgets of the Polytechnics. Their work is planned and financed by the Polytechnics and Colleges Funding Council8. Most degrees in Polytechnics are awarded by a national body called the Council for National Academic Awards9. The Council ensures that the degrees awarded in polytechnics are equal to the degrees awarded by universities. Polytechnics award the Diploma in Technology. The usual course for the diploma is 3 years for full-time students and 4 years for “sandwich” course ones. The “sandwich” course students alternate periods of full-time education and fulltime employment. These courses provide many people with the opportunity of receiving higher technical education.

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Notes to the text: 1

Open University – открытый университет civic university – городской университет 3 “Redbrick” university –“краснокирпичный” университет 4 “Whitebrick” university = new university – новый «белокирпичный» университет 5 The Universities’ Central Council on Admission(UCCA) – Центральный совет по вопросам приема в университет 6 The Department of Education and Science – Министерство просвещения и науки 7 Local Education Authorities – местные органы народного образования 8 Polytechnics’ and Colleges’ Funding Council – Совет по финансированию колледжей и политехнических институтов 9 the Council for National Academic Awards – Совет по национальным академическим квалификациям. 2

Задание 6. Просмотрите текст и найдите информацию о том, какие типы высших учебных заведений существуют в Великобритании. Дополните нижеприведенную схему полученными сведениями: higher educational establishments 1 universities a

b

c

2

3

d

Задание 7. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и выберите правильный вариант ответа. British universities are divided into groups according to: a) age; b)size; c) shape Задание 8. Во втором абзаце текста встречается словосочетание «civic universities – городские университеты». Почему они получили такое название? Выберите ответ на этот вопрос из приведенных ниже: а). Они получили такое название потому, что принимали только жителей данного города. б). Они так названы потому, что противопоставлялись старым университетам, принимавших студентов со всей страны. в). Они названы «городскими» потому, что находились в черте города. 30

Задание 9. Найдите в третьем абзаце текста перевод следующего предложения с усилительной конструкцией: «Именно Центральный совет по вопросам приема в университеты рассылает копии в разные университеты». Задание 10. Из предложенных пунктов плана по теме «Высшее образование в Великобритании» выберите те, которые затронуты в тексте, и расположите их в порядке следования в тексте. 1. The main sources of higher education in Great Britain. 2. Academic year in British higher educational establishments. 3. Types of British universities. 4. Admission to British universities. 5. Differences between public and private educational establishments. 6. Functions of the Department of Education and Science. 7. Teacher education and the way to it. 8. Financial aid of the government to the students. 9. Scientific degrees awarded by the British higher educational establishments. 10. Polytechnics and their educational and financial authorities. 11. Types of courses provided by Polytechnics. Задание 11. Выберите из текста и переведите предложения (абзацы), где описываются: 1) особенности приема в британские университеты, 2) органы, финансирующие и контролирующие высшие учебные заведения Великобритании.

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Задание 12. Подберите в правой колонке слова для определений в левой колонке. Найдите в тексте и переведите пред-ложения с этими словами. 1) to help financially 2) a list of subjects which are to be taught at some educational institutions 3) academic title given by a university to one who has passed an examination or defended a thesis. 4) a request, especially in written form. 5) to give as a result of an official decision, e.g. a degree, a prize, a medal. 6) money given by the state for a particular purpose, e.g. to a university or a student 7) a group of persons who do smth. together in a planned way. 8) to provide money for smth.

a) application b) to award c) curriculum d) to fund e) to support f) degree g) body h) grant

Задание 13. Из списка, приведенного после предложений, подберите эквиваленты к выделенным словам: 1. The main places of full-time education in Great Britain are: universities, teacher-training colleges and polytechnics. 2. The oldest universities Oxford and Cambridge were organized in the 12-th century. 3. Written requests from candidates for acceptance in Britain are sent to the UCCA. 4. Each university chooses its own students. 5. The department of Education and Science has no control over their rules, programs and examinations. 6. The most usual way to teaching profession is by means of teacher-training colleges. 7. The universities and teacher-training colleges are classed as higher education sector, because they confer (give) degrees. 8. Polytechnics are officially called as higher education sector. 9. The “sandwich” course students change periods of full-time education and full-time employment. alternate, describe, award, qualification, route, curriculum, regulations, selects, admission, applications, were founded, sources.

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Задание 14. Найдите в тексте и переведите на русский язык предложения, содержащие прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степенях. Задание 15. Сравните университеты Великобритании, выбрав подходящее по смыслу прилагательное или сравнительную конструкцию для слов, данных в скобках. 1). The two (старейший) universities in England date back to the Middle Ages. 2). Oxford is (такой же старый, как) Cambridge. 3). Redbrick universities are (не такие старые, как) Scottish universities. 4). The Scottish universities St. Andrew’s, Glasgo and Aberdeen belong to the (старейший) universities. 5). St. Andrew’s university is (почти такой же старый, как) Cambridge. 6). “Whitebrick” universities are (моложе), than “Redbrick” ones. 7). The (более новые) universities in Great Britain concentrate on technology. 8). Open University is the (самый революционный) of all post-war universities.

a) most revolutionary b) younger c) al old as d) oldest e) newer f) almost as old as g) not so old as

Задание 16. Найдите причастия I и II в следующих предложениях и определите их функции. Предложения переведите: 1. The Open University founded in 1971 is one of the most revolutionary universities in Great Britain. 2. Students enrolled to the Open University study from several weeks to 3 or 4 years. 3. Receiving lessons and lectures by means of special TV and radio programmes, students of the OU study at home. 4. Sending educational materials to students by mail the Open University enables people to study without leaving their job. 5. After a course of studies lasting 3 or 4 years a student may sit for a final examination. 33

6. A qualification awarded on the basis of 3 or 4 years course is called a Bachelor Degree. 7. The course leading to a Bachelor Degree is called a degree course. 8. The courses of Arts and Science offered by the OU lead to the first scientific degree. 9. The degree-awarding body in Great Britain is the Council for National Academic Awards. Задание 17. Вспомните названия учреждений, контролирующих и финансирующих высшие учебные заведения Великобритании. Выразите свое согласие или несогласие со следующими утверждениями, основываясь на информации текста. Используйте выражения: That’s right! I think so. Of course not. I don’t think so. That is wrong! 1. The applications for admission to British universities are sent to the Department of Education and Science. 2. The Department of Education and Science does not control rules, programs and examinations in most British universities. 3. Almost all teacher-training colleges receive their grants directly from the Department of Education and Science. 4. The work of the Polytechnics is planned and financed by the Polytechnics and Colleges Funding Council. 5. Local Educational Authorities do not bear responsibility for the budgets of the Polytechnics. 6. Most degrees in Polytechnics are awarded by the Council for National Academic Awards. 7. The Council for National Academic Awards ensures that the degrees awarded by Polytechnics are equal to the degrees awarded by Universities. Задание 18. Закончите следующие предложения: 1. The main sources of British higher educational establishments are: ... , ... , and ... . 2. British universities come in all ages, ... and ... . 3. Admission to the universities is by ... or ... . 4. British universities are self-governing ... . 34

5. Teacher education is provided by ... ... . 6. The universities and teacher-training colleges are classed as higher education sector because they ... ... . 7. Polytechnics are officially described ... ... ... . 8. Polytechnics provide many people with the opportunity of receiving ... ... ... . 9. Polytechnics award ... ... . 10. The usual course for the diploma is 3 years for ... ... and 4 years for ... ... ... . Задание 19. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. What are the main sources of higher education in Great Britain? 2. How are British universities classified? 3. How are the British students admitted to the universities? 4. What is the role of the Department of Education ad Science in controlling universities? 5. What financial support do the universities get from the state? 6. What are the main sources of teacher education in Great Britain? 7. How are the teacher-training colleges maintained? 8. What is the usual way to get a teaching qualification? 9. Why are universities and teacher-training colleges classed as higher educational institutions? 10. How many years do the students study to get a Bachelor Degree , a Master Degree? 11. When is the highest degree awarded? What is it? 12. How many Polytechnics are there in Great Britain and Scotland? 13. Are the British Polytechnics of the university level? 14. What organizations fund the Polytechnics? 15. What bodies control the work of the Polytechnics? 16. Are the degrees awarded by Polytechnics comparable in level to the degrees awarded by Universities? 17. What national body awards degrees and diplomas at the Polytechnics? 18. What types of courses do the Polytechnics provide? 19. How many years do the students study there?

35

Задание 20. Перечертите схему в тетрадь и дополните ее недостающими данными. Расскажите о структуре высшего образования Великобритании: Sources of higher educational institutions in Great Britain

...

...

...

“Redbrick” universities

Polytechnics

30 . . . in ...

...

Admission to universities Sources of financial support

2 types of courses

Sources of financial support

Scientific degrees ...

...

14 . . . in ...

Sources of financial support Diploma in Technology

...

TEXT 2B Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите следующие интернациональные слова. Проверьте их значения по словарю. to combine [kəm’bain], monopoly [mə’nɔpəli], alternative [ɔ:l’tə:nətiv], officially [ə’fiʃəli], sector [‘sektə], contrast [‘kɔntræst], business [‘biznis], engineering [,endʒi’niəriɳ], integral [‘intiɡrəl], financial [fai’nænʃəl], federal [‘fedərəl], personal [‘pə:snl], organization [,ɔ:gənai’zeiʃən]. 36

Задание 2. Почитайте и запомните следующие словосочетания. Они помогут вам лучше понять содержание текста: campus – университетский городок innovative – новаторский, передовой private – частный parents’ income – доход родителей obviously – очевидно, ясно to administer – контролировать, распределять sponsoring agency – попечительское агентство Задание 3. Зная значения выделенных слов, переведите следующие словосочетания: support – поддержка, помощь(материальная); financial support; government support source – источник; local, state, and federal sources grant – субсидия, дотация, стипендия; Parliamentary grants; students’ grants Задание 4. Прочитайте текст 2В и выберите заглавие из приведенных ниже: 1. The structure of British and American universities. 2. Educational aims of universities in the USA and Great Britain. 3. American and British universities: resemblance and differences. TEXT 2B There is no national system of education and Ministry of Education in the USA such as exists in Great Britain. The British Department of Education and Science controls higher education sector in the country. In contrast, education in America is largely a business of the individual state, not of the Federal Government. Each of fifty states has its own system of education. Universities and colleges of Great Britain are usually small and traditional. American higher educational establishments, combining a number of different colleges and professional schools are usually larger and more innovative than British ones, sometimes with 25.000 to 35.000 students on one campus. Universities have never had a monopoly on higher learning. Teacher training colleges and 37

polytechnics are alternatives to universities for some English students. Some of them are of university level and their work is officially described as the higher education sector. On the contrary, all schools of education, engineering and business studies are integral parts of universities in the U.S. British universities receive about 79% of their financial support through Parliamentary grants. Similarly in the USA, public institutions get about 75% of their funds from local, state or federal sources, but private colleges and universities receive little or no government support. In Britain personal financial aid provided by the government to over 80% of the students is administered according to the parents’ income. In the U.S., students’ grants are administered by the university or the sponsoring agency and are supplied by private organizations and the state or federal governments. Obviously, British and American universities have similar educational goals but different sources of financial support. Задание 5. Выберите наиболее подходящее вводное предложение, определяющее главную идею текста, из приведенных ниже вариантов: 1. The organization and aims of the universities in the USA and Great Britain are different. 2. British universities differ from American ones in size and operation. 3. American and British universities have identical educational aims and sources of financial aid but are different in organization and operation. Задание 6. Прочтите текст еще раз и разделите его на абзацы, соответствующие логическим частям текста. Задание 7. Сформулируйте основную мысль каждой логической части текста. Задание 8. Расположите пункты плана в соответствии с содержанием текста. 1) American and British higher education systems compared. 2) Sources of financial support. 3) The organization and size of U.S. and British universities. 4) Students’ grants in Great Britain and in the USA. 5) Types of higher educational establishments and their structure. Задание 9. Перечертите данную таблицу в тетрадь и письменно ответьте на вопросы о системе высшего образования США и Великобритании. 38

Questions

in Great Britain

in the USA

1. Is there a national system of higher education in the country? 2. What government bodies control higher education in the country? 3. What is the size of universities and colleges? 4. What types of higher educational institutions exist in the country? 5. Where do the universities receive their financial support from? 6. How is financial aid provided for the students?

Yes, there is a national system of higher education in Great Britain.

No, there is no national system of education in the USA.

Задание 10. Используя предыдущие упражнения, составьте описательную аннотацию на русском языке на основе следующей схемы: В тексте под названием «.....» сравниваются (описываются) ... Главная идея текста заключается в том, что ... Текст можно разделить на ... логические части. В первой части приводятся данные о ... Во второй части рассматриваются... Третья часть информирует о ... Далее сообщается о ... В связи с этим излагаются сведения о ... В заключение обобщается информация ... (делается вывод ..., суммируются данные...)

39

TEXT 2C Задание 1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст без словаря. HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE USA There is no national system of higher education in the United States. Higher education is given in colleges and universities. There are over 2100 various higher educational institutions including colleges, technological institutes and universities. The average college course of studies is 4 years. The academic year usually has 2 terms of four and a half months each. Students choose a major subject and in 4 years they get a traditional Bachelor’s degree. Then the students may go on to graduate school1 and with a year or two of further studies get a Master’s degree. After another year or two years of studies and research they may get a still higher degree – Doctor of Philosophy. The student’s progress is evaluated by means of tests, term works and final examinations. The student’s work is given a mark, usually on a five point scale2. Letters indicate the level of achievement: “A” is the highest mark and “F” is the worst (the lowest) one. Notes to the text: graduate school – старшие курсы 2 five point scale – 5-бальная система 1

Задание 2. Переведите текст письменно со словарём: TYPES OF UNIVERSITY DEGREES IN GREAT BRITAIN In Britain the most usual titles for the first degrees are Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science and for the second ones are Master of Arts and Master of Science accordingly. Doctor of Philosophy is the highest scientific degree. After a course of studies lasting three or four years the student sits for a final examination. The present three-year degree course in Great Britain is one of the shortest in the world. Throughout the Middle Ages studies in Arts were the first stage of university education. Following this tradition Oxbridge1 still calls the first degree in most faculties Bachelor of Arts.

40

First degree courses are of two main kinds: those in which the students specialize with some intensity, and those which allow them to spread their studies over a wider field but with less intensity. Having finished the first-degree courses the graduates may follow the post-graduate ones. They lead to higher degrees, most of which are Master’s or Doctor’s degrees. Notes to the text: 1

Oxbridge – сокращенное название двух старейших университетов Великобритании – Оксфорда и Кембриджа

TEXT 2D Задание 1. Запомните произношение и значение следующих слов и словосочетаний. chancellor [‘tʃa:nsələ] – ректор или президент to elect for life – избирать пожизненно don [‘dɔn] – преподаватель британского университета tutor [‘tju:tə] – преподаватель, куратор, руководитель группы студентов в британских университетах tutorial system – университетская система обучения в Оксфорде и Кембридже; тьюторская система tuition [tju:’iʃn] – обучение to guide [‘gaid] – руководить to require [ri’kwaiə] – требовать, приказывать gown [‘gaun] – мантия Задание 2. Переведите следующие словосочетания, включающие Participle I and II: the university located at the Cam river; a self-governing body; the chancellor elected for life; the teachers called “dons” and “tutors”; lectures organized by the university; teaching carried out by tutorial system; tutor guiding the students. Задание 3. Прочитайте и переведите текст. CAMBRIDGE

41

Cambridge is one of the two main universities in England located at the Cam River. It was founded at the beginning of the 12-th century. The University consists of 24 different colleges including 4 colleges for women. Each college is a self-governing body. The chancellor elected for life is the head of the University. The teachers are commonly called “dons” and “tutors”. Part of the teaching is by means of lectures organized by the University. Besides lectures teaching is carried out by tutorial system for which the Cambridge University is famous all over the world. This is a system of individual tuition organized by the colleges. Each student has a tutor who practically guides him through the whole course of studies. The tutor plans the student’s work and once a week the student goes to his tutor to discuss his work with him. The training course lasts 4 years. The academic year is divided into 3 terms. The students study natural and technical sciences, law, history, languages, geography and many other subjects. After three years of study a student may proceed to a Bachelor’s degree, and later to the degrees of Master and Doctor. The older the University is, the more traditions it has. Students of Cambridge are required to wear gowns at lectures, in the University library, in the street in the evening, for dinners in the colleges and for official visits. All the students must pay for their education, examinations, books, laboratories, university hostel, the use of libraries, etc. Very few students get grants. Not many children from the working class families are able to get higher education, as the cost is high. The cost of education depends on the college and speciality. Задание 4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний: располагаться, самоуправляемый орган, избирать пожизненно, быть известным, тьюторская система, преподаватели (Оксфорда и Кембриджа), ректор (президент) университета, индивидуальное обучение, руководить, курс обучения, естественные науки, юрис-пруденция, носить мантию, субсидия (стипендия), стоимость, зависеть от. Задание 5. Используя подстановочную таблицу, составьте предложения: Cambridge

is; are consists of ... organizes....

...one of the oldest English universities. ...located on the Cam River. ...24 colleges including 4 colleges for women. 42

...headed by the chancellor who is elected for life. ...commonly called «dons»and «tutors». ...the teaching process by means of lectures and tutorials. ...famous for its tutorial system all over the world. Задание 6. Исправьте предложения, не соответствующие содержанию текста, используя фразы:”That’s wrong!”; “I don’t think so!”; “On the contrary!”: 1) 2) 3) 4)

Cambridge is famous for its lectures organized by the University. Tutorial system is a system of tuition where students do not meet as a group. Only some students have tutors through the whole course of studies. The tutor plans the student’s work and once a week the student discusses his work with him. 5) Students are required to wear gowns only for official visits.

43

Задание 7. Завершите предложения, подобрав соответствующие окончания в правом столбце. 1. Cambridge was founded ... 2. The University consists of ... 3. The head of the University is ... 4. The teachers are ... 5. Part of the teaching is done ... 6. Teaching is also carried out ... 7. Each student has ...

a) by tutorial system for which Cambridge is famous all over the world. b) by means of lectures organized by the University. c) a tutor who guides him through the course of studies. d) 24 different colleges including 4 colleges for women. e) to wear gowns at lectures, in the street, for official visits. f) commonly called «dons» and «tutors». g) the chancellor who is elected for life. h) at the beginning of the 12-th century.

8. Students are required... Задание 8. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1) When was Cambridge University founded? 2) How many colleges are included in the University? 3) Who is the head of the University? 4) How are the Cambridge teachers called? 5) How is the teaching process organized at the University? 6) What does the tutorial system mean? 7) What degrees are awarded at the University? 8) How many years do the students study? 9) How many terms has the academic year in England? 10) Do the students pay for their education? 11) Do many children from the working-class families study at the University? Why? Задание 9. Прочитайте текст ещё раз и коротко расскажите об особенностях обучения и традициях, характерных для Кембриджского университета. Используйте следующие слова и словосочетания: the head of the University; chancellor; to elect for life; “dons” and “tutors”; tutorial system; famous all over the world; individual tuition; to guide through the course of training; to wear gowns. Задание 10. Переведите текст на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод слова “one” в разных функциях. 44

TUTORIAL SYSTEM AT OXBRIDGE1 In its original form tutorial is an informal weekly meeting or lesson of an individual student with his “tutor” i.e. university teacher who guides the studies of a number of students or a single one. The form which the tutorial takes varies according to the subject and the institution, but it always involves informal discussion. “One can translate the word “tutorial” as “консультация”, although they are clearly far from being equivalents. Each student goes to his tutor’s room for an hour every week to discuss an essay which the student has written. A student does not necessarily go only to one tutor in his own college for all his tutorials. He may be assigned to another don in his own college or in another one when he is studying some particular topic which is outside the special interest of his tutor. The term “tutor” usually has one of the following meanings: 1) a private teacher, especially one who instructs a single pupil and sometimes one who lives with the family of his pupil; 2) one of the teaching staff to whom students can go for advice and help both with general problems related to his studies (f. ex. choice of courses, difficulties in keeping up with their fellow-students) and also practical problems, such as family matters, finding accommodation, and so on. Each tutor has several students but they do not meet as a group. 1

Oxbridge – invented name or the abbreviation for the oldest British Universities Oxford and Cambridge. Sometimes the term Camford is used.

Задание 11. Передайте на английском языке следующую информа-цию о тьюторской системе обучения в Кембридже: Тьюторская система обучения возникла ещё в средневековом1 английском университете. Под тьюторской системой подразумеваются регулярные занятия одного-двух или нескольких студентов с преподавателем-тьютором на протяжении всего курса обучения. Тьютор помогает студентам решать как общие проблемы, связанные с учебой (выбор курсов, трудности в общении2 с однокурсниками3), так и практические вопросы (поиск жилья4, решение семейных проблем5 и т.д.). У каждого тьютора несколько студентов, но они не встречаются группой. Студенты приходят поодиночке к назначенному часу.

45

Иногда понятие6 «тьюторская система» понимается более широко. Здесь имеются в виду различные формы общения между администрацией и студентами. 1

medieval communication 3 fellow students 4 finding accommodation 5 setting family problems 6 concept 2

46

Unit 3 INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS Грамматика Герундий Сравнение ing-форм Страдательный залог Тексты ЗА Russian Scientists 3В Two Generations of the Curies 3С Alfred Nobel 3D How Was the First Computer Developed? Словарь активной лексики 1. to achieve [ə’tʃi:v] – достигать, выполнять 2. abroad [ə'brɔ:d] – за границей 3. to bring about – вызывать, осуществлять 4. to be proud of [‘praud] – гордиться кем-либо, чем либо 5. to be famous for – быть знаменитым, славиться чем-либо 6. contribution – вклад to make ~ – вносить вклад syn. to contribute 7. current ['kʌrənt] – ток alternating ~ ['ɔ:ltə:neitiɳ] – переменный ток 8. to create – создавать, творить 9. to discover [dis'kʌvə] – открывать, обнаруживать discovery – открытие 10. to define – определять 11. direction – направление 12. to follow – следовать, идти (за) follower – последователь 13. to found – основывать foundation – основа, фундамент to lay the foundation – заложить основу (фундамент) 14. to generate – производить, вырабатывать generator – генератор 15. to invent – изобретать 47

16. law [‘lɔ:] – закон 17. light [‘lait] – свет, освещение syn. lighting 18. to measure ['meʒə] – измерять 19. by means of – c помощью, посредством 20. outstanding – выдающийся, видный syn. prominent 21. to offer – предлагать syn. to propose 22. possibility – возможность 23. to succeed [sək’si:d] – преуспевать, удаваться 24. to work out – разрабатывать 25. to use [‘ju:z] – применять, использовать use [‘ju:s] – применение, использование I. Прочитайте и запомните произношение следующих слов. Переведите их на русский язык. science [‘saiəns], electricity [ilek’trisiti], pioneer [,paiə’niə], arc [‘a:k], ore [ɔ:], commercial [kə’mə:ʃəl], true [‘tru:], knowledge [‘nɔlidʒ], phase [‘feiz], Euclid [‘ju:klid], pressure [‘preʃə], aerodynamics [‘ɛəroudai’næmiks], geochemistry [,dʒi:ou’kemistri], laser [‘leizə], semiconductor [‘semikən’dʌktə], technology [tekʼnɔlədʒi], power [‘pauə] II. Прочитайте и переведите группы однокоренных слов. При необходимости воспользуйтесь словарем. science – scientist – scientific; electric – electrical – electricity; physics – physical – physicist; to generate – generator – generation; to invent – invention – inventor; to achieve – achievement; to design– design – designer; to measure – measurement; chemistry – chemist – chemical; to found – founder – foundation; possible – possibility.

48

THE GERUND 1. Формальные признаки: – окончание -ing; – возможное наличие предлога. 2. Может выполнять в предложении функции подлежащего, части сказуемого, дополнения, определения, обстоятельства. 3. Переводится: – инфинитивом; – отглагольным существительным; – деепричастием. III. Найдите в следующих предложениях герундий по его признакам, определите его функцию. Дайте возможные варианты перевода предложений. 1. Reading technical literature is important for every engineer. 2. After graduating from the University he worked in the Far North. 3. At the conference they discussed different ways of solving the problem. 4. There are all the facilities for working in our library. 5. The task of the scientist was investigating the mechanism of the chemical reaction. 6. You can easily understand the text without translating it. 7. They began making the experiment in May. 8. By doing so he helped me greatly. 9. Learning rules without examples is useless. 10. There are many ways of translating Gerund into Russian. IV. Образуйте герундий от следующих глаголов и переведите: to study, to get, to define, to use, to invent, to measure, to create, to work out, to formulate, to experiment. V. Раскройте скобки, употребив герундий. Предложения переведите. 1. V.V.Petrov was the follower of Lomonosov in (изучение) electricity in our country. 2. He was the first to discover the possibility of (получение) metals out of ores by means of electricity. 3. In 1869 Mendeleyev proposed (использование) a new system of (классификация) elements. 49

4. Lebedev succeeded in (измерение) the pressure of light. 5. Samuel Morse’s hobby was (проведение опытов) with electricity. to get, to use, to experiment, to study, to measure, to classify. VI. Переведите следующие предложения, используя подстановочную таблицу. 1. Ленц известен тем, что сформулировал закон, определяющий направление электрического тока. 2. Яблочков знаменит тем, что изобрёл электрическую свечу. 3. Жуковский славится тем, что разработал теорию полётов. 1. Yablochkov 2. Zhukovsky

is famous for

3. Lenz

a) working out the theory of flights. b) formulating the law defining the direction of electric current. c) inventing the electric candle.

VII. а). Вспомните характерные признаки причастия I и сопоставьте их с герундием. б). Определите неличную форму глагола Ving (Participle I and Gerund) в следующих словосочетаниях и переведи-те их, используя образец. Model working motor (какой?) – работающий мотор (Part. I) working model (для чего?) – рабочая модель, модель для работы reading student reading lamp

boilng water boiling point

smoking room smoking man

writing teacher writing paper

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VIII. Переведите фразы и предложения, обращая внимание на функции причастия I и герундия и способы их перевода. 1. Making an experiment with a new substance showed ... . Making an experiment with a new substance the student ... . 2. He is producing new devices for ... . Our aim is producing new devices for ... . 3. Carrying out observations will give ... . Carrying out observations the astronomers ... . 4. When adding heat we can change the state of a substance. Upon adding heat we can change the state of a substance. 5. Generators producing electricity ... . Another way of producing electricity is ... . IX. Определите форму и функцию «ing». Предложения переведите. 1. Scientific information is growing very fast. 2. Most people like travelling. 3. Translate the text without using a dictionary. 4. Introducing the new method requires much time. 5. The student standing at the window is my friend. 6. You can improve your knowledge of English by reading more. 7. We think of visiting his new experimental laboratory. 8. Translating from one language into another we can use electronic computers. Х. Переведите следующий текст, обращая внимание на слова с окончанием «ing». A FEW WORDS ABOUT ELECTRON The tiny electron discovered by J.J.Thomson is the giant in modern times. Thomson’s discovery paved the way to many exciting new discoveries. Scientists are moving towards a better understanding of its laws. Electrons do wonderful things in calculating machines, which, besides working hundreds of times faster than any human calculator, can see, hear, feel, touch. It is hard to imagine how we could calculate without using electronic calculating machines. More and more often we hear scientists’ using these machines in new fields. With the help of electronic calculating machines our scientists succeeded in decoding the language of an ancient people of Mexico.

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TEXT 3A Задание 1. Прочитайте текст. Назовите области исследования и имена ученых, которые внесли свой вклад в развитие науки в России. Задание 2. Переведите текст. RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS Russia gave the world many outstanding scientists. Russian scientists made a great contribution to world science. V.V.Petrov (176l-1834), the follower of Lomonosov in studying electricity, is called a pioneer of the world electrical engineering. He was experimenting with electricity and made many discoveries of great importance. He published a great number of articles on electricity. The electric arc discovered by Petrov became the first source of electric lighting. Petrov discovered the possibility of getting metals out of ores by means of electricity. Academician E.Kh.Lenz (1804-1875) is one of the most prominent Russian physicists. He discovered the law of heat generation by an electric current and the law defining the direction of an induced electric current. P.M.Yablochkov (1847-1894) is a prominent inventor and designer. He did much for using alternating current. He is famous for inventing the "Yablochkov candle"(arc lamp) known abroad under the name of the "Russian Light". A.S.Popov (1859-1906) is known for his invention of a radio. After demonstrating his device Popov was offered a lot of money for the commercial use of the radio abroad. But he was a true Russian patriot, he refused to leave Russia. He said that all his knowledge and his achievements belonged to his native land. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky (1862-1919) is a Russian engineer. He is the inventor of a three-phase generator and a three-phase transformer. He proposed а number of original designs of measuring instruments. We know many other names of great Russian scientists and we are proud of them. Lobachevsky's non-Euclidean geometry1 brought about a revolution in science. Mendeleev discovered the periodic law of elements. The world's first photoelectric cell was built by Stoletov. Lebedev succeeded in measuring the pressure of light experimentally. Zhukovsky and Chaplygin worked out the

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theory of flight and the principles of aerodynamics. Vernadsky laid the foundations of geochemistry- the science of chemical elements. The first atomic power station and Yuri Gagarin's flight into space, lasers, semiconductors and many other achievements of modern science and technology have been created and discovered by such prominent Russian scientists as Tsiolkovsky and Kurchatov, Keldysh and Korolyov, Basov and Prokhorov and many others. Note to the text: 1

non-Euclidean geometry – неэвклидова геометрия

Задание 3. Подберите пары синонимов, переведите их. Law, to propose, prominent, many, instrument, to be known for, principle, to offer, outstanding, a lot of, device, to be famous for. Задание 4. Образуйте как можно больше словосочетаний и переведите их на русский язык. electric photoelectric electrical

cell lighting current engineering arc

Задание 5. Найдите в тексте 3А английские эквиваленты для следующих словосочетаний: под названием, вносить большой вклад, осуществлять революцию, гордиться учеными, первый в мире, использовать изобретение за границей.

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Задание 6. Определите, с какими предлогами употребляются следующие глаголы и глагольные словосочетания. Найдите в тексте 3А предложения с этими глаголами и переведите их на русский язык. 1. to be famous 2. to succeed 3. to belong 4. to be proud 5. to bring 6. to work

a. out b. to c. for d. in e. of f. about

Задание 7. Переведите словосочетания с герундием, используя данные предлоги: in – при изучении электричества, при измерении давления, при определении направления. of – возможность получения металлов, способы (методы) измерения, план проведения эксперимента. for – для применения тока, для определения проблемы, для развития науки. after – после демонстрации прибора, после разработки теории, после создания генератора. Задание 8. Найдите в тексте 3А слова с окончанием –ing и распределите их в таблицу. Предложения, содержащие Ving, переведите. Participle I

Gerund

Задание 9. Еще раз просмотрите текст 3А. Выразите свое согласие, несогласие или сомнение в справедливости следующих высказываний. Используйте речевые модели. I think so. – Думаю, что да. Most likely. – Весьма вероятно. Of course not! – Конечно нет! I doubt it. – Я сомневаюсь в этом. Hard to say. – Трудно сказать. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Petrov is the follower of Lomosov in studying electricity. The electric arc was the first source of electric lighting. Yablochkov is known for his arc lamp. Popov was offered a lot of money for the commercial use of radio in Russia. 54

5. It was non Euclidean geometry that brought about a revolution in science. 6. Lebedev measured the pressure of light experimentally. 7. Chemistry is a science of chemical elements. Задание 10. Восстановите вопросы по ответам. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Yes, they did. Russian scientists made a great contribution to world science. «Yablochkov candle» is called abroad the «Russian Light». . . . because Popov was a true Russian patriot. The periodic law of elements was discovered by Mendeleyev. Many achievements of modern science and technology have been made by prominent Russian scientists.

Задание 11. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста 3А. 1. What country gave the world many outstanding scientists? 2. Who is called a pioneer of the world electrical engineering? 3. What are the discoveries of academician Lenz connected with? 4. What is Yablochkov known for? 5. Popov was a true Russian patriot, wasn't he? Prove it. 6. What is Dolivo- Dobrovolsky famous for? 7. Whose name is non-Euclidean geometry connected with? 8. What field of science did Mendeleev and Vernadsky make great contribution to? 9. What scientists worked in the sphere of space flights? 10. A great number of achievements of modern science and technology have been created and discovered by prominent Russian scientists, haven't they? Name some of them. Задание 12. a). Пользуясь информацией текста ЗА, заполните следующую таблицу. Inventor

Invention

Field of science

б). Используя данные таблицы и словарь активной лексики, расскажите о наиболее значительных открытиях и достижениях русской науки.

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Задание 13. Следующий тест позволит Вам увидеть, насколько глубоки Ваши знания по теме «Русские ученые и изобретатели прошлого». 1. Who was the first to formulate the law of conservation of matter and movement? 2. Do you know the name of the outstanding engineer, designer and inventor who made one of the most remarkable watches of all times? 3. The Ural region was the homeland of such inventions as the first pedal bicycle, the steam-engine and the locomotive. What names are connected with these inventions? 4. Who was the first man to set up a printing press in our country? 5. Whom did the idea of the incandescent lamp belong to? 6. Synthetic rubber was produced in Russia in 1910. Who was the author of this invention? 7. The way for the scientific use of anaesthesia was paved by a great Russian surgeon. What is his name? 8. Who is the founder of the materialist teaching on the higher nervous activity of animals and men?

a. E.E.Artamonov b. I.Fedotov c. A.N.Lodygin d. I.I.Polzunov e. S.V.Lebedev f. M.V.Lomonosov g. N.I.Pirogov h. I.P.Pavlov i. I.P.Kulibin j. The Cherepanovs

Задание 14. Подготовьте сообщение по одной из предложенных ниже тем: а). In a new district of your town a new street has just been built. Now, there is a competition among citizens of your town for the best name of it. You are sure that the street should be named after a scientist. Try to convince the jury in it. In your speech present information on: 1) the name of the scientist you would like the street to be named after; 2) where and when she/he was born and worked; 3) the field of science this scientist worked in; 4) the discovery or invention she/he made; 5) where the results of her/his work are used now; 6) why you have chosen this very scientist. b). The film studio is going to make a film about the greatest inventions of the mankind. You are invited to the studio as an expert to decide what

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inventions should be included in the film. You are supposed to speak about one invention only. Present information on: 1) the invention you consider to be one of the greatest in the world; 2) the name of the person it was designed by; 3) the country this invention was made in; 4) what this thing was made for; 5) how it is used now; 6) how it influenced our life; 7) why you are sure that it should be included in the film. Задание 15. Игра «Guess who it is». The game is played by two teams. One team thinks of a well-known scientist of the past or present. The order is to find out her/his name by putting questions. The only rule is that the name should not be asked for directly. Задание 16. Прокомментируйте следующие цитаты: "Necessity is the mother of invention" Plato/427-327 B.C./ "Experience, the universal Mother of Sciences" Miguel de Cervantes /1547-1616/ "Invention breeds invention" Ralph Waldo Emerson /1803-1882/

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ВСПОМНИТЕ! VERB FORMS I Infinitive

II Past Indefinite

III Participle II

IV Participle I

to study

studied

studied

studying

to know

knew

known

knowing

I. Образуйте форму Participle II от следующих глаголов (обратите внимание на нестандартные глаголы): to call, to give, to offer, to build, to create, to discover, to make.

THE PASSIVE VOICE to be + Participle II to be studied to be known Перевод 1. глаголами на -ся, 2. кратким причастием, 3. неопределенно-личным оборотом. Engineering subjects were studied in the first and second years. (изучались, были изучены, изучали) II. Раскройте скобки и употребите сказуемые в настоящем времени, прошедшем и будущем. Полученные словосочета-ния переведите. Scientist (to be called); law (to be discovered); article (to be published); devices (to be used); pressure (to be measured); cell (to be built).

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III. Сравните предложения в действительном и страдатель-ным залогах. Переведите их, обращая внимание на время глаголасказуемого. 1. The students asked the lecturer many questions. The lecturer was asked many questions. 2. He taught us to use the lab equipment. We were taught to use the lab equipment. 3. Tomorrow our teacher will give us a new task. A new task will be given tomorrow. We shall be given a new task tomorrow. 4. Usually a lab assistant shows the equipment to the students. Usually the equipment is shown to the students by a lab assistant. Usually the students are shown the equipment by a lab assistant. IV. Выберите предложения, сказуемые которых употреблены в страдательном залоге. Укажите, на какой признак Вы опирались. Переведите все предложения, обращая внимание на залог. 1. The development of science is closely connected with the development of higher education. 2. State spends a lot of money to train highly qualified engineers. 3. Students studying at institutes and universities passed their entrance exams in summer. 4. Some institutes of technology are reorganized into universities. 5. Any country must be provided with good specialists in all branches of science and technology for its further development. V. Преобразуйте предложения в соответствии с моделью. Переведите их. Model The student translated the text. The text was translated by the student. 1. I finish my work at 5 o'clock. 2. The professor asked a student to prove the theorem. 3. They are building a new house. 4. The committee will award him the first prize. 5. He has already finished his experiment.

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VI. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление глаголов с предложным управлением в страдатель-ном залоге. to follow by – следовать за to speak of (about) – говорить о to listen to – слушать кого-либо to approve of – одобрять что-либо to rely on (upon) – полагаться (на) to be based upon (on) – основываться (на) to refer to – ссылаться на Model The report was followed by a lively discussion. За докладом последовала оживленная дискуссия. 1. This article is much spoken about. 2. He was listened to with great attention. 3. The plan has been approved of. 4. The experimental model will be followed by mass production of these mechanisms. 5. The engineer’s calculations can be relied on. 6. This is the principle the electronic computer is based upon. 7. The original design of the new device was already referred to in some journals. VII. Переведите предложения. Попытайтесь дать, где возможно, разные варианты перевода пассивной конструкции. 1. The inventor is known for his scientific achievement. 2. A considerable contribution to the development of physics was made by Newton. 3. Numerous new devices are being used in many branches of science and technology. 4. The first counting machine was invented by Charles Babbage. 5. K.Tsiolkovsky is called a space travel pioneer.

VIII. Переведите следующий текст, обращая внимание на залог сказуемых.

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THE INVENTION OF THE TELEGRAPH The first practical telegraph was invented by the famous English scientist Charles Wheatstone in 1837. His telegraph was used in England for several years. But the telegraph invented by the American inventor Samuel Morse was more successful. Morse began working on his model in 1832, the same year as Wheatstone, and completed it in 1837. He proposed to put it in use in the United States. The first experimental telegraph line between Washington and Baltimore was built is 1844. Many improvements have been made on the Morse telegraph, including one by Thomas Edison, who invented the method of sending four messages over the same line at the same time.

TEXT 3B Задание 1. Прочитайте текст и приготовьтесь выполнить следующие за ними задания. TWO GENERATIONS1 OF THE CURIES2 More than 100 years have passed since the birth of Marie SklodowskaCurie (l867-l934), an outstanding Polish scientist, whose discoveries in physics and chemistry began the era of the utilization of atomic energy. Marie lived to see her story repeated. Her daughter Irene grew into a woman with the same interests as her mother's and she was deeply interested in her mother's work. From Marie she learned all about radiology, about opened by her mother element radium and chose science for her career. At twenty-nine Irene married Frederic Joliot, a brilliant scientist at the Institute of Radium, which her parents, Marie and Pierre had founded. Frederic Joliot was born in Paris in 1900. He first studied engineering and then chemistry. Together the Joliot-Curies carried on the research work that Irene's mother had begun. In 1935 Irene and her husband won the Nobel Prize for their discovery of artificial3 radioactivity. So, Marie lived to see the completion4 of the great work, but she died on the eve5 of the award. In 1946 Joliot was appointed scientific adviser to the International Atomic Energy Commission of the United Nations. Frederic Joliot-Curie was not only a

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famous scientist, but also a famous leader of the progressive movement for human rights. The two generations of the Curies devoted their lives to science. Pierre Curie, famous for his discoveries in magnetism, provided an example of deep dedication6 to research. Marie, her daughter Irene and Irene's husband Frederic all died from radiation sickness, the result of long years of work with radioactive substances. There is no parallel in the records of science to the dynasty of the Curies. Notes to the text: 1

generation – поколение the Curies – династия Кюри 3 artificial – искусственный 4 completion – завершение 5 on the eve – накануне 6 dedication – посвящение 2

Задание 2. Соотнесите факты, приведенные в тексте 3В, с цифрами: 100, 29, 1900, 1935, 1945. Прокомментируйте их. Задание 3. Выберите утверждения, соответствующие содержанию текста 3В. 1. In 1967 it was 100 years since ...... a) Marie Curie's discovery of radium; b) Marie Curie's birth; c) Marie Curie's death. 2. Federic Joliot....... a) founded the Institute of Radium; b) worked at the Institute of Radium; c) graduated from the Institute of Radium. 3. The Nobel Prize for the discovery of artificial radioactivity was awarded to...... a) Marie Curie; b) Pierre Curie; c) Irene and Frederic. 4. Marie, Irene and Frederic died...

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a) from radiation sickness; b) from an epidemic desease; c) in a road accident. 5. Frederic Joliot was also ... a) a progressive writer; b) a famous journalist; c) a leader of the progressive movement. Задание 4. Соотнесите наиболее важные открытия в области физики с именами их авторов. 1. Frederic Joliot 2. Marie Curie 3. Irene Curie 4. Pierre Curie

a. The discovery of radium b. The discovery of magnetism c. The discovery of artificial radioactivity

Задание 5. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста 3В. 1. Whose discoveries in physics and chemistry began the era of the utilization of atomic energy? 2. What career did Marie's daughter choose? 3. Whom did Irene marry? 4. Did Irene and Frederic complete the great work Marie had begun? 5. What are the members of the dynasty of the Curies famous for?

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TEXT 3С Задание 1. Переведите письменно следующий текст. ALFRED NOBEL (1633-1896) Alfred Nobel the great Swedish scientist and inventor, was а skilful chemist and excellent linguist, speaking Swedish, Russian, German, French and English. From his youth he had taken a serious interest in literature and philosophy. He was quick to see industrial opening for his scientific inventions. He combined the qualities of an original scientist with those of a forward looking industrialist. He invented a new explosive-dynamite to improve the peaceful industries in mining and road building, but saw it was used as a weapon of war. His greatest wish was to see the end of wars and thus peace among nations. He spent much time and money working for this cause until his death. His famous will in which he left money to provide prizes for outstanding works in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace is a memorial to his interests and ideas. A lover of mankind he is remembered and respected long after his death.

TEXT 3D Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст 3D, выполните задания, следующие за ним. HOW WAS THE FIRST COMPUTER DEVELOPED? The first suggestion that a machine for mathematical computation could be built was made more than a hundred years ago by the mathematician Charles Babbage. We now realize that he under- stood clearly all the fundamental principles of modern digital computers. Babbage was born in Devonshire, England, in 1792. He did not receive a good education but he himself taught mathematics so well that when he went to Cambridge he found that he knew more algebra than his tutor. At that time mathematics in Cambridge was still under the influence of Newton and was quite unaffected by the contemporary developments on the Continent. 64

Babbage was an outstanding personality among his contemporaries because he insisted on the practical application of science and mathematics. For example, he wrote on the economic advantages of mass production, and on the development of machine-tools. In 1812 he was sitting in his room looking at a table of logarithms which he knew to be full of mistakes, when an idea of computing all tabular functions by machinery occurred to him. Babbage constructed a small working model which he demonstrated in 1822. The Royal Society supported the project and Babbage was promised a subsidy. In 1833 he began to think of building a machine which was, in fact, the first universal digital computer, as the expression is understood today. Babbage devoted the rest of his life to an attempt to develop it. He had to finance the work himself and he was only able to finish part of the machine though he prepared thousands of detailed drawings from which it could be made. Babbage wrote more than 80 books and papers, but he was misunderstood by his contemporaries and died a disappointed man in 1871. He tried to solve himself and with his own resources a series of problems which required the united efforts of two generations of engineers. After his death his son continued his work and built the part of an arithmetic unit which printed out its results directly on paper. Задание 2. Прочтите следующие слова, обращая внимание на их транскрипцию: suggestion [sə’dʒestʃən], machine [mə’ʃi:n], mathematician [,mæƟimə’tiʃən], digital [‘didʒitəl], mathematics [,mæƟi’mætiks], algebra [‘ældʒibrə], resources [ri’sɔ:siz], series [‘siəri:z], efforts [‘efəts], logarithms [‘lɔɡəriƟəmz], occur [ə’kə:], model [‘mɔdl], subsidy [‘sʌbsidi], arithmetic [ə’riƟmətik]. Задание 3. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний и фраз. the fundamental principles of a computer; to receive education; to be under the influence of; to be unaffected by; contemporary developments in science; to insist upon the application of mathematics; to write a paper on a problem; an idea occured to him; to support a project; to devote efforts to; the rest of his life; to solve a series of problems; to build an arithmetic unit from drawings. Задание 4. Найдите в тексте 3D английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

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объединенные усилия, первое предположение, экономические преимущества массового производства, тысячи подробных чертежей, разочарованный человек. Задание 5. Сгруппируйте следующие слова и словосочетания в синонимичные пары и переведите их. 1 basic laws 2. to be dominated by 3. prominent 4. to show; 5. to back 6. to give much time 7. to be not understood

a. to devote much time b. to demonstrate с. to be misunderstood d. to support e. fundamental principles f. outstanding g. to be under the influence of

Задание 6. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, используя предыдущее упражнение. Предложения переведите. 1. Не understood all the basic laws of modern digital computers. 2. At that time mathematics in Cambridge was dominated by Newton. 3. Babbage was a prominent man among his contemporaries. 4. He showed a working model of his machine in 1822. 5. The Royal Society backed his project. 6. He gave much time to the development of his machine. 7. Babbage was not understood by his contemporaries. Задание 7. Сгруппируйте слова в словосочетания и переведите их. a) to solve; to receive; to develop; to support b) education; machine; project; problem.

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Задание 8. Составьте как можно больше предложений, используя приведенные ниже фразы. Переведите полученные предложения. 1. Charles Babbage is famous for 2. Babbage thought of 3. He insisted on

a) building a machine; b) applying mathematics to industry; c) computing tabular functions by machinery; d) solving this problem as soon as possible; e) teaching mathematics at Cambridge.

Задание 9. Преобразуйте следующие предложения в соответствии с моделью. Model: We use computers in research. Computers are used in research. 1. The Royal Society promised him a subsidy. 2. The contemporary developments on the Continent did not affect mathematics in Cambridge. 3. The Royal Society supported his project. 4. Babbage devoted the rest of his life to an attempt to develop a computer. 5. He did not finish the machine. 6. He constructed а small working model of a computing machine. 7. He demonstrated it in 1822. 8. His son continued his work. Задание 10. Подтвердите или опровергните следующие высказывания, используя речевые модели. Для подтверждения:

Для опровержения:

I quite agree with you. You’re quite right. That's right.

I don't think so. I don't think you are right. I'm afraid, you're mistaken.

1. The idea of a computing machine was first suggested 50 years ago. 2. At that time mathematics in Cambridge was unaffected by the contemporary developments on the Continent.

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3. Babbage was a pure mathematician, he was against the practical application of mathematics. 4. Babbage constructed a working model of the first universal digital computer. 5. He was given a large sum of money to complete his work. 6. He prepared many drawings from which the machine could be made. 7. Charles Babbage’s life was a success and he died a happy man. 8. The arithmetic unit constructed by his son could print out its results directly on paper. Задание 11. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. Who was the first to suggest the idea of a machine for mathematical computation? 2. Did Charles Babbage receive a good education? 3. What University did he study at? 4. What did Charles Babbage insist upon? 5. What did he demonstrate before the Royal Society? 6. Did the Royal Society support his project? 7. Could Babbage complete the building of the machine in his lifetime? 8. Why did he fail to fulfil his project? 9. Why did he die a disappointed man? 10. Who continued his work? 11. What could the first arithmetic unit do? Задание 12. Подготовьте сообщения по следующим темам: 1). A few facts from Charles Babbage’s biography. 2). The role played by Charles Babbage in the world science.

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Unit 4 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS Грамматика Модальные глаголы Эквиваленты модальных глаголов Функции глаголов “to be” u “to have” Тексты 4A. Scientific and Technological Progress in Modern Society 4B. Science and International Cooperation 4C. Tasks of Science and Scientists 4D. Coordinated Science Centre. Словарь активной лексики 1. to advance – делать успехи, развиваться advanced – передовой 2. to affect – воздействовать, влиять syn. to influence 3. condition – условие, состояние 4. to conduct – руководить syn. to lead, to direct 5. to control [kən’troul] – управлять, контролировать 6. to develop – развивать, разрабатывать 7. effort [‘efət] – усилие 8. to explore – исследовать exploration – исследование 9. institution – учреждение 10. to join – соединять(ся) joint – соединенный, общий, совместный 11. to launch [‘lɔ:ntʃ] – запускать(спутник), пускать в ход 12. nucleus [‘nju:kliəs] – ядро nuclei [‘nju:kliai] – ядра nuclear [‘nju:kliə] – ядерный 13. particle – частица 69

14. purpose [‘pə:pəs] – цель syn. aim, objective, goal 15. power – энергия, сила, мощность 16. promising – перспективный, многообещающий 17. to require [ri’kwaiə] – требовать requirement – требование 18. space – пространство, место, космос 19. speed – скорость to speed up – ускорять syn. to accelerate 20. technology – техника, технология syn. engineering I. Прочтите следующие слова, обращая внимание на разные способы чтения буквосочетания “ch”. [tʃ]: achieve, launch, research, reach, which; [ʃ]: machine; [k]: epoch, technique, technology, synchrotron, character. II. Прочтите следующие слова, обращая внимание на разные способы чтения «с». [s] перед “e”, “i”, “y”: science, century, cybernetic, produce, space, medicine, accelerator, facilities, source, advance, force, physicist, success, centre. [k] в остальных случаях: create, discover, nuclear, cosmic, physics, particle, control, accurate, contribute. III. Прочтите следующие слова, обращая внимание на разные способы передачи звука [ʃ]: installation, automation, exhibition, contribution, should, shuttle, short, Russian, discussion, social, efficient. IV. Подберите из списка В английские эквиваленты к словам из списка А. А. наука, эпоха, открытие, изобретение, утверждение, достижение, исследование, вклад, цель, оборудование, эффективность, значение. В. achievement, discovery, investigation, importance, purpose, epoch, contribution, science, invention, efficiency, facilities, statement.

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V. Сгруппируйте слова из списков А и В в синонимичные пары и переведите их. A. technology, to create, energy, astronaut, space, satellite, research, technique, facilities. B. exploration, cosmos, method, sputnik, apparatus, to make, cosmonaut, power, engineering. VI. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значения подчеркнутых слов. 1. Many scientific discoveries have been made in the 20-th century. Man made nuclear energy work for him. 2. In our country cosmonautics began to develop in the 1960s. A well-known physicist Igor Kurchatov developed the theory of elementary particles. 3. Russian scientists made a great contribution to the world science and technology. Lazer technology was developed on the basis of quantum electronics. 4. There are many open spaces on our planet. We can see astronauts working in space on the screens of our TV sets. 5. The first Soviet satellite called Sputnik-1 was launched in 1957. The Joint Institute of Nuclear Research at Dubna has created and launched a high-energy accelerator. 6. We study at a technical university. At present computer science is studied at all technical educational institutions. 7. The Coordinated Science Centre is a multinational organization supported by the governments of several countries. That is why it has all the facilities for successful research work. The laboratories of the Coordinated Science Centre carry on investigations on the basis of advanced facilities.

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МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ must – должен to be to – должен (по плану) to have to – должен (вынужден) should – должен (следует)

can – могу (умею) could – мог to be able to – мочь (быть в состоянии) may – могу (разрешено, возможно) might – мог to be allowed to – мочь (быть позволенным)

VII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимания на модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты. 1. Nuclear energy should be used for peaceful purposes. 2. Computer can work at a high speed. 3. Thermonuclear power stations may be launched by the end of the 20-th century. 4. Automation is to contribute to high production efficiency. 5. Computer science must help to realize space programmes. 6. Scientists could develop laser technology. 7. Man was able to land on the Moon in 1969. 8. Dubna might be called a town of international friendship. 9. Researchers of the 21-st century will have to solve scientific problems together. 10. Physicists from foreign countries are allowed to work at the Institute of Nuclear Research at Dubna. VIII. Замените русский глагол одним из предлагаемых английских вариантов и переведите предложения. 1. The development of new sources of power (может) be difficult for a single country (can, may, must). 2. Space exploration programmes (должны) be realized jointly by scientists from different countries (should, are able to, are allowed to). 3. Scientists of higher technical schools (могут) cooperate with the Coordinated Science Centre (are allowed to, have to, are to). 4. The staff of the Coordinated Science Centre (может) handle the most complex equipment (should, has to, is able to). 5. Once a year the Coordinated Science Centre (должен) hold conferences and seminars on the problems of modern science (should, has to, is to).

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IX. Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы и переведите их. 1. A new automatic production line is to be put into effect in October. 2. The astronaut should go out into the outer space. 3. The scientists could make medical experiments in space. 4. He will be able to work in the field of nuclear physics. 5. The report must be devoted to the problems of thermonuclear reactions. 6. The laboratory assistant was allowed to work with radioactive substances. 7. The researchers will have to use a computer in their experiments. 8. The development of nuclear energetics may solve all power problems. Х. Замените в следующих предложениях модальные глаголы на их эквиваленты. Поставьте предложения в прошедшее и будущее времена и переведите их. 1. Many countries can cooperate on the “Intercosmos” programme. 2. Russian and foreign cosmonauts may take part in joint space flights. 3. World scientists must join their efforts to solve global problems. ФУНКЦИИ ГЛАГОЛОВ “to be” И “to have” to be

смысловой (быть) вспомогательный(-) модальный(должен)

to have

смысловой(иметь) вспомогательный(-) модальный(должен)

ХI. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание глаголов “to be” u “to have”.

на функции

1. Radio, television and telephone are the examples of scientific and technological progress. 2. Physical conditions on the planets are studied with the help of computers. 3. Cosmonauts are to make scientific experiments in space. 4. Atomic nucleus has an inexhaustible reserve of energy. 5. The scientists and engineers of Dubna have created a nuclear installation called “Tokamak”. 6. Production efficiency has to depend on computer equipment and automation.

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TEXT 4A Задание 1. Прочтите и переведите текст 4А. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS IN MODERN SOCIETY We live in a world created by science. Our epoch is an epoch of scientific and technological revolution when new ideas are being born and new discoveries and inventions are being made. To illustrate this statement one may mention the telephone, the radio, the television, the automobile, the airplane and the like. Man has created complex cybernetic machines and made nuclear energy work for him. He has developed modern automatic production lines, laser technology and all kinds of computers. The list of major scientific achievements could be continued. At the beginning of the 20-th century we could hardly believe that we should be able to sit at home and watch astronauts working in space. Twelve years separated the launching of the “Sputnik-1” Soviet satellite in 1957 and man’s first landing on the Moon in 1969. The first long-term “Salyut” orbital station launched in 1971 opened a new era in space research. Some automatic interplanetary stations have reached Mars and Venus and have explored the planets’ physical conditions. In 1981 we could witness the launching of a typically new cosmic vehicle – the Shuttle. Scientific achievements in space research gave the possibility of conducting investigations in the fields of astrophysics, medicine, biology, geology and some others. One of the major problems of modern physics is the study of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles. A well-known Russian scientist Igor Kurchatov made a great contribution to the theory of elementary particles and to the experimental techniques which made it possible to use nuclear energy for practical purposes. Modern nuclear research requires complex and costly apparatus including powerful accelerator facilities. The Joint Institute of Nuclear Research at Dubna has created and launched a high-energy accelerator – protonsynchrotron1. The scientists of Dubna are conducting intensive research into the problem of controlled thermonuclear reactions which could provide mankind with an inexhaustible source of energy. World science has already heard of the “TOKAMAK” nuclear installation which is to provide the basis for the first thermonuclear power stations by the end of the 20-th century. The most important role for modern technology is played by automation. Automation should contribute to high production efficiency. Advanced automation is based on computers. At present computer science is the most 74

promising one. Computers are able to help space programmes, armed forces, business and industry, sports and medicine. As computers work accurately and at high speeds they save years of research workers’ hard work. Automation and computer science are of great social importance. Notes to the text: 1

protonsynchrotron – синхрофазатрон

Задание 2. Найдите в тексте 4А интернациональные слова. Задание 3. Найдите в тексте 4А слова, однокоренные данным, и переведите. technology, automation, to produce, science, to achieve, to launch, orbit, planet, physics, to investigate, atom, nucleus, element, part, experiment, power, to accelerate, to install, efficient, important. Задание 4. Найдите в тексте 4А английские эквиваленты следующих выражений: научно-техническая революция, кибернетические машины, ядер-ная энергия, поточная линия, лазерная технология, научные достижения, орбитальная станция, исследование космоса, меж-планетные станции, физические условия, космический корабль, атомное ядро, элементарные частицы, экспериментальные методы, ядерное исследование, термоядерная реакция, источник энергии, ядерная установка, термоядерная электростанция, современная техника, производственная эффективность, высокая автоматизация, вычислительная техника, научные работники. Задание 5. Выпишите из текста 4А ключевые существительные, отражающие следующие темы, и переведите их. 1. Научно-техническая революция. 2. Космонавтика. 3. Ядерная энергетика. 4. Автоматика и вычислительная техника. Задание 6. Используя подстановочные таблицы, составьте как можно больше предложений и переведите их. 1. Мan

made created

space vehicles new planets 75

developed launched explored conducted 2. Nuclear energy Nuclear research Nuclear scientists Nuclear reactions Nuclear installations 3. Automation Computer

was used requires launched produce work contributes is based is used works saves

production lines investigations new discoveries laser technology complex machines computers a great amount of energy for practical purposes a high-energy accelerator at power stations in modern technology working time to production efficiency on computers in different spheres of life at a high speed.

Задание 7. Найдите в тексте 4А предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты, и объясните их употребление. Задание 8. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами, данными ниже, и переведите предложения. 1. Our epoch ... be called the epoch of scientific and technological revolution. 2. We ... use radio and television not only for information but for communication purposes as well. 3. The year of 1957... be considered the beginning of the space research era in our country. 4. A joint space flight of Russian and American cosmonauts to Mars ... be made in the 21-st century. 5. Thanks to the greatest scientific achievements in space research we ... launch a new cosmic vehicle – the Shuttle. 6. Controlled thermonuclear reactions ... provide mankind with an inexhaustible source of energy. 7. In future we ... use computers in all spheres of life to save time. 8. Nuclear physicists from foreign countries... work with the «TOKAMAK» installation when they visit the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research at Dubna.

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can, could, must, should, may, might, is to, were able to, shall have to, will be allowed to. Задание 9. Переведите следующие предложения и замените в них эквиваленты модальных глаголов на модальные глаголы. 1. Scientists should cooperate with scientific institutions of the world. 2. According to the “Intercosmos” programme 12 international crews were able to carry out more than 200 scientific experiments in space. 3. Undergraduates of computer science departments were allowed to work at the Coordinated Science Centre together with the staff members. 4. Technology has to be linked both with science and industry. Задание 10. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык. 1. Мы можем быть свидетелями новых открытий. 2. Человек сумел создать сложные кибернетические машины. 3. Студентам регулярно позволяют работать с компьютерами. 4. Ученые могут проводить биологические и медицинские опыты в космосе. 5. Одной из главных проблем современной физики следует считать атомную энергетику. 6. Компьютеры должны экономить рабочее время специалистов. Задание 11. Найдите в тексте 4А предложения, содержащие глаголы “to be” u “to have” и определить их функции. Задание 12. Определите функции глаголов “to be” u “to have” в следующих предложениях и переведите предложения. 1. Scientific investigations in the fields of astrophysics and geology were conducted in space. 2. The Joint Institute of Nuclear Research has a staff of talented scientists. 3. A group of scientists under the leadership of Igor Kurchatov has created the “TOKAMAK” nuclear installation. 4. Every achievement of science is to promote economic growth of the country. 5. Protonsynchrotron is the most powerful high-energy accelerator. 6. To generate plasma with the necessary thermonuclear parameters scientists had to use the laser. Задание 13. Подберите к следующим определениям соответствую-щие понятия из списка В и переведите их. 77

A.

1. The science about the physical life of animals and plants. 2. A person who travels in a space vehicle. 3. An electronic device which stores, analyses and produces information. 4. The power of atomic nucleus. 5. Getting knowledge of something existing but not yet known. 6. A thing done successfully. 7. A device used for accelerating nuclear particles. 8. The creation of something not existing before. 9. A person engaged in investigation to discover new facts or information. 10. The use of machines to save labour.

B.

Discovery, invention, nuclear energy, achievement, astronaut, biology, accelerator, automation, computer, research worker. Задание 14. Перечислите основные проблемы, затронутые в тексте 4А. Расположите их в виде пунктов плана текста.

Задание 15. Опираясь на свой план, составьте аннотацию текста 4А по следующей схеме: The text is entitled... It deals with... The text can be divided into... logical parts. The first (second, etc.) part contains (describes, enumerates, speaks about, touches upon, etc.)... Задание 16. Задайте своему товарищу несколько вопросов по каждому пункту плана текста 4А. Задание 17. Сделайте краткое сообщение по каждому пункту плана текста 4А.

TEXT 4B Задание 1. Познакомьтесь с содержанием текста 4В. Задание 2. Переведите заголовок текста 4В. Предложите свой вариант заголовка. SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

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Modern science is characterized by increasing the tendency towards closer cooperation between scientists and scientific institutions all over the world. Many problems that affect the world today cannot be solved without joining scientific efforts and material resources on a world-wide scale. The exploration of space, world finance, global environment protection problems and the development of new sources of the power are the examples of areas of scientific research which are so costly and complicated that it is difficult for a single country to solve them efficiently and in a short period of time. Many countries are successfully cooperating on a programme called “Intercosmos” and have already launched 23 “Intercosmos” satellites, 11 vertical geophysical rockets and a large number of artificial satellites. Russia conducts space exploration programmes together with the USA, France, Sweden, Austria and India. Joint manned flights of Russian and foreign cosmonauts included citizens from numerous countries. 12 international crews worked in orbit and carried out more than 200 scientific experiments. Another sphere of international cooperation among scientists is highenergy physics. Dubna is the town where a large international group of physicists is constantly researching new nuclear particles. It is a tremendous scientific complex of six large laboratories called the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research. The Institute prepares research personnel for its member-countries. The laboratories are staffed by young talented scientists from different countries. Physicists heed regular contacts, discussions and seminars. So Dubna is known as a town of international friendship. Задание 3. Найдите в тексте 4В английские эквиваленты следую-щих выражений: научное учреждение, материальные ресурсы, исследование космоса, защита окружающей среды, источники энергии, научное исследование, запускать спутники, осуществлять программы, пилотируемые полёты, интернациональные экипажи, научные эксперименты, ядерные частицы, ядерное испытание, талантливые ученые. Задание 4. Найдите в тексте 4В синонимы следующих слов и переведите их. establishment, to influence, to decide, to combine, force, research, working-out, energy, field, complex, hard, sputnik, cosmos. Задание 5. Укажите предложения, соответствующие содержанию текста 4В. Все предложения переведите. 79

1. Scientists all over the world join their efforts in their special fields. 2. The USA and Russia are working at the programme of a joint space flight to Mars. 3. Joint space flights of international crews contribute to the development of world science. 4. Igor Kurchatov laid the foundation of atomic energetics in our country. 5. Atomic physicists from different countries work together at the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research at Dubna. 6. The problem of the development of new sources of power stopped being vital at the end of the 20th century. Задание 6. Составьте план текста 4В. Задание 7. Опираясь на свой план, составьте краткую аннотацию текста 4В (см. схему задания 15) Задание 8. Переведите следующий текст на английский язык. Учёные всего мира стремятся к сотрудничеству. Сегодня многие научные проблемы можно решить, только объединив материальные ресурсы разных стран. Развитые страны успешно сотрудничают по программе «Интеркосмос» и в области физики больших энергий. Программа «Интеркосмос» предусматривает проведение в космосе научных экспериментов. Физики, работающие в Объединённом институте ядерных исследований в Дубне, регулярно проводят семинары по проблемам ядерной энергетики. Задание 9. На основе содержания текста 4В выскажитесь несколькими фразами по каждому из следующих вопросов. 1. 2. 3. 4.

What is the use of international scientific cooperation? In what spheres do many countries cooperate? How is the “Intercosmos” programme being realized? Why is Dubna called a town of international friendship?

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TEXT 4C Задание 1. Переведите письменно текст 4С на русский язык с помощью словаря. TASKS OF SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS The task of a scientist should be the application of scientific knowledge. Attaining the truth is only one function of science; its second function is creating all possible kinds of technical devices. A scientist must feel concern about how the knowledge he has acquired can be applied in the economy. Scientific achievements must, in the shortest time possible, be put into practice. An important aspect of science is the organic unity of theory and practice, the problems of knowledge and the problems of building a new life. A contemporary scientist should have an all-round education. He must know at least one foreign language to be the first to get information. It is essential for a scientist to have initiative. He must generate ideas and develop them to their logical and, most important, practical end. Задание 2. Переведите письменно следующий текст на русский язык и придумайте к нему заглавие. Throughout history there have always been links between technology and industry as well as between science and technology. For a long time, however, science enjoyed an independent development from that of industry, limiting itself to the establishment of theories and laws. However the revolution in physics started at the end of the last century has rapidly led to the consequences in technology and therefore in industry. Scientific research has become a profession, which is to attract and unite a great number of specialists. Scientific theories penetrate technological processes. It can be said that modern technology is conceived in physical, chemical and biological laboratories in the light of mathematical advances.

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TEXT 4D Задание 1. Познакомьтесь с содержанием текста 4D и выполните следующие за ним задания. COORDINATED SCIENCE CENTRE The Coordinated Science Centre in Moscow works for the application of science and research for useful purposes. It has a broad programme of activities and can perform various researches. There are 10 departments in the Centre. The laboratories of these departments carry on investigations on the basis of advanced facilities. The Centre also has a few experimental plants. More than 3000 staff members are engaged in individual and group researches. Research teams are organized to work at a specific problem to be solved coordinating the skills of scientists, engineers and economists. The present activities of the Centre include research programmes in solid state physics, semiconductor physics, advanced automation, communication systems, computer-aided design, human-computer interaction, information science systems, energy studies, man-machine systems, studies of the human environment. Integration of research with education has been a decisive factor in the distinguished reputation enjoyed by the Centre. Both graduates and undergraduates cooperate with staff members in research activities, and concepts developed through research are reflected in the instructional programme at all academic levels. The close contact of higher schools with the Coordinated Science Centre introduces students to the latest achievements in science and engineering, and helps them to learn modern research methods and handle the most complex equipment. The Coordinated Science Centre may be considered a multinational organization. It is supported by the governments of several countries. In some fields the very nature of the work may demand facilities which a particular country does not possess. Space exploration with joint flights is one example of this approach. That is why the Centre cooperates with research laboratories in Germany, Poland, Bulgaria and some other countries. There is a special committee at the Centre which holds symposia, conferences, seminars, and meetings aimed at increasing international research cooperation. The study of the ocean, the atmosphere, the inner structure of the earth, environmental protection, health protection and other global problems can be solved only if scientists of many countries unite their efforts.

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Задание 2. Найдите в тексте 4D английские эквиваленты следую-щих выражений: научный центр, программа деятельности, проводить исследова-ния, усовершенствованное оборудование, коллективное исследо-вание, исследовательские коллективы, автоматизированное проектирование, обучающая программа, достижения науки и техники, управлять оборудованием, международное сотрудни-чество, защита окружающей среды. Задание 3. Переведите следующие выражения на русский язык: research programmes, solid state physics, semiconductor physics, communication systems, human-computer interaction, information science systems, man-machine systems, energy studies, human environment, staff members, research activities, research methods, research cooperation, health protection. Задание 4. Сгруппируйте слова из списков A и B в логические словосочетания и переведите их. A. to perform, to carry on, to solve, to work at, to enjoy, to develop, to hold, to unite. B. a concept, a method, a conference, efforts, research, a seminar, investigations, a problem, a reputation. Задание 5. Сгруппируйте слова из списков А и В в синонимичные пары и переведите их. A. research, purpose, to perform, facilities, staff, team, to apply, activities, to instruct, space, engineering, to handle. B. to teach, to control, to use, investigation, to make, technology, aim, equipment, group, personnel, work, cosmos. Задание 6. Прочитайте следующие слова и переведите их как глаголы и как существительные. research, group, design, study, programme, contact, handle, work, demand, approach, aim. Задание 7. Выпишите из словаря все возможные значения следующих слов. Определите, в каком значении они встречаются в тексте 4D.

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department, facilities, plant, team, instruction, nature, space. Задание 8. Составьте план текста 4D. Задание 9. Опираясь на свой план, составьте краткую аннотацию текста 4D (см. схему задания 15). Задание 10. Переведите текст 4D на русский язык. Задание 11. Переведите текст следующей газетной заметки на английский язык. Координационный научный центр имеет обширную программу деятельности. Его лаборатории занимаются исследованиями на базе усовершенствованного оборудования. Научные сотрудники центра контактируют с высшими учебными заведениями, знакомят студентов с новейшими достижениями науки и техники. Координационный научный центр поддерживается правительствами разных стран. Многие глобальные проблемы человечества могут решаться только совместными усилиями учёных всего мира. Вот почему центр регулярно проводит симпозиумы, конференции и семинары на основе международного научного сотрудничества. Задание 12. Вы – иностранный журналист. С помощью переводчи-ка возьмите интервью у директора Координационного научного центра. Спросите его о программе научной деятельности, сотрудниках, оборудовании, контактах с вузами и научными коллективами разных стран и т.п. Задание 13. Вы – директор Координационного научного центра. Расскажите иностранным журналистам о работе вашего центра на английском языке.

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Unit 5 ECOLOGY Грамматика Времена, причастия, герундий, страдательный залог, функции слова «one» (повторение). Тексты Текст

5А

Текст Текст Текст Текст

5В 5C 5D 5E

Mind: Facts in Figures Ecology is Priority

Bottom Line is Get Involved

Словарь активной лексики 1. advantage – преимущество, выгода ant. disadvantage 2. campus – территория университета, университет 3. consumer – потребитель, покупатель 4. conservation – сохранение 5. to contaminate – загрязнять, заражать contamination – загрязнение, заражение 6. to demand – требовать 7. to decrease – [di:’kri:s] уменьшать, убавлять 8. to dispose of – удалять, избавляться disposal – передача, удаление 9. dust – пыль 10. ecology – экология ecological – экологический 11. to emit – испускать, выделять emission – выделение, выброс, отходы 12. environment – окружающая среда 13. to face – стоять перед чем-либо, сталкиваться 14. harmful – вредный, пагубный 15. hazardous – [‘hæzədəs] рискованный, опасный 16. to improve – улучшать 85

17. to involve – включать в себя, содержать 18. to link – связывать syn. to connect 19. long-term – долгосрочный 20. to manufacture – производить syn. to produce 21. to participate – участвовать syn. to take part 22. to pollute – загрязнять pollution – загрязнение 23. to process – обрабатывать 24. to protect – защищать protection – защита 25. to reduce – сокращать 26. resources – ресурсы, запасы, возможности 27. to recycle – повторно использовать 28. responsible – ответственный 29. rubbish (am. garbage) – мусор 30. to save – беречь, экономить 31. to search for – искать syn. to look for 32. sustainable – защищенное, способное противостоять 33. tax – налог 34. to throw – бросать; to ~ away – выбрасывать 35. waste – отходы domestic waste – бытовые отходы waste disposal – удаление отходов Задание 1. Прочитайте текст. Скажите, в связи с чем в тексте приводятся следующие цифры: 20, 500.000, 10 billion, 76, 26, 20.000. MIND: FACTS IN FIGURES Forests on the Earth are disappearing at the rate of 20 hectares per minute or more than 500.000 hectares a year. The volume of atmospheric oxygen annually decreases by 10 billion tons. The planet’s genetic fund has sustained irretrievable losses. 76 species of animals, 26 birds species and several hundred species of plants have disappeared forever. 86

The airborne carcinogens (cancercausing agents) emitted into the atmosphere during some manufacturing processes are responsible for up to 20.000 cancer deaths each year. Задание 2. Пользуясь информацией предыдущего текста, объясните название текста 5А.

TEXT 5A ECOLOGY IS PRIORITY The ecological problem which is also very much a social one, is one of the pressing problems of our days. The more civilization is developing the greater the ecological problems are becoming. They are closely linked through causeand-effect relations to the problems of economic growth, progress in science and technology. In many cases the environmental problem has become a dominant one in relation to many others. The pollution of the environment has now reached threatening proportions. Ecology is the relationship between living things and their environment. It includes conservation, recycling and pollution control. Conservation is the protection of resources against loss or waste. Recycling is the reprocessing of used materials for reuse. It helps decrease land pollution by turning waste into a usable resource. Examples include recycling paper, plastics and aluminum. Pollution is the contamination of the natural environment by the introduction of harmful substances that endanger our health and our lives. The essential feature in the environment protection is that many problems can be solved only on the level of world community. It is necessary to develop an international program to study data on land, forest, atmospheric and oceanic resources, and to take measures to protect the environment. Задание 3. Запомните произношение следующих слов. Прочитайте и переведите их. ecological [,i:kə’lɔdʒikəl], conservation [,kɔnsə’veiʃən], environment [in’vaiərənmənt], oceanic [,ouʃi’ænik], pollution [pə’lu:ʃən], measure [‘meʒə], recycling [ri’saikliɳ], necessary [‘nesisəri].

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Задание 4. Учитывая значения суффиксов, подберите к русским словам соответствующие английские эквиваленты. загрязнение (pollute; pollution; pollutant) защита (protect, protection; protective) окружающая среда (environmental; environment) годный к употреблению (use; usage; usable) вредный (harm; harmful) океанский (ocean, oceanic) Задание 5. Переведите слова с префиксом «re», имеющим значение повторности. При переводе используйте слова «вторичный», «повторный» или приставки «пере» и «вос». Найдите в тексте 5А предложения с этими словами и переведите их. reproduction, reuse, recycling, reprocessing. Задание 6. Вспомните разные функции слова «one». Найдите в I абзаце предложения с ним и переведите. Задание 7. Вспомните образование времен групп Perfect и Continuous. Объясните употребление этих времен в предложениях первого абзаца. Переведите их. Задание 8. Найдите в тексте 5А предложения с причастиями I и II и герундием. Переведите их. Задание 9. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих выражений: неотложная задача (проблема), тесно связаны с, загрязнение окружающей среды, рециркуляция отходов, вторичная перера-ботка, уменьшить загрязнение земли, вредные вещества, защита окружающей среды, программа по изучению данных о ..., охрана природы и рациональное использование природных и живых ресурсов. Задание 10. Подберите соответствующие понятия из колонки В к словарным определениям из колонки А. A

B

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1. to make dirty (or deseased) 2. thrown away because not wanted; useless; refuse 3. to treat substance already used so that further use is possible.

1. waste 2. to recycle 3. to pollute (to contaminate)

Задание 11. Переведите выражения и составьте с ними предложения. One of the pressing problems; to be closely linked to; the relationship between; protection of resources against loss; reprocessing of used materials for reuse. Задание 12. Из списков А и В образуйте логические словосочетания. Переведите их. Придумайте с ними предложения. А 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

B

to be linked the relationship the protection contamination to endanger on the level to protect to develop

1. the health and lives 2. to ecological problems 3. between living things environment 4. of resources against loss 5. by harmful substances 6. of world community 7. an international program 8. the environment

and

Задание 13. Дайте определение следующим понятиям: ecology, pollution, conservation, recycling. Задание 14. Почему экологическая проблема является и социальной? Докажите свою точку зрения. Задание 15. Составьте вопросы к тексту 5А, ответы на которые явились бы ключевыми предложениями текста. Задание 16. Составьте план текста 5А. К каждому пункту плана выпишите ключевые словосочетания. Задание 17. Перескажите текст 5А, пользуясь планом и выписанными словосочетаниями.

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TEXT 5B Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Our air, our water, and our land are all subject to abuse1 as a consequence of industrial activity. Air is polluted mainly by heating systems and cars. Cities and suburbs2 contain numerous industrial enterprises, automobiles and heating systems, polluting by emissions of harmful dust. The most promising way to solve the problem of clean air is to improve tehnology to reduce emissions into the atmosphere, to improve city planning to build factories beyond city limits and to make our cities more green: trees play the role of biological filters. Unlike other natural resources water renews itself due to its constant circulation. In the economy water is a raw material3 and hardly any type of product is manufactured without it. It has been estimated that industry consumes about 85% of the water in the cities. The use of water leaves it polluted. Newspapers report that all the large rivers in Europe and USA are completely or partiallypolluted. Already several hundred cases of ground water pollution have been reported also. This pollution comes from a variety of sources: municipal industrial facilities, oil spills4 and runoff5 from farmlands and construction sites. The most effective method of protecting the water environment is to shift to a closed production cycle. This offers a triple advantage: saving of water (cleaned, it can be reused), extracting valuable substances from the wastes and ruling out harm to nature. Notes to the text: 1

abuse - злоупотребление, порча, неправильное употребление suburbs – пригород, окрестность 3 raw material – сырьё 4 oil spill – разлив нефти (на поверхности воды) 5 runoff – сток 2

Задание 2. Прочитайте слова, обратив внимание на транскрипцию. Переведите их.

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air [ɛə], emission [i’miʃən], atmosphere [‘ætməsfiə], natural [‘nætʃrəl], biological [,baiə’lɔdʒikəl], resources [ri’sɔ:siz], consequence [‘kɔnsikwəns]. Задание 3. Прочитайте текст 5В. Озаглавьте его. Составьте к нему аннотацию. Необходимо уложиться за 10 минут. Задание 4. Назовите глаголы, от которых образованы следующие существительные. Переведите. pollution, emission, solution, improvement, production, protection. Задание 5. Найдите в тексте (II, V, VI абзацы) предложения с причастием II. Прочитайте и переведите. Задание 6. Вспомните функции слова “it”. Подтвердите примерами из V абзаца текста. Задание 7. Переведите следующие словосочетания: water pollution; heating systems; industrial dust; city planning; unlike other resources; ground water pollution; municipal industrial facilities; the water environment; a triple advantage.

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Задание 8. Подберите пары синонимов из колонок А и В. Переведите их. A.

a way to contain numerous an enterprise to manufacture to reduce

B.

to decrease to produce to have many a method a plant

Задание 9. Закончите предложения, пользуясь таблицей Air Cities Water Rivers

by with

is/are polluted

...

because of

Задание 10. Составьте словосочетания, подобрав к глаголам из списка А соответствующие слова или словосочетания из списка В. Переведите. Составьте с ними предложения. A. to improve, to reduce, to build, to make, to report about, to shift to. B. emissions, factories, water pollution, cities more green; a closed production cycle, technology. Задание 11. Закончите схему: Methods of air protection

water protection

Задание 12. Ответьте на вопросы. 1.What is the text about? 2. What are the types of pollution most commonly associated with industry? 3. How does air become polluted? 4. What are the main water consumers? 5. Why is the problem of pollution becoming a global one? 6. What is common in the solution of water and air problems? 7. What are the ways of solving the air problem? 8. What is the most effective method of protecting the water environment? 92

Задание 13. Разделите текст 5В на логически законченные части. Озаглавьте их. Запишите заголовки в виде пунктов плана. Передайте содержание текста 5В, пользуясь своим планом.

TEXT 5C Задание 1. Прочитайте текст 5С и скажите, какой проблеме он посвящен. American doctors believe that there is a new illness – earth anxiety1. What is it? It’s anxiety or worry about our environment. One of the main causes of worry is rubbish. Years ago we used to throw things away and not think twice about it. Now people are beginning to learn the facts: - In Britain, each family throws out one tonne of rubbish each year. - America produces 160 mln tonnes of rubbish (they call it garbage) and Russia-150 mln tonnes annually2. Eventually this can seriously upset the ecological balance. The rapid growth of urban3 centres and their population have created a problem of waste utilization. Of all domestic wastes4 the greatest trouble is given by plastics. Resisting burning, plastics only melt and release a smoke, poisoning5 the atmosphere. Scientists are searching for a solution by employing microorganisms. By the end of the 80’s British researchers had grown microbes which convert polychlorvinyl film into carbon6. May be in the near future bacteria will help solve the problem of urban dump. The disposal of industrial waste directly into the ground is one more great threat facing the environment today. Two – thirds of hazardous waste produced is disposed in or on the land unsafely. What are we able to do? The right “long–term” ecological answer lies in recycling and low waste and wastefree technology which brings no harm to the environment. The most effective method of waste disposal is to utilize it, or to process it industrially. Notes to the text: 1

anxiety – беспокойство, тревога annually – every year

2

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3

urban – городской; urban dump – городская свалка domestic waste – бытовые отходы 5 to poison – отравлять, портить 6 carbon – углерод 4

Задание 2. Найдите в тексте 5С ответы на следующие вопросы: 1. Почему проблема переработки мусора приобретает в наши дни глобальное значение? 2. Как решить проблему переработки отходов наиболее «экологически»? 3. Что значит нейтрализовать отходы биологически? Задание 3. Прочитайте текст 5С ещё раз. Закончите предложе-ния в соответствии с содержанием текста. a) b) c) d)

One of the main up-to-date problems is ... The rapid growth of cities and population have created a ... The scientists are searching for ... The most effective methods are ...

Задание 4. Кратко передайте содержание текста 5С по-английски.

TEXT 5D Задание 1. Переведите письменно текст 5D со словарём и озаглавьте его. People everywhere have become aware of a new kind of pollution – noise pollution. The problem has been brought into sharp focus by the discovery that many teenagers have suffered permanent hearing loss following long exposures to amplified rock music and by public concern about the effects of sonic booms caused by supersonic transport. Noise is usually measured in decibels. The human threshold of hearing is represented by zero decibels. There has been growing evidence that noise in the 90-decibel range may cause irreversible changes in the nervous system. Noise may be a factor in many stress-related diseases, such as peptic ulcer1 and hypertension2. Notes to the text:

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1

peptic ulcer – язва желудка hypertension – гипертония

2

Задание 2. Переведите письменно следующий текст и озаглавьте его. In the mid-1950s Norwegians began to notice that there were fewer and fewer fish in the lakes. Not until the 1960s was the reason discovered: acid rains. It was demonstrated that the local rainwater contained acid, which killed aquatic life. The main source of these acids is gas emission from coalburning factories and electric utility plants. The harm made by acid rain is not confined to waterways. It extends to soils and vegetation as well. The ecological upset caused by the gases first noticed in Norway, soon took on global dimensions. «Acid rain» has been blamed for damaging lakes and forests in southeastern Canada and the north-eastern United States.

TEXT 5E Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст 5Е. Выполните следующие за ним задания. BOTTOM LINE IS – GET INVOLVED Now you know a little about ecological problems mankind faces nowadays. The 90’s have been dubbed «The environmental decade». But new laws and higher taxes alone won’t solve the problems. It’s high time to begin as individuals to take responsibility for our personal environmental impact. Business people sometimes view environmental as a threat. On the other hand more and more firms see environmental responsibility as a necessity. Consumers are demanding it. One of the most promising new directions is to emphasize prevention as opposed to correction. Pioneering companies are reducing the flow of pollutants into the environment by using alternative materials, changing production techniques, and recycling waste industrially or neutralizing them biologically. In 95

one year du Pont1 reduced its output of waste by 50% in one division and by 35% in another. Sometimes people say «It seems so hopeless we live in a throwaway society and as individuals we can’t change that. There’s really nothing we can do about these problems, is there? «Yes, there is something you can do». You can be an environmentally responsible citizen, making wise choices as a consumer and actively working to re-shape our society into a sustainable one! Your role begins with your life style! Be a green-oriented consumer! Every time you buy a product you «vote» for it. Business only sell those things the public will buy. So by making environmentally sound purchases, you’re increasing the demand for these goods and decreasing the market for products which pollute or deplete resources. Participate in a green group. If there are environmental action groups on your campus, attend a meeting and, if you like what you hear, join. Try to involve other people: tell the classmates about your group, its goals and how the students can join. If there are not any groups, start your own one. Talk to like-minded friends and acquaintances and find a core group whose interests, goals and enthusiasm are similar. Use press, stage demonstrations to draw attention to important environmental issues. No matter your style, whether you act as an individual or organize a campus-wide group, activism is the key to change. The bottom line is get involved. Notes to the text: 1

du Pont – Дюпон

Задание 2. Переведите заглавие текста 5Е. Прокомментируйте его. Задание 3. Разделите текст 5Е на 2 логически завершенные части. Определите главную мысль каждой из них. Задание 4. Найдите в тексте слова, однокоренные данным, и переведите предложения с ними. ecology; environment; responsible; necessary; to consume; to pollute; to recycle; to sustain; to produce. Задание 5. Найдите в тексте 5Е слова: 96

face, view, pioneer, sound, matter, bottom. Дайте все возможные варианты их перевода. Определите, в каком значении они употреблены в данном тексте. Переведите предложения с ними. Задание 6. Найдите в тексте 5Е следующие слова и выражения: it’s high time; to emphasize prevention as opposed to correction; a throwaway society; an environmentally responsible citizen; life style; like-minded friends; a core group; an environmentally sound purchase; to stage a demonstration; greenoriented consumer. Переведите предложения с ними. Задание 7. Объясните, как вы понимаете: a green-oriented consumer; buying a product you “vote” for it; to decrease the market for products ... Задание 8. Выпишите все глаголы, которые помогут Вам рассказать о том, что может и должен делать каждый из нас, чтобы жить в экологически чистой среде. Составьте с ними предложения. Задание 9. Обобщив все знания по циклу «Защита окружающей среды», заполните денотатную схему. Environment

Pollution

air

industry

by; with

methods

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Подберите глаголы, которые помогут вам рассказать по схеме о проблемах окружающей среды. Задание 10. Опираясь на схему, подготовьте сообщение о защите окружающей среды. Задание 11. 5 июня - Международный день охраны окружающей сре-ды. Вас пригласили на международную конференцию. Подготовьте сообщение по одной из тем: 1. Business and the Environment. 2. The main problems of the Environment. 3. Your role begins with your lifestyle. Задание 12. Вас волнуют экологические проблемы современности, и вы хотите присоединиться к движению «зелёных». Расспросите одного из участников этого движения об их работе. Задание 13. Из-за транспортной «пробки» вы опоздали на начало конференции «Мы и природа». В перерыве расспросите своего друга о проблемах, которые обсуждались.

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